Wikiversity talk:Main Page

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{{attention}} To request an edit to the [[Wikiversity:Page protection|protected]] Main Page, add {{tl|editprotected}} to your request. Such requests should either be obvious or uncontroversial, or be discussed to show consensus, so please do not make vague requests here. If possible, describe exactly what changes should be made so that any custodian can quickly satisfy the request.&lt;br&gt;
{{attention}} To raise general topics about [[Wikiversity]], make general suggestions about Wikiversity, to ask questions, or to talk about anything else of a general nature, use the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]].&lt;br&gt;
{{attention}} To discuss the structure, appearance, etc. of the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]], go to the [[Wikiversity:Main page learning project]] and the [[Wikiversity talk:Main page learning project|talk page for the main page learning project]].
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'''''If you wish to post something below, go ahead. It's a talk page. But you are more likely to get a response by going to the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]], which is where the main talking at Wikiversity goes on! See you there.'''''

{{archive box|
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== The Wikiversity:Main page learning project ==

The [[Wikiversity:Main page learning project]] was launched after the redesign of the main page in December 2007. The [[Wikiversity:Main page learning project]] has as its goal &quot;the promotion of responsible involvement of the Wikiversity community in an efficient, productive, open and inclusive maintenance of the Wikiversity main page as a flagship of the activity and values of the Wikiversity community&quot;. If you would like to get involved in the design of the main page, this is where to go. 

If you have general comments about the main page, but you don't especially want to get involved in the main page project, then you can also leave comments on the [[Wikiversity_talk:Main page learning project|talk page for the main page learning project]].

:I've suggested that it might be time to retire the &quot;quote of the day&quot; project and remove the quotes from the Main Page. See: [[Wikiversity talk:Main page learning project/QOTD]]. It might also be appropriate to deprecate the inactive [[Wikiversity:Main page learning project]] and archive it. Thoughts? --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 23:37, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

== add new language university ==
Now that Chinese Wikiversity is created, please add a cross-wiki link to it. --[[User:WQL|WQL]] ([[User talk:WQL|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/WQL|contribs]]) 12:52, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

:{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:29, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
::What about zulu language [[User:Lucky Shabalala|Lucky Shabalala]] ([[User talk:Lucky Shabalala|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lucky Shabalala|contribs]]) 05:57, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

== Edit request from 204.234.101.112, 14 February 2019 ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{editprotected}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
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[[Special:Contributions/204.234.101.112|204.234.101.112]] ([[User talk:204.234.101.112|discuss]]) 21:17, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

:{{Not done}} Empty request -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 01:11, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

== Georgian (ka) wikiversity ==
PLEASE 

Help me to make Georgian (ka) wikiversity--[[User:ჯეო|ჯეო]] ([[User talk:ჯეო|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ჯეო|contribs]]) 17:23, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

:{{at|ჯეო}} See https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Main_Page. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:00, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

დიდი მადლობა (Didi Madloba-Thank You)!--[[User:ჯეო|ჯეო]] ([[User talk:ჯეო|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ჯეო|contribs]]) 08:44, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

::Please see [[betawikiversity:Category:KA]]. That is the appropriate place to create learning pages in this language. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:11, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

== new langueages ==

we should admit crosing of languajes to have a better understanding--[[Special:Contributions/201.208.239.198|201.208.239.198]] ([[User talk:201.208.239.198|discuss]]) 19:34, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

:This is the English Wikiversity. See [[:es:Portada|Wikiversidad]] for Wikiversity in Spanish. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 22:39, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

== How to change an username? ==

How to change an username? --[[User:Josephina Phoebe White|Josephina Phoebe White]] ([[User talk:Josephina Phoebe White|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Josephina Phoebe White|contribs]]) 07:27, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
*{{ping|Josephina Phoebe White}} You can request at [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest]] --[[User:94rain|94rain]] ([[User talk:94rain|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/94rain|contribs]]) 07:29, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
Thanks. --[[User:Josephina Phoebe White|Josephina Phoebe White]] ([[User talk:Josephina Phoebe White|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Josephina Phoebe White|contribs]]) 07:45, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

==Religious user names allowed in Wikiversity?==

https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Username

Names of religious figures such as &quot;God&quot;, &quot;Jehovah&quot;,&quot;Buddha&quot;,&quot;Jainism&quot;,&quot;Bonadea&quot;,Hinduism or &quot;Allah&quot;, which user names prohibited

Please answer for my question. This Wikiversity user name policy still alive? Religious user names are prohibited? 

:It isn't a policy, but it's a guideline for people who are wanting to register an account are recommended to follow (as per the page, which could be changed with community consensus). I see no reason for this statement to be &quot;dead&quot;. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:15, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
::: Yes: Religious user names are under hedding &quot;Inflammatory usernames&quot;, will be blocked and not allowed.

== LinkedIn ==

I insist that a Wikiversity page should be added on LinkedIn. Wikimedia has its LinkedIn page; Wikipedia, too. But not Wikiversity. I tried to show my Swedish studies but could not choose Wikiversity as the Institution. Why not? Even when it is not a &quot;granting degree&quot; Institution, is is still an Institution, right? When I contacted LinkedIn about this, they sent me the link so that I can create myself the Wikiversity page. But then there is box I must tick: &quot; I confirm I am an approved authority of this Institution to create this page&quot;, which is not the case. But I think there are many Wikiversity experts on here that woud qualify as Wikiversity Linkedin page creators. I can create the page if someone here approves, but I would need some info: # of employees, etc. --[[User:Leonardo T. Cardillo|Leonardo T. Cardillo]] ([[User talk:Leonardo T. Cardillo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonardo T. Cardillo|contribs]]) 23:34, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

:The information would go here [https://www.linkedin.com/company/setup/new/ Wikiversity institution] but it probably should have a bureaucrat or someone from the WMF tick &quot;I verify that I am an authorized representative of this organization and have the right to act on its behalf in the creation and management of this page. The organization and I agree to the additional terms for Pages.&quot; The number of employees (volunteers is not an option but we are unpaid) for our Wikiversity I guess could be the number of active users 201-500. The current logo is File:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg. The website can be https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page.--[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 00:16, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

{{At|Leonardo T. Cardillo}} Wikiversity is a community. None of us gets to insist that anything happen on behalf of the community unless there is consensus to do so. This requires a discussion in the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]] and a vote for support or lack thereof. Because this request involves an outside organization, it may also require support from the WMF.

I have some concerns at this point that your passion regarding this issue far exceeds your demonstrated commitment to either Wikiversity or the wider Wikimedia community. It might be better to let this rest for a bit and learn more about how Wikiversity functions before insisting that this be discussed. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:29, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

:{{At|Dave Braunschweig}}: I apologize for the use of the word &quot;insist&quot;, I have taken note to not use it anymore here to avoid distractions from the main topic of conversation. Also, I do not like you judge how much my passions should go against my level of contributions. With that being said, and for my personal learning on this environment, can someone please guide me on the very first step I should take to have a Wikiversity page created on LinkedIn? I think you mentioned something like a &quot;poll&quot;, how do I do that? --[[User:Leonardo T. Cardillo|Leonardo T. Cardillo]] ([[User talk:Leonardo T. Cardillo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonardo T. Cardillo|contribs]]) 04:38, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

::{{At|Leonardo T. Cardillo}} I have already guided you on the next step to take. Please read my response carefully. Then slow down and learn more about Wikiversity. We often have people come in with high passions and quick fixes that Wikiversity must make in order to improve. They're typically gone within a month and we're left having to clean up after them. That's not to suggest that this is or isn't a good idea. It is simply to point out that this is a community. You must first learn to work with the community before you try to change it. We look forward to working with you as you figure this out. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:31, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

:::{{At|Dave Braunschweig}} Thanks so much for your inputs. I have created this: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium#LinkedIn. Please indicate if that is the next step that was intended to be created. Also, please guide on the following ones. Best regards, --[[User:Leonardo T. Cardillo|Leonardo T. Cardillo]] ([[User talk:Leonardo T. Cardillo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonardo T. Cardillo|contribs]]) 16:27, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

== Add New Language ==

Why not bn.wikiversity?  But there is Hindi!  Make it, please.  I am ready to cooperate if needed. [[User:Hirok Raja|Hirok Raja]] ([[User talk:Hirok Raja|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Hirok Raja|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

:[[User:Hirok Raja|Hirok Raja]]: please see [[:betawikiversity:|Wikiversity Beta]]. &amp;mdash;Hasley&amp;nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:04, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

:{{At|Hirok Raja}} Also see [[meta:Wikiversity]]. We are the English Wikiversity. We have no role in setting up new Wikiversity languages. When bn.wikiversity is added, please let us know, and we will add it to our main page. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:59, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

== I'm learning Turkish🤩 ==

Hi(to the person reading this)! I'm learning Turkish and I would like someone(native Turkish speaker) to teach how to pronounce Turkish. I do know some words,alphabets and number☺️ and I'm still learning and I hope someone is willing to help me🥺.

@JinahJady! [[User:JanehJody|JanehJody]] ([[User talk:JanehJody|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JanehJody|contribs]]) 18:14, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

:Hi. Welcome to Wikiversity! Please see our [[Turkish|resources relating to the study of the Turkish language]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:41, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
::Hi,@[[User:JanehJody|JanehJody]] can i help you ::) [[User:MexmetW|MexmetW]] ([[User talk:MexmetW|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MexmetW|contribs]]) 07:47, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
:Hi,@[[User:JanehJody|JanehJody]] I would love to help you to learning turkish :) [[Special:Contributions/85.105.185.109|85.105.185.109]] ([[User talk:85.105.185.109|discuss]]) 07:31, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

== Is it Wikipedia remodeled or a copy of wikipedia? ==

I am confused--[[User:Noukden|Noukden]] ([[User talk:Noukden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Noukden|contribs]]) 20:45, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

:{{At|Noukden}} None of the above. See [[What is Wikiversity?]] and [[What Wikiversity is not]]. Wikiversity is learning projects. Link to Wikipedia rather than duplicating it and then add hands-on activities so users can learn by doing. See [[IT Fundamentals]] for one approach. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:15, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

== Action in the earliest? ==

I want to know much more of all action that happend in the earliest centuries. [[User:Dilbkhay|Dilbkhay]] ([[User talk:Dilbkhay|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dilbkhay|contribs]]) 14:57, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

:Depending upon what you mean by &quot;earliest&quot;, have a look at [[Paleanthropology]] or [[Philosophy/Sciences]]. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 21:07, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

== Biology ==

What are the basic principles of ecology [[User:Aludriyo Dominic|Aludriyo Dominic]] ([[User talk:Aludriyo Dominic|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aludriyo Dominic|contribs]]) 18:25, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

:{{At|Aludriyo Dominic}} Welcome! See [[Wikipedia:Ecology]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:17, 26 January 2022 (UTC)
:{{ping|Aludriyo Dominic}} I invite you to read [[User:Atcovi/Science/Ecology]] if you're interested in learning about the basics of Ecology. Also check out the wikipedia link above and [[:Category:Ecology|this category]]. Thanks and weclome! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:44, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

I will try to study [[User:Aludriyo Dominic|Aludriyo Dominic]] ([[User talk:Aludriyo Dominic|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aludriyo Dominic|contribs]]) 05:41, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

== Physics ==

Physics Can Be defined as A Pure Science Subject That deals with the Measurement Of Matter In relation to energy. --{{Unsigned|Oyeyemi Abdul-warith|29 January 2022}}

: Welcome to Wikiversity! Here is a landing page that may be helpful: [[Physics]]. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 16:42, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

== Popularize ==

Can someone popularize California or the State of Washington on the Main Page? [[Special:Contributions/2604:3D08:6286:7500:B441:2710:77A4:1304|2604:3D08:6286:7500:B441:2710:77A4:1304]] ([[User talk:2604:3D08:6286:7500:B441:2710:77A4:1304|discuss]]) 03:33, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

:No, sorry, promotion isn't part of the [[Wikiversity:Mission]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 12:06, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

== [[w:Armistice of WWI|Armistice of WWI]], [[w:Paris Peace Conference|Paris Peace Conference]] and Aftermath ==

The best time to feature this on the main page was last week or yesterday;  the second best time is today.

* [[w:Template:First_World_War_treaties]]  (this template should get transcluded or copied to wikiversity, since this doesn't work: {{w:First_World_War_treaties}} although I wish it would)
* [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Proclaiming_Armistice_of_WWI_Remembrance_and_Veterans_Day_for_11th_Nov]] our course on WWI is woefully inadequate, but this is a good time to start improving it!
[[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 10:22, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

== Can you please add isiZulu plz ==

Because all othere languages her so i can umderstand batter  [[User:Lucky Shabalala|Lucky Shabalala]] ([[User talk:Lucky Shabalala|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lucky Shabalala|contribs]]) 06:06, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

:Add it how? Add more resources to learn the language? I think that would be fantastic, but it's very labor-intensive and I doubt anyone here has the competence to add that kind of material. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:40, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

== banner ==

says set learning free, propare grammer would be Start learning for free [[User:Ducklan|Ducklan]] ([[User talk:Ducklan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ducklan|contribs]]) 20:21, 3 February 2026 (UTC)

:I'm a native American English speaker and this banner is grammatical. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:52, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::That’s not the problem. I’m wondering if we should more clearly emphasize what Wikiversity is on this banner. Idk maybe it’s fine as it is I would just like it to be clearer[[User:Ducklan|Ducklan]] ([[User talk:Ducklan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ducklan|contribs]]) 16:15, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
:::nevermind i just got the banner thought it was supposed to say start learning free, but its actually set learning free(like release learning) [[User:Ducklan|Ducklan]] ([[User talk:Ducklan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ducklan|contribs]]) 16:12, 6 February 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{attention}} To request an edit to the [[Wikiversity:Page protection|protected]] Main Page, add {{tl|editprotected}} to your request. Such requests should either be obvious or uncontroversial, or be discussed to show consensus, so please do not make vague requests here. If possible, describe exactly what changes should be made so that any custodian can quickly satisfy the request.&lt;br&gt;
{{attention}} To raise general topics about [[Wikiversity]], make general suggestions about Wikiversity, to ask questions, or to talk about anything else of a general nature, use the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]].&lt;br&gt;
{{attention}} To discuss the structure, appearance, etc. of the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]], go to the [[Wikiversity:Main page learning project]] and the [[Wikiversity talk:Main page learning project|talk page for the main page learning project]].
&lt;/div&gt;

----
'''''If you wish to post something below, go ahead. It's a talk page. But you are more likely to get a response by going to the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]], which is where the main talking at Wikiversity goes on! See you there.'''''

{{archive box|
{{center top}}'''List of talk archives'''{{center bottom}}
{{Col list|3|
{{Special:Prefixindex/Wikiversity talk:Main Page/Archive |hideredirects=1|stripprefix=1}}
}}
{{SearchWithPrefix|prefix=Wikiversity talk:Main Page/|resourceName=talk archive}}
}}

== The Wikiversity:Main page learning project ==

The [[Wikiversity:Main page learning project]] was launched after the redesign of the main page in December 2007. The [[Wikiversity:Main page learning project]] has as its goal &quot;the promotion of responsible involvement of the Wikiversity community in an efficient, productive, open and inclusive maintenance of the Wikiversity main page as a flagship of the activity and values of the Wikiversity community&quot;. If you would like to get involved in the design of the main page, this is where to go. 

If you have general comments about the main page, but you don't especially want to get involved in the main page project, then you can also leave comments on the [[Wikiversity_talk:Main page learning project|talk page for the main page learning project]].

:I've suggested that it might be time to retire the &quot;quote of the day&quot; project and remove the quotes from the Main Page. See: [[Wikiversity talk:Main page learning project/QOTD]]. It might also be appropriate to deprecate the inactive [[Wikiversity:Main page learning project]] and archive it. Thoughts? --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 23:37, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

== add new language university ==
Now that Chinese Wikiversity is created, please add a cross-wiki link to it. --[[User:WQL|WQL]] ([[User talk:WQL|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/WQL|contribs]]) 12:52, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

:{{Done}} -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:29, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
::What about zulu language [[User:Lucky Shabalala|Lucky Shabalala]] ([[User talk:Lucky Shabalala|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lucky Shabalala|contribs]]) 05:57, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

== Edit request from 204.234.101.112, 14 February 2019 ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{editprotected}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
&lt;!-- Begin request --&gt;


&lt;!-- End request --&gt;
[[Special:Contributions/204.234.101.112|204.234.101.112]] ([[User talk:204.234.101.112|discuss]]) 21:17, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

:{{Not done}} Empty request -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 01:11, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

== Georgian (ka) wikiversity ==
PLEASE 

Help me to make Georgian (ka) wikiversity--[[User:ჯეო|ჯეო]] ([[User talk:ჯეო|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ჯეო|contribs]]) 17:23, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

:{{at|ჯეო}} See https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Main_Page. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:00, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

დიდი მადლობა (Didi Madloba-Thank You)!--[[User:ჯეო|ჯეო]] ([[User talk:ჯეო|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ჯეო|contribs]]) 08:44, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

::Please see [[betawikiversity:Category:KA]]. That is the appropriate place to create learning pages in this language. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:11, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

== new langueages ==

we should admit crosing of languajes to have a better understanding--[[Special:Contributions/201.208.239.198|201.208.239.198]] ([[User talk:201.208.239.198|discuss]]) 19:34, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

:This is the English Wikiversity. See [[:es:Portada|Wikiversidad]] for Wikiversity in Spanish. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 22:39, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

== How to change an username? ==

How to change an username? --[[User:Josephina Phoebe White|Josephina Phoebe White]] ([[User talk:Josephina Phoebe White|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Josephina Phoebe White|contribs]]) 07:27, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
*{{ping|Josephina Phoebe White}} You can request at [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest]] --[[User:94rain|94rain]] ([[User talk:94rain|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/94rain|contribs]]) 07:29, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
Thanks. --[[User:Josephina Phoebe White|Josephina Phoebe White]] ([[User talk:Josephina Phoebe White|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Josephina Phoebe White|contribs]]) 07:45, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

==Religious user names allowed in Wikiversity?==

https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Username

Names of religious figures such as &quot;God&quot;, &quot;Jehovah&quot;,&quot;Buddha&quot;,&quot;Jainism&quot;,&quot;Bonadea&quot;,Hinduism or &quot;Allah&quot;, which user names prohibited

Please answer for my question. This Wikiversity user name policy still alive? Religious user names are prohibited? 

:It isn't a policy, but it's a guideline for people who are wanting to register an account are recommended to follow (as per the page, which could be changed with community consensus). I see no reason for this statement to be &quot;dead&quot;. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 00:15, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
::: Yes: Religious user names are under hedding &quot;Inflammatory usernames&quot;, will be blocked and not allowed.

== LinkedIn ==

I insist that a Wikiversity page should be added on LinkedIn. Wikimedia has its LinkedIn page; Wikipedia, too. But not Wikiversity. I tried to show my Swedish studies but could not choose Wikiversity as the Institution. Why not? Even when it is not a &quot;granting degree&quot; Institution, is is still an Institution, right? When I contacted LinkedIn about this, they sent me the link so that I can create myself the Wikiversity page. But then there is box I must tick: &quot; I confirm I am an approved authority of this Institution to create this page&quot;, which is not the case. But I think there are many Wikiversity experts on here that woud qualify as Wikiversity Linkedin page creators. I can create the page if someone here approves, but I would need some info: # of employees, etc. --[[User:Leonardo T. Cardillo|Leonardo T. Cardillo]] ([[User talk:Leonardo T. Cardillo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonardo T. Cardillo|contribs]]) 23:34, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

:The information would go here [https://www.linkedin.com/company/setup/new/ Wikiversity institution] but it probably should have a bureaucrat or someone from the WMF tick &quot;I verify that I am an authorized representative of this organization and have the right to act on its behalf in the creation and management of this page. The organization and I agree to the additional terms for Pages.&quot; The number of employees (volunteers is not an option but we are unpaid) for our Wikiversity I guess could be the number of active users 201-500. The current logo is File:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg. The website can be https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page.--[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 00:16, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

{{At|Leonardo T. Cardillo}} Wikiversity is a community. None of us gets to insist that anything happen on behalf of the community unless there is consensus to do so. This requires a discussion in the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]] and a vote for support or lack thereof. Because this request involves an outside organization, it may also require support from the WMF.

I have some concerns at this point that your passion regarding this issue far exceeds your demonstrated commitment to either Wikiversity or the wider Wikimedia community. It might be better to let this rest for a bit and learn more about how Wikiversity functions before insisting that this be discussed. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 03:29, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

:{{At|Dave Braunschweig}}: I apologize for the use of the word &quot;insist&quot;, I have taken note to not use it anymore here to avoid distractions from the main topic of conversation. Also, I do not like you judge how much my passions should go against my level of contributions. With that being said, and for my personal learning on this environment, can someone please guide me on the very first step I should take to have a Wikiversity page created on LinkedIn? I think you mentioned something like a &quot;poll&quot;, how do I do that? --[[User:Leonardo T. Cardillo|Leonardo T. Cardillo]] ([[User talk:Leonardo T. Cardillo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonardo T. Cardillo|contribs]]) 04:38, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

::{{At|Leonardo T. Cardillo}} I have already guided you on the next step to take. Please read my response carefully. Then slow down and learn more about Wikiversity. We often have people come in with high passions and quick fixes that Wikiversity must make in order to improve. They're typically gone within a month and we're left having to clean up after them. That's not to suggest that this is or isn't a good idea. It is simply to point out that this is a community. You must first learn to work with the community before you try to change it. We look forward to working with you as you figure this out. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:31, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

:::{{At|Dave Braunschweig}} Thanks so much for your inputs. I have created this: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium#LinkedIn. Please indicate if that is the next step that was intended to be created. Also, please guide on the following ones. Best regards, --[[User:Leonardo T. Cardillo|Leonardo T. Cardillo]] ([[User talk:Leonardo T. Cardillo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leonardo T. Cardillo|contribs]]) 16:27, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

== Add New Language ==

Why not bn.wikiversity?  But there is Hindi!  Make it, please.  I am ready to cooperate if needed. [[User:Hirok Raja|Hirok Raja]] ([[User talk:Hirok Raja|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Hirok Raja|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

:[[User:Hirok Raja|Hirok Raja]]: please see [[:betawikiversity:|Wikiversity Beta]]. &amp;mdash;Hasley&amp;nbsp;[[user talk:Hasley|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0645AD; vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:04, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

:{{At|Hirok Raja}} Also see [[meta:Wikiversity]]. We are the English Wikiversity. We have no role in setting up new Wikiversity languages. When bn.wikiversity is added, please let us know, and we will add it to our main page. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 13:59, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

== I'm learning Turkish🤩 ==

Hi(to the person reading this)! I'm learning Turkish and I would like someone(native Turkish speaker) to teach how to pronounce Turkish. I do know some words,alphabets and number☺️ and I'm still learning and I hope someone is willing to help me🥺.

@JinahJady! [[User:JanehJody|JanehJody]] ([[User talk:JanehJody|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JanehJody|contribs]]) 18:14, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

:Hi. Welcome to Wikiversity! Please see our [[Turkish|resources relating to the study of the Turkish language]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:41, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
::Hi,@[[User:JanehJody|JanehJody]] can i help you ::) [[User:MexmetW|MexmetW]] ([[User talk:MexmetW|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MexmetW|contribs]]) 07:47, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
:Hi,@[[User:JanehJody|JanehJody]] I would love to help you to learning turkish :) [[Special:Contributions/85.105.185.109|85.105.185.109]] ([[User talk:85.105.185.109|discuss]]) 07:31, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

== Is it Wikipedia remodeled or a copy of wikipedia? ==

I am confused--[[User:Noukden|Noukden]] ([[User talk:Noukden|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Noukden|contribs]]) 20:45, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

:{{At|Noukden}} None of the above. See [[What is Wikiversity?]] and [[What Wikiversity is not]]. Wikiversity is learning projects. Link to Wikipedia rather than duplicating it and then add hands-on activities so users can learn by doing. See [[IT Fundamentals]] for one approach. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:15, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

== Action in the earliest? ==

I want to know much more of all action that happend in the earliest centuries. [[User:Dilbkhay|Dilbkhay]] ([[User talk:Dilbkhay|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dilbkhay|contribs]]) 14:57, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

:Depending upon what you mean by &quot;earliest&quot;, have a look at [[Paleanthropology]] or [[Philosophy/Sciences]]. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 21:07, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

== Biology ==

What are the basic principles of ecology [[User:Aludriyo Dominic|Aludriyo Dominic]] ([[User talk:Aludriyo Dominic|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aludriyo Dominic|contribs]]) 18:25, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

:{{At|Aludriyo Dominic}} Welcome! See [[Wikipedia:Ecology]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:17, 26 January 2022 (UTC)
:{{ping|Aludriyo Dominic}} I invite you to read [[User:Atcovi/Science/Ecology]] if you're interested in learning about the basics of Ecology. Also check out the wikipedia link above and [[:Category:Ecology|this category]]. Thanks and weclome! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:44, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

I will try to study [[User:Aludriyo Dominic|Aludriyo Dominic]] ([[User talk:Aludriyo Dominic|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aludriyo Dominic|contribs]]) 05:41, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

== Physics ==

Physics Can Be defined as A Pure Science Subject That deals with the Measurement Of Matter In relation to energy. --{{Unsigned|Oyeyemi Abdul-warith|29 January 2022}}

: Welcome to Wikiversity! Here is a landing page that may be helpful: [[Physics]]. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 16:42, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

== Popularize ==

Can someone popularize California or the State of Washington on the Main Page? [[Special:Contributions/2604:3D08:6286:7500:B441:2710:77A4:1304|2604:3D08:6286:7500:B441:2710:77A4:1304]] ([[User talk:2604:3D08:6286:7500:B441:2710:77A4:1304|discuss]]) 03:33, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

:No, sorry, promotion isn't part of the [[Wikiversity:Mission]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 12:06, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

== [[w:Armistice of WWI|Armistice of WWI]], [[w:Paris Peace Conference|Paris Peace Conference]] and Aftermath ==

The best time to feature this on the main page was last week or yesterday;  the second best time is today.

* [[w:Template:First_World_War_treaties]]  (this template should get transcluded or copied to wikiversity, since this doesn't work: {{w:First_World_War_treaties}} although I wish it would)
* [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Proclaiming_Armistice_of_WWI_Remembrance_and_Veterans_Day_for_11th_Nov]] our course on WWI is woefully inadequate, but this is a good time to start improving it!
[[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 10:22, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

== Can you please add isiZulu plz ==

Because all othere languages her so i can umderstand batter  [[User:Lucky Shabalala|Lucky Shabalala]] ([[User talk:Lucky Shabalala|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lucky Shabalala|contribs]]) 06:06, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

:Add it how? Add more resources to learn the language? I think that would be fantastic, but it's very labor-intensive and I doubt anyone here has the competence to add that kind of material. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:40, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

== banner ==

says set learning free, propare grammer would be Start learning for free [[User:Ducklan|Ducklan]] ([[User talk:Ducklan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ducklan|contribs]]) 20:21, 3 February 2026 (UTC)

:I'm a native American English speaker and this banner is grammatical. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:52, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::That’s not the problem. I’m wondering if we should more clearly emphasize what Wikiversity is on this banner. Idk maybe it’s fine as it is I would just like it to be clearer[[User:Ducklan|Ducklan]] ([[User talk:Ducklan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ducklan|contribs]]) 16:15, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
:::nevermind i just got the banner thought it was supposed to say start learning free, but its actually set learning free(like release learning) [[User:Ducklan|Ducklan]] ([[User talk:Ducklan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ducklan|contribs]]) 16:12, 6 February 2026 (UTC)

== Language learning  ==

toki! I am trying to add or see what the toki pona language learning stuff on here is but I don't see anything that is language learning for anything. [[User:Jan Imon|Jan Imon]] ([[User talk:Jan Imon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan Imon|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Requested update to [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] ==

Currently, [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] is a policy that includes a caveat that interface admins are not required long-term and that user right can only be added for a period of up to two weeks. I am proposing that we remove this qualification and allow for indefinite interface admin status. I think this is useful because there are reasons for tweaking the site CSS or JavaScript (e.g. to comply with dark mode), add gadgets (e.g. importing Cat-a-Lot, which I would like to do), or otherwise modifying the site that could plausibly come up on an irregular basis and requiring the overhead of a bureaucrat to add the user rights is inefficient. In particular, I am also going to request this right if the community accepts indefinite interface admins. Thoughts? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:23, 17 August 2025 (UTC)

:And who will then monitor them to make sure they don't damage the project in any way, or abuse the rights acquired in this way? For large projects, this might not be a problem, but for smaller projects like the English Wikiversity, I'm not sure if there are enough users who would say, something is happening here that shouldn't be happening. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:28, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
::Anyone would be who. This argument applies to any person with any advanced rights here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 10:46, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
:I think it is reasonable to allow for longer periods of access than 2 weeks to interface admin and support adjusting the policy to allow for this flexibility. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:57, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:38, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] I agree that the two-week requirement could be revised, but wouldn’t people just request access for a specific purpose anyway? Instead of granting indefinite access, they should request the specific time frame they need the rights for—until the planned fixes are completed—and then request an extension if more time is required. We could remove the two-week criterion while still keeping the access explicitly temporary. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:48, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
::I just don't see why this wiki needs to be different than all of the others. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:18, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:::There isn’t really much of a need for a permanent one at this point in time [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I quite agree with this proposal, so long as they perform the suggested changes as mentioned here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:06, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to clarify, I support '''indefinite interface admin status'''. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:34, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:I think there is decent consensus for lengthening this, but not necessarily for indefinite permissions, so does anyone object to me revising it to the standard being 120 days instead of two weeks? I'll check back on this thread in three weeks and if there's no objection, I'll make the change. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:47, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sure [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:27, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks for proposing this, Justin. I agree with the proposal to lengthen the interface admin period from 2 weeks but not indefinitely. Can I check the source(s) for the standard being 120 days (I'm guessing policies on other projects or maybe global policy?)? In any case, I think it is reasonable for us to adopt a similar period. However, note on the current policy discussion page notes from @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] arguing for shorter periods to lower risk, that's why it is 2 weeks. But if there are projects that need longer access, that should also be accommodated. Maybe we could adjust the policy to specify that ''interface admin rights can be given for 14 to 120 days depending on how long is required and what is supported by the community''. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::There was there was no source for 120: it was just more than 14 and less than infinity. The &quot;14 to 120&quot; also seems reasonable. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:33, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::: On some small/medium-sized wikis, such as English Wikibooks and English Wikiquote for example, indefinite interface administrator access for administrators is allowed, but they tend not to make changes to the CSS and JS page changes unless it's truly necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It's a good idea to make the length of this right on request or allow to be prolonged. However, IA should test large changes somewhere else, for example on the en.wv mirror, and only after testing it on the mirror, adapt it to the live version. That means I can't imagine a time-consuming operation right now. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:04, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Sorry, what mirror is this? Are you talking about beta.wv? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:32, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Not beta.wv. Basically somewhere else then on a live wiki. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Wouldn't testing on a user's own common.css page work anyway? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:36, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:AI-generated]] ==

After going through the plethora of ChatGPT-generated pages made by [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] (with many more pages to go), I'd like community input on this proposal to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] that I think would be benefical for the community:
*Resources generated by AI '''must''' be indicated as so through the project box, [[Template:AI-generated]], on either the page or the main resource (if the page is a part of a project).
I do not believe including a small note/reference that a page is AI-generated is sufficient, and I take my thinking from [[WV:Original research|Wikiversity's OR policy]] for OR work: ''Within Wikiversity, all original research should be clearly identified as such''. I believe resources created from AI should also be clearly indicated as such, especially since we are working on whether or not AI-generated resources should be allowed on the website (discussion is [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence|here]], for reference). This makes it easier for organizational purposes, and in the event ''if'' we ban AI-generated work. 

I've left a message on Lee's talk page over a week ago and did not get a response or acknowledgement, so I'd like for the community's input for this inclusion to the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 26 January 2026 (UTC)

:I believe that existing Wikiversity policies are sufficient. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and usefulness of the content that is published. This policy covers AI-generated content that is: 1) carefully reviewed by the author publishing it, and 2) the source is noted.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:38, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::A small reference for pages that are substantially filled with Chat-GPT entries, like [[Real Good Religion]], [[Attributing Blame]], [[Fostering Curiosity]], are not sufficient IMO and a project box would be the best indicator that a page is AI-generated (especially when there is a mixture of human created content AND AI-generated content, as present in a lot of your pages). This is useful, especially considering the notable issues with AI (including hallucinations and fabrication of details), so viewers and support staff are aware. These small notes left on the pages are not as easily viewable as a project box or banner would be. I really don't see the issue with a clear-label guideline. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:34, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::{{ping|Lbeaumont}} I noticed your reversions [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Exploring_Existential_Concerns&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788278 here] &amp; [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Subjective_Awareness&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788257 here]. I'd prefer to have a clean conversation regarding this proposition. Please voice your concerns here. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Regarding Subjective Awareness, I distinctly recall the effort I went to to write that the old-fashioned way. It is true that ChatGPT assisted me in augmenting the list of words suggested as candidate subjective states. This is a small section of the course, is clearly marked, and makes no factual claim. Marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading. I would have made these comments when I reverted your edit; however, the revert button does not provide that opportunity.
:::Regarding the Exploring Existential Concerns course, please note this was adapted from my EmotionalCompetency.com website, which predates the availability of LLMs. The course does include two links, clearly labeled as ChatGPT-generated. Again, marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading.
:::On a broader issue, I don't consider your opinions to have established a carefully debated and adopted Wikiversity policy. You went ahead and modified many of my courses over my clearly stated objections. Please let this issue play out more completely before editing my courses further. Thanks.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:11, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Understood, and I respect your position. I apologize if my edits were seen as overarching. We could change the project box to &quot;a portion of this resource was generated by AI&quot;, or something along those lines. Feel free to revert my changes where you see fit, and I encourage more users to provide their input. EDIT: I've made changes to the template to indicate that a portion of the content has been generated from an LLM. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:50, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for this reply. The new banner is unduly large and alarming. There is no need for alarm here. The use of AI is not harmful per se. Like any technology, it can be used to help or to harm. I take care to craft prompts carefully, point the LMM to reliable source materials, and to carefully read and verify the generated text before I publish it. This is all in keeping with long-established Wikiversity policy. We don't want to use a  [[w:One-drop_rule|one-drop rule]] here or cause a [[w:Satanic_panic|satanic panic]]. We can learn our lessons from history here. I don't see any pedagogical reason for establishing a classification of &quot;AI generated&quot;, but if there is a consensus that it is needed, perhaps it can be handled as just another category that learning resources can be assigned to. I would rather focus on identifying any errors in factual claims than on casting pejorative bias toward AI-generated content. An essay on the best practices for using LMM on Wikiveristy would be welcome.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:58, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::The new banner mimics the banner that is available on the English Wikibooks (see [[b:Template:AI-generated]] &amp; [[b:Template:Uses AI]]), so my revisions aren't unique in this aspect. At this point, I'd welcome other peoples' inputs. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

== How do I start making pages? ==
Is there a notability guideline for Wikiversity? What is the sourcing policy for information? What is the Manual of Style? What kind of educational content qualifies for Wikiversity? All the introduction pages are a bit unclear. 
[[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 02:25, 28 January 2026 (UTC)

:{{ping|VidanaliK}} Welcome to Wikiversity! I've left you a welcome message on your talk page. That should help you out. Make sure to especially look at [[Wikiversity:Introduction]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:11, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
::It says that I can't post more pages because I have apparently exceeded the new page limit. How long does it take before that new page limit expires? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:57, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::This is a restriction for new users so that Wikiversity is not hit with massive spam. As for when this limit will expire, it should be a few days or after a certain number of edits. It's easy to overcome, though I do not have the exact numbers atm. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::OK, I think I got past the limit. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 17:21, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
==Why does it feel like Wikiversity is no longer really active anymore?==
I've been looking at recent changes, and both today and yesterday there haven't been many changes that I haven't made; it feels like walking through a ghost town, is this just me or is Wikiversity not really active anymore? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 03:54, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

:There is fewer people editing these days compared to the past. Many newcomers tend to edit in Wikipedia instead. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:39, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:It’s a little slow, but I’m happy to know that Wikiversity is a place that I think should provide value even if the activity of editors fluctuates. If it’s any consolation your edits may be encouraging for some anonymous newcomer to start edits on their own! I think it’s hard to build community when there is such a wide variety of interests and a smaller starting userbase. Also sometimes the getting into a particular topic that already exists can be intimidating because some relics (large portals, school, categories, etc.) have intricate, unique and generally messy levels of organization. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 22:16, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
:I'd say it comes down to working hard for Wikiversity, basically if somebody or a group of people will start presenting good ideas and they turn out to be provably stable.
:I even asked Google's &quot;AI Mode&quot;, what is Wikiversity famous for? Unfortunately it could not answer that.
:Simply, we have not made Wikiversity famous by presenting really provable stable ideas yet. My hope is that this time might come. Perhaps even this year 2026!
:Hope dies last. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:12, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Inactivity policy for Curators ==

I was wondering if there is a specific inactivity polity for curators (semi-admins) as I am pretty sure the global policy does not apply to them as they are not ''fully'' sysops. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:20, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I don't see an inactivity policy, but if we were to create such a new policy for curators, it should be the same for custodians (administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:45, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] There is currently none, that I could find, for custodians either. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:47, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I think we should propose a local inactivity policy for custodians (and by extension, curators), which should be at least one year without any edits ''and'' logged actions. However, I don't know which page should it be when the inactivity removal procedure starts. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:53, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] In theory, there should be a section added at [[WV:Candidates for custodianship]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:55, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::: To be consistent with the [[meta:Admin activity review|global period of 2 years inactivity]] for en.wv  [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship#How are bureaucrats removed?|Bureaucrats]] we could add something like this to [[Wikiversity:Curators]]:
::::::The maximum time period of inactivity &lt;u&gt;without community review&lt;/u&gt; for curators is two years (consistent with  the [[:meta:Category:Global policies|global policy]] described at [[meta:Admin activity review|Admin activity review]] which applies for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]]). After that time a custodian will remove the rights.
::::: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:51, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::Yup, I agree with Jtneill, there is a policy proposal for Wikiversity:Curators, where it should be logically deployed. The question is if we are ready to aprove the policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:43, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: I agree, but we should notify the colloquium about inactive curators, just like a steward would do for inactive custodians and bureaucrats per [[:m:Admin activity review|AAR]]. What is the minimum timeframe an inactive curator should receive so they can respond they would keep their rights? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:I incorporated these suggestions into the proposed curators policy. Please review/comment/improve. Summary: 2 years, notify curator's user page, then remove rights after 1 month: [[Wikiversity:Curators#Inactivity]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] I created [[Template:Inactive curator]] for this. Feel free to make any changes or improvements. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to become an official policy ==
{{Archive top|After running for a week, there is consensus, alongside comments, for [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to be implemented as an official policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)}}
With the introduction of AI-material, and some material just plain disruptive, its imperative that Wikiversity catches up with its sister projects and implements an official AI policy that we can work with. The recent issue of [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]'s 50+ articles that contain significantly large AI-generated material has made me came to the Colloquium. This user has also been removing the [[Template:AI-generated]] template from their pages, calling it &quot;misleading&quot;, &quot;alarmist&quot;, and &quot;pejorative&quot; - which is all just simply nonsensical rationales. Not to even mention this user's contributions to the English Wikipedia have been [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Inner_Development_Goals contested] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Multipolar_trap removed] a couple of times (for being low-quality and clearly LLM-generated), highlighting the need for an actual policy to be implemented here on Wikiversity. I would like to ping {{ping|Juandev}} and {{ping|Jtneill}} for their thoughts as well, since I'd like this to be implemented as soon as possible. 

Wikiversity has a significant issue with implementing anti-disruptive measures, hence why we have received numerous complaints as a community about our quality. I originally was reverting the removal of the templates, but realized that this is still a proposed policy, which it shouldn't be anymore. It should be a recognized Wikiversity policy. 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] '''I agree''' that the draft, should become official policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:00, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:I provided a detailed response at: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI]]
:I will appreaciate it if you consder that carefully. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 22:49, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:Agree it should become official Wikiversity policy on the condition &lt;u&gt;that point point 5 is about [significant/substantial] LLM-generated text specifically&lt;/u&gt;. Not a good idea to overuse it, it should be added when there is substantial AI-generated text on the page, not for other cases. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:What policy is being debated? Is it the text on this page, which is pointed to by the general banner, or the text at:   [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence,]]   which is pointed to by the specific banner? Let's begin with coherence on the text being debated. Thanks!  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 11:49, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] This is a call for approval of the new Wikiversity policy. You expressed your opinion [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI|on the talk page of the proposal]], I replied to you and await your response.When creating policies, it is necessary to propose specific solutions. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:12, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Toward a Justified and Parsimonious AI Policy 
:::As we collaborate to develop a consensus policy on the use of Large Language Models, it is wise to begin by considering the needs of the various stakeholders to the policy.
:::The stakeholders are:
:::1)     The users, 
:::2)     The source providers, and
:::3)     The editors
:::There may also be others with a minor stake in this policy, including the population at large.
:::The many needs of the users are currently addressed by long-standing [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policies]], so we can focus on what, if any, additional needs arise as LLMs are deployed. 
:::As always, users need assurance that propositional statements are accurate. This is covered by the existing policy on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiably]]. In addition, it is expected by both the users and those that provide materials used as sources for the text are [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|accurately attributed]]. This is also covered by [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|existing policies]].
:::To respect the time and effort of editors, a parsimonious policy will unburden editors from costly requirements that exceed benefits to the users.
:::Finally, it is important to recognize that because attention is our most valuable seizing attention unnecessarily is a form of theft. 
:::The following proposed policy statement results from these considerations:
:::Recommended Policy statement:
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verify the accuracy]] of propositional statements, regardless of the source.
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|attribute the source]] of propositional statements. In the case of LLM, cite the LLM model and the prompt used.
:::·       Use of various available templates to mark the use of LLM are optional. Templates that are flexible in noting the type and extend of LLM usage are preferred. Templates that avoid unduly distracting or alarming the user are preferred. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:56, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::::Do we discuss here or there? I have replied you there as your proposal is about that policy so it is tradition to discuss it at the affected talk page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:59, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{support}} Thanks for the proposed policy development and discussion; also note proposed policy talk page discussion: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:05, 24 March 2026 (UTC)
::I think the Wikiversity AI policy shall be official. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:11, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== New titles for user right nominations ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikiversity talk:Candidates for Custodianship#New titles for user right nominations]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;

I would like to propose the following retitles should a user be nominated for any of the following user rights:
* Curator: Candidates for Curatorship
* Bureaucrat: Candidates for Bureaucratship
The reason is that many curator (and probably bureaucrat) requests have run solely under {{tq|Candidates for Custodianship}}, but that title might sound misleading (especially in regards to the permission a user is requesting). CheckUser and Oversight (suppressor) are not included above since no user was nominated for these sensitive permissions, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:30, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

:And it's not that when someone at the beginning misplaced the request, no one thought to move it and the others copied it. Even today, it would be possible to simply take it all and move it. Otherwise, for me, the more fundamental problem is that there is [[Wikiversity:Curators|no approved policy for curators]] than where the requests are based. Curators then operate in a certain vacuum and if one of them &quot;breaks out of the chain&quot;, the average user doesn't have many transparent tools to deal with it, because there is no policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:02, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::I am not talking about the curator page (policy proposal). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:08, 21 March 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] I'll see if I can do an overhaul of [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]], just like I recently did with the Requests for adminship page on English Wikiquote. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:17, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, great idea - ideally there will be separate &quot;Candidates for ...&quot; pages for each user right group. The most important for now is to separate curator and custodian pages as CN suggests. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Technical Request:  Courtesy link.. ==

[[Template_talk:Information#Background_must_have_color_defined_as_well]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
: I can't edit the template directly as it need an sysop/interface admin to do it. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
:: Also if the Template field of - https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/night-mode-unaware-background-color is examined, there is poential for an admin to clear a substantial proportion of these by implmenting a simmilar fix to the indciated templates (and underlying stylesheets). It would be nice to clear things like Project box and others, as many other templates (and thus pages depend on them.) :)
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

:I think it would be best to grant you interface admin rights for a short period of time to make these changes. However, I still have doubts about the suitability of this solution, which may cause other problems and no one has explained to me why dark mode has to be implemented this way @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

: I would have reservations about holding such rights, which is why I was trying to do what I could without needing them. However if it is the only way to get the required changes made, I would suggest asking on Wikipedia to find technical editors, willing to undertake the changes needed. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:32, 21 March 2026 (UTC)

== WikiEducator has closed ==

Some of you may know of a similar project to Wikiversity, called [https://wikieducator.org/Main_Page WikiEducator], championed by [https://oerfoundation.org/about/staff/wayne-mackintosh/ Wayne Mackintosh][https://www.linkedin.com/posts/waynemackintosh_important-notice-about-the-oer-foundation-activity-7405113051688931329-Nhm9/][https://openeducation.nz/killed-not-starved/].

It seems [https://openeducation.nz/terminating-oer-foundation their foundation has closed] and they are no longer operating.

They had done quite a bit of outreach (e.g., in the Pacific and Africa) to get educators using wiki.

The WikiEducator content is still available in MediaWiki - and potentially could be imported to Wikiversity ([https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:Copyrights CC-BY-SA] is the default license).

The closing of WikiEducator arguably makes the nurturing of Wikiversity even more important.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:I was never active there. If anyone has an account or is otherwise in contact, we may want to copy relevant information here or even at [[:outreach:]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:46, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:: I reached out to [[User:Mackiwg~enwikiversity|Wayne]] in January, and he responded briefly but positively (while travelling).  I wrote to the low-traffic wikieducator mailing list today and got a nice [https://groups.google.com/g/wikieducator/c/r_yIyUw6ZIA reply] from [[user:SteveFoerster|Steve Foerster]] who's interested in helping. If we can figure out a migration path it would be great to adopt at least the main namespace pages here.  
:: A few questions that come to mind: 
:: - would people want to create matching user accounts
:: - are there any namespaces (user/talk?) that should not be moved over
:: We could look at how this was done for the [[m:Wikivoyage/Migration]] wikivoyage migration. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 2px 0 2px;background-color:white;color:#bbb;&quot;&gt;&amp;ndash;[[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff9900;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 04:27, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:::That's fantastic, SJ, that you've reached out and that Wayne, Steve, and Jim are receptive—and that you can help! -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:52, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews is ending ==

Apparently mainly due to low editorial activity, low public interest, but also failure to achieve the goals from the proposal for the creation of the project, the Wikinews project is ending after years of discussions ([[Meta:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|some reading]]).

And I would be interested to see how Wikiversity is doing in the monitored metrics. We probably have more editors than Wikinews had, but what about consumers and achieving the goals? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:14, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:Wikiversity's biggest issue in recent times was the hosting of low-quality, trash content. Thankfully we've done a great job in removing pseudoscience and other embarrassingly trash content (Wikidebates, for example), but the biggest concern moving forward is proper maintenance IMO. I've caught several pseudoscience pages being created within the last few months that could easily have flown under the radar (ex, [[The Kelemen Dilemma: Causal Collapse and Axiomatic Instability]]), so I'd urge our custodians/curators to be on the lookout for this type of content. Usually an AI-overview can point this type of content out relatively well.
:In terms of visibility, I believe Wikiversity is a high-traffic project. I remember my [[Mathematical Properties]] showing up on the first page of Google when searching up &quot;math properties&quot; for the longest time (and is still showing up in the first page 'till this day!). Besides, Wikinews hosted a lot of short-term content (the nature of news articles), while Wikiversity hosts content that can still be useful a decade later (ex, [[A Reader's Guide to Annotation]]). 
:I think we are on a better path than we were a few months ago, and I do want to thank everyone here who has been helping out with maintaining our website! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:For what it's worth, the group that did that study has since disbanded, so no one is monitoring the other sister projects in the same way. Additionally, Wikinews had some catastrophic server issues due to the maintenance of [[:m:Extension:DynamicPageList]] which don't apply here. Your questions are still worth addressing, but I just wanted to cut off any concern at the pass about Wikiversity being in the same precarious situation. Wikiversity is definitely the biggest &quot;lagging behind&quot; or &quot;failure&quot; project now that Wikinews is being shuttered, but I don't see any near- or medium-term pathway to closing Wikiversity. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]] (Wikipedia Signpost) -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:03, 11 April 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29941252 --&gt;
:I didnt find such properties, so we are probably fine. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:00, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
:: +1 (agreed). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC)

== Enable the abuse filter block action? ==

In light of [[Special:AbuseLog/80178]] (coupon spam), I would like to propose enabling the block action for the abuse filter. Only custodians will be able to enable and disable that action on an abuse filter, and it is useful to block ongoing vandalism. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:12, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

:Seems like a good idea, almost all of the users which create such pages are spambots so this shouldn’t be a problem. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:Can you explain some more (I am new to abuse filters)? It looks like the attempted edit was prevented? Which abuse filter?
:Note on your suggestion, have also reactivated Antispam Filter 12 - see [[WV:RCA]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:45, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I am proposing that we activate the abuse filter block action, which if a user triggers an abuse filter, it would actually block the user in question - the same mechanism that a custodian would use to block users. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:11, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, thankyou, that makes sense. And, reviewing the abuse filter 12 log, it would be helpful because it would prevent the need for manual blocking. But I don't see a setting for autoblocking? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:14, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::: I think it probably adds an autoblock. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:43, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
: [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], given that a little bit more than a week has passed and there is minimal consensus to activate the abuse filter block action, I filed [[phab:T424053]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank-you for doing this. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:03, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Advice needed: A Neurodiversity-inspired Idea/observation ==

If I want the greatest participation of others to &quot;provide constructive criticism to my idea&quot; or to &quot;shoot down my idea&quot; or &quot;idea&quot;.

What I've called it so far is &quot;The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea&quot;. At other times I used more sensationalist wording but here on Wikiversity I don't dare do that. I actually woke up with thinking about putting this into my userspace draft: &quot;Personal Observations Made By Meeting Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults&quot;.

My ultimate goal is to stop blathering about my &quot;idea&quot; to friend and family without feeling my &quot;methodology&quot; is going into any progressive direction whatsoever. My latest encounter was somewhat constructive though. A friend of a friend who worked with people presenting ideas in attempting to getting grants. I don't want a grant. I just want to figure out how I can express my &quot;idea&quot; in a way so that I can more clearly figure out what flaws it got.

At the same time I tend to overthink. If anyone thinks etherpad might be a good place and considering Wikimedia already got an etherpad at https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/ if anyone feels like they know me better in the future feel free to suggest a &quot;session&quot; on etherpad.

'''If I don't receive a reply to this in 1 week's time I will begin to explore this &quot;idea&quot; into my userspace''' unless you replied and refrained me from doing so, of course. Then maybe after &quot;developing it there&quot; I might reference it to you another future time here in the Colloquium, with my &quot;idea&quot; still in my userspace draft. This &quot;idea&quot; is sort of a burden, I'm happy I've made the choice to get rid of it and hopefully move on with my life, unless there is something to this &quot;idea&quot;. 

My failure is probably evident: I feel I haven't told you anything. Same happened to when I talked to friends and family. In danger of overthinking it further I'll publish this right now. I need to &quot;keep it together&quot; [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:36, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

:Good on you putting it out there ... and hitting publish :). I'd say go for it (no need to wait), give birth to your idea and share about it here and elsewhere. Let it take shape and see where it might go. In many ways, this is exactly what an open collaborative learning community should be doing. Others might not know well how to respond, so perhaps consider creating some questions to accompany the idea. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:21, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for encouraging me in developing the idea.
::I have created a &quot;questions&quot; section in the draft which is visible in the table of contents now. My brain was &quot;frozen&quot; today metaphorically speaking in that I felt I had like a &quot;writer's block&quot; so the draft has more &quot;AI/LLM&quot; content than before. I used the LLM for generating questions. The answers are so far human-only.
::I've also created a subsection where I could add the prompts that made the LLM generate the questions. That could help people make better prompts perhaps. I've described what it is about inside of it and there are some chaotically written notes.
::[[Draft:The_Neurodiversity-inspired_Idea#Questions_that_might_encourage_the_development_of_this_idea_and_its_methodology]]
::My draft is missing stuff. Any questions that you contribute to my draft will probably help me and if I don't understand the questions I'll probably notify you and also at the same time &quot;feed them&quot; to an LLM and ask in my input like &quot;explain in simple words what this question means, what is it searching for?&quot; etc. while I wait for an answer. If you have any more feedback please give it to me here or on the Draft page, its talk page or my user talk page. Thank you for helping me! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 21:20, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::Today I woke up with not only thinking about supplying questions along with the &quot;idea&quot; but also answers. ie. Is it possible to &quot;test&quot; this idea? Is it possible to create one or multiple hypotheses based on this &quot;idea&quot;?(etc.) I've thought about this before in this &quot;idea&quot; but since I'm beginning to add to Wikiversity what was previously 'locked in my mind' it's also easier for me to see what I've done so far. Thank you for this comment! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 09:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC)
:May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish. Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet. Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible. Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents. --  [[User:Eric.LEWIN|Eric.LEWIN]] ([[User talk:Eric.LEWIN|discussion]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eric.LEWIN|contributions]]) 10:06, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sorry about the false positive on the profanity filter - I've fixed it. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:26, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish.&quot;
::Thank you Eric for this comment. Trust in time is how I interpret it. I should not feel like I need to be in a hurry. I'll try to give this time. Thank you!
:::&quot;Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet.&quot;
::A central place for developing or making &quot;project notes&quot; regarding the Neurodiversity idea on my userspace, I might need that, like a diary or &quot;project notes&quot; of the Neurodiversity idea similar to my course notes regarding my experience with Coursera.
::Any actions I take are going to be related to my Userspace from now on but I'll also update the draft when necessary. Now in the beginning I might be working daily to once every 3 days on both the draft and the daily notes I plan to make.
:::&quot;Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible.&quot;
::Thank you for the advice. I was brainstorming yesterday about it. I concluded that since I've not yet developed a methodology that adheres to &quot;Do no harm&quot; and this is my first time working my &quot;idea&quot; into a way that is compatible with how projects develop on English Wikiversity this is new to me. My methodology isn't developed and therefore trying to get attention to my project through a name can wait. Yesterday I figured out a silly title that has nothing to do with the project: &quot;Planetary Awareness Potato Cabbage Rolls&quot; or something like that. Google output read that no such thing exists so I wanted it mainly to be unique. I don't want to raise attention that I'm unsure whether I'll actually be capable of developing a methodology for but project notes is my best bet so far in tracking my progress. Every day I think about this &quot;idea&quot; but I need to improve the important parts.
:::&quot;Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents.&quot;
::You added great points and I felt that I was helped by you! I encourage you to post again and I can understand that interacting with any kind of automated filter can be discouraging and can be for me too! Thank you for giving me feedback! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 16:01, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

== Add some user rights to the curator user group? ==

By default, only custodians have the ability to mark new pages as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;) and have their own page creations automatically marked as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;). I am proposing both of the following:
* Curators can mark new pages as patrolled, helping on reducing the backlog of new, unpatrolled pages.
* New pages made by curators will be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software.
Before we implement this, I would suggest implementing a proposed guideline for marking new pages as patrolled for curators and custodians.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

:Agree, &lt;s&gt;also can we also allow curators to undelete pages since they already have the rights to delete them?&lt;/s&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::I think the requirement that undelete NOT be included came from above (meta / stewards / central office). Having access to the undelete page gives access to information that is restricted by their policies to admins (custodians and bureaucrats). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:12, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], unless if requests for curator and custodian should be RfA-like processes (that is, including voting and comments), then I have to agree with Dave above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:03, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Oh, I didn’t realise that. Withdrawing my comment.. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} Seems reasonable and would reduce overhead. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:'''Agree''', implement it also to [[Wikiversity:Curators]] proposal please. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:11, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: I went ahead and filed [[phab:T424445]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:39, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Curators|Curators and curators policy]] ==

How does it come, that Wikiversity has curators, but Curators policy is still being proposed? How do the curators exists and act if the policy about them havent been approved yet? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

:It looks as if it is not just curators. The policy on Bureaucratship is still being proposed as well. See [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:33, 27 October 2025 (UTC)

:I think its just the nature of a small WMF sister project in that there are lots of drafts, gaps, and potential improvements. In this case, these community would need to vote on those proposed Wikiversity staff policies if we think they're ready. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:08, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
:What? I thought you were getting it approved, Juandev... :) [[User:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris]] ([[User talk:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|contribs]]) 14:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah I think this one is important too and we need to aprove it too @[[User:I'm Mr. Chris|I'm Mr. Chris]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:56, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I thinks its ready to made into a policy, it seems to be complete and informative about what the rights does and how to get it. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:08, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Agree -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:00, 27 March 2026 (UTC)

Let's make this the official discussion about adopting the [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators policy]] policy. Your comments are invited and welcome. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: There were two similar Colloquium threads in separate places about the proposed curators policy. So I've moved them to be adjacent. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikiversity:Curators to become a policy ==

I've looked at the discussions about the Curators policy, I've looked at the practices, and it seems to me that there is no dispute about the wording of the policy, and what's more, the community has been using this proposal as if it were an offical policy for several years. Therefore, I propose that [[Wikiversity:Curators]] become a policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{support|Yes, please}}. Especially after when I and PieWriter proposed above, I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:27, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]; as of now, curators now have the user rights &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;. Perhaps we should also include that in [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:07, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}} per nom. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 13:32, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Inactive curators ==

Hello, even though [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is not a policy yet, there are curators listed here that have been inactive for two years or more:
* {{user|Cody naccarato}} (last edit on 13 Dec 2022, last logged action on 10 Dec 2022)
* {{user|Praxidicae}} (last edit on 10 Sep 2022, last logged action on 12 Sep 2022)
[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:14, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I would remove the rights. To get the rights back if theyll come back should not be a big deal. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:08, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: When they don't reply by May 19, feel free (or any custodian) to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:28, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? ==

Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? Is there anyone here who is interested for Neurodiversity to be &quot;something more&quot; than it already is? Does anyone here consider Neurodiversity one of the &quot;harder topics&quot; to work on or discuss? Does anyone here have an opinion about the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]? So these questions don't appear like &quot;out of a vacuum&quot; I can tell you a bit about my background:

Many years ago I got a psychiatric diagnosis &quot;Asperger's&quot;. After I stepped out of the office and my Äsperger's was 'concluded', I stepped out into the street and thought my first negative thought(but the positive thought followed after). The thought was about concentration camps in the second world war and that the world seemed to be going into the direction of &quot;labeling others&quot;. I was unsure whether this was &quot;real science&quot; and sort of &quot;challenged myself&quot; to make up my own mind after meeting people that had been given this diagnosis. The more adults with this diagnosis I met the more I started seeing &quot;patterns&quot;.

Was it a coincidence that the first person with Asperger's I met reminded me about my father later after I had plenty of times of experience with interacting with him? None of the people I interacted with online through IRC text chat...I felt I got any clue about how &quot;their brains work&quot;. Only when I met one person from the Asperger's chat community in person we both realized that whatever we experienced was akin to the &quot;chaos theory&quot;. He told me about &quot;chaos theory&quot; while I didn't know even what that term meant but I guess I 'read between the lines'. My question that I linger on still today is &quot;did he understand about me what I think I understood about him?&quot;? That our brains had the same configuration? Most autistic adults who meet other autistic adults usually get disappointed. They think the diagnosis will help them meet somebody like themselves and then they realize the great diversity in the autistic spectrum created by Psychiatry.

I later stopped interacting with autistic communities that much, I felt that it did not benefit me. Also Neurodiversity's &quot;neurotypes&quot; interested me for a while until I realized I had &quot;misunderstood everything&quot; about them and how they are used in the Neurodiversity Movement or &quot;Neurodiversity community&quot; if that even can precisely be defined? I doubt it but if you want to contribute to the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]. My previous attempts failed as I got more and more confused. I think a community project needs a community. With a lack of that I don't think it is worth my time. If any of you would like to work on that project let me know on my talk page.

So I was kinda lost and was talking to my friend and psychologist and I realized if I never talk about my idea to anyone in a &quot;comprehensive way&quot; or show that it matters to me nothing is going to ever happen. So I started talking about my &quot;idea&quot; more. Nobody could understand the &quot;idea&quot; because I had not developed my skills regarding where to start...although the process had already started &quot;automatically&quot; and that's why I often think of &quot;well my brain sort of activated me&quot;. I don't feel like I did have a plan and this idea happened. It happened &quot;by itself&quot;. My brain reacted to what I was seeing in a video or stream.

I value interaction highly in this idea. I think it would be helpful to make a community of people who are not paranoid about stuff that can express itself like &quot;don't analyze me!&quot;, &quot;don't compare me to anyone!&quot;. 

On the contrary, more often than not those adults who were diagnosed were actually openly comparing themselves with each other and I think that is healthy in a &quot;science&quot; way if done the &quot;right way&quot; which probably means &quot;Do no harm&quot;.

I found video material is important but I'm very unsure if uploading own video material to Wikimedia Commons would constitute a &quot;reasonable&quot; use of the resources there. Maybe somebody here needs to ask more questions to me that I should answer before that happens. I also know the '''be bold''' so I could just do what I think might be ok. Though I work better in a group as long as I know what &quot;group configurations&quot; help me. This is in a non-profit way. Since the state supported me this might be a way I am trying to &quot;give back&quot; to the state and &quot;the world&quot;. May seem overly ambitious and crazy but this thing gives me energy. It gives me hope when trying to develop this idea. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:47, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== Coming over From wikinews ==

Any chance someone could help me if you are allowed to write news articles here since wikinews is going read only mode soon, thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:43, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

:The scope of Wikiversity is very broad and is basically about more-or-less any learning material. We have made it a point to not have duplicative content of other WMF projects, but since Wikinews is being shuttered, I personally am fine with writing news articles here. One thing that is not controversial at all is a learning resource &lt;em&gt;about&lt;/em&gt; how to write news: that could be hugely useful here and could involve the process of writing news stories to learn and to share back and forth with an editor or fact-checker. In fact, I'd support an entire namespace dedicated to keeping the notion of Wikinews alive here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:38, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you so much! How do I start? Cheers! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:07, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I think it's premature to start just making news articles en masse, but if you want to start discussing the topic of citizen journalism, you can do that now. [[:Category:Journalism]] already has some material, so you can start by seeing what we already have, how you can refine that, etc. You can definitely have learning resources with collaborators who want to learn about journalism ASAP. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:38, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::If I could try and start one News Article could you please tell me how to go about it? Like what style of writing like Wikinews or something else? Thank you Justin! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:48, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::Honestly, there are very few policies and guidelines here. I think the best way to write a news story would be in a manner that is obvious and instructive. So, for instance, it's common to use the &quot;pyramid style&quot; when you're writing news, so if you were to write a story that makes it very clear that you are using that approach, that would be helpful. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:08, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::cool thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 02:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Linux</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>36991</id>
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      <id>2807447</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T08:29:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elominius</username>
        <id>2911372</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>About bashrc and profile.</comment>
      <origin>2807447</origin>
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      <text bytes="11868" sha1="86ckaez9qm3jqxj8jt0zjunkbtqr1s9" xml:space="preserve">''If you are interested in learning how to install a particular Linux distribution, visit the [[/Installation/]] page.''

This project is meant to help people understand how the internals of [[w:Linux|Linux]] operating system work. By studying the learning materials here you will hopefully come away with a better understanding of source code, programming, Linux, the history of Linux (e.g. [[w:History of the Linux kernel|History of the Linux kernel]]), operating systems, and probably other things that only thorough reflecion upon the experience can glean.

== Portability ==
Since Linux-based operating systems are free and largely open-source, they can be installed on an unlimited number of computers without the need for license keys. Linux can also be installed on external mass storage media such as USB-attached portable solid state drives, and existing installations can be cloned to a different computer or external drive.

== Caching ==
Linux features a sophisticated and fine-tuneable disk caching system. Data read from and written to the disk is stored temporarily in the RAM to maximize performance and minimize lag, to an extent not reserved by running programs. Cached data is released should a running program need more memory.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linuxatemyram.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

The &lt;code&gt;free -h&lt;/code&gt; command indicates usage by running programs and for cache; the &lt;code&gt;-h&lt;/code&gt; part does abbreviates the numbers for readability.

To increase performance on computers with much RAM capacity, some values in &lt;code&gt;/proc/sys/vm/&lt;/code&gt; can be fine-tuned through a text editor or using the &lt;code&gt;echo [value] | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/[entry]&lt;/code&gt; command. Root access is required to change the values, example, &lt;code&gt;/proc/sys/vm/vfs_cache_pressure&lt;/code&gt; (default: 100) can be decreased to keep file system meta data in the RAM cache for a longer time, and &lt;code&gt;/proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs&lt;/code&gt; (default: 500, meaning 5 seconds) can be increased to keep saved data in RAM for longer before writing to the &quot;persistent storage&quot;, i.e. the local disk. This reduces stress on the disk from repeated writes.

== Mounting file systems ==
Keep in mind that implementations of commands may slightly vary across Linux distributions.
The easiest way to mount a file system is with the &lt;code&gt;mount /dev/[device file] /media/[username]/[mountpoint]&lt;/code&gt; command. The mountpoint needs to be created as a directory first. While it can be located elsewhere than &lt;code&gt;/media/[username]/&lt;/code&gt;, it is the location file manager software expects folders to be. A list of data storage devices and partitions (i.e. &quot;block devices&quot;) can be shown through the &lt;code&gt;lsblk&lt;/code&gt; command. &lt;code&gt;lsblk -x size&lt;/code&gt; sorts block devices by size. Mounting typically needs root access, meaning that if the command terminal is not running with root permission, &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; must be prepended to the command.

A file system can be mounted with write-protection if desired. This can be done through the &lt;code&gt;-o ro&lt;/code&gt; option. Implementations may also support &lt;code&gt;-r&lt;/code&gt; for this purpose. If the file system is already mounted, it should be remounted with the &lt;code&gt;-o remount&lt;/code&gt; option. Multiple options can be separated through a comma, for example &lt;code&gt;-o ro,remount&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html lsblk(8) - Linux manual page]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.educba.com/linux-mount-command/ Linux Mount Command – EDUCBA]&lt;/ref&gt;

In order to be able to modify files' date and time stamps and to preserve date and time stamps of files copied (using &lt;code&gt;cp --preserve=timestamps&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;cp -p&lt;/code&gt;) or moved from a different file system, the file system must be mounted with oneself as its owner. This is specified through the &lt;code&gt;-o uid=[number]&lt;/code&gt; option parameter. The own user ID number can be found out through the &lt;code&gt;id [user name]&lt;/code&gt; command. The user name can be displayed by &lt;code&gt;whoami&lt;/code&gt;. These steps can be combined through the nested &lt;code&gt;id $(whoami)&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;ref&gt;[https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mount.2.html mount(2) — Linux manual page]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/mount.8.html mount(8) — Linux manual page]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.carnaghan.com/knowledge-base/how-to-find-your-uiduserid-and-gidgroupid-in-linux-via-the-command-line/ How to find your uid(userid) and gid(groupid) in Linux via the command line - Ian Carnaghan]&lt;/ref&gt;

The &lt;code&gt;findmnt -T&lt;/code&gt; command shows which device a file or directory is located on.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/findmnt.8.html findmnt(8) — Linux manual page]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Live CD ==
A Live CD is a CD which contains a ready-to-use, fully operational copy (called an image) of a version of the Linux operating system. The CD is used to boot the computer in place of the hard drive. Due to the fact that this method does not touch the contents of the hard disk, it is a popular way to test out a new operating system. It will not make any permanent alterations to the system. Usually these Live CDs have installer programs so that if you like what the live CD contains, you can install it on your hard disk by clicking on a link. However, one must click through a fair amount of warning messages before anything is overwritten on the hard disk. ''See the [[w:List of live CDs|List of live CDs]] at Wikipedia.''

== Virtualization ==
Using [[Virtualization]] technologies such as [[VirtualBox]] or [[KVM]] you can also run more than one OS's simultaneously on the same machine.

For example, you can install VirtualBox onto your Windows &lt;ref&gt;https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads&lt;/ref&gt; or Mac system, and then install whatever OS you want into the VirtualBox environment (each install takes up disk space, and the number that you can run at the same time is limited by RAM  -  a good graphical linux can run just fine on 1G, and run a little bit slower on half that). There are other virtualization options: Xen, VMware, etc...
* VirtualBox download URL for all platforms: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads

== bashrc and profile ==
The &lt;code&gt;~/.bashrc&lt;/code&gt; file runs each time a bash shell is opened. It can be used to store functions and variables, such as shortcuts for frequently accessed directories. The file &lt;code&gt;/etc/bash.bashrc&lt;/code&gt; applies to all users and by default requires root privileges to edit.

Example use:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=sh&gt;
doc=~/Documents
dl=~/Downloads
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This allows accessing the directories with &lt;code&gt;cd $doc&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;cd $dl&lt;/code&gt; respectively.

The &lt;code&gt;~/.profile&lt;/code&gt; file (&lt;code&gt;/etc/profile&lt;/code&gt; system-wide) can be used to automate commands each time the user logs in.

Example use:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=sh&gt;
# run the script &quot;~/run-once.sh&quot; if it exists.
if [ -f &quot;$HOME/run-once.sh&quot; ]; then 
        . &quot;$HOME/run-once.sh&quot;
fi
# Blank the file to make a placeholder for new scripts. Creates it if it doesn't exist.
truncate -s 0 &quot;$HOME/run-once.sh&quot; 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This lets you place commands to run once at the next login in the &lt;code&gt;~/run-once.sh&lt;/code&gt; file. The file will be automatically blanked after finishing.

== Screen recording ==
The screen can be recorded using the &lt;code&gt;ffmpeg&lt;/code&gt; command-line utility which is usually bundled. ([[:Wikipedia:ffmpeg|ffmpeg on Wikipedia]])

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=sh&gt;
ffmpeg  -framerate 30 -f x11grab -i :0.0 ~/Videos/screencast-$(date +%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S).mp4
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This command automatically generates a [[file naming|time-stamped file name]]. If another format or output folder is desired, the command can be modified.

To create a memorable shortcut to this command, this line can be added to the file that is loaded automatically when opening the terminal, the &lt;code&gt;~/.bashrc&lt;/code&gt; file:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=sh&gt;
screencast() { ffmpeg  -framerate 30 -f x11grab -i :0.0 ~/Videos/screencast-$(date +%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S).mp4; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A custom resolution can optionally be specified with the &quot;video_size&quot; option (for example &lt;code&gt;-video_size 1280x720&lt;/code&gt;. By default, ffmpeg picks the full screen resolution.

If the quality is too low, the encoding bitrate can be raised using the &lt;code&gt;-b&lt;/code&gt; option, for example &lt;code&gt;-b 5M&lt;/code&gt; does specify 5 megabits per second.

==Content to study==
[[Portal:Linux]]
* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[Tiny Core Linux]]
* [[/Compiling the Linux kernel/]]
** [[/linux-0.01.tar/]] source code
* [[/Reading the Linux Kernel Sources/]]
* [[Types of GUI]]
* [[/Basic commands/]]
* [[/Filesystems permissions/]]
* [[/Directories/]]
* [[Text editing with vi and vim]]
* [[/logging/]]
* [[Scheduling]] ([[crontab]])
* [[/Wireless configuration/]]
* [[Package manager]]s: [[RPM]], [[APT]]
* [[Bash programming]]

===External materials===
* [http://www.makelinux.net/reference Linux Technology Reference]
* [http://tldp.org/LDP/intro-linux/html/index.html Introduction to Linux]
* [http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/ LFS Project]

== Linux Certification Programs==
There are multiple certification programs available in the market such as [[LPI]], [[CompTIA]] or [[Red Hat]] certifications.
=== Linux Professional Institute ===
The [http://www.lpi.org Linux Professional Institute] is an institute which  is committed to the development of a global standard in Linux certification. Individuals and organisations wishing to be certified in the use of Linux systems can enroll in courses which meet the requirements of both IT professionals and the organizations that seek to employ people with skills and experience in using, administering and programming on open source distributions. The LPI seeks to be distribution neutral and aims to provide the highest quality resources in order to educate and certify people in the use of Linux distributions.

=== Levels ===
The LPI provides 3 levels of certification: Essentials, Professionals, and Enterprise.

Essentials:
* [https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/linux-essentials-overview Linux Essentials]
* [https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-1-overview LPIC-1]

Linux Professionals:
*[https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-2-overview LPIC-2]

Enterprise:
*[http://www.lpi.org/linux-certifications/programs/lpic-3 LPIC-3]
*[https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-300-overview LPIC-3 Enterprise Mixed Environment]
*[https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-303-overview LPIC-3 Enterprise Security]
*[https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-304-overview LPIC-3 Enterprise Virtualization and High Availability]

Open Technology:
* [https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/devops-overview DevOps Tools Engineer]
* [https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/bsd-overview BSD Specialist]

[[Wikipedia:Linux Professional Institute|Wikipedia LPI]]

==Additional resources==
===On this wiki===
* [[Linux server administration]] wikiversity course
* [[/mdadm/]] (Disk Management Utility)
* [[Linux adaptations for UMPC design]]

===Wikipedia===
* [[w: Filesystem Hierarchy Standard|Filesystem Hierarchy Standard]]
* [[w: Advanced Packaging Tool|Advanced Packaging Tool]]
* [[w: Linux for PlayStation 3|Linux for PlayStation 3]]
* [[:w: Magic_SysRq_key|Magic SysRq key]]
* [[w:Linux for mobile devices|Linux for mobile devices]]
* [[w:LineageOS|LineageOS]]
* [[w:PureOS|PureOS]]
* [[w:Linux-powered device|Linux-powered device]]
* [[w:Linux on embedded systems|Linux on embedded systems]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
* [http://www.frozentech.com/content/livecd.php List of live CDs]
* [http://lists.openmoko.org/pipermail/community/2008-August/026695.html Debian on FreeRunner][http://wiki.debian.org/DebianOnFreeRunner .]
* [http://lwn.net/Articles/299483/ Linux booting in 5 seconds]

[[Category:Learning projects]]
[[Category:Linux]]
[[Category:Computing]]
[[Category:Operating systems]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki talk:Anonnotice</title>
    <ns>9</ns>
    <id>40207</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>FantasticWikiUser</username>
        <id>3031593</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Double redirect on notice */ new section</comment>
      <origin>2807448</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="623" sha1="9usrg99o2xpg2wzhy6y6293efqp9a7k" xml:space="preserve">If [[MediaWiki:Anonnotice]] is blank or contains a single '''-''' then anons will see [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]].

Edit page to only contain something like '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' to prevent anons from seeing sitenotice.

See [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sitenotice]] for more info.

== Double redirect on notice ==

Hello, just was on Wikiversity while logged out and noticed there was a double redirect on it. It seems unintentional, so just posting here. [[User:FantasticWikiUser|FantasticWikiUser]] ([[User talk:FantasticWikiUser|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/FantasticWikiUser|contribs]]) 08:32, 3 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neurodiversity Movement</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ThinkingScience</username>
        <id>3061446</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Section 6:  History Of The Movement */ Check https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:ThinkingScience/All_General_AI_Prompt_History_Archive#Goal:_Post_directly_to_Neurodiversity_Movement_at_May_2,_2026 and &quot;input 5&quot; and &quot;output 5&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8649" sha1="smmuedglhk0570sy6i1rzgzu8bjij9z" xml:space="preserve">{{launch}}Welcome to the '''Neurodiversity Movement''' learning resource!  This is a project-under-construction aimed at teaching all interested parties about the history, aims, and viewpoints of the Neurodiversity Movement, a branch of the Disability Rights Movement.  At the moment, very little of the course is completed.  Any input and assistance in expanding this project is greatly appreciated.
This project is the brainchild of the user [[user:luai_lashire|Luai_Lashire]], who is an active participant in the Neurodiversity Movement.

Students participating in this learning project and users who wish to contribute should sign their names below in the segment labeled &quot;Participants&quot;.  We can all learn from each other.  Feel free to make comments on the discussion page about anything you learn, here or elsewhere, about Neurodiversity, or to ask questions.  It is our hope that the talk page can provide a medium for class discussion of the serious issues involved in this topic.

'''NEW''' The first section has been updated and now features more information on the subject of neurotypes, as well as a section for discussion.  Please join in- part of the goal of this class is for students to learn from each other through discussion.

There is also a new place to go to [[The Neurodiversity Movement/News|discuss news articles]] that are related to the topics of this resource.

==Course Goals==
By the end of this course, students should have a thorough understanding of the aims and viewpoints espoused by the Neurodiversity movement, understand the concepts introduced by the movement, and have developed their own viewpoint of the issues faced by disabled persons.
It is our further hope that by the end of this course, students will have the knowledge and desire to participate in activism.

==Course Outline==
Very little of the course is written yet, but here is the proposed outline:

===[[/Section 1: The Basics/]]===
#What is a Neurotype?
#The Base Precepts
#*Diversity of Neurology
#*Celebrate Us, Don’t Cure Us
#*Accommodation

===[[/Section 2:  A History Of Abuse/]]===
#Quack Cures And Their Dangers
#Twisted Therapies
#*“It’s The Only Way”
#*The JRC (see [http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/school_of_shock.html this article])
#Mercy Murders

===Section 3:  Controversies Within===
#Disability vs. “Way of life”
#The Role of NTs
#*Examining the historical usage of the term NT.
#*Meanings of the NT concept.
#Separatism vs. Integration
#*Fantasies Of Escape:  The Island, The Moon Colony, And More
#*The Benefits of Inclusion

===Section 4:  Causes And Cures===
#Introduction:  The ‘Double Standard’ &amp; Parents In Denial
#The Mercury Theory
#*Andrew Wakefield’s Falsified ‘Science’
#*Chelation Therapy
#*The Autism Omnibus Hearings
#The Genetic Evidence
#Fears of a ‘Genocide’
#The Role of &quot;Charities&quot;
===Section 5:  Labels and Language===
# [[/Why language matters/]]
# Inaccuracies reinforce stigma
# Presenting the positive

===[[/Section 6:  History Of The Movement/]]===
#The Disability Rights Movement
#Branching Off
#Aspies For Freedom Is Born
#Spreading Awareness:  Protests, Petitions, And Publicity

===Section 7:  Goals===
#Workplace Accommodation
#Proper Education
#Supports
#Understanding and Acceptance

=== More material that may get included(or not) into sections ===
This is the section where you can make subsections of material you'd like to add to this learning resource.

==== Section about interaction with active communities on the internet ====
How about a section regarding interaction with existing communities that are active at the moment you are interacting with this page? This section could also evaluate best practices when interacting with online communities so that researchers show the proper respect for the people at the communities. Should researchers first introduce themselves or just mention the topics that they want to bring up?

If you know of any community on the internet where it is possible to interact and where it is also welcome to interact about the topic concept of &quot;neurodiversity&quot; then please add to this resource.

These communities on reddit could potentially serve as places to interact with people who are part of or have feedback about the neurodiversity movement, these communities could be listed here:
* Reddit community &quot;r/neurodiversity&quot; - [https://www.reddit.com/r/neurodiversity/ subreddit /r/neurodiversity] the {{P|P3984}} value represented in {{Q|Q2915349}} as being directly related to the concept of neurodiversity.
** Reading the rules of the subreddit is helpful so that interaction happens in a way that respects members of the community.

===== [[/Experimental Public Transparent Communication Project/]] =====
This section is dedicated to documenting if a participant in this project is planning to interact with an online community. Where their intention is to make their communication transparent so that the notes here can be correlated to the communication in a certain place at an internet/web community. If a participant decides that they don't want to make public their communication that is fine, we all choose what to share and some communication may be confidential so there are reasons not to share some communication/information but transparency generally helps for verifying information. 

This project can include polls or other communication. 

'''optional &quot;rules&quot;'''
As a sort of an &quot;optional to follow&quot; rule that participants can follow or ignore is that after a participant has created a poll or a communication plan that the participant waits for at least 48 hours to pass.  After those 48 hours have passed the communication/poll/event can be carried out. That might work as a tip that could be useful for some participants as that gives time for the participant's mind to process the plan or the poll.

==Other resources==
There currently exist many resources to help you learn about Neurodiversity and the issues surrounding it, as well as communities where you can discuss the topic.  Here are a few that will be mentioned in the course:
*[http://www.neurodiversity.com Neurodiversity.com] is a links directory to web pages with relevant information.
*[http://www.autism-hub.co.uk/ The Autism Hub] is a group of pro-Neurodiversity blogs written by autistics and relatives of autistics.  The hub bloggers are another of the big internet forerunners of the movement.
*[http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/school_of_shock.html School of Shock] The article recently appearing in ''Mother Jones'' magazine that shone the spotlight on the abuses occurring at the Judge Rotenberg Center.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,2142946,00.html It's Not A Disease] An article that makes a good basic introduction to the ideas behind Neurodiversity.
*[http://www.umich.edu/~uminds/course_archive.html UMiNDS Course Archive] All of the lectures from the University of Michigan's Disability Studies program are available here.
*[http://www.autistics.org/ Autistics.org: The Real Voice of Autism]
*[http://www.differentbrains.com/ DifferentBrains.com] A neurodiversity resource site and blog
*[http://www.notautismspeaks.tk/ Not Autism Speaks] is a website developed by an AFF member explaining why they do not support Autism Speaks.

=== Experimental Resources ===
Experimental resources are for new ways to get resources that are not that common or not just static pages or pages with limited usage.
* [[/Project awareness with video streamers/]] - This sub project seeks to get resources by finding and interacting with people who might want to know about this resource. It will be done in a transparent way and may be &quot;cross-disciplinary&quot; with [[Open interviews]].
* [[/Project interaction with video streamers/]] - This sub project seeks to get resources by finding and interacting with people who may relate to the Neurodiversity Movement. In it learners could potentially note down experiences and questions and answers while interacting with Neurodivergent individuals.
* [[/Learning more about Neurotypes/]] - This sub project aims to help participants learn more in-depth about Neurotypes, what and how people think about them.

== See Also ==
* [[Wikipedia: Neurodiversity]]
* [[Wikipedia: Neurodiversity movement]]

==Participants==
[[User:Voyager640|Voyager640]] 01:42, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

[[User:Apolo234|Apolo234]] 10:55, 21 July 2016 (UTC +1)

[[User:LotsofTheories|LotsofTheories]] 2021-01-18 02:04:30 (UTC) - [[User:Oduci|Oduci]] ([[User talk:Oduci|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Oduci|contribs]]) 05:53, 3 November 2021 (UTC) 

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      <comment>/* Permalink of what I link to in my last edit today May 2, 2026 */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="13901" sha1="dnhm8wdol8j4jh6i7erhef9h5rccjac" xml:space="preserve">== Why this page is static ==

Although this resource is my brainchild, I never intended to be the only author!  I've finished a small part of Section 1: The Basics, but I can't put it up yet because I'm waiting on two friends who promised to write the segments on OCD and Bipolar Disorder.  In the meanwhile, I welcome anyone who is interested to write something- anything- and add it to the page or post it here, on the talk page, so we can edit it into the resource in the apropriate place.
Additionally, if you have any suggestions for assignments/activities/other learning experiences that would enrich this resource, I would be more than glad to hear them!   --[[User:Luai lashire|Luai lashire]] 23:17, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

:Hi Luai. I've been reading along a bit, and might be able to contribute later. I'm leaving an interwiki template on [[w:Neurodiversity]] for now, which might attract a few contributors. 
:BTW: {{tl|welcome and expand}} is actually a cleanup template: it's primary use is to tag empty and non-useful pages a week or so before they get deleted for being empty and non-useful :). --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]] | &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 23:29, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
::Yeah, I wasn't sure it was the right template but I couldn't find one that was just asking for more contributions, so I figured it was the next best thing.  ^_^;  --[[User:Luai lashire|Luai lashire]] 00:30, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
*I wonder if you ever saw a book called, &quot;In the mind's eye&quot; by Thomas G. West. I suspect that there has been heavy selection during human evolution for diversity in genes that regulate brain development.....this is one of the ideas I'm exploring at [[Human Genetic Uniqueness Project]]. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 01:03, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
:::That looks like a really interesting project!  No, I've not heard of that book, but I'll try to find it.  Thanks.  --[[User:Luai lashire|Luai lashire]] 21:18, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Hey Luai, it's Lee (user &quot;ahumanbeing&quot; on aspie for freedom website).  This is fascinating.  I am a complete amateur in the topic and in using wikipedia.  But I am very honored you've asked me to participate.  I'll see what I can come up with.  Thanks again. --unsigned comment by(assumed) [[User:Luai lashire|Luai lashire]] 22:48, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

== Multimedia Neurodiversity resources? ==

I want to get people who are interested in this course more involved in creating it, and one of the things I'd like to have happen is making this course more of a multi-media experience.  I want to assign the students to read books, watch movies, hunt down articles, go out and meet people, listen to an interview, ect.  Part of the goal is to have them find these things themselves, but I also want to have some directions to point them in and some specific resources to suggest.
I've found a few, but I want to see what other people can come up with.  Movies, radio shows, podcasts, books, articles, whatever.  It can be pro-neurodiversity, anti-neurodiversity, or in-between.  Post them here.
Good hunting.  --[[User:Luai lashire|Luai lashire]] 01:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
:There is a growing list of possible sources for learning resources at [[Hunter-gatherers project]]. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 01:39, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

:Mabye you could have people write essays and then use those to start a debate? --[[User:Rayc|Rayc]] 07:07, 27 January 2008 (UTC)


== Question about Aspie pride? ==
There is an antipsychiatry group called the [[w:Icarus_Project|Icaurus Project]] who feel that they have gifts to be cultivated and taken care of, rather than a disease or disorder...Is this similar to Aspie pride?  I am interested in this concept being that I work here on Wikiversity on [[Recovery_psychology|recovery psychology]] and while I identify myself as in ''recovery from depression'' I know that I can maintain my attention span and stay on a subject for as long as twelve hours a day non-stop, while the ''normies'' are exhuasted after only 45 minutes and they will think of me to be ''manic'' however I have expierinced ''mania'', and my wiring (as I call it) does not run very well in a manic state. I know I am wired different from others because as a child I learned to read and write developmentally delayed somewhat, but was inspired by the fact that [[w:George_Lucas|George Lucas]] had been a screen play writer, and I understood at the age of 5 or 6 that movies like [[w:Star_Wars|Star Wars]] were products of the mind.  I can not think of other childern who think on that level at such a young age. Is it possible that I will forever expeirince fustration and depression because my wiring is not in step with the &quot;normies&quot; the &quot;non-icuarians?&quot;
:Hi!  Yes, the Icarus Project is part of a larger movement known as the Mad Movement (on which Wikipedia, oddly enough, doesn't have a page), which are opposed to the stigmatization and over-medication of &quot;psychiatric disorders&quot;.  The Neurodiversity Movement and the Mad Movement do cross borders a lot; for example, some people who feel they have gifts from their Manic Depression identify with the Mad Movement, whereas others identify with the Neurodiversity Movement, believing that Bipolar is a Neurotype.  I personally identify and agree with both of them.  As for whether or not you will always experience depression and frustration...  Well, that probably depends on your attitude and your actions.  For example, I don't really make close friends with people that are not willing to accept quirky folks.  All of my friends are extremely open-minded and like me just the way I am.  Many of them are NT.  Such people do exist, although they can be hard to find at times.  If I were surrounded entirely by close-minded people, I would not be as happy as I am now.  --[[User:Luai lashire|Luai lashire]] 17:22, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

== course outline ==

hello luai,
i was wondering as a potential participant in this project, how did you design the outline of topics? for example, i believe it would make more sense to put the chapter about &quot;causes and cures&quot; second, before &quot;a history of abuse&quot;. 
id be happy to hear your way of thinking about the outline order and content, assuming a lot of thought was put into designing it. [[User:Hush ftw|Hush ftw]] 13:58, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

:Hi hush,
I wrote up that outline a long time ago, so it's a bit difficult to remember little details of why I chose to do it that way.  I don't think it's really that important, but looking at it again, I thought that putting the &quot;causes and cures&quot; section later on was a good choice because I want to introduce students to the experiences and perspectives of the people themselves, so it would be easier to understand why most of the object to the idea of a cure.  If the resource launches right into the science of the causes and a discussion of the possibility of a cure right away, then the students aren't aware of the Neurodiversity perspective so much.  I want them to be already doing things like picking out places where something very biased has been said, or thinking to themselves, &quot;hang on, that isn't right&quot; when something inaccurate or cruel has been said, before we get to that point.
Sorry if this response doesn't make much sense, I am having trouble translating thoughts to words today.  --[[User:Luai lashire|Luai lashire]] 15:52, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

== My thoughts ==

Sadly this course is inactive. :( However, I want to give my thoughts on why I support neurodiversity and to advance the understanding of curious people who don't understand it.

I am Autistic (Asperger's in DSM-IV, ASD in DSM-5), ADHD-C and my doctor confirmed I have OCD, something I had long suspected. I support neurodiversity because those conditions are literally how my mind is wired and how it works. I don't think I've ever lived without stimming, rocking, obsessive interests, impulsiveness in conversation, and inattention. I've also had some subclinical obsessive-compulsive traits for a while, and it probably become clinical OCD around 2013, for a while. I remember not letting people close doors because I was afraid of being locked in, even if the doors didn't have locks.

You will never see a person with asthma say &quot;I'm happy being asthmatic, I am not broken and I don't want to be cured.&quot; However, Stephen Fry and all the manic-depressives/bipolar people (whatever term you prefer) interviewed said they wouldn't take a pill to cure their condition. Why? Because it is how your mind works. You are your mind, and if you weren't bipolar, autistic, etc. you wouldn't be you (assuming you had those conditions to start with). I wouldn't take a pill to cure my Autism, ADHD or even my OCD (although I want treatment to alleviate most of the symptoms). If I didn't have obsessive interests, I wouldn't be on Wikipedia all the time. If I didn't need stimulation all the time, I wouldn't be on Wikipedia all the time.

I don't believe a cure is likely in my lifetime. Yet I am strongly opposed to it because of the message it sends to me. &quot;Your natural behaviors are broken and need to be fixed,&quot; and &quot;you don't deserve a happy life if it means 'enabling' your differences.&quot; It sends the message that I can't stim, rock, or do all the Autistic and ADHD behaviors I love to do. It says, we don't want you to be you and, if the chance arises, we would like it if you become a completely different person and give up who you are. This is why I stress that, if there was a cure for Autism or ADHD I would never take it, even if I could.

I understand that Autism and ADHD can only be diagnosed if there is impairment but where does the impairment comes from. I understand my impulsiveness impairs conversation, my &quot;Autistic inflexibility&quot; impairs my ability to deal with authority, my hyperactivity leads to me destroying chairs by moving around too much in 'em, my inattention impairs my ability to do classes I'm not interested in, my communication style can be hard to understand and I can have trouble understanding others and my ultrasensitivity to background noise is extremely impairing. There are probably a lot of impairs I'm missing because that is my normal life.  However, am I impaired because my brain sucks or because the system makes very little room for me and demands me to act neurotypical? Based on my experiences it is the latter. The value of my brain shouldn't be judged by how much it conforms with society and how much capitalists can make money off of it.

If you have any questions, please ask. [[User:Clr324|Clr324]] ([[User talk:Clr324|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Clr324|contribs]]) 02:59, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

== Section 2, some help needed. ==

Hi there, I'm apolo234, a fairly new contributor to this, and currently trying to make Section 2. 

I added some examples of &quot;curing&quot; autism I found relevant, but, I wanted to ask if there was another to-be contributor who's got experiences with other disorders, (RAD, Bipolar disorder...) To put some examples on the topic, as I'm still not very knowledgable on them.

Thank you all!

== This is very biased ==

Should be able to inform and instruct about this movement without pushing and promoting it so hard. [[User:Equinox|Equinox]] ([[User talk:Equinox|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Equinox|contribs]]) 23:54, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

== Your opinion on Wikidata item? ==

Usually most main article pages have Wikidata items and so does this main page &quot;'''The Neurodiversity Movement'''&quot;. I created a Wikidata item for this Wikiversity project {{Q|Q104773840}} that is currently linked with this project. 

In a [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata%3AProject_chat&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=1338965982&amp;oldid=1338938931 suggestion] on '''Wikidata:Project chat''' it was suggested that the more well known Wikidata item {{Q|Q56296949}} be chosen to link to your main project page.

What item should your project be linked to? [[User:LotsofTheories|LotsofTheories]] ([[User talk:LotsofTheories|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/LotsofTheories|contribs]]) 01:57, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

:{{At|LotsofTheories}} Neurodiversity Movement would be the correct link. There is no advantage to including &quot;The&quot; here. I've renamed the pages. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 15:47, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

== Permalink of what I link to in my last edit today May 2, 2026 ==

I am documenting my input and output process with &quot;AI Mode&quot; over at https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:ThinkingScience/All_General_AI_Prompt_History_Archive&amp;oldid=2807390#Goal:_Post_directly_to_Neurodiversity_Movement_at_May_2,_2026 .

The above is the permalink which links to my process and you can check out input 5 and output 5 for my edit on the main [[Neurodiversity Movement]] page: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Neurodiversity_Movement&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2807391 .

I'm posting this because I'm changing the structure of my page where I'm documenting my input and the output of &quot;Quasi-AI&quot;s. 

Next time if I do anything like this again I'll try to remember to make sure that when I link to my input and output process regarding [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] I should always offer a permalink in the edit summary because I may change the structure later, not even I can predict myself even though I hope I will find methods on how to change that. This post was 100% human-generated. I did not use &quot;AI Mode&quot; by Google for this. My new transparent process is so cumbersome that it makes me think even more which I think is very good! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 15:25, 2 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="9000" sha1="9mkb3u6s6k5ft539f24qojjo9hje1ps" xml:space="preserve">See also: [[User:Jtneill/Research|Research]]
==[[../Research/Profiles|Profiles]]==
{{../Research/Profiles}}
&lt;!-- ==2026==
--&gt;
==2025==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Brichacek, A., Neill, J. T., Murray, K., Rieger, E., Watsford, C. (2025). Body Image Flexibility and Inflexibility Scale (BIFIS). In W. Ramseyer Winter, T. L. Tylka, &amp; A. M. Landor (Eds.), ''Handbook of body image-related measures''. Cambridge University Press (pp. 118–121). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009398275.039

{{User:Jtneill/Publications/2025/Body}}&lt;!--
Neill, J. T., Herbert, S., Hartley, R., &amp; D'Cunha, N. (in preparation). ''Art for Wellbeing at the National Gallery of Australia: Thematic analysis of participant and staff perspectives''.

Lozancic Babic, V. &amp; Neill, J. T. ...  --&gt;
}}

==2024==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Black, H. M., &amp; Neill, J. T. (2024). Wellbeing through nature: A qualitative exploration of psychosocial aspects of a Landcare ACT nature-connection program. ''Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education''. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42322-024-00184-2

Boerma, M., Beel, N., Neill, J. T., Jeffries, C., Krishnamoorthy, G., &amp; Guerri-Guttenberg, J. (2024). Male-friendly counselling for young men: a thematic analysis of client and caregiver experiences of Menslink counselling. ''Australian Psychologist'', 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2024.2378119 ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385649063_Male-friendly_counselling_for_young_men_a_thematic_analysis_of_client_and_caregiver_experiences_of_Menslink_counselling#fullTextFileContent pdf])

Brichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., Murray, K., Rieger, E., &amp; Watsford, C. (accepted). The Body Image Flexibility and Inflexibility Scale (BIFIS). In V. Ramseyer Winter, T.  Tylka, &amp; A. Landor (Eds.), ''Handbook of body image-related measures'' (pp. *–*). Cambridge University Press.

Brichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., Murray, K., Rieger, E., &amp; Watsford, C. (2024). The distinct affect regulation functions of body image flexibility and inflexibility: A prospective study in adolescents and emerging adults. ''Body Image'', ''50'', 101726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101726

{{User:Jtneill/Publications/2024/Collaborative}}

Neill, J. T. &amp; Black. H. (2024). ''[https://landcareact.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Wellbeing-through-Nature-Final-Report.pdf Landcare ACT Wellbeing through Nature program evaluation: Final report]''. University of Canberra, Australia.

{{User:Jtneill/Publications/2024/Rich}}

}}

==2023==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Brichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., Murray, K., Rieger, E., &amp; Watsford, C. (2023). Ways of responding to body image threats: Development of the Body Image Flexibility and Inflexibility Scale for Youth. ''Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science'', ''30'', 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.08.007

{{/2023/WIL}}

Ross, B. M., &amp; Neill, J. T. (2023). Exploring the relationship between mental health, drug use, personality, and attitudes towards psilocybin-assisted therapy. ''[https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/2054-overview.xml Journal of Psychedelic Studies]'', ''7''(2), 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00264}}

==2022==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Neill, J. T., Goch, I., Sullivan, A., &amp; Simons, M. (2022). The role of burn camp in the recovery of young people from burn injury: A qualitative study using long-term follow-up interviews with parents and participants. ''Burns'', ''48''(5), 1139–1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2021.09.020

Stevenson, D. J., Neill, J. T., Ball, K., Smith, R., &amp; Shores, M. C. (2022). How do preschool to year 6 educators prevent and cope with occupational violence from students? ''Australian Journal of Education'', ''66''(2), 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/00049441221092472. [https://www.teachermagazine.com/au_en/articles/the-research-files-episode-77-coping-with-violence-from-students Podcast].

}}

==2021==
{{Hanging indent|1=Brichacek, A. L., Murray, K., Neill, J. T., &amp; Rieger, E. (2021). Contextual behavioral approaches to understanding body image threats and coping in youth: A qualitative study. ''Journal of Adolescent Research'', ''39''(2), 328–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584211007851}}

==2020==
{{Hanging indent|1=Boerma, M., &amp; Neill, J. (2020). The role of grit and self-control in university student academic achievement and satisfaction. ''College Student Journal'', ''54''(4), 431–442.

Boerma, M., Neill, J., &amp; Brown, P. (2020). Perseverance of effort moderates the relationship between psychological distress and life satisfaction. ''European Journal of Applied Positive Psychology'', ''4''(16), 1–11. https://www.nationalwellbeingservice.org/volumes/volume-4-2020/volume-4-article-16/}}

==2018==
{{Hanging indent|1=Neill, J. T. (2018). ''[https://menslink.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/UC-Report-into-Long-term-Impacts-of-Menslink-Counselling-and-Mentoring-Oct-2018.pdf Long-term impacts of Menslink counselling and mentoring]''. University of Canberra.}}

==2017==
{{Hanging indent|1=Booth, J. W., &amp; Neill, J. T. (2017). Coping strategies and the development of psychological resilience. ''Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education'', ''20''(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401002}}

==2016==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Bowen, D. J., &amp; Neill, J. T. (2016). Effects of the PCYC Catalyst outdoor adventure intervention program on youths' life skills, mental health, and delinquent behaviour. ''International Journal of Adolescence and Youth'', ''21''(1), 34–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2015.1027716

Bowen, D. J., Neill, J. T., &amp; Crisp, S. J. (2016). Wilderness adventure therapy effects on the mental health of youth participants. ''Evaluation and Program Planning'', ''58'', 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.05.005

{{/2016/Internationalisation}}}}

==2013==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Bowen, D. J., &amp; Neill, J. T. (2013). A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators. ''The Open Psychology Journal'', ''6''(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350120130802001
{{/2013/Promoting}}

{{/2013/Teaching}}
}}

==2011==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Gray, T. L. &amp; Neill, J. T. (2011). Program evaluation. In ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/risk-management-in-the-outdoors/8B270918DA02077EB040BF2A4646FA7F Risk management in the outdoors: A whole-of-organisation approach for education, sport and recreation]'' (pp. 164–182). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139192682.010

Neill, J. T., &amp; Gray, T. L. (2011). Technology, risk and outdoor programming. In ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/risk-management-in-the-outdoors/8B270918DA02077EB040BF2A4646FA7F Risk management in the outdoors: A whole-of-organisation approach for education, sport and recreation]'' (pp. 132–149). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139192682.008
}}

==2010==
Mackay, G. J., &amp; Neill, J. T. (2010). The effect of “green exercise” on state anxiety and the role of exercise duration, intensity, and greenness: A quasi-experimental study. ''Psychology of Sport and Exercise'', ''11''(3), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.01.002

==2008==
{{Hanging indent|1=Neill, J. T. (2008). Enhancing life effectiveness: The impacts of outdoor education programs. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Western Sydney. https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:6441/}}

==2002==
{{/2002/Dramaturgy}}

==1997==
Hattie, J., Marsh, H. W., Neill, J. T., &amp; Richards, G. E. (1997). Adventure education and Outward Bound: Out-of-class experiences that make a lasting difference. ''Review of Educational Research'', ''67''(1), 43-87. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543067001043

==Reports==
{{Hanging indent|1=
Neill, J. T. &amp; Bowen, D. J. (2014). ''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2N4zSp4hmN9WUF3bzhuZ3JoNGM/view?usp=sharing&amp;resourcekey=0-y0ZTjcdhHXqQKNtz50BW0A Research evaluation of PCYC Bornhoffen Catalyst intervention programs for youth-at-risk &lt;nowiki&gt;[&lt;/nowiki&gt;2012-2013&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]''. University of Canberra.
}}

==Theses==
* [[User:Jtneill/PhD|PhD]]
&lt;!-- 
==Published==
* [http://www.wilderdom.com/JamesNeill/JamesNeillpublications.htm Articles &amp; presentations by James Neill]
--&gt;

==Ideas / In progress==
* [[User:Jtneill/4 pillars of free and open teaching|4 pillars of free and open teaching]]
* Some international trends in outdoor education - Past, present, and future
* Ingando camp (life effectiveness)
* Life Effectiveness Questionnaire psychometrics
* OE outcomes (longitudinal study)
* Adolescent Coping Scale psychometrics
* Resilience Scale psychometrics
* Overview of Outdoor Education Theory and/or Research
* Overview of Outdoor Education in Australia
* Overview of Adventure Therapy Theory and/or Education
* Past Trends and Future Directions for Outdoor Education
* Psychological Aspects of Outdoor Education
* Outdoor Education and Modern Technology
* Outdoor Education and Environmental Sustainability

==See also==
* [[User:Jtneill/Presentations]]</text>
      <sha1>9mkb3u6s6k5ft539f24qojjo9hje1ps</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The necessities in Numerical Methods</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>119778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807369</id>
      <parentid>2806575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T12:15:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Non-linear Equations */</comment>
      <origin>2807369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2914" sha1="9tccjgdtrkenp2pxfdh4857wjq213cb" xml:space="preserve">== Calculus == 
=== Numerical Differentiation ===
* Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]])
* Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]])
* Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference
* High Accuracy Differentiation
* Richardson Extrapolation
* Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation
* Numerical Differentiation with Octave
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Equations ===
* Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]])
* Newton-Raphson Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260427.pdf |pdf]])
* Secant Method
* False-Position Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Numerical Integration ===
* Trapezoidal Rule
* Simpson's 1/3 Rule
* Romberg Rule
* Gauss-Quadrature Rule
* Adaptive Quadrature
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Roots of a Nonlinear Equation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Optimization ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Matrix Algebra == 

=== Simultaneous Linear Equations === 
* A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gaussian Elimination === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LU Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Cholesky Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LDL Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gauss-Seidel method === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Adequacy of Solutions === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Eigenvalue and Singular Value ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== QRD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== SVD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Iterative methods ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Regression ==

=== Linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Least Squares ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Interpolation ==

=== Polynomial Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Splines ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Piecewise Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Ordinary Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== Partial Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== FEM (Finite Element Method) ==
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


&lt;/br&gt;


== Using Symbolic Package in Octave ==

* Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html
* Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz

* In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed.

* After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps.
 ./configure 
 ./make 
 ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 

* While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu.

== Read some tutorials about symbolic computation ==

* Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf)

* Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf)

[[Category:Numerical methods]]

== Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == 
&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>9tccjgdtrkenp2pxfdh4857wjq213cb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807371</id>
      <parentid>2807369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T12:17:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Non-linear Equations */</comment>
      <origin>2807371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2914" sha1="2havopf6m6ubawo1ayp9u3owwe6n4qo" xml:space="preserve">== Calculus == 
=== Numerical Differentiation ===
* Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]])
* Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]])
* Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference
* High Accuracy Differentiation
* Richardson Extrapolation
* Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation
* Numerical Differentiation with Octave
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Equations ===
* Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]])
* Newton-Raphson Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260428.pdf |pdf]])
* Secant Method
* False-Position Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Numerical Integration ===
* Trapezoidal Rule
* Simpson's 1/3 Rule
* Romberg Rule
* Gauss-Quadrature Rule
* Adaptive Quadrature
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Roots of a Nonlinear Equation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Optimization ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Matrix Algebra == 

=== Simultaneous Linear Equations === 
* A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gaussian Elimination === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LU Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Cholesky Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LDL Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gauss-Seidel method === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Adequacy of Solutions === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Eigenvalue and Singular Value ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== QRD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== SVD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Iterative methods ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Regression ==

=== Linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Least Squares ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Interpolation ==

=== Polynomial Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Splines ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Piecewise Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Ordinary Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== Partial Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== FEM (Finite Element Method) ==
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


&lt;/br&gt;


== Using Symbolic Package in Octave ==

* Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html
* Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz

* In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed.

* After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps.
 ./configure 
 ./make 
 ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 

* While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu.

== Read some tutorials about symbolic computation ==

* Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf)

* Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf)

[[Category:Numerical methods]]

== Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == 
&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>2havopf6m6ubawo1ayp9u3owwe6n4qo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807373</id>
      <parentid>2807371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T12:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Non-linear Equations */</comment>
      <origin>2807373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2914" sha1="ekb80j9peh5boemkf8j02xxmwnvmovv" xml:space="preserve">== Calculus == 
=== Numerical Differentiation ===
* Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]])
* Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]])
* Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference
* High Accuracy Differentiation
* Richardson Extrapolation
* Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation
* Numerical Differentiation with Octave
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Equations ===
* Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]])
* Newton-Raphson Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260429.pdf |pdf]])
* Secant Method
* False-Position Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Numerical Integration ===
* Trapezoidal Rule
* Simpson's 1/3 Rule
* Romberg Rule
* Gauss-Quadrature Rule
* Adaptive Quadrature
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Roots of a Nonlinear Equation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Optimization ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Matrix Algebra == 

=== Simultaneous Linear Equations === 
* A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gaussian Elimination === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LU Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Cholesky Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LDL Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gauss-Seidel method === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Adequacy of Solutions === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Eigenvalue and Singular Value ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== QRD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== SVD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Iterative methods ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Regression ==

=== Linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Least Squares ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Interpolation ==

=== Polynomial Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Splines ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Piecewise Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Ordinary Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== Partial Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== FEM (Finite Element Method) ==
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


&lt;/br&gt;


== Using Symbolic Package in Octave ==

* Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html
* Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz

* In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed.

* After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps.
 ./configure 
 ./make 
 ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 

* While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu.

== Read some tutorials about symbolic computation ==

* Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf)

* Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf)

[[Category:Numerical methods]]

== Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == 
&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>ekb80j9peh5boemkf8j02xxmwnvmovv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807375</id>
      <parentid>2807373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T12:18:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Non-linear Equations */</comment>
      <origin>2807375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2914" sha1="6ezg75stnn8w8cuwx39bbxapot11jdm" xml:space="preserve">== Calculus == 
=== Numerical Differentiation ===
* Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]])
* Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]])
* Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference
* High Accuracy Differentiation
* Richardson Extrapolation
* Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation
* Numerical Differentiation with Octave
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Equations ===
* Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]])
* Newton-Raphson Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260430.pdf |pdf]])
* Secant Method
* False-Position Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Numerical Integration ===
* Trapezoidal Rule
* Simpson's 1/3 Rule
* Romberg Rule
* Gauss-Quadrature Rule
* Adaptive Quadrature
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Roots of a Nonlinear Equation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Optimization ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Matrix Algebra == 

=== Simultaneous Linear Equations === 
* A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gaussian Elimination === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LU Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Cholesky Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LDL Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gauss-Seidel method === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Adequacy of Solutions === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Eigenvalue and Singular Value ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== QRD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== SVD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Iterative methods ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Regression ==

=== Linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Least Squares ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Interpolation ==

=== Polynomial Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Splines ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Piecewise Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Ordinary Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== Partial Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== FEM (Finite Element Method) ==
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


&lt;/br&gt;


== Using Symbolic Package in Octave ==

* Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html
* Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz

* In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed.

* After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps.
 ./configure 
 ./make 
 ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 

* While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu.

== Read some tutorials about symbolic computation ==

* Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf)

* Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf)

[[Category:Numerical methods]]

== Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == 
&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>6ezg75stnn8w8cuwx39bbxapot11jdm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>VHDL programming in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>121359</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807399</id>
      <parentid>2807247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T18:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Data */</comment>
      <origin>2807399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2278" sha1="77tf37qrn0qj7av6yq7nbhwcp9ifuz5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260501.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260430.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260430.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260430.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:VHDL]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>77tf37qrn0qj7av6yq7nbhwcp9ifuz5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807401</id>
      <parentid>2807399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T18:53:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Data */</comment>
      <origin>2807401</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2278" sha1="avpe7w4iusbckztp3tttz0c8iyu9lb1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260430.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260430.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260430.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:VHDL]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>avpe7w4iusbckztp3tttz0c8iyu9lb1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807404</id>
      <parentid>2807401</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T19:19:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Data */</comment>
      <origin>2807404</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2278" sha1="s5ibb03zo3l1pge76cx0x05jyseaxv4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260501.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260430.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260430.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:VHDL]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>s5ibb03zo3l1pge76cx0x05jyseaxv4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807406</id>
      <parentid>2807404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T19:20:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Data */</comment>
      <origin>2807406</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2278" sha1="p7w6zvbwrzjllf3zcd0ok2x042mhf98" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260502.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260430.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260430.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:VHDL]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>p7w6zvbwrzjllf3zcd0ok2x042mhf98</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807408</id>
      <parentid>2807406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T19:34:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Data */</comment>
      <origin>2807408</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2278" sha1="q0c488wt2n7nwgwkpxxeuctr8chbnsy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260502.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260501.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260430.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:VHDL]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>q0c488wt2n7nwgwkpxxeuctr8chbnsy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807410</id>
      <parentid>2807408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T19:37:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Basic Features of VHDL */</comment>
      <origin>2807410</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2278" sha1="f2cajyj3kt6f5oni5y5q7bnzoqk584t" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260502.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260430.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:VHDL]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>f2cajyj3kt6f5oni5y5q7bnzoqk584t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807412</id>
      <parentid>2807410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T19:57:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Data */</comment>
      <origin>2807412</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2278" sha1="tfqkwbd9mtddtrcpbq5t65lr6zd3n53" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260502.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260501.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:VHDL]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>tfqkwbd9mtddtrcpbq5t65lr6zd3n53</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807414</id>
      <parentid>2807412</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T19:59:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Data */</comment>
      <origin>2807414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2278" sha1="3rre1itcod8hkppcpjpxusq80e286fb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

== Flip Flop and Latch ==
* FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]])
* Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt; 

== Versions of VHDL ==
* VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]])
* VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

== Basic Features of VHDL ==
==== Data ====
* Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260502.pdf|B]])
* Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260502.pdf|B]])
* Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]])
* Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;br&gt;

==== Signals &amp; Variables ====
* Signals &amp; Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]])
* Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]])
* Concurrent &amp; Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Inertial &amp; Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]])
* Simulation &amp; Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]])


&lt;br&gt;

==== Structure ====
* Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]])
* Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]])
* Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==== Entity and Architecture ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Block Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Process Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Operators ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Assignment Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Concurrent Statement ====

&lt;br&gt; 
==== Sequential Control Statement ====

&lt;br&gt;
==== Function ====
* Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]])
* Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]])

&lt;br&gt;
==== Procedure ====


&lt;br&gt;
==== Package ====
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:VHDL]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>3rre1itcod8hkppcpjpxusq80e286fb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Understanding Arithmetic Circuits</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807377</id>
      <parentid>2807223</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T13:44:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Adder */</comment>
      <origin>2807377</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3135" sha1="60kxm205vedz5cswjbnkjzcqu6czsxu" xml:space="preserve">
== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20260109.pdf|org]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260502.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20260304.pdf|B]] ||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Digital Circuit Design]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Complex analysis in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>171005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807384</id>
      <parentid>2807232</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T14:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Geometric Series Examples */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5296" sha1="cpd1yumy3b1sbv4zds2z87ztsud5zjt" xml:space="preserve">Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers &lt;math&gt;x+iy&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;i=\sqrt{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other &lt;math&gt;L&lt;/math&gt;-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. &lt;blockquote&gt;The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain.  — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}}

==''' Complex Functions '''== 
* Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]])

* Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]])

* Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]])

'''Complex Function Note'''
: 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]])

: 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]])

: 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]])

==''' Complex Integrals '''== 
* Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]])

==''' Complex Series '''== 
* Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]])

==''' Residue Integrals '''==
* Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) 

==='''Residue Integrals Note'''===
* Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]])
* Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]])
* Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]])
* Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]])

=== Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === 
* Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]])

====Geometric Series Examples====

* Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20251225.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20260502.pdf|C.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|D.pdf]]) 

* Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) 

* Double Pole Case

:- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

:- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]])

====The Case Examples====
* Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]])
* Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]])
* Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]])
* Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]])
* Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]])
* Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]])

==''' Conformal Mapping '''== 
* Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]])

go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Complex analysis]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Minimal negation operator</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807449</id>
      <parentid>2480640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T11:18:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-26835-36</username>
        <id>3070064</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2807449</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22901" sha1="l0x4nju9qc2f8rc2l9fbuhtlu72bqdi" xml:space="preserve">[[Q]]{{font|size=medium|&amp;#9758;}} This page belongs to resource collections on [[Logic Live|Logic]] and [[Inquiry Live|Inquiry]].

A '''minimal negation operator''' &lt;math&gt;(\nu)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a logical connective that says &amp;ldquo;just one false&amp;rdquo; of its logical arguments.&amp;nbsp; The first four cases are described below.

&lt;ol start=&quot;0&quot;&gt;

&lt;li style=&quot;padding:8px&quot;&gt;
If the list of arguments is empty, as expressed in the form &lt;math&gt;\nu(),~\!&lt;/math&gt; then it cannot be true that exactly one of the arguments is false, so &lt;math&gt;\nu() = \mathrm{false}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li style=&quot;padding:8px&quot;&gt;
If &lt;math&gt;p~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the only argument then &lt;math&gt;\nu(p)~\!&lt;/math&gt; says that &lt;math&gt;p~\!&lt;/math&gt; is false, so &lt;math&gt;\nu(p)~\!&lt;/math&gt; expresses the logical negation of the proposition &lt;math&gt;p.~\!&lt;/math&gt;&amp;nbsp; Written in several different notations, we have the following equivalent expressions.

&lt;p style=&quot;padding:8px; text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;\nu(p) ~=~ \mathrm{not}(p) ~=~ \lnot p ~=~ \tilde{p} ~=~ p^{\prime}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li style=&quot;padding:8px&quot;&gt;
If &lt;math&gt;p~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;q~\!&lt;/math&gt; are the only two arguments then &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt; says that exactly one of &lt;math&gt;p, q~\!&lt;/math&gt; is false, so &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt; says the same thing as &lt;math&gt;p \neq q.~\!&lt;/math&gt;  Expressing &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt; in terms of ands &lt;math&gt;(\cdot),~\!&lt;/math&gt; ors &lt;math&gt;(\lor),~\!&lt;/math&gt; and nots &lt;math&gt;(\tilde{~})~\!&lt;/math&gt; gives the following form.

&lt;p style=&quot;padding:8px; text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q) ~=~ \tilde{p} \cdot q ~\lor~ p \cdot \tilde{q}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

It is permissible to omit the dot &lt;math&gt;(\cdot)~\!&lt;/math&gt; in contexts where it is understood, giving the following form.

&lt;p style=&quot;padding:8px; text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q) ~=~ \tilde{p}q \lor p\tilde{q}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The venn diagram for &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is shown in Figure&amp;nbsp;1.

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;p&gt;[[Image:Venn Diagram (P,Q).jpg|500px]]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;math&gt;\text{Figure 1.}~~\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}
&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li style=&quot;padding:8px&quot;&gt;
The venn diagram for &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q, r)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is shown in Figure&amp;nbsp;2.

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;p&gt;[[Image:Venn Diagram (P,Q,R).jpg|500px]]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;math&gt;\text{Figure 2.}~~\nu(p, q, r)~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}

The center cell is the region where all three arguments &lt;math&gt;p, q, r~\!&lt;/math&gt; hold true, so &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q, r)~\!&lt;/math&gt; holds true in just the three neighboring cells.&amp;nbsp; In other words:

&lt;p style=&quot;padding:8px; text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q, r) ~=~ \tilde{p}qr \lor p\tilde{q}r \lor pq\tilde{r}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

==Initial definition==

The '''minimal negation operator''' &lt;math&gt;\nu~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a [[multigrade operator]] &lt;math&gt;(\nu_k)_{k \in \mathbb{N}}~\!&lt;/math&gt; where each &lt;math&gt;\nu_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt;-ary [[boolean function]] defined by the rule that &lt;math&gt;\nu_k (x_1, \ldots , x_k) = 1~\!&lt;/math&gt; if and only if exactly one of the arguments &lt;math&gt;x_j~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;0.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

In contexts where the initial letter &lt;math&gt;\nu~\!&lt;/math&gt; is understood, the minimal negation operators can be indicated by argument lists in parentheses.&amp;nbsp; In the following text a distinctive typeface will be used for logical expressions based on minimal negation operators, for example, &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(x, y, z)} = \nu (x, y, z).~\!&lt;/math&gt;

The first four members of this family of operators are shown below.&amp;nbsp; The third and fourth columns give paraphrases in two other notations, where tildes and primes, respectively, indicate logical negation.

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\texttt{()}
&amp; = &amp; \nu_0
&amp; = &amp; 0
&amp; = &amp; \mathrm{false}
\\[6pt]
\texttt{(x)}
&amp; = &amp; \nu_1 (x)
&amp; = &amp; \tilde{x}
&amp; = &amp; x^\prime
\\[6pt]
\texttt{(x, y)}
&amp; = &amp; \nu_2 (x, y)
&amp; = &amp; \tilde{x}y \lor x\tilde{y}
&amp; = &amp; x^\prime y \lor x y^\prime
\\[6pt]
\texttt{(x, y, z)}
&amp; = &amp; \nu_3 (x, y, z)
&amp; = &amp; \tilde{x}yz \lor x\tilde{y}z \lor xy\tilde{z}
&amp; = &amp; x^\prime y z \lor x y^\prime z \lor x y z^\prime
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

==Formal definition==

To express the general case of &lt;math&gt;\nu_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; in terms of familiar operations, it helps to introduce an intermediary concept:

'''Definition.'''&amp;nbsp; Let the function &lt;math&gt;\lnot_j : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; be defined for each integer &lt;math&gt;j~\!&lt;/math&gt; in the interval &lt;math&gt;[1, k]~\!&lt;/math&gt; by the following equation:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\lnot_j (x_1, \ldots, x_j, \ldots, x_k) ~=~ x_1 \land \ldots \land x_{j-1} \land \lnot x_j \land x_{j+1} \land \ldots \land x_k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|}

Then &lt;math&gt;{\nu_k : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is defined by the following equation:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\nu_k (x_1, \ldots, x_k) ~=~ \lnot_1 (x_1, \ldots, x_k) \lor \ldots \lor \lnot_j (x_1, \ldots, x_k) \lor \ldots \lor \lnot_k (x_1, \ldots, x_k).~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|}

If we take the boolean product &lt;math&gt;x_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot x_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; or the logical conjunction &lt;math&gt;x_1 \land \ldots \land x_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; to indicate the point &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \ldots, x_k)~\!&lt;/math&gt; in the space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; then the minimal negation &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(} x_1 \texttt{,} \ldots \texttt{,} x_k \texttt{)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; indicates the set of points in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; that differ from &lt;math&gt;x~\!&lt;/math&gt; in exactly one coordinate.&amp;nbsp; This makes &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(} x_1 \texttt{,} \ldots \texttt{,} x_k \texttt{)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; a discrete functional analogue of a point-omitted neighborhood in ordinary real analysis, more exactly, a point-omitted distance-one neighborhood.&amp;nbsp; In this light, the minimal negation operator can be recognized as a differential construction, an observation that opens a very wide field.

The remainder of this discussion proceeds on the algebraic convention that the plus sign &lt;math&gt;(+)~\!&lt;/math&gt; and the summation symbol &lt;math&gt;(\textstyle\sum)~\!&lt;/math&gt; both refer to addition mod 2.&amp;nbsp; Unless otherwise noted, the boolean domain &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B} = \{ 0, 1 \}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is interpreted for logic in such a way that &lt;math&gt;0 = \mathrm{false}~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;1 = \mathrm{true}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;&amp;nbsp; This has the following consequences:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The operation &lt;math&gt;x + y~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a function equivalent to the exclusive disjunction of &lt;math&gt;x~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y,~\!&lt;/math&gt; while its fiber of 1 is the relation of inequality between &lt;math&gt;x~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The operation &lt;math&gt;\textstyle\sum_{j=1}^k x_j~\!&lt;/math&gt; maps the bit sequence &lt;math&gt;(x_1, \ldots, x_k)~\!&lt;/math&gt; to its ''parity''.
|}

The following properties of the minimal negation operators &lt;math&gt;{\nu_k : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}}~\!&lt;/math&gt; may be noted:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The function &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(x, y)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the same as that associated with the operation &lt;math&gt;x + y~\!&lt;/math&gt; and the relation &lt;math&gt;x \ne y.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| In contrast, &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(x, y, z)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is not identical to &lt;math&gt;x + y + z.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| More generally, the function &lt;math&gt;\nu_k (x_1, \dots, x_k)~\!&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;k &gt; 2~\!&lt;/math&gt; is not identical to the boolean sum &lt;math&gt;\textstyle\sum_{j=1}^k x_j.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The inclusive disjunctions indicated for the &lt;math&gt;\nu_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; of more than one argument may be replaced with exclusive disjunctions without affecting the meaning since the terms in disjunction are already disjoint.
|}

==Truth tables==

Table&amp;nbsp;3 is a [[truth table]] for the sixteen boolean functions of type &lt;math&gt;f : \mathbb{B}^3 \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; whose fibers of 1 are either the boundaries of points in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^3~\!&lt;/math&gt; or the complements of those boundaries.

&lt;br&gt;

{| align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:70%&quot;
|+ &lt;math&gt;\text{Table 3.} ~~ \text{Logical Boundaries and Their Complements}~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:ghostwhite&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}_1~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}_2~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}_3~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}_4~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:ghostwhite&quot;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;right&quot; | &lt;math&gt;p\colon~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1~1~1~1~0~0~0~0~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;background:ghostwhite&quot;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;right&quot; | &lt;math&gt;q\colon~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1~1~0~0~1~1~0~0~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;background:ghostwhite&quot;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;right&quot; | &lt;math&gt;r\colon~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1~0~1~0~1~0~1~0~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
f_{104}
\\[4pt]
f_{148}
\\[4pt]
f_{146}
\\[4pt]
f_{97}
\\[4pt]
f_{134}
\\[4pt]
f_{73}
\\[4pt]
f_{41}
\\[4pt]
f_{22}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
f_{01101000}
\\[4pt]
f_{10010100}
\\[4pt]
f_{10010010}
\\[4pt]
f_{01100001}
\\[4pt]
f_{10000110}
\\[4pt]
f_{01001001}
\\[4pt]
f_{00101001}
\\[4pt]
f_{00010110}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
0~1~1~0~1~0~0~0
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~1~0~1~0~0
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~1~0~0~1~0
\\[4pt]
0~1~1~0~0~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~0~0~1~1~0
\\[4pt]
0~1~0~0~1~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
0~0~1~0~1~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
0~0~0~1~0~1~1~0
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\texttt{(~p~,~q~,~r~)}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(~p~,~q~,(r))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(~p~,(q),~r~)}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(~p~,(q),(r))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((p),~q~,~r~)}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((p),~q~,(r))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((p),(q),~r~)}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((p),(q),(r))}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
f_{233}
\\[4pt]
f_{214}
\\[4pt]
f_{182}
\\[4pt]
f_{121}
\\[4pt]
f_{158}
\\[4pt]
f_{109}
\\[4pt]
f_{107}
\\[4pt]
f_{151}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
f_{11101001}
\\[4pt]
f_{11010110}
\\[4pt]
f_{10110110}
\\[4pt]
f_{01111001}
\\[4pt]
f_{10011110}
\\[4pt]
f_{01101101}
\\[4pt]
f_{01101011}
\\[4pt]
f_{10010111}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
1~1~1~0~1~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
1~1~0~1~0~1~1~0
\\[4pt]
1~0~1~1~0~1~1~0
\\[4pt]
0~1~1~1~1~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~1~1~1~1~0
\\[4pt]
0~1~1~0~1~1~0~1
\\[4pt]
0~1~1~0~1~0~1~1
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~1~0~1~1~1
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\texttt{(((p),(q),(r)))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(((p),(q),~r~))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(((p),~q~,(r)))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(((p),~q~,~r~))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((~p~,(q),(r)))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((~p~,(q),~r~))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((~p~,~q~,(r)))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((~p~,~q~,~r~))}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

&lt;br&gt;

==Charts and graphs==

This Section focuses on visual representations of minimal negation operators.  A few bits of terminology are useful in describing the pictures, but the formal details are tedious reading, and may be familiar to many readers, so the full definitions of the terms marked in ''italics'' are relegated to a Glossary at the end of the article.

Two ways of visualizing the space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;2^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; points are the [[hypercube]] picture and the [[venn diagram]] picture.  The hypercube picture associates each point of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; with a unique point of the &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt;-dimensional hypercube.  The venn diagram picture associates each point of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; with a unique &quot;cell&quot; of the venn diagram on &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt; &quot;circles&quot;.

In addition, each point of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the unique point in the ''[[fiber (mathematics)|fiber]] of truth'' &lt;math&gt;[|s|]~\!&lt;/math&gt; of a ''singular proposition'' &lt;math&gt;s : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B},~\!&lt;/math&gt; and thus it is the unique point where a ''singular conjunction'' of &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt; ''literals'' is &lt;math&gt;1.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

For example, consider two cases at opposite vertices of the cube:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The point &lt;math&gt;(1, 1, \ldots , 1, 1)~\!&lt;/math&gt; with all 1's as coordinates is the point where the conjunction of all posited variables evaluates to &lt;math&gt;1,~\!&lt;/math&gt; namely, the point where:
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;math&gt;x_1 ~ x_2 ~\ldots~ x_{n-1} ~ x_n ~=~ 1.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The point &lt;math&gt;(0, 0, \ldots , 0, 0)~\!&lt;/math&gt; with all 0's as coordinates is the point where the conjunction of all negated variables evaluates to &lt;math&gt;1,~\!&lt;/math&gt; namely, the point where:
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(} x_1 \texttt{)(} x_2 \texttt{)} \ldots \texttt{(} x_{n-1} \texttt{)(} x_n \texttt{)} ~=~ 1.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|}

To pass from these limiting examples to the general case, observe that a singular proposition &lt;math&gt;s : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; can be given canonical expression as a conjunction of literals, &lt;math&gt;s = e_1 e_2 \ldots e_{k-1} e_k~\!&lt;/math&gt;.  Then the proposition &lt;math&gt;\nu (e_1, e_2, \ldots, e_{k-1}, e_k)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; on the points adjacent to the point where &lt;math&gt;s~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;1,~\!&lt;/math&gt; and 0 everywhere else on the cube.

For example, consider the case where &lt;math&gt;k = 3.~\!&lt;/math&gt;  Then the minimal negation operation &lt;math&gt;\nu (p, q, r)~\!&lt;/math&gt; &amp;mdash; written more simply as &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(p, q, r)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; &amp;mdash; has the following venn diagram:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;p&gt;[[Image:Venn Diagram (P,Q,R).jpg|500px]]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;math&gt;\text{Figure 4.}~~\texttt{(p, q, r)}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}

For a contrasting example, the boolean function expressed by the form &lt;math&gt;\texttt{((p),(q),(r))}~\!&lt;/math&gt; has the following venn diagram:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;p&gt;[[Image:Venn Diagram ((P),(Q),(R)).jpg|500px]]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;math&gt;\text{Figure 5.}~~\texttt{((p),(q),(r))}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}

==Glossary of basic terms==

; Boolean domain
: A ''[[boolean domain]]'' &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a generic 2-element set, for example, &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B} = \{ 0, 1 \},~\!&lt;/math&gt; whose elements are interpreted as logical values, usually but not invariably with &lt;math&gt;0 = \mathrm{false}~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;1 = \mathrm{true}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Boolean variable
: A ''[[boolean variable]]'' &lt;math&gt;x~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a variable that takes its value from a boolean domain, as &lt;math&gt;x \in \mathbb{B}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Proposition
: In situations where boolean values are interpreted as logical values, a [[boolean-valued function]] &lt;math&gt;f : X \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; or a [[boolean function]] &lt;math&gt;g : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is frequently called a ''[[proposition]]''.

; Basis element, Coordinate projection
: Given a sequence of &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt; boolean variables, &lt;math&gt;x_1, \ldots, x_k,~\!&lt;/math&gt; each variable &lt;math&gt;x_j~\!&lt;/math&gt; may be treated either as a ''basis element'' of the space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; or as a ''coordinate projection'' &lt;math&gt;x_j : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Basic proposition
: This means that the set of objects &lt;math&gt;\{ x_j : 1 \le j \le k \}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a set of boolean functions &lt;math&gt;\{ x_j : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B} \}~\!&lt;/math&gt; subject to logical interpretation as a set of ''basic propositions'' that collectively generate the complete set of &lt;math&gt;2^{2^k}~\!&lt;/math&gt; propositions over &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Literal
: A ''literal'' is one of the &lt;math&gt;2k~\!&lt;/math&gt; propositions &lt;math&gt;x_1, \ldots, x_k, \texttt{(} x_1 \texttt{)}, \ldots, \texttt{(} x_k \texttt{)},~\!&lt;/math&gt; in other words, either a ''posited'' basic proposition &lt;math&gt;x_j~\!&lt;/math&gt; or a ''negated'' basic proposition &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(} x_j \texttt{)},~\!&lt;/math&gt; for some &lt;math&gt;j = 1 ~\text{to}~ k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Fiber
: In mathematics generally, the ''[[fiber (mathematics)|fiber]]'' of a point &lt;math&gt;y \in Y~\!&lt;/math&gt; under a function &lt;math&gt;f : X \to Y~\!&lt;/math&gt; is defined as the inverse image &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(y) \subseteq X.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

: In the case of a boolean function &lt;math&gt;f : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B},~\!&lt;/math&gt; there are just two fibers:
: The fiber of &lt;math&gt;0~\!&lt;/math&gt; under &lt;math&gt;f,~\!&lt;/math&gt; defined as &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(0),~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the set of points where the value of &lt;math&gt;f~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;0.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
: The fiber of &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; under &lt;math&gt;f,~\!&lt;/math&gt; defined as &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(1),~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the set of points where the value of &lt;math&gt;f~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;1.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Fiber of truth
: When &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; is interpreted as the logical value &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{true},~\!&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(1)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is called the ''fiber of truth'' in the proposition &lt;math&gt;f.~\!&lt;/math&gt;  Frequent mention of this fiber makes it useful to have a shorter way of referring to it.  This leads to the definition of the notation &lt;math&gt;[|f|] = f^{-1}(1)~\!&lt;/math&gt; for the fiber of truth in the proposition &lt;math&gt;f.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Singular boolean function
: A ''singular boolean function'' &lt;math&gt;s : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a boolean function whose fiber of &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a single point of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Singular proposition
: In the interpretation where &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; equals &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{true},~\!&lt;/math&gt; a singular boolean function is called a ''singular proposition''.

: Singular boolean functions and singular propositions serve as functional or logical representatives of the points in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Singular conjunction
: A ''singular conjunction'' in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a conjunction of &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt; literals that includes just one conjunct of the pair &lt;math&gt;\{ x_j, ~\nu(x_j) \}~\!&lt;/math&gt; for each &lt;math&gt;j = 1 ~\text{to}~ k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

: A singular proposition &lt;math&gt;s : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; can be expressed as a singular conjunction:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellspacing&quot;10&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
| height=&quot;36&quot; | &lt;math&gt;s ~=~ e_1 e_2 \ldots e_{k-1} e_k~\!&lt;/math&gt;,
|-
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{llll}
\text{where} &amp; e_j &amp; = &amp; x_j
\\[6pt]
\text{or}    &amp; e_j &amp; = &amp; \nu (x_j),
\\[6pt]
\text{for}   &amp; j   &amp; = &amp; 1 ~\text{to}~ k.
\end{array}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

==Resources==

* [http://atlas.wolfram.com/ Wolfram Atlas of Simple Programs]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/ Elementary Cellular Automata Rules (ECARs)]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/rulelist.html ECAR Index]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/views/3/TableView.html ECAR Icons]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/views/87/TableView.html ECAR Examples]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/views/172/TableView.html ECAR Formulas]

==Syllabus==

===Focal nodes===

* [[Inquiry Live]]
* [[Logic Live]]

===Peer nodes===

* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator @ InterSciWiki]
* [http://ref.subwiki.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator @ Subject Wikis]
* [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator @ Wikiversity]
* [http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator @ Wikiversity Beta]

===Logical operators===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Exclusive disjunction]]
* [[Logical conjunction]]
* [[Logical disjunction]]
* [[Logical equality]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Logical implication]]
* [[Logical NAND]]
* [[Logical NNOR]]
* [[Logical negation|Negation]]
{{col-end}}

===Related topics===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Ampheck]]
* [[Boolean domain]]
* [[Boolean function]]
* [[Boolean-valued function]]
* [[Differential logic]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Logical graph]]
* [[Minimal negation operator]]
* [[Multigrade operator]]
* [[Parametric operator]]
* [[Peirce's law]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Propositional calculus]]
* [[Sole sufficient operator]]
* [[Truth table]]
* [[Universe of discourse]]
* [[Zeroth order logic]]
{{col-end}}

===Relational concepts===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Continuous predicate]]
* [[Hypostatic abstraction]]
* [[Logic of relatives]]
* [[Logical matrix]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Relation (mathematics)|Relation]]
* [[Relation composition]]
* [[Relation construction]]
* [[Relation reduction]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Relation theory]]
* [[Relative term]]
* [[Sign relation]]
* [[Triadic relation]]
{{col-end}}

===Information, Inquiry===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Inquiry]]
* [[Dynamics of inquiry]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Semeiotic]]
* [[Logic of information]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Descriptive science]]
* [[Normative science]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Pragmatic maxim]]
* [[Truth theory]]
{{col-end}}

===Related articles===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Cactus_Language Cactus Language]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Futures_Of_Logical_Graphs Futures Of Logical Graphs]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Propositional_Equation_Reasoning_Systems Propositional Equation Reasoning Systems]
{{col-break}}
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Differential_Logic_:_Introduction Differential Logic : Introduction]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Differential_Propositional_Calculus Differential Propositional Calculus]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Differential_Logic_and_Dynamic_Systems_2.0 Differential Logic and Dynamic Systems]
{{col-break}}
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Prospects_for_Inquiry_Driven_Systems Prospects for Inquiry Driven Systems]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Introduction_to_Inquiry_Driven_Systems Introduction to Inquiry Driven Systems]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Inquiry_Driven_Systems Inquiry Driven Systems : Inquiry Into Inquiry]
{{col-end}}

==Document history==

Portions of the above article were adapted from the following sources under the [[GNU Free Documentation License]], under other applicable licenses, or by permission of the copyright holders.

* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/ InterSciWiki]
* [http://planetmath.org/MinimalNegationOperator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://planetmath.org/ PlanetMath]
* [http://wikinfo.org/w/index.php/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://wikinfo.org/w/ Wikinfo]
* [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://en.wikiversity.org/ Wikiversity]
* [http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://beta.wikiversity.org/ Wikiversity Beta]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia]

[[Category:Automata theory]]
[[Category:Boolean functions]]
[[Category:Charles Sanders Peirce]]
[[Category:Combinatorics]]
[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Differential Logic]]
[[Category:Equational Reasoning]]
[[Category:Inquiry]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Logic]]
[[Category:Logical graphs]]
[[Category:Minimal Negation Operators]]
[[Category:Neural Networks]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Propositional calculus]]
[[Category:Semiotics]]
[[Category:Visualization]]</text>
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      <text bytes="22896" sha1="srz9q907q9zxjy1tzlip58k15tmp04w" xml:space="preserve">{{font|size=medium|&amp;#9758;}} This page belongs to resource collections on [[Logic Live|Logic]] and [[Inquiry Live|Inquiry]].

A '''minimal negation operator''' &lt;math&gt;(\nu)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a logical connective that says &amp;ldquo;just one false&amp;rdquo; of its logical arguments.&amp;nbsp; The first four cases are described below.

&lt;ol start=&quot;0&quot;&gt;

&lt;li style=&quot;padding:8px&quot;&gt;
If the list of arguments is empty, as expressed in the form &lt;math&gt;\nu(),~\!&lt;/math&gt; then it cannot be true that exactly one of the arguments is false, so &lt;math&gt;\nu() = \mathrm{false}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li style=&quot;padding:8px&quot;&gt;
If &lt;math&gt;p~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the only argument then &lt;math&gt;\nu(p)~\!&lt;/math&gt; says that &lt;math&gt;p~\!&lt;/math&gt; is false, so &lt;math&gt;\nu(p)~\!&lt;/math&gt; expresses the logical negation of the proposition &lt;math&gt;p.~\!&lt;/math&gt;&amp;nbsp; Written in several different notations, we have the following equivalent expressions.

&lt;p style=&quot;padding:8px; text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;\nu(p) ~=~ \mathrm{not}(p) ~=~ \lnot p ~=~ \tilde{p} ~=~ p^{\prime}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li style=&quot;padding:8px&quot;&gt;
If &lt;math&gt;p~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;q~\!&lt;/math&gt; are the only two arguments then &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt; says that exactly one of &lt;math&gt;p, q~\!&lt;/math&gt; is false, so &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt; says the same thing as &lt;math&gt;p \neq q.~\!&lt;/math&gt;  Expressing &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt; in terms of ands &lt;math&gt;(\cdot),~\!&lt;/math&gt; ors &lt;math&gt;(\lor),~\!&lt;/math&gt; and nots &lt;math&gt;(\tilde{~})~\!&lt;/math&gt; gives the following form.

&lt;p style=&quot;padding:8px; text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q) ~=~ \tilde{p} \cdot q ~\lor~ p \cdot \tilde{q}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

It is permissible to omit the dot &lt;math&gt;(\cdot)~\!&lt;/math&gt; in contexts where it is understood, giving the following form.

&lt;p style=&quot;padding:8px; text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q) ~=~ \tilde{p}q \lor p\tilde{q}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The venn diagram for &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is shown in Figure&amp;nbsp;1.

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;p&gt;[[Image:Venn Diagram (P,Q).jpg|500px]]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;math&gt;\text{Figure 1.}~~\nu(p, q)~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}
&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li style=&quot;padding:8px&quot;&gt;
The venn diagram for &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q, r)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is shown in Figure&amp;nbsp;2.

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;p&gt;[[Image:Venn Diagram (P,Q,R).jpg|500px]]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;math&gt;\text{Figure 2.}~~\nu(p, q, r)~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}

The center cell is the region where all three arguments &lt;math&gt;p, q, r~\!&lt;/math&gt; hold true, so &lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q, r)~\!&lt;/math&gt; holds true in just the three neighboring cells.&amp;nbsp; In other words:

&lt;p style=&quot;padding:8px; text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;\nu(p, q, r) ~=~ \tilde{p}qr \lor p\tilde{q}r \lor pq\tilde{r}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

==Initial definition==

The '''minimal negation operator''' &lt;math&gt;\nu~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a [[multigrade operator]] &lt;math&gt;(\nu_k)_{k \in \mathbb{N}}~\!&lt;/math&gt; where each &lt;math&gt;\nu_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt;-ary [[boolean function]] defined by the rule that &lt;math&gt;\nu_k (x_1, \ldots , x_k) = 1~\!&lt;/math&gt; if and only if exactly one of the arguments &lt;math&gt;x_j~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;0.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

In contexts where the initial letter &lt;math&gt;\nu~\!&lt;/math&gt; is understood, the minimal negation operators can be indicated by argument lists in parentheses.&amp;nbsp; In the following text a distinctive typeface will be used for logical expressions based on minimal negation operators, for example, &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(x, y, z)} = \nu (x, y, z).~\!&lt;/math&gt;

The first four members of this family of operators are shown below.&amp;nbsp; The third and fourth columns give paraphrases in two other notations, where tildes and primes, respectively, indicate logical negation.

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\texttt{()}
&amp; = &amp; \nu_0
&amp; = &amp; 0
&amp; = &amp; \mathrm{false}
\\[6pt]
\texttt{(x)}
&amp; = &amp; \nu_1 (x)
&amp; = &amp; \tilde{x}
&amp; = &amp; x^\prime
\\[6pt]
\texttt{(x, y)}
&amp; = &amp; \nu_2 (x, y)
&amp; = &amp; \tilde{x}y \lor x\tilde{y}
&amp; = &amp; x^\prime y \lor x y^\prime
\\[6pt]
\texttt{(x, y, z)}
&amp; = &amp; \nu_3 (x, y, z)
&amp; = &amp; \tilde{x}yz \lor x\tilde{y}z \lor xy\tilde{z}
&amp; = &amp; x^\prime y z \lor x y^\prime z \lor x y z^\prime
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

==Formal definition==

To express the general case of &lt;math&gt;\nu_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; in terms of familiar operations, it helps to introduce an intermediary concept:

'''Definition.'''&amp;nbsp; Let the function &lt;math&gt;\lnot_j : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; be defined for each integer &lt;math&gt;j~\!&lt;/math&gt; in the interval &lt;math&gt;[1, k]~\!&lt;/math&gt; by the following equation:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\lnot_j (x_1, \ldots, x_j, \ldots, x_k) ~=~ x_1 \land \ldots \land x_{j-1} \land \lnot x_j \land x_{j+1} \land \ldots \land x_k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|}

Then &lt;math&gt;{\nu_k : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is defined by the following equation:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\nu_k (x_1, \ldots, x_k) ~=~ \lnot_1 (x_1, \ldots, x_k) \lor \ldots \lor \lnot_j (x_1, \ldots, x_k) \lor \ldots \lor \lnot_k (x_1, \ldots, x_k).~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|}

If we take the boolean product &lt;math&gt;x_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot x_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; or the logical conjunction &lt;math&gt;x_1 \land \ldots \land x_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; to indicate the point &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \ldots, x_k)~\!&lt;/math&gt; in the space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; then the minimal negation &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(} x_1 \texttt{,} \ldots \texttt{,} x_k \texttt{)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; indicates the set of points in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; that differ from &lt;math&gt;x~\!&lt;/math&gt; in exactly one coordinate.&amp;nbsp; This makes &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(} x_1 \texttt{,} \ldots \texttt{,} x_k \texttt{)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; a discrete functional analogue of a point-omitted neighborhood in ordinary real analysis, more exactly, a point-omitted distance-one neighborhood.&amp;nbsp; In this light, the minimal negation operator can be recognized as a differential construction, an observation that opens a very wide field.

The remainder of this discussion proceeds on the algebraic convention that the plus sign &lt;math&gt;(+)~\!&lt;/math&gt; and the summation symbol &lt;math&gt;(\textstyle\sum)~\!&lt;/math&gt; both refer to addition mod 2.&amp;nbsp; Unless otherwise noted, the boolean domain &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B} = \{ 0, 1 \}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is interpreted for logic in such a way that &lt;math&gt;0 = \mathrm{false}~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;1 = \mathrm{true}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;&amp;nbsp; This has the following consequences:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The operation &lt;math&gt;x + y~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a function equivalent to the exclusive disjunction of &lt;math&gt;x~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y,~\!&lt;/math&gt; while its fiber of 1 is the relation of inequality between &lt;math&gt;x~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The operation &lt;math&gt;\textstyle\sum_{j=1}^k x_j~\!&lt;/math&gt; maps the bit sequence &lt;math&gt;(x_1, \ldots, x_k)~\!&lt;/math&gt; to its ''parity''.
|}

The following properties of the minimal negation operators &lt;math&gt;{\nu_k : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}}~\!&lt;/math&gt; may be noted:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The function &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(x, y)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the same as that associated with the operation &lt;math&gt;x + y~\!&lt;/math&gt; and the relation &lt;math&gt;x \ne y.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| In contrast, &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(x, y, z)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is not identical to &lt;math&gt;x + y + z.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| More generally, the function &lt;math&gt;\nu_k (x_1, \dots, x_k)~\!&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;k &gt; 2~\!&lt;/math&gt; is not identical to the boolean sum &lt;math&gt;\textstyle\sum_{j=1}^k x_j.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The inclusive disjunctions indicated for the &lt;math&gt;\nu_k~\!&lt;/math&gt; of more than one argument may be replaced with exclusive disjunctions without affecting the meaning since the terms in disjunction are already disjoint.
|}

==Truth tables==

Table&amp;nbsp;3 is a [[truth table]] for the sixteen boolean functions of type &lt;math&gt;f : \mathbb{B}^3 \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; whose fibers of 1 are either the boundaries of points in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^3~\!&lt;/math&gt; or the complements of those boundaries.

&lt;br&gt;

{| align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:70%&quot;
|+ &lt;math&gt;\text{Table 3.} ~~ \text{Logical Boundaries and Their Complements}~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:ghostwhite&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}_1~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}_2~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}_3~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}_4~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:ghostwhite&quot;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;right&quot; | &lt;math&gt;p\colon~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1~1~1~1~0~0~0~0~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;background:ghostwhite&quot;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;right&quot; | &lt;math&gt;q\colon~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1~1~0~0~1~1~0~0~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;background:ghostwhite&quot;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;right&quot; | &lt;math&gt;r\colon~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1~0~1~0~1~0~1~0~\!&lt;/math&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
f_{104}
\\[4pt]
f_{148}
\\[4pt]
f_{146}
\\[4pt]
f_{97}
\\[4pt]
f_{134}
\\[4pt]
f_{73}
\\[4pt]
f_{41}
\\[4pt]
f_{22}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
f_{01101000}
\\[4pt]
f_{10010100}
\\[4pt]
f_{10010010}
\\[4pt]
f_{01100001}
\\[4pt]
f_{10000110}
\\[4pt]
f_{01001001}
\\[4pt]
f_{00101001}
\\[4pt]
f_{00010110}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
0~1~1~0~1~0~0~0
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~1~0~1~0~0
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~1~0~0~1~0
\\[4pt]
0~1~1~0~0~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~0~0~1~1~0
\\[4pt]
0~1~0~0~1~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
0~0~1~0~1~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
0~0~0~1~0~1~1~0
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\texttt{(~p~,~q~,~r~)}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(~p~,~q~,(r))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(~p~,(q),~r~)}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(~p~,(q),(r))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((p),~q~,~r~)}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((p),~q~,(r))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((p),(q),~r~)}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((p),(q),(r))}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
f_{233}
\\[4pt]
f_{214}
\\[4pt]
f_{182}
\\[4pt]
f_{121}
\\[4pt]
f_{158}
\\[4pt]
f_{109}
\\[4pt]
f_{107}
\\[4pt]
f_{151}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
f_{11101001}
\\[4pt]
f_{11010110}
\\[4pt]
f_{10110110}
\\[4pt]
f_{01111001}
\\[4pt]
f_{10011110}
\\[4pt]
f_{01101101}
\\[4pt]
f_{01101011}
\\[4pt]
f_{10010111}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
1~1~1~0~1~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
1~1~0~1~0~1~1~0
\\[4pt]
1~0~1~1~0~1~1~0
\\[4pt]
0~1~1~1~1~0~0~1
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~1~1~1~1~0
\\[4pt]
0~1~1~0~1~1~0~1
\\[4pt]
0~1~1~0~1~0~1~1
\\[4pt]
1~0~0~1~0~1~1~1
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\texttt{(((p),(q),(r)))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(((p),(q),~r~))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(((p),~q~,(r)))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{(((p),~q~,~r~))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((~p~,(q),(r)))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((~p~,(q),~r~))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((~p~,~q~,(r)))}
\\[4pt]
\texttt{((~p~,~q~,~r~))}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

&lt;br&gt;

==Charts and graphs==

This Section focuses on visual representations of minimal negation operators.  A few bits of terminology are useful in describing the pictures, but the formal details are tedious reading, and may be familiar to many readers, so the full definitions of the terms marked in ''italics'' are relegated to a Glossary at the end of the article.

Two ways of visualizing the space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;2^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; points are the [[hypercube]] picture and the [[venn diagram]] picture.  The hypercube picture associates each point of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; with a unique point of the &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt;-dimensional hypercube.  The venn diagram picture associates each point of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; with a unique &quot;cell&quot; of the venn diagram on &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt; &quot;circles&quot;.

In addition, each point of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the unique point in the ''[[fiber (mathematics)|fiber]] of truth'' &lt;math&gt;[|s|]~\!&lt;/math&gt; of a ''singular proposition'' &lt;math&gt;s : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B},~\!&lt;/math&gt; and thus it is the unique point where a ''singular conjunction'' of &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt; ''literals'' is &lt;math&gt;1.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

For example, consider two cases at opposite vertices of the cube:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The point &lt;math&gt;(1, 1, \ldots , 1, 1)~\!&lt;/math&gt; with all 1's as coordinates is the point where the conjunction of all posited variables evaluates to &lt;math&gt;1,~\!&lt;/math&gt; namely, the point where:
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;math&gt;x_1 ~ x_2 ~\ldots~ x_{n-1} ~ x_n ~=~ 1.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;big&gt;&amp;bull;&lt;/big&gt;
| The point &lt;math&gt;(0, 0, \ldots , 0, 0)~\!&lt;/math&gt; with all 0's as coordinates is the point where the conjunction of all negated variables evaluates to &lt;math&gt;1,~\!&lt;/math&gt; namely, the point where:
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(} x_1 \texttt{)(} x_2 \texttt{)} \ldots \texttt{(} x_{n-1} \texttt{)(} x_n \texttt{)} ~=~ 1.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
|}

To pass from these limiting examples to the general case, observe that a singular proposition &lt;math&gt;s : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; can be given canonical expression as a conjunction of literals, &lt;math&gt;s = e_1 e_2 \ldots e_{k-1} e_k~\!&lt;/math&gt;.  Then the proposition &lt;math&gt;\nu (e_1, e_2, \ldots, e_{k-1}, e_k)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; on the points adjacent to the point where &lt;math&gt;s~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;1,~\!&lt;/math&gt; and 0 everywhere else on the cube.

For example, consider the case where &lt;math&gt;k = 3.~\!&lt;/math&gt;  Then the minimal negation operation &lt;math&gt;\nu (p, q, r)~\!&lt;/math&gt; &amp;mdash; written more simply as &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(p, q, r)}~\!&lt;/math&gt; &amp;mdash; has the following venn diagram:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;p&gt;[[Image:Venn Diagram (P,Q,R).jpg|500px]]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;math&gt;\text{Figure 4.}~~\texttt{(p, q, r)}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}

For a contrasting example, the boolean function expressed by the form &lt;math&gt;\texttt{((p),(q),(r))}~\!&lt;/math&gt; has the following venn diagram:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|
&lt;p&gt;[[Image:Venn Diagram ((P),(Q),(R)).jpg|500px]]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;math&gt;\text{Figure 5.}~~\texttt{((p),(q),(r))}~\!&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}

==Glossary of basic terms==

; Boolean domain
: A ''[[boolean domain]]'' &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a generic 2-element set, for example, &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B} = \{ 0, 1 \},~\!&lt;/math&gt; whose elements are interpreted as logical values, usually but not invariably with &lt;math&gt;0 = \mathrm{false}~\!&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;1 = \mathrm{true}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Boolean variable
: A ''[[boolean variable]]'' &lt;math&gt;x~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a variable that takes its value from a boolean domain, as &lt;math&gt;x \in \mathbb{B}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Proposition
: In situations where boolean values are interpreted as logical values, a [[boolean-valued function]] &lt;math&gt;f : X \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; or a [[boolean function]] &lt;math&gt;g : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is frequently called a ''[[proposition]]''.

; Basis element, Coordinate projection
: Given a sequence of &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt; boolean variables, &lt;math&gt;x_1, \ldots, x_k,~\!&lt;/math&gt; each variable &lt;math&gt;x_j~\!&lt;/math&gt; may be treated either as a ''basis element'' of the space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k~\!&lt;/math&gt; or as a ''coordinate projection'' &lt;math&gt;x_j : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Basic proposition
: This means that the set of objects &lt;math&gt;\{ x_j : 1 \le j \le k \}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a set of boolean functions &lt;math&gt;\{ x_j : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B} \}~\!&lt;/math&gt; subject to logical interpretation as a set of ''basic propositions'' that collectively generate the complete set of &lt;math&gt;2^{2^k}~\!&lt;/math&gt; propositions over &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Literal
: A ''literal'' is one of the &lt;math&gt;2k~\!&lt;/math&gt; propositions &lt;math&gt;x_1, \ldots, x_k, \texttt{(} x_1 \texttt{)}, \ldots, \texttt{(} x_k \texttt{)},~\!&lt;/math&gt; in other words, either a ''posited'' basic proposition &lt;math&gt;x_j~\!&lt;/math&gt; or a ''negated'' basic proposition &lt;math&gt;\texttt{(} x_j \texttt{)},~\!&lt;/math&gt; for some &lt;math&gt;j = 1 ~\text{to}~ k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Fiber
: In mathematics generally, the ''[[fiber (mathematics)|fiber]]'' of a point &lt;math&gt;y \in Y~\!&lt;/math&gt; under a function &lt;math&gt;f : X \to Y~\!&lt;/math&gt; is defined as the inverse image &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(y) \subseteq X.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

: In the case of a boolean function &lt;math&gt;f : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B},~\!&lt;/math&gt; there are just two fibers:
: The fiber of &lt;math&gt;0~\!&lt;/math&gt; under &lt;math&gt;f,~\!&lt;/math&gt; defined as &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(0),~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the set of points where the value of &lt;math&gt;f~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;0.~\!&lt;/math&gt;
: The fiber of &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; under &lt;math&gt;f,~\!&lt;/math&gt; defined as &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(1),~\!&lt;/math&gt; is the set of points where the value of &lt;math&gt;f~\!&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;1.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Fiber of truth
: When &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; is interpreted as the logical value &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{true},~\!&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(1)~\!&lt;/math&gt; is called the ''fiber of truth'' in the proposition &lt;math&gt;f.~\!&lt;/math&gt;  Frequent mention of this fiber makes it useful to have a shorter way of referring to it.  This leads to the definition of the notation &lt;math&gt;[|f|] = f^{-1}(1)~\!&lt;/math&gt; for the fiber of truth in the proposition &lt;math&gt;f.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Singular boolean function
: A ''singular boolean function'' &lt;math&gt;s : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a boolean function whose fiber of &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a single point of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Singular proposition
: In the interpretation where &lt;math&gt;1~\!&lt;/math&gt; equals &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{true},~\!&lt;/math&gt; a singular boolean function is called a ''singular proposition''.

: Singular boolean functions and singular propositions serve as functional or logical representatives of the points in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

; Singular conjunction
: A ''singular conjunction'' in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; is a conjunction of &lt;math&gt;k~\!&lt;/math&gt; literals that includes just one conjunct of the pair &lt;math&gt;\{ x_j, ~\nu(x_j) \}~\!&lt;/math&gt; for each &lt;math&gt;j = 1 ~\text{to}~ k.~\!&lt;/math&gt;

: A singular proposition &lt;math&gt;s : \mathbb{B}^k \to \mathbb{B}~\!&lt;/math&gt; can be expressed as a singular conjunction:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellspacing&quot;10&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
| height=&quot;36&quot; | &lt;math&gt;s ~=~ e_1 e_2 \ldots e_{k-1} e_k~\!&lt;/math&gt;,
|-
|
&lt;math&gt;\begin{array}{llll}
\text{where} &amp; e_j &amp; = &amp; x_j
\\[6pt]
\text{or}    &amp; e_j &amp; = &amp; \nu (x_j),
\\[6pt]
\text{for}   &amp; j   &amp; = &amp; 1 ~\text{to}~ k.
\end{array}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

==Resources==

* [http://atlas.wolfram.com/ Wolfram Atlas of Simple Programs]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/ Elementary Cellular Automata Rules (ECARs)]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/rulelist.html ECAR Index]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/views/3/TableView.html ECAR Icons]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/views/87/TableView.html ECAR Examples]
** [http://atlas.wolfram.com/01/01/views/172/TableView.html ECAR Formulas]

==Syllabus==

===Focal nodes===

* [[Inquiry Live]]
* [[Logic Live]]

===Peer nodes===

* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator @ InterSciWiki]
* [http://ref.subwiki.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator @ Subject Wikis]
* [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator @ Wikiversity]
* [http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator @ Wikiversity Beta]

===Logical operators===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Exclusive disjunction]]
* [[Logical conjunction]]
* [[Logical disjunction]]
* [[Logical equality]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Logical implication]]
* [[Logical NAND]]
* [[Logical NNOR]]
* [[Logical negation|Negation]]
{{col-end}}

===Related topics===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Ampheck]]
* [[Boolean domain]]
* [[Boolean function]]
* [[Boolean-valued function]]
* [[Differential logic]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Logical graph]]
* [[Minimal negation operator]]
* [[Multigrade operator]]
* [[Parametric operator]]
* [[Peirce's law]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Propositional calculus]]
* [[Sole sufficient operator]]
* [[Truth table]]
* [[Universe of discourse]]
* [[Zeroth order logic]]
{{col-end}}

===Relational concepts===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Continuous predicate]]
* [[Hypostatic abstraction]]
* [[Logic of relatives]]
* [[Logical matrix]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Relation (mathematics)|Relation]]
* [[Relation composition]]
* [[Relation construction]]
* [[Relation reduction]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Relation theory]]
* [[Relative term]]
* [[Sign relation]]
* [[Triadic relation]]
{{col-end}}

===Information, Inquiry===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Inquiry]]
* [[Dynamics of inquiry]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Semeiotic]]
* [[Logic of information]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Descriptive science]]
* [[Normative science]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Pragmatic maxim]]
* [[Truth theory]]
{{col-end}}

===Related articles===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Cactus_Language Cactus Language]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Futures_Of_Logical_Graphs Futures Of Logical Graphs]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Propositional_Equation_Reasoning_Systems Propositional Equation Reasoning Systems]
{{col-break}}
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Differential_Logic_:_Introduction Differential Logic : Introduction]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Differential_Propositional_Calculus Differential Propositional Calculus]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Differential_Logic_and_Dynamic_Systems_2.0 Differential Logic and Dynamic Systems]
{{col-break}}
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Prospects_for_Inquiry_Driven_Systems Prospects for Inquiry Driven Systems]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Introduction_to_Inquiry_Driven_Systems Introduction to Inquiry Driven Systems]
* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Inquiry_Driven_Systems Inquiry Driven Systems : Inquiry Into Inquiry]
{{col-end}}

==Document history==

Portions of the above article were adapted from the following sources under the [[GNU Free Documentation License]], under other applicable licenses, or by permission of the copyright holders.

* [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/ InterSciWiki]
* [http://planetmath.org/MinimalNegationOperator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://planetmath.org/ PlanetMath]
* [http://wikinfo.org/w/index.php/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://wikinfo.org/w/ Wikinfo]
* [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://en.wikiversity.org/ Wikiversity]
* [http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://beta.wikiversity.org/ Wikiversity Beta]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_negation_operator Minimal Negation Operator], [http://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia]

[[Category:Automata theory]]
[[Category:Boolean functions]]
[[Category:Charles Sanders Peirce]]
[[Category:Combinatorics]]
[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Differential Logic]]
[[Category:Equational Reasoning]]
[[Category:Inquiry]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Logic]]
[[Category:Logical graphs]]
[[Category:Minimal Negation Operators]]
[[Category:Neural Networks]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Propositional calculus]]
[[Category:Semiotics]]
[[Category:Visualization]]</text>
      <sha1>srz9q907q9zxjy1tzlip58k15tmp04w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haskell programming in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807394</id>
      <parentid>2807209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T16:49:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lambda Calculus */</comment>
      <origin>2807394</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6273" sha1="2erwjpbg5mqwdhi5kav4n4xp73jbr93" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==
* Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Applications==
* Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
* Bird's Implementation 
:- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]])
:- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]])
:- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]])
:- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;/br&gt;

==Using GHCi==
* Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Using Libraries==
* Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;


==Types==
* Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]])
* Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]])
* Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]])

==Functions==
* Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]])

==Expressions==
* Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]])
* Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Lambda Calculus==
* Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]])
* Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]])
* Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]])
* Encoding Datatypes 
:- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]])
:- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]])
:- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]])
:- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241202.pdf |pdf]])
:- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20260501.pdf |A]], [[Media:LCal.9B.Recursion.20260330.pdf |B]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Function Oriented Typeclasses== 
=== Functors ===
* Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]])

=== Applicatives ===
* Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads I : Background ===
* Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]])
* IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]])
* Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads II : State Transformer Monads ===
* State Transformer 
: - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]])

* State Monad 
: - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) 
: - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads III : Mutable State Monads ===
* Mutability Background 
: - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]])
: - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]])
: - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]])
: - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]])

* Mutable Objects
: - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutable Data Structures  ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]])

* IO Monad 
: - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]])
: - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]])  
: - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]])  

* ST Monad 
: - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]])
: - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]])
: - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads ===
* Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadState Class
:: - State &amp; StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadReader Class
:: - Reader &amp; ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
* Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monoid ===
* Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]])

=== Arrow ===
* Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Polymorphism==
* Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Concurrent Haskell ==
&lt;/br&gt;


go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell]
* [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell]
* [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material]


[[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]]</text>
      <sha1>2erwjpbg5mqwdhi5kav4n4xp73jbr93</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807396</id>
      <parentid>2807394</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T16:55:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lambda Calculus */</comment>
      <origin>2807396</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6273" sha1="6vp25k8t0zdy1wpv4xsekeowavfwn6n" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==
* Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Applications==
* Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
* Bird's Implementation 
:- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]])
:- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]])
:- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]])
:- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;/br&gt;

==Using GHCi==
* Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Using Libraries==
* Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;


==Types==
* Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]])
* Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]])
* Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]])

==Functions==
* Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]])

==Expressions==
* Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]])
* Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Lambda Calculus==
* Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]])
* Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]])
* Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]])
* Encoding Datatypes 
:- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]])
:- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]])
:- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]])
:- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241202.pdf |pdf]])
:- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20260502.pdf |A]], [[Media:LCal.9B.Recursion.20260330.pdf |B]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Function Oriented Typeclasses== 
=== Functors ===
* Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]])

=== Applicatives ===
* Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads I : Background ===
* Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]])
* IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]])
* Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads II : State Transformer Monads ===
* State Transformer 
: - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]])

* State Monad 
: - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) 
: - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads III : Mutable State Monads ===
* Mutability Background 
: - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]])
: - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]])
: - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]])
: - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]])

* Mutable Objects
: - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutable Data Structures  ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]])

* IO Monad 
: - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]])
: - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]])  
: - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]])  

* ST Monad 
: - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]])
: - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]])
: - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads ===
* Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadState Class
:: - State &amp; StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadReader Class
:: - Reader &amp; ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
* Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monoid ===
* Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]])

=== Arrow ===
* Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Polymorphism==
* Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Concurrent Haskell ==
&lt;/br&gt;


go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell]
* [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell]
* [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material]


[[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]]</text>
      <sha1>6vp25k8t0zdy1wpv4xsekeowavfwn6n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Python programming in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>212733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807418</id>
      <parentid>2807254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T20:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Using Libraries */</comment>
      <origin>2807418</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2647" sha1="o66avpdses9cr03xxjta3j7a4i6ejpw" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20260501.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807420</id>
      <parentid>2807418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T20:29:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
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      <comment>/* Using Libraries */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2647" sha1="ptie15uxfr02387igzzqfzl80km9kcl" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20260502.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
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    <title>Category:Bengali Language</title>
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      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26516-86|~2026-26516-86]] ([[User_talk:~2026-26516-86|talk]]) to last version by [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="118" sha1="21rlymhyo35dxz2zsj17tfkff78k9m4" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Modern languages]]
[[Category:Languages by name]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Bangladesh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Ripon</title>
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      <text bytes="23235" sha1="daohx8kyzzy1au7g9z4ocr4zu8k5r8z" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
Gwladys Herbert's first husband was [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|St. George Lowther, 4th Earl of Lonsdale]], who died in 1882. They had one daughter. Her life as Countess of Lonsdale is covered on [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|the Lowther page]]. In 1885 she married Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey, who succeeded to the Marquessate of Ripon in 1909. This page covers her life as Countess de Grey and Marchioness of Ripon.

Gwladys Robinson, Lady de Grey attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]], as did her husband, Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey. She had attendants, including Mahomed Taha, an Egyptian hired for the occasion. Her mother's father had plantations in the West Indies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Oscar Wilde dedicated ''A Woman of No Importance'' to her.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Also Known As ==
*Family name: Robinson
*Marquess of Ripon
**George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (23 June 1871 – 9 July 1909)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-16|title=George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon&amp;oldid=973232157|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**Frederick Oliver Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon (9 July 1909 – 22 September 1923)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-14|title=Frederick Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Robinson,_2nd_Marquess_of_Ripon&amp;oldid=972888603|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**Oliver Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
*Marchioness of Ripon
**Henrietta Anne Theodosia Vyner Robinson (28 January 1859 – )
**Constance Gwladys Herbert Lowther Robinson (9 May 1909 – 28 October 1917)
*Constance Gwladys Herbert Robinson
**Gwladys de Grey (1885–1909)
**[[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Countess of Lonsdale]] (6 July 1878 – )
**Gwladys Robinson, Countess de Grey (1885–1909)
*[[Social Victorians/People/Ripon#Subsidiary Titles|Subsidiary Titles]]

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==
=== Friends ===
==== Gwladys Robinson ====
*[[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde | Oscar Wilde]] (dedicated A ''Woman of No Importance'' to Gwladys Robinson, Lady de Grey)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-02|title=Gwladys Robinson, Marchioness of Ripon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwladys_Robinson,_Marchioness_of_Ripon&amp;oldid=965652983|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Nellie Melba&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
*Sir Augustus Henry Glossop Harris&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
*Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
*Vaslav Nijinsky&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
*Jean and Édouard de Reszke&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Frederick Oliver Robinson ====
*[[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]], long-time friend
== Timeline ==
'''1862 May 30''', Gwladys Herbert was granted the rank of an earl's daughter (she had just turned 3 years old).&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Constance Gwladys Herbert.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1153.htm#i11529|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1878 July 6 or 10''', Gwladys Herbert and St. George Lowther, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther| Earl of Lonsdale]], married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-02|title=Gwladys Robinson, Marchioness of Ripon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwladys_Robinson,_Marchioness_of_Ripon&amp;oldid=965652983|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had one daughter, Lady Juliet Lowther. He died 8 February 1882.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

'''1885 May 7''', Constance Gwladys Herbert Lowther and Oliver Robinson married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-02|title=Gwladys Robinson, Marchioness of Ripon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwladys_Robinson,_Marchioness_of_Ripon&amp;oldid=965652983|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', according to the ''Morning Post'', the Marquis and Marchioness of Ripon were invited to the 28 June [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Queen's Garden Party]], the official end of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations in London.&lt;ref&gt;“The Queen’s Garden Party.” ''Morning Post'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 4 [of 12], Cols. 1a–7c [of 7] and 5, Col. 1a–c. ''British Newspaper Archive''  ''&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18970629/032/0004&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' and ''&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970629/032/0005&lt;/nowiki&gt;''.&lt;/ref&gt; (Were Gwladys, Countess de Grey and Oliver, Earl de Grey invited?)

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', Constance Gwladys, Lady de Grey [[Social Victorians/People/Gwladys Robinson |Constance Gwladys Herbert Robinson]] attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, attended by what an Egyptian man. Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey was also present at the ball.

'''1900 June 3, Sunday, Whit Sunday''', Lord and Lady de Grey were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#3 June 1900, Sunday|Whitsun house party at Sandringham House]].

'''1909 July 6''', Oliver Robinson, who had been Earl de Grey, became the Marquess of Ripon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-14|title=Frederick Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Robinson,_2nd_Marquess_of_Ripon&amp;oldid=972888603|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball==
[[File:Gwladys-Robinson-Marchioness-of-Ripon-when-Countess-de-Grey-as-Cleopatra.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a seated woman richly dressed in an historical costume|Gwladys Robinson, Countess de Grey as Cleopatra. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Gwladys Robinson, Countess de Grey ===
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], accompanied by an &quot;Ethiopian&quot; or &quot;Nubian&quot; (actually Egyptian) attendant, Gwladys Robinson, Countess de Grey walked in the Duchess group or in the &quot;Oriental&quot; Procession and sat at Table 2. She had &quot;a great diamond bird in her hair and a golden bird in her hand.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball: Unparalleled Splendour.&quot; ''Carlisle Patriot'' Friday 9 July 1897: 7 [of 8], Col. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000365/18970709/084/0007.&lt;/ref&gt; The newspapers were not clear about who she was dressed as, reporting variously that she went to the ball as Cleopatra, Lysistrate and Zenobia.

W. &amp; D. Downey's portrait (right) of &quot;Gwladys Robinson, Marchioness of Ripon when Countess de Grey as Cleopatra&quot; in costume is photogravure #281 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Countess de Grey as Cleopatra,&quot; with a Long S in ''Countess''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Countess de Grey as Cleopatra.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw65859/Gwladys-Robinson-Marchioness-of-Ripon-when-Countess-de-Grey-as-Cleopatra.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Lafayette Negative Archive has Countess de Grey with Mahomed Taha standing behind her, holding her train: 

*http://lafayette.org.uk/gre1394.html
Another image exists of Taha kneeling with de Grey's hand on his shoulder (but we can't find it again right now).

Martin Spies' article on Gwladys Robinson, Countess de Grey and Taha reproduces the image from the Lafayette Negative Archive that includes the Egyptian man.

==== Countess de Grey's Attendant ====
Before the ball the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported that Countess de Grey “will take the character of Cleopatra, and is to be attended by a real Egyptian negro.”&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball.” ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 21 June 1897, Monday: 4 [of 6], Col. 5c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18970621/079/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Some newspapers reported this attendant as Ethiopian or Nubian (often code for Black African), but we actually know something about this Egyptian man, whose name was Mahomed Taha. A photograph of Countess de Grey with Taha is in the Lafayette Negative Archive (discussed above, http://lafayette.org.uk/gre1394.html). We know Taha’s name thanks to Martin Spies, who found correspondence between Gwladys, Countess de Grey and Taha in a clipping book he bought on Ebay because he collects clipping books — and because he saw that these artifacts would be worth researching.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Spies, Martin. “Late Victorian Aristocrats and the Racial Other: The Devonshire House Ball of 1897.” ''Race &amp; Class'' April–June 2016 (57.4): 95–103. Doi: 10.1177/0306396815624869.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Countess de Grey called Taha the &quot;abyssinian boy who carried my train at Devonshire House.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|100}} And her 2nd husband, Oliver Robinson, 2nd Marquis of Ripon, wrote later that this &quot;'slave,' called Mahomed, [was] imported from Egypt especially for the occasion.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|qtd. p. 100}}

Also, according to the ''Ladies’ Pictorial'', Taha was “imported from Egypt especially for the occasion” and is dressed in “real old Egyptian slave's attire.&quot;

What else we know of him is in one letter, which is in French and on Savoy Hotel stationery. Taha writes to thank the Countess de Grey for the £5 she paid him and the photographs she sent, perhaps the ones taken by Lafayette.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|101}} The Savoy’s guest and employment records no longer exist, so we don’t know what Taha’s relationship with the Savoy was, if he had one. Spies theorizes that he may have been a professional performer, perhaps in London on his own account or perhaps brought from Egypt.
==== Newspaper Accounts of Her Costume ====
The ''Derbyshire Times'', on 12 June 1897, says that Lady de Grey was &quot;going as Zenobia, and is getting her dress from Doucet.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gleanings in the Peak.&quot; ''Derbyshire Times'' 1897-07-24 July 1897, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000228/18970724/026/0006.&lt;/ref&gt; Since the Duchess of Devonshire was dressed as Zenobia, perhaps Lady de Grey decided against going as that queen, if she could have known? According to the other newspapers,
*Lady de Grey was &quot;Cleopatra, [with] a real Ethiopian attendant.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}}
*&quot;The manteau was of crepon de chine, covered with embroidered gauze and applique of coloured satin, and studded with jewels; a ceinture and pendent were of white satin, with cerise applique and embroidery, and she wore a jewelled headdress, she was '''Lysistrate'''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;The Orientals were the first to pass [before the Prince of Wales], headed by Lady de Grey. Her train was borne by a Nubian in gorgeous and correct dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2c}}
*&quot;The Orientals were headed by Lady de Grey in magnificent attire, rich with gems and gold and silver, a great diamond bird in her hair and a golden bird in her hand. Her train was borne by a Nubian in gorgeous and correct dress.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
*&quot;There were also two Cleopatras — Lady de Grey was one mass of beautiful embroideries ....&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c}}
The ''Carlisle Patriot'' provides detail (Carlisle is in Cumbria, which has a shortish border with North Yorkshire county).


The Countess de Grey's costume and attendant were mentioned in a letter written by Sir Reginald Lister:&lt;blockquote&gt;the person who shone out conspicuously above everybody was Lady de Grey. When she walked up the room at the head of the Orientals – swathed in gold and clinging draperies – blazing with jewels – with bunches of purple orchids on her head and a long glittering train carried by an Arab slave – the effect was ''renversant''; one felt she should always be dressed like that, and never in nineteenth-century clothes.&lt;ref&gt;R. Godfrey, ''Olly: the life and times of Frederick Oliver Robinson, 2nd Marquis of Ripon'' (privately printed, 2012), pp. 161, 163. Qtd. in Martine Spies, &quot;Late Victorian aristocrats and the racial other: the Devonshire House ball of 1897,&quot; ''Race and Class'' 57(4).&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|99}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
==== Commentary on Her Costume ====
This costume has no basis in history or reality: it is fantasy, whether Cleopatra or Lysistrata. Perhaps Doucet, who made Gwladys de Grey's costume, based its design was influenced by the costumes worn by [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Bernhardt|Sarah Bernhardt]] in performances in 1891 and 1893.
*In one of the photographs of Bernhardt, her headdress appears to include the raised head of a cobra or snake, but otherwise she is not wearing imagery associating her with the adder she used for her suicide in Shakespeare's telling, which is common in imagery of Cleopatra.
*Gwladys's elaborate headdress is not Egyptian or classical but Victorian. Her hair is up, unlike Bernhardt's, which is down and loose.
*The sash around Gwladys's waist is similar to the style worn by Bernhardt in 1891, but its very fine pleating is interesting. Is this a precursor to the Negrin/Fortuny Delphos gown?&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-13|title=Mariano Fortuny (designer)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Fortuny_(designer)&amp;oldid=1305600788|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*She appears to be wearing sandals with her bare toes showing, one of which might have a toe ring with a large jewel.
*Her loose, shapeless, Aesthetic-style dress is covered in jewels, flowers and, generally, Victorian frou-frou. It hangs down as if its fabric is heavy. The fabric may be [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crepon de Chine|crepon de chine]], which would make it heavy, and is covered in jewels, embroidery and possibly appliqué. Even though the dress is Aesthetic-style and not shaped to Gwladys's torso, the closure on the sash sexualizes it by making her genital area a focal point of the costume.
*The train is attached at the shoulders. It may be made of a crepe fabric or of something more translucent. It also is decorated with jewels, embroidery and possibly appliqué.
*The encrustation of jewels is not unusual for this ball, but the many ropes of pearls are.

==== The Historical Cleopatra ====
Cleopatra lived from 70/69 B.C.E. to 10 or 12 August 30 B.C.E., the last of the Hellenistic pharaohs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-04|title=Cleopatra|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra&amp;oldid=1304135144|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; But nonscholarly late 19th-century Britons, Europeans and Americans would have known her less as a historical figure than a cultural one, by her presence in the arts and in popular culture. Sarah Bernhardt's performance as Cleopatra toured Europe, the UK and the US. The general discussion of the character and the popular-culture figure of Cleopatra appears on [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Bernhardt#Cleopatra|Bernhardt's page]].

==== The Historical Lysistrata ====

[[File:Frederick-Oliver-Robinson-2nd-Marquess-of-Ripon-when-Earl-de-Grey-as-Admiral-Coligny.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume|Frederick Robinson, Earl de Grey as Admiral Coligny. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey ===
Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey was dressed as Coligny. He is not listed as having walked in a procession or danced in a quadrille.

Walery's portrait of &quot;Frederick Oliver Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon when Earl de Grey as Admiral Coligny&quot; in costume is photogravure #213 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Earl de Grey as Admiral Coligny.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Earl de Grey as Admiral Coligny.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158576/Frederick-Oliver-Robinson-2nd-Marquess-of-Ripon-when-Earl-de-Grey-as-Admiral-Coligny.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Descriptions of His Costume ====

* &quot;Earl de Grey, as Coligny, was in black and citron.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|42, Col. 2c}}
* He was wearing a &quot;doublet, black satin, slashed on the breast with long slashes of yellow satin and puffed with lemon yellow satin; cloak of black satin lined lemon yellow, satin sleeves same as doublet; trunks, black satin, slashed and puffed same as doublet.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 41, Col. 3c – 42, Col. 1a}}

==== Commentary on His Costume ====

* Earl de Grey is wearing mid-to-late 16th-century court dress for King Charles IX of France.
* He is wearing a slashed jacket-like doublet with fluted ruffs at the neck and wrists, slashed trunk hose (pumpkin breeches) and a short, slashed high-collared cape. The slashes were yellow satin, the rest of the fabric black satin. Instead of an Elizabethan doublet, his doublet is constructed like a Victorian jacket, with a closure down the front and a belt at his natural waist.
* His waxed mustache is very Victorian.

==== The Historial Coligny ====
Admiral Coligny was Gaspard II de Coligny (1519–1572), a Huguenot and advisor to King Charles IX of France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-05|title=Gaspard II de Coligny|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_II_de_Coligny&amp;oldid=1053667276|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny.&lt;/ref&gt; Charles IX was Catholic and opposed to the Protestant Huguenot; he may have been responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, which saw the death of many Huguenots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-10|title=Charles IX of France|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_IX_of_France&amp;oldid=1342736971|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demographics ==

=== Nationality ===
*George Frederick Samuel Robinson, British&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Gwladys Herbert Lowther Robinson, British&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Residences ===

==== Gwladys Robinson, Lady de Grey ====

* Wilton House, Wiltshire, the family estates of her father, Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea (16 September 1810 – 2 August 1861), younger brother of the Earl of Pembroke, who was living in Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-09-07|title=Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Lea&amp;oldid=1310130809|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; George Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke was Gwladys's brother.
* 49 Belgrave Square, London, her parents' house.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Family ==

=== Ripon ===
*George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (24 October 1827 – 9 July 1909)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2988.htm#i29876|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Henrietta Anne Theodosia Vyner Robinson (17 April 1833 – 28 February 1907)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henrietta Anne Theodosia Vyner.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p3114.htm#i31137|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Frederick Oliver Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon (29 January 1852 – 22 September 1923)
#Mary Sarah Robinson (16 July 1857 – 3 July 1858)


*Constance Gwladys Herbert Robinson (22 April 1859 – 28 October 1917)&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
*St George Henry Lowther, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther | Earl of Lonsdale]] (4 October 1855 – 8 February 1882)&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2017-09-09|title=St George Lowther, 4th Earl of Lonsdale|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_George_Lowther,_4th_Earl_of_Lonsdale&amp;oldid=799748653|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Lady (Gladys Mary) Juliet Lowther (9 April 1881 – 23 September 1965)
*Frederick Oliver Robinson (29 January 1852 – 23 September 1923) was Earl de Grey (1871–1909)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
*Edith Walker (servant; relationship with Frederick Robinson and paternity of her children documented)
#Freda
#Frederick
=== Relations ===
* Frederick Oliver Robinson married the widowed Constance Gwladys Herbert Lowther. Edith Walker, a servant at the estate, bore 2 children fathered by Robinson.

=== Subsidiary Titles ===

*Earl of Ripon
**George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 2nd Earl of Ripon (28 January 1859 – 9 July 1909)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Countess of Ripon
**Henrietta Anne Theodosia Vyner Robinson (28 January 1859 –)
**Constance Gwladys Herbert Robinson ()
*Earl de Grey
**George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Earl de Grey (23 June 1871 – 9 July 1909)
**Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey (1871–1909)
*Countess of de Grey
**Constance Gwladys Herbert Robinson (2 May 1885 – 1909)
*Earl de Grey and Ripon
**George Frederick Samuel Robinson (28 January 1859 – 1871)
*Viscount Goderich
**George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 2nd Viscount Goderich (28 January 1859 –1859)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
**Frederick Oliver Robinson, 3rd Viscount Goderich (1859 and 1871)

== Notes and Questions ==
#[[Social Victorians/People/Gwladys Robinson|Gwladys Robinson, Countess de Grey]] is #136 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]] at the Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball; Frederick, Earl de Grey is #656.
#A Sir Reginald Kay, identified as a diplomat by Martin Spies, described Gwladys, Countess de Grey in her costume.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;(99) Was he present at the ball?
#Why was Gwladys granted the rank of a daughter of an earl when she was 3?
#She died at 58: why so early?
#Who took Oliver Robinson's portrait? Is it in the Lafayette Negative Archive?
#Citations for Spies.

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>daohx8kyzzy1au7g9z4ocr4zu8k5r8z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Math Adventures</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>268969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807429</id>
      <parentid>2766424</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T02:46:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lbeaumont</username>
        <id>278565</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added 2^X + X = 5</comment>
      <origin>2807429</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1580" sha1="nuw54qwdej93almv5qoxn0pqavlj4zw" xml:space="preserve">This is a collection of math-oriented activities, games, and puzzles that are fun and instructive and easy to follow. Math adventure can help answer the question, [[Why study math?|Why study math]]?
*[[/Roll the dice/]]
*[[/Wheat and the Chessboard/]]
**Boo who?
* [[/Compound Interest/]]
* [[/How many grandparents?/]]
* [[/Double check/]]
*Same Birthdays
*The area of a circle
*[[/Fibonacci and the Golden Ratio/]]
*[[/Triangular numbers/]]
*[[/Pascal's triangle in wiki-latex/]]
*[[/Palindromes/]]
*[[/Peanut Butter Power/]]
*Seven Bridges of Königsberg
*Pythagorean Theorem
*[[/Square Roots using Newton’s Method/]]
*[[/Volume of a rotating rectangle/]]
*[[/Tetrahedron in a Cube/]]
*[[/Multiplying Negative Numbers/]]
*Binary Numbers
*Decoding mighty things
*Benford's law
*Prime Numbers
*The square root of 2 is irrational 
*Braess's paradox
*Arithmetic with [[w:Kaktovik_numerals|Kaktovik]] numerals
*Logistic map
*Feigenbaum constants
*Three-body problem
*First 10-digit prime found in consecutive digits of e
*The Pigeonhole Principle&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cantorsparadise.com/the-pigeonhole-principle-and-its-surprisingly-powerful-applications-531d8d7539ce|title=The Pigeonhole Principle and Its Surprisingly Powerful Applications|last=Müller|first=Kasper|date=2024-02-02|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2024-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Find the Light Gumball/]]
* The Peano axioms
* [[/Triangle Test Cases/]]
* [[/German Tank Problem/|German]] [[/German Tank Problem/|Tank Problem]]
* 2&lt;sup&gt;X&lt;/sup&gt; + X = 5

{{CourseCat}}

[[Category:Mathematics/Activities]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C language in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>285380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807381</id>
      <parentid>2807228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T13:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Applications */</comment>
      <origin>2807381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9878" sha1="cklwscx501qv8chpw4ei0rnflqr9ej5" xml:space="preserve">=== Introduction ===
* Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])

=== Handling Repetition ===
* Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling a Big Work ===
* Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Series of Data ===

==== Background ==== 
* Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]])
 
==== Basics ====
* Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples ==== 
* Spreadsheet Example Programs
:: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]])

==== Applications ==== 
* Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20260502.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]])

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
* Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Low Level Operations ===
* Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Declarations ===
* Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]])
* Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]])
* Scope 


=== Class Notes ===

* TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]])
* Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library
* Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements
* Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers
* Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts
* Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops
* Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control
* Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions
* Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope
* Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion
* Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions
* Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications
* Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions
* Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications
* Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) 
* Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2)
* Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO
* Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions
* Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications
* Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum
* Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List 
* Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing
* Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/

== '''Old Materials '''==

until 201201
* Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
 
&lt;br&gt;

until 201107
* Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]])
* Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]])
* Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence</title>
    <ns>5</ns>
    <id>324777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807446</id>
      <parentid>2807366</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T07:13:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="42607" sha1="kdaetd7k6g6ojk1n34eru20377p2gia" xml:space="preserve">== My POV ==

*I would remove &quot;The contributor should be an expert on the topic&quot;, because Wikiversity is not about authorities and we are not able to check weather certain person contributing LLM-created text is an expert or not.
*This is not applicable to all situations, when using LLM: &quot;where citations are included.&quot; Sometimes you generate wery short overviews or general things.
[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:41, 16 October 2025 (UTC)
: In my notes, I have a proposal to restrict the use of GenAI even more; it is much more of a threat than an opportunity for the English Wikiversity.
: In the mean time, requiring that a contributor be an expert or at least know what he is writing about is a very good thing, from my perspective. It is not true that we have no way of tentatively determining whether someone is an expert or not: we can ask for self-disclosure and we can test knowledge. And he who does not want to be tested should not be inserting GenAI into mainspace. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:44, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
::But the obsession with expertise closes down an open Wikiversity. Nupedia was expert and failed, Wikipedia was open and succeeded. Why should Wikiversity go the way of Nupedia? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 16:13, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
::I agree with Juandev here, although in theory the content added by folks on Wikiversity should be coming from a place of expertise, I also understood one of the missions of wikiversity to be a place where expertise can be actively developed through the act of editing by editors. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:11, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Could this be like that we are letting people make their own mistakes, learn from their own mistakes(if they can) and then only intervene if the project becomes dormant/'paused' or if the contributor is asking for help from us for an extended period of time? Otherwise if we didn't let the users/contributors make mistakes they might not learn from them.
:::I feel like that is how my personal experience has been so far. I got help when I asked for it, otherwise I'm free to develop my draft as well as I can while making mistakes and hopefully learning from them. I guess exceptions for 'intervention' is when a user publishes content with red flags, and I don't know if my mention of Taylor Swift is one but I also need to learn sooner or later who to contact and for what reason. I feel like I'm having a Wikiversity journey but also a personal journey at the same time with and without &quot;AI Mode&quot; by Google and other providers. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 08:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think generative AI should be used as a tool. If you are copying the text word for word, the text might not be correct. If you are interested in a particular topic, feel free to use GenAI, but maybe check the facts before using it and provide the link to the conversation. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:44, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
::In that case, some kind of scale should be introduced that a human editor would use to indicate how much LLM was used. From full text created entirely by a chatbot (which I don't think is a good idea, because it may contain errors in the form of hallucinations and at the same time takes away the authorship from the given LLM). To text proofreading and only minor interventions by artificial intelligence. @[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:36, 1 February 2026 (UTC)

== A proposed caveat on when they are used ==

If we allow generative AI usage, I think we should require disclosure of what tool was used, when, and which prompt(s) it was given. Understanding not only that it was used but how is crucial, plus, since these tools change rapidly, knowing the time/date is also key for understanding what it was likely processing and how when it generated the output. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:47, 8 November 2025 (UTC)

:Thats a good point. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 16:14, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
:I agree that knowing how users are using AI may be a good data for Wikiversity community to learn how AI is used, but I would not overcomplicate the policy. So what about to start this with optional values for {{tl|AI-generated}} tempate? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:41, 23 February 2026 (UTC)

== Different uses of AI ==

I am just pointing out that AI is not just used to generate text, which could be copy paste to Wikiversity. One may use AI to improve their grammar (for example with the use of Grammarly), other one may use GPT to create wiki tabs from CSV. So if the proposed policy is using wide title Artifical inteligence, I would consider all use cases and decide how to deal with them. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:38, 22 November 2025 (UTC)

: I believe that if the changes made by an AI in the authoring process falls into the definition of a &quot;minor edit&quot; (borrowing the definitions of [[:w:WP:MINOR]]), the resulting content should not count as &quot;AI-generated&quot;. So definitely not for the table thing. Grammar... depends on how extensive the change is (possibly because I dislike Grammarly; I may be quite biased here). --[[User:Artoria2e5|Artoria2e5]] ([[User talk:Artoria2e5|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Artoria2e5|contribs]]) 05:33, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Template:AI-generated]] ==

Discussion on indication of a resource being AI-generated. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:55, 26 January 2026 (UTC)

== Confirm AI use is okay ==

Before I continue adding to the the Law School 101 course I started, I want to make sure that it's consistent with the AI policy. I'm seeing some conflicting opinions here that may not be as nuanced as they should be. 

I would not have decided to share the Law School 101 course from an LLM if I didn't feel it was uber good, completely missing in public access, and sorely needed to be available to the public.

I am 100% ok with having an AI disclaimer on the front page of the course, but I'm not going to go and add it to each page with the prompt on each page. That's stupid. Some prompts were &quot;Next class&quot;.

If I went through the course, I'm an expert on the topic of the course. Seriously, though, expertise is an extremely stretchable concept that cannot be used as a whip to disqualify great courses. A person may have had years of education, high IQ, for example. And the topic itself may be at the level of general knowledge where the value of expertise on the topic may much less relevant to the quality of material that the course creator sees in the content. 

And we're moving away from an era when LLMs were producing errors. Of course, all content from an LLM must be vetted, and of course expert opinions on class content are welcome, but to preclude excellent course content from being made public would detract from the mission of Wikiversity.  [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 07:11, 17 February 2026 (UTC)

== Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI ==

=== Adapting to New Technologies ===
I am old enough to have obtained my BSEE degree in 1972, before the general availability of pocket electronic calculators. I laboriously used a slide rule and pencil and paper for those hundreds of calculations. Since then, I have witnessed the introduction of pocket calculators, scientific calculators, cassette recorders, video recorders, CDs, DVDs, personal computers, spreadsheets, word processors, spell checkers, online dictionaries and thesauruses, cell phones, GPS, the Internet, search engines, grammar checkers, Nanny cams, cloud storage, Napster, streaming, smart phones, Wolfram Alpha, homework assistants, tablets, Wikimedia projects, MOOCs, videoconferencing, Crypto currency, and most recently AI large language models.

Each of these technologies has required us to adapt. We had to be clear about our needs and goals. These goals might include learning, teaching, getting the right answer, efficiency, profit, ease of use, entertainment, sharing, collaboration, safety, intellectual property rights, and no doubt other concerns. 

Technology is inherently morally neutral. A hammer can be used to build a house or to bludgeon someone. How we decide to use technology is our choice, not the destiny of the technology. 

=== Guiding Principles and Lessons Learned ===
It is wise to avoid overreacting or underreacting. 

It is wise to avoid “[[wikipedia:One-drop_rule|one drop rules]]” that indiscriminately, and unnecessarily, prejudice the use of emerging technologies.

It is wise to avoid any form of “[[wikipedia:Satanic_panic|satanic panic]]” that causes unwarranted panic, anxiety, unfounded accusations, and an unfounded search for the guilty. Furthermore, unduly highlighting the use of AI within Wikiversity is a form of [[wikipedia:Ad_hominem|Ad hominem]] attack—attacking the source rather than the argument or resulting text. Doing so pejoratively stains the material, and the authors, with a form of [[wikipedia:The_Scarlet_Letter|scarlet letter]]. 

It is useful to understand and acknowledge the nuances of the many ways that the new technology can be used. Existing LLM’s can be used to:

1)     Proofread copy,

2)     As a thesaurus or to suggest a variety of word choices,

3)     To extend a list of items sharing various characteristics,

4)     To assist in brainstorming, 

5)     To write introductory, summary, or clarifying text.

6)     To suggest alternative wording or rewriting text,

7)     To modify the tone of the text,

8)     To generate a list of questions,

9)     As a research tool to identify likely sources of new information,

10)  To demonstrate the limits and capabilities of the technology, and

11)  in many more ways. 

These are very different uses of the technology, and it is misleading to place them into a single category.

=== Addressing Wikiversity goals. ===
Wikiversity provides “learning resources” freely available to the users. Editors have a responsibility to follow established [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity Policies]].  

Content [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|must be verifiable]]. While professors have the liberty to profess, ''accurate propositional statements'' typically provide more useful learning resources than do false or misleading propositional statements. As described above, text generated or assisted by an LLM often does not include propositional statements subject to verification. Both people and LLMs sometimes hallucinate (and bloviate) and are otherwise fallible, and therefore what is relevant is the ''accuracy of the propositional statements'', regardless of the source. 

If the editor takes sufficient care and has the expertise to verify the accuracy of the propositional statements made, the origin of those statements is irrelevant, as long as they are properly cited.

Because the source of verified and accurate propositional statements is irrelevant, marking, and especially obtrusive or pejorative marking, of AI generated content is unnecessary. 

Because I recognize that there may be good reasons to collect AI generated materials into a category, I recommend the “AI Generated” template be redesigned to be similar to the “[[:Category:Essays|Essay” category tag]]. This would be a small tag appearing along the right-hand margin of the page. The tag could usefully include a parameter identify the mode of the AI used, as suggested above. 

I hope these ideas are carefully considered as we continue to collaborate in adapting to this new and valuable technology. I also call for a moratorium on defacing existing materials until a consensus policy is adopted. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 22:45, 10 March 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for your ideas. I didn't realize this was a draft policy discussion. In this case, please take a look at this AI-generated and human-vetted course &quot;[[Law School 101]].&quot; It is so superb. I have taken it in its entirety, and I believe it's a top-notch learning resource for every adult. It's also pure joy to go through and sets the bar high.
:And I don't see anything online that would accomplish something remotely similar. 95% of undergraduates graduate having no clue what Law is all about, all while it affects every facet of our lives every day. 
:I think this should be a class in colleges, and the Intro part should even be offered in high schools (imagine the thrill of going through the entire one year of law school in ten classes?). I think it's the biggest, sorest gap in core education these days, and it's unclear why the legal professionals are MIA and not scrambling to fill this screaming void.
:Specifically regarding AI use - this debate must not be out of context. And the context is that access to education must not be stifled and veiled behind arbitrary exclusionary barriers.  [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 10:19, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
::I just note that this policy draft is not against AI generated content @[[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]]. Thats why nobode disputed your previous post and your reflection was build in to the proposal. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:52, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Cool. I understand this is an extremely complex topic on many levels.  [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 10:56, 12 March 2026 (UTC)
:You said &quot;If the editor takes sufficient care&quot;. But some editors does not take sufficient care. Some editor say its not a policy I dont mind. Thats why this policy is proposed that everbody do that and co-create quality resource on Wikiversity.
:You talk about some embarrassment that a source is marked as LLM-generated, but this rule requires you to mark it yourself and if you don't mark it, we can only suggest it to you. So why rebel against such a practice? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:50, 12 March 2026 (UTC)

== Toward a Justified and Parsimonious AI Policy ==

As we collaborate to develop a consensus policy on the use of Large Language Models, it is wise to begin by considering the needs of the various stakeholders to the policy.

The stakeholders are:

# The users,
# The source providers, and
# The editors

There may also be others with a minor stake in this policy, including the population at large.

The many needs of the users are currently addressed by long-standing [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policies]], so we can focus on what, if any, additional needs arise as LLMs are deployed. 

As always, users need assurance that propositional statements are accurate. This is covered by the existing policy on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiably]]. In addition, it is expected by both the users and those that provide materials used as sources for the text are [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|accurately attributed]]. This is also covered by [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|existing policies]].

To respect the time and effort of editors, a parsimonious policy will unburden editors from costly requirements that exceed benefits to the users.

Finally, it is important to recognize that because attention is our most valuable seizing attention unnecessarily is a form of theft. 

The following proposed policy statement results from these considerations:

=== Recommended Policy statement: ===

* Editors [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verify the accuracy]] of propositional statements, regardless of the source.
* Editors [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|attribute the source]] of propositional statements. In the case of LLM, cite the LLM model and the prompt used.
* Use of various available templates to mark the use of LLM are optional. Templates that are flexible in noting the type and extend of LLM usage are preferred. Templates that avoid unduly distracting or alarming the user are preferred.

[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:58, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

:Just note, that [[Wikiversity:Cite sources]] is not a policy. You can read it on the top of the page, its a ''proposed policy''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:28, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
:I would say, that the actual text is better then your first two proposed statements, because:
:#Your proposal is less clear to me, so it might be less clear to others - we need policies which are easy to understand. For example, the course structure generated in LLM is not, in my opinion, a ''propositional statement'', but the rule should still cover such a case.
:#Your proposal is missing the option, when references are outputed by the LLM
:Templates that indicate AI-generated content should be mandatory, as they allow you to create statistics about AI-generated content. This is good for creating tools or other policies that work with AI-generated content, for example. It is also useful for patrolling users to be able to return to AI-assisted pages when checking. 
:Another thing is that you don't specify which specific templates to use. If you don't specify, everyone will use whatever templates they want and it will lead to chaos. Moreover, who is to determine that the templates are ''not unduly distracting or alarming''? As I wrote above, Wikiversity's policy should be clear. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:56, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

== Publicly available link - risk of link-rot? ==

Is there a risk that the statement:

''&lt;big&gt;The origin of the text must be clearly indicated in the edit summary and ideally include a publicly available link to the chatbot conversation&lt;/big&gt;''

may be problematic in the future if the links go bad (see [[wikipedia:Link_rot|link rot]])? Does the internet archive regularly comb the link of chatbot conversations? [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:19, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:IanVG|IanVG]] There may well be link rot over time but linking to the conversation is still better than not linking so that contributions and their sources are reviewable at least until the link does rot -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:48, 24 March 2026 (UTC)

== Mandatory link to chatbot conversation? ==


I'm not sure I'm a fan of (in bold) from the first acceptability requirement that states:&lt;blockquote&gt;The origin of the text must be clearly indicated in the edit summary and '''ideally include''' a publicly available link to the chatbot conversation&lt;/blockquote&gt;Why isn't the requirement strict? Why don't we make the link to the chat mandatory? [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:24, 23 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:IanVG|IanVG]] linking to the chat could be made mandatory (and would be better scholarship) but not all LLMs provide a way to publicly link to chats, so such a policy would restrict what AI tools could be used -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:45, 24 March 2026 (UTC)
::In true &quot;conversation&quot; cases a pastebin service such as https://paste.toolforge.org/ may be usable. As long as the text is legible as a transcript of the conversation it would be good for scholarship. Would not be usable for cases where AI is used as an &quot;auto-complete&quot; tool like GitHub copilot or Claude Code working on text file containing the wikitext source code though. [[User:Artoria2e5|Artoria2e5]] ([[User talk:Artoria2e5|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Artoria2e5|contribs]]) 05:27, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Agree. I've changed &quot;where available&quot; to &quot;(or a copy of the transcript)&quot;. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:33, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
:Lets keep it simple. Do we really need that link. Patrole is not able to controll all recent changes, who will be patrolling this? I would '''leave it as it is or on request'''. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:37, 25 March 2026 (UTC)
::Patrol can focus on the content itself, not the link. The link is like providing a source code to some media on Commons: good for knowing how it's made and for when modifications are needed. [[User:Artoria2e5|Artoria2e5]] ([[User talk:Artoria2e5|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Artoria2e5|contribs]]) 05:25, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
:::I'd love to have an on-wiki LLM that we can tweak to do what we want here: which is roughly a condensed summary of the prompts and transcript leading up to the final output.  Often the full transcript includes many rounds of iteration and modification, and it will be many times longer than the final output including duplication of that output itself.  (this is the 'default' downloadable transcript where one is available)
:::I think the right request should be &quot;prompt and model&quot; and &quot;link to transcript where possible&quot; to avoid the duplication of the output. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 2px 0 2px;background-color:white;color:#bbb;&quot;&gt;&amp;ndash;[[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff9900;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 18:34, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Superseding the first policy proposal ==

Because the first policy proposal would distract users without due cause;

Because the first policy proposal would burden editors without due cause;

Because the first policy proposal includes elements that are arbitrarily chosen and not derived from stakeholder benefits;

Because great designs are as simple as possible and no simpler;

Because the first policy proposal has failed to attract proponents;

Because the stated objections to the second policy proposal are based on unsound arguments, [[wikipedia:Straw_man|straw men]], speculation, and [[wikipedia:Ad_hominem|ad hominem]] attacks;

I have superseded the first policy proposal text with the second policy proposal text. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 18:07, 26 March 2026 (UTC)

:Because we are in the process of improving the proposed policy through consensus, I suggest reverting these wholesale changes and working to iteratively improve it. You have strong opinions and some useful ideas; your input is valued. I appreciate [[Wikiversity:Be bold|being bold]], but community consensus is more likely to be achieved through gradual, collaborative iteration. Alternatively, consider forking the proposal and then the community can evolve two versions and then decide on the preferred approach. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:09, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks for these comments and your moderating voice. How do I “fork the proposal”? I would like to present alternative policy text with equal visibility to the legacy policy proposal text so that there can be an informed and skillful dialogue leading toward a strong consensus.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 11:27, 28 March 2026 (UTC)
:::To &quot;fork&quot;, create a target page e.g., [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence 2]] e.g., by:
:::# Manual fork (copy and paste) - but loses edit history
:::# Export/import fork (use [[Special:Export]] and [[Wikiversity:Import]] to copy an original page and retain its edit history) - needs admin rights for import
:::# Or create an alternative policy proposal by starting from scratch
:::See also [[Wikiversity:Productive forking and tailoring is encouraged]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:23, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
:None of these rationales are based on evidence and/or just completely false (ex, &quot;the first policy proposal has failed to attract proponents&quot; when multiple people have supported the policy as is on the Colloquium). I've removed your edit and I ask you not to do that again. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:03, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
::You are obviously passionate about this issue, and we have differing points of view. Perhaps we can [[Transcending Conflict|transcend conflict]] and find [[Finding Common Ground|common ground]]. I suggest you develop a [[Creating Wikiversity Courses|Wikiversity course]] called something like “Uses and Abuses of Artificial Intelligence.” This will provide all of us with a well-considered basis for developing a policy.  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:20, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Common ground sounds great. I've edited the current (original) draft a little to emphasise adoption of good scholarly practice (e.g., transparency) above specific requirements but also softened the requirement for the AI template to be displayed only for pages with a significant amount of AI-generated material. Hopefully this helps at least somewhat to address some of Lee's concerns. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:54, 28 March 2026 (UTC)

== The Single Mandated Template Needs to Become More Flexible ==

The presently proposed policy mandates the use of a single AI-Generated template for a wide range of AI uses. The scope of the policy identifies a broad range of AI usage, from grammar checkers to generation of extensive text passages. These various uses bear little or no similarity from the user’s perspective. More flexibility, more subtlety, more nuance is needed. I recommend adding parameters to the single mandated template to identify the nature of the AI usage, or providing a family of templates that editors can choose from to more accurately communicate the variety of AI used.  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 12:54, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think it would be better to have one template with parameters. As I previously mentioned more templates would create more mess from my perspective. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:11, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, template parameters could work well. One parameter could allow a text note to explain how gen-AI was used. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
:This can probably be done technically. But now I realized that there may be a problem with the correct filling if several people edit one page and use different AI tools. There it is more technically feasible, respectively it may be difficult for the user to fill in these parameters and the template itself, or templates, may take up unnecessary space. Therefore, I think that the template can offer these variants, but it would be better if their filling was optional. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:09, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

== Undue Attention and Distraction ==

Attention is our most precious resource, and it must be directed wisely. The presently mandated template places a large banner at the top of each page, as if use of AI is the most important attribute of the learning resource that the user must direct attention to and be concerned with. However, we are acclimating to the use of AI, much as we have acclimated to the use of pocket electronic calculators and the many other innovative technologies that have arisen over the past several decades. The AI notification must become less distracting. I suggest generating a smaller box that appears in the right-had margin like that produced by the ''essay''template. This will better align the attention attracted by the template to the attention it merits.  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 12:54, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:Sounds like a good idea. [[User:Artoria2e5|Artoria2e5]] ([[User talk:Artoria2e5|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Artoria2e5|contribs]]) 05:14, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
:I've [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3AAI-generated&amp;diff=2804949&amp;oldid=2802022 simplified] the {{tl|AI-generated}} message.
:Note that this Wikiversity template is minimalistic compared to sister project equivalents e.g.,
:* [[Template:AI-generated|Template:AI-generated]] (Wikibooks)
:* [[Template:AI-generated|Template:AI-generated]] (Wikipedia)
:-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:23, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, this could be, see: [[User:Juandev/T/QA AI contribution]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:06, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

== What problem is being addressed? ==

I recommend we be clear and explicit about the problem, real or perceived, that this policy is intended to address. What are the unmet needs of the users? What are the unmet needs of the editors that need to be addressed by such a policy? We can only rationally evaluate alternative polices in the context of know user and editor needs. Until we understand the users’ needs, and the editors’ needs it is premature to propose a policy.  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 12:55, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:'''The basic problem we are solving here is the speed of generating such content.'''
:Qualitatively, texts created with the help of artificial intelligence are equal to texts without the use of AI. There is a range of contributions by quality: high-quality texts, average, and bad ones.
:Methods developed for text control, which were developed on Wikimedia projects, can fail in the case of quickly generated text in that the project will be overwhelmed with such content very quickly that some methods of control will fail and then the quality of the project will decrease.
:That is, we are looking for new solutions to prevent this and one of such solutions is to
:#''remind editors to check the LLM output'',
:#''notify others that the content was created using AI''.
:The control methods used so far are based on creating categories of edits. However, for non-AI contributions categories are recognizable (or can be recognized by a computer program), for AI contributions, I am not aware of a recognition method, so I think it is appropriate for the creator to '''voluntarily report''' AI was used. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:38, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
::Why is increased production speed a problem?
::There is no strong link between production speed and product quality. Electronic calculators and electronic spreadsheet increase both speed and accuracy. Word processors, spell checkers, grammar checkers, on-line dictionaries and thesauruses also increase speed and accuracy. Large Language Models can be used and abused in a wide variety of ways. Certainly, using a LLM to proofread copy, suggest alternative word choice, suggesting rewrites for an awkward sentence and other uses increase the quality of the final product. 
::Although the basic problem is stated as “speed of generation” perhaps the problem to be addressed is the quality of the resulting text.
::The quality of Wikiversity learning resources depends on many factors including curriculum design, topic choice, pedagogical approach, vocabulary choice, prerequisite assumptions, and of course, the factual accuracy of propositional sentences. LLM use pertains to only a fraction of these considerations. Do we have reliable evidence that when LLM’s are used skillfully they are less accurate than material written by the typical Wikiversity editor? 
::Existing Wikiversity policies address the accuracy of the content contributed. As we propose development of AI-specific policies, we need to be clearer and more accurate regarding the problem we are addressing. We need to be more parsimonious in developing policy to address actual problems.  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 20:08, 9 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] So the problem is still speed. You say, let's solve the problem when it occurs, but here it may happen that when the problem occurs, we will no longer be able to solve it, because we will be flooded with problems and we will not know where they are in that volume. That means, you find one problem in one page and youll figure out its in all pages, but you cannot determine which ones are thos pages. In other words, if the patrol team is now weakened, then it will be totally paralyzed when LLM texts or problems are arose – it will have many times more work than if the text created by LLM was marked and categorized. And secondly, the problem that LLM brings may not be revealed for a very long time. At the same time, it has long been known that LLM hallucinates and, for example, in GPT version 5, the hallucinations have increased slightly compared to version 4o.
:::In other words, I say let's mark and categorize pages with a significant LLM contribution. The marking informs the reader who the author is (correct marking of authorship is the gold standard in Western culture) and let's categorize them so that in the event of a problem we are able to catch the problem. (text created with GT, proofreading human) [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:53, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] Help me understand the phrase &quot;patrol team&quot;. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 12:53, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::See [[:w:Wikipedia:Recent changes patrol]] @[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]. Even though we don't have an informative page about this on Wikiversity, it actually naturally exists on all projects. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:55, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::Thanks, this provides a valuable service. I was not aware how organized this work is. Do patrol team members coordinate, distributing the work to ensure coverage with minimal duplication? Do they leave some marker (“Kilroy was here”) to inform the original editor and subsequent patrol team members that any particular page was scanned?  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 13:33, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:Agree with @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] that the basic problem to tackle is to have some sort of control/filter over excessive, low-quality gen-AI content being contributed in a way that would diminish rather than enhance the educational value of this project.
:In the first phase, we've just waited to see what happens. And recently there have been some instructive instances of low-quality gen-AI content so that has helped inform our ideas as have the approaches taken by other sister projects.
:I think it is good scholarly practice to inform readers about the genesis of text. Wiki does this typically very well through edit summaries. So, this should ideally be used to communicate and show specific gen-AI chat sources.
:And a gen-AI info box allows pages with significant gen-AI content to be flagged to readers and categorised. 
:Above all, for me, this is about intellectual honesty. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:48, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Tangential: style ==

IMHO the biggest issue with &quot;AI-generated content&quot; is the long-winded, low-information-density writing style it defaults to, complete with unnecessary use of lists over prose and boldening of text. The thing is that it does not take an AI to write like that -- humans who think lazily do many of the same things, especially when influenced by the AI writing-style in everyday conversations. Humans write text full of hot air all the time, complete with references that they did not read. Every fault we have seen in an AI has an analogue in some group of academic humans.

While tagging AI-generated content will aid in the detection of mass-manufactured hot air, it will not address the &quot;artisanal&quot; hot air lovingly typed by some human fingers. The [[WV:MOS]] should be expanded to cover some of these issues. [[User:Artoria2e5|Artoria2e5]] ([[User talk:Artoria2e5|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Artoria2e5|contribs]]) 05:24, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

:Agree. IMHO, a lot of human writing could be improved by running it through a language model.
:Feel free to suggest MOS improvements: [[Wikiversity talk:Manual of Style]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:29, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
:Wikiversity is not an encyclopedia, nor a repository of professional texts, although we also store professional texts here. I wonder if blank pages or lengthy narration are not more a methodology within a certain course. In short, Wikiversity cannot be judged through the lens of Wikipedia. Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikibooks and other content focus projects can be judged through the lens of Wikipedia, but I find it debatable for Wikiversity @[[User:Artoria2e5|Artoria2e5]].
:Otherwise, for ordinary inflated or less quality text, there are control mechanisms such as [[:w:Wikipedia:Recent changes patrol|patrol]] and monitoring of watchlist, which could also be applied to text created by artificial intelligence. The problem with AI texts, however, is the speed of creation, so I would be in favor of adopting this special policy that would allow such text to be categorized. Ones its categorized, it could be easily checked. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:10, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::{{quote|IMHO the biggest issue with &quot;AI-generated content&quot; is the long-winded, low-information-density writing style it defaults to, complete with unnecessary use of lists over prose and boldening of text.}}
::I think this could be developed into a useful resource where we suggest ways to type shorter text to a &quot;Quasi-AI&quot;, ie. &quot;Always reply with max 20 word responses to my input and if you type more words then your next response will be more limited each time I notice it&quot; (something like this, so the instructions  to the &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; and to any human reading the input understands what the goal is). That way anybody reading the text doesn't have to read a jungle of text. I myself have a problem with typing a lot of text and I believe &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; could be human's next best friend.(my reference is regarding &quot;The dog is human's best friend&quot;). This text was 100% human generated.
:[[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:29, 2 May 2026 (UTC)

== I'm worried about my text becoming too much ==

If my input / output archive of AI Prompts becomes too much or if you have an idea for how I can better save space, please let me know on my talk page. I'm trying to use the &quot;quasi-AI&quot; tools both to motivate me and to become bolder(&quot;be bold&quot;) in my editing.

I already know text takes up very little space but still I'm worried for some reason...maybe worried to try new things, like documenting extensively what I type to the &quot;Auasi-AI&quot; and I usually copy and text a lot of repeating texts so I'm worried about the text size building up &quot;exponentially&quot;.

Part of the reason for posting this is because sometimes or most of the time when I'm in a specific &quot;psychological mood&quot; I'm feeling like all the ground is just thin ice. So maybe today I want to contribute but I feel like I'm on thin ice. All might just be an illusion that I have to go through. If anyone got any advice for any resource you got(maybe even more preferable if it is &quot;AI-generated&quot;) please let me know if it can help contributors/learners become bolder. 

I hope that in the future we will accept &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; edits so much more so that we may even ask people who may struggle with understanding and outputting human text might be encouraged to use a &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; for their output, ie. my father asked me to use a &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; because he can't stand my &quot;blathering&quot; because he prefers &quot;spartanic minimalism&quot; and saying more with less text. This text was 100% human generated. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:11, 2 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kdaetd7k6g6ojk1n34eru20377p2gia</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dc.samizdat/Golden chords of the 120-cell</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>326765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807398</id>
      <parentid>2807195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T17:10:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Introduction */</comment>
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      <text bytes="44716" sha1="bkfcw1ab4e7a0rf02kaj18yvr068e2m" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever way 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[W:16-cell|16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;. 

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 3 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=\sqrt{2(4 + \sqrt{8})} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occur in the 16-cell.

The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. The two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant rotation planes, because all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane, and takes every vertex to its antipodal vertex 180° degrees away. All the vertices move at once, displaced 180° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. The trajectory of each vertex is a one-eighth segment of its [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle in one of the two completely orthogonal invariant rotation planes, as they tilt sideways into each other's plane. When the isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 180° to its antipodal position, but from the new orientation where the vertex is on the opposite side of the 16-cell departing in the opposite direction. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once, and returns to its original position.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>bkfcw1ab4e7a0rf02kaj18yvr068e2m</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2807439</id>
      <parentid>2807398</parentid>
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        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
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      <text bytes="44970" sha1="jstrjcw8cz5ep7g09v5sxykj9biapti" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever way 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[W:16-cell|16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;. 

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 3 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=\sqrt{2(4 + \sqrt{8})} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occur in the 16-cell.

The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. The two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant rotation planes, because all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane, and takes every vertex to its antipodal vertex 180° degrees away. All the vertices move at once, displaced 180° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. The trajectory of each vertex is a one-eighth segment of its [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle in one of the two completely orthogonal invariant rotation planes, as they tilt sideways into each other's plane. When the isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 180° to its antipodal position, but from the new orientation where the vertex is on the opposite side of the 16-cell departing in the opposite direction. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once, and returns to its original position.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
news n m In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon, in 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, and in 4-space we have the radially equilateral 16-point tesseract and the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell.


...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>jstrjcw8cz5ep7g09v5sxykj9biapti</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Communications Law in Spain</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807428</id>
      <parentid>2807084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T01:35:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ckrebs12</username>
        <id>3052082</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>edit to final 4 modules</comment>
      <origin>2807428</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="95296" sha1="025dhczbxuz1drpeo8tlvcger0gypwi" xml:space="preserve">== '''&lt;big&gt;Communication Law in Spain&lt;/big&gt;''' ==

===== Introduction =====
Spain is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229#:~:text=24%3A%20%23a18%5D-,Art%C3%ADculo%2018,2.|title=BOE-A-1978-31229 Constitución Española.|website=www.constituteproject.org|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/spain_en|title=Spain – EU country {{!}} European Union|website=european-union.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the monarch serves as head of state, political power is exercised through a democratic parliamentary system led by a prime minister and the national legislature known as the Cortes Generales.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/leyfundamental/paginas/titulo_tercero.aspx|title=Part III The Cortes Generales|website=www.lamoncloa.gob.es|language=en|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/cortesgenerales/index.html?lang=en|title=Parliament (Cortes Generales) - Spanish Senate (official website)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spain is also a highly decentralized state composed of seventeen Autonomous Communities, each with its own regional government and authority over areas such as culture, language policy, and public broadcasting.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In addition to its domestic institutions, Spain operates within a broader European legal framework as a member of the European Union and a party to international human rights agreements such as the European Convention on Human Rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt;

Modern debates over communication law in Spain are also deeply influenced by the country’s twentieth-century history. From 1939 until 1975 Spain was governed by the authoritarian dictatorship of General Francisco Franco, during which the state exercised strict control over political speech and media institutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/articles/francisco-franco|title=Francisco Franco - Biography, Facts &amp; Death|last=Editors|first=HISTORY com|date=2009-11-09|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following Franco’s death, Spain underwent a democratic transition that culminated in the adoption of the 1978 Constitution, which established modern protections for freedom of expression and democratic pluralism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://adst.org/2016/06/spains-post-franco-emergence-dictatorship-democracy/|title=Spain’s Post-Franco Emergence from Dictatorship to Democracy – Association for Diplomatic Studies &amp; Training|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; These historical experiences continue to shape contemporary debates over speech, protest, and public memory in Spain.

== &lt;big&gt;Sources and Institutions Of Communication Law In Spain&lt;/big&gt; ==

=== '''National Sources and Institutions''' ===

===== Constitutional Foundations of Communication Law =====
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the supreme legal authority governing communication rights in Spain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Only a few provisions directly address communication, but they shape disputes involving the press, privacy, defamation, surveillance, and protest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

The first major provision is Article 20, which protects freedom of expression and information.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It guarantees freedom of expression, creative and academic freedom, the right to communicate and receive truthful information, and the prohibition of prior censorship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This is the backbone of Spanish communication law.

But Article 20 is not a blank check. Article 20(4) makes clear that expression has limits when it collides with other constitutional rights. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In other words, Spain builds speech protection and speech limits into the same constitutional design.

That leads to the second key provision: Article 18, which protects privacy, honor, and the secrecy of communications. Article 18 expressly protects the right to honor, personal and family privacy, personal image, and the secrecy of communications.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; These protections frequently arise in modern communication disputes. For example, in Spanish Constitutional Court decision STC 104/1986, the court examined whether a newspaper report accusing a businessman of misconduct violated his constitutional right to honor, emphasizing the need to balance expression with protection of reputation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es/en/Resolucion/Show/104|title=HJ System - Decision: SENTENCIA 62/1982|website=hj.tribunalconstitucional.es|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important principle in the Spanish constitutional system is the protection of the “essential content” of fundamental rights, often referred to as the ''núcleo esencial''. Rooted in Article 10 and Section I on fundamental rights, this principle holds that certain core aspects of rights cannot be undermined by the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/leyfundamental/paginas/titulo_primero.aspx|title=Part I Fundamental Rights and Duties|website=www.lamoncloa.gob.es|language=en|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; The doctrine reflects Spain’s constitutional commitment to human dignity and the free development of personality. In practice, rights may be regulated but not restricted in ways that destroy their core substance. Rights such as expression, life, and physical integrity retain a protected core beyond ordinary political decision-making.

An interesting wrinkle in the Spanish Constitution is Article 10(2), often called the international interpretation clause.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It requires that constitutional rights be interpreted in conformity with international human rights treaties ratified by Spain. That strengthens the influence of European and international human-rights standards inside Spain’s own constitutional system. For example, in ''Stern Taulats and Roura Capellera v. Spain'' (2018), the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Spain violated freedom of expression after protesters were convicted for burning photographs of the King during a political demonstration, illustrating how international courts shape constitutional speech protections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#%7B%22itemid%22:%5B%22001-181719%22%5D%7D|title=HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights|website=hudoc.echr.coe.int|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Regulatory Authorities =====
Spain relies on regulatory authorities to implement and supervise communication law.

The National Commission on Markets and Competition (CNMC) oversees telecommunications and audiovisual markets in Spain, with a role that blends sector oversight with competition regulation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnmc.es/|title=Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia {{!}} CNMC|website=www.cnmc.es|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Spanish Data Protection Agency (AEPD) enforces the GDPR and Organic Law 3/2018, and it is one of the main places where “digital rights” become real—through guidance, enforcement, and sanctions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aepd.es/|title=Agencia Española de Protección de Datos {{!}} AEPD|website=www.aepd.es|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-16673|title=BOE-A-2018-16673 Ley Orgánica 3/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de Protección de Datos Personales y garantía de los derechos digitales.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digital.gob.es/|title=Regulation - 2016/679 - EN - gdpr - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Ministry for Digital Transformation and Public Function plays a coordinating role for national telecommunications and digital policy, including the domestic implementation of EU digital regulation. The ministry also oversees the allocation of radio frequencies, a critical responsibility because the radio spectrum is a limited public resource used by mobile networks, television broadcasting, satellite communications, and other wireless technologies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digital.gob.es/|title=Portal MTDFP {{!}} Inicio|website=digital.gob.es|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

===== National Legislative Framework =====
Spain does not rely solely on the Constitution and international treaties to regulate communication.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.echr.coe.int/european-convention-on-human-rights|title=European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) - EUR-Lex|date=2009-12-01|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Spain can pass national legislation governing communication as long as it stays consistent with superior constitutional and supranational law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://curia.europa.eu/site/jcms/d2_5093/en/the-court-of-justice|title=Court of Justice of the European Union|website=curia|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The General Audiovisual Communication Law (Law 13/2022) regulates television, radio, and on-demand audiovisual services, including licensing, protection of minors, advertising standards, and media pluralism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Ley 13/2022, de 7 de julio, General de Comunicación Audiovisual|url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/07/07/13|date=2022-07-08|accessdate=2026-03-02|pages=96114–96220|issue=Ley 13/2022|last=Jefatura del Estado}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also functions as Spain’s main implementation of AVMSD requirements.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

The General Telecommunications Law (Law 11/2022) regulates electronic communications networks and services, including spectrum allocation and operator licensing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ppp.worldbank.org/library/general-de-telecomunicaciones-ley-11-2022|title=General de Telecomunicaciones Ley 11/2022|website=PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PARTNERSHIP LEGAL RESOURCE CENTER|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Article 149.1.21 of the Constitution, telecommunications is an exclusive competence of the State.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In other words, national control ensures consistent regulation of telecommunications across Spain’s 17 Autonomous Communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

On privacy, Spain applies the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and complements it through Organic Law 3/2018 (LOPDGDD), which regulates data processing and sets out digital rights in domestic law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; This framework includes digital rights such as the “right to erasure” (“right to be forgotten”).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Finally, Organic Law 1/1982 on the Protection of Honor, Privacy, and Personal Image provides civil remedies when freedom of expression conflicts with personal dignity, basically, when speech unlawfully harms reputation or private life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1982-11196|title=BOE-A-1982-11196 Ley Orgánica 1/1982, de 5 de mayo, de protección civil del derecho al honor, a la intimidad personal y familiar y a la propia imagen.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; This law operationalizes the protections in Article 18 in everyday disputes involving media reporting and personal reputation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

===== Regional (Autonomous Community) Regulation =====
[[File:Autonomous communities of Spain no names-gl.svg|thumb|'''The 17 Autonomous communities of Spain''']]
Spain is a decentralized state composed of 17 Autonomous Communities. While telecommunications remains a national competence under Article 149, Autonomous Communities still influence communication in meaningful ways, especially through public broadcasting and language policy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Autonomous Communities may create and regulate their own public broadcasting corporations. For example, Catalonia operates the Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals (CCMA)&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.3cat.cat/corporatiu/en/el-grup/|title=The Group - CCMA|last=3Cat|website=3Cat|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Basque Country operates EITB.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eitb.eus/en/|title=EITB|website=www.eitb.eus|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; These bodies operate under regional frameworks but still sit under national and EU rules that shape audiovisual services more generally.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Some regions also maintain audiovisual supervisory authorities. Catalonia, for example, has the Consell de l’Audiovisual de Catalunya (CAC), which oversees audiovisual services within the region and has a particular focus on standards tied to language and culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cac.cat/|title=Consell de l'Auidovisual de Catalunya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Regional governments also regulate language and cultural policy. Autonomous Communities with co-official languages may adopt measures that promote regional-language media and broadcasting quotas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; These policies shape what audiences actually see and hear day-to-day, but they still must remain consistent with Spain’s constitutional protections and EU standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== '''International''' '''Sources and Institutions''' ===

===== European Union Law =====
	As an EU Member State, Spain is bound by European Union law, including the principle that EU law has primacy in areas where the EU has competence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; EU rules increasingly shape digital communication and audiovisual markets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/treaty/char_2012/oj/eng|date=2012-10-26|accessdate=2026-03-02|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj/eng|title=Regulation - 2022/2065 - EN - DSA - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2010 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services Directive) (Codified version) (Text with EEA relevance)|url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2010/13/oj/eng|date=2010-03-10|accessdate=2026-03-02|volume=095|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Article 11 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights protects freedom of expression and media pluralism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; When acting within EU law, Spanish authorities must comply with these protections.

Two major EU instruments show how direct this influence can be. First, the Digital Services Act (Regulation (EU) 2022/2065) regulates online platforms and intermediary services across the EU, with transparency duties, processes for handling illegal content, and heightened obligations for very large online platforms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Spain must enforce these rules through its national system.

Second, the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) sets EU-wide standards for television and on-demand audiovisual services, including advertising rules, protections for minors, and promotion of European content.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Spain’s General Audiovisual Communication Law (2022) implements these European requirements in national law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===== International Obligations =====
	Spain is also a party to major international human rights treaties that shape communication law.

Spain participates in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), a specialized agency of the United Nations that administers international systems for protecting intellectual property. WIPO maintains global databases for searching patents, trademarks, and industrial designs across jurisdictions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/|title=WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the PATENTSCOPE database allows users to search millions of international patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, while the Global Brand Database provides access to trademark records from national and international registries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/search.jsf|title=WIPO - Search International and National Patent Collections|website=patentscope.wipo.int|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; These tools help prevent conflicting claims and support cross-border protection of intellectual property.

Spain is also a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which protects freedom of expression in Article 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|website=OHCHR|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of Article 10(2) of the Spanish Constitution, Spain’s courts must read domestic constitutional rights consistently with these kinds of international commitments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

A key upshot of this layered legal system is that freedom of expression in Spain is not at the mercy of the national political process alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Because Spain operates within a broader European and international legal order, attempts to narrow expression face external legal constraints.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; This layered system makes it less likely that core expressive freedoms will be reduced.

== &lt;big&gt;Freedom of Expression and Dignity in Spain&lt;/big&gt; ==

===== Constitutional Balance: Expression and Honor =====
Spain protects freedom of expression under Article 20 of the 1978 Constitution, which guarantees the right to express and disseminate ideas and to communicate and receive truthful information, while prohibiting prior censorship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; At the same time, Article 18 protects the right to honor, privacy, and personal image, protections that are further implemented through Organic Law 1/1982 on the Protection of Honor, Privacy, and Personal Image.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; The substance of these two provisions often collide, especially because Spanish courts treat them as equally serious constitutional commitments.

Unlike systems that treat speech as nearly absolute, Spain’s Constitutional Court uses a balancing approach. When expression conflicts with dignity or reputation, courts weigh the competing rights while ensuring that the essential content (''núcleo esencial'') of each constitutional right is preserved, meaning that neither freedom of expression nor the protection of honor and privacy may be restricted in a way that destroys their core substance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; In practice, this can mean allowing strong criticism of public officials or institutions when it contributes to democratic debate, while still permitting legal remedies when speech crosses into false factual allegations or serious attacks on personal reputation. Spanish constitutional jurisprudence has repeatedly emphasized that freedom of expression has a “preferred position” in democratic debate, especially when speech concerns political issues or public officials.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; But that preferred position does not make it untouchable.

This framework reflects Spain’s transition to democracy after the Franco dictatorship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/work-document/international-dimensions-of-democratisation-revisiting-the-spanish-case/|title=International dimensions of democratisation: revisiting the Spanish case|last=Powell|first=Charles|website=Elcano Royal Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1978 Constitution placed strong emphasis on open public debate as essential to pluralism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; At the same time, dignity is considered a foundational value of the constitutional order. This dual commitment to democratic openness and protection of personal honor defines Spain’s speech doctrine.

===== The Importance of Veracity =====
One distinctive feature of Spanish law is the requirement of “veracity.” Veracity in ethics is the principle of truth-telling, requiring professionals to be honest, transparent, and accurate in all communications to foster trust. Article 20 protects the right to communicate “truthful information.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Courts do not interpret this to mean that journalists must prove absolute truth.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Instead, they must show that they acted with reasonable diligence in verifying their information.

This standard recognizes human limits: reporters and witnesses cannot know “the whole truth.” What matters is whether they checked reliable sources and acted in good faith. If they do, even mistaken reporting may still be protected. If they fail to verify serious factual claims that harm someone’s reputation, liability may follow.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

The Constitutional Court has distinguished sharply between opinions and factual statements.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Opinions, especially political opinions, receive strong protection, even when harsh or offensive. Factual allegations that damage someone’s honor are treated differently. In defamation cases, courts examine whether the information contributed to public debate or merely harmed reputation without public interest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

===== Terrorism, the Monarchy, and Controversial Speech =====
The limits of Spain’s balancing approach become most visible in politically sensitive cases.

Following decades of violence by the Basque terrorist group ETA, Spain criminalized the glorification of terrorism and humiliation of victims under Article 578 of the Criminal Code.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/18760|title=Penal Code (Organic Law No. 10/1995 of November 23, 1995, as amended up to Organic Law No. 2/2019 of March 1, 2019), Spain, WIPO Lex|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fibgar.es/en/the-human-rights-committee-urges-spain-to-protect-freedom-of-expression-and-human-rights-defenders/|title=The Human Rights Committee urges Spain to protect freedom of expression and human rights defenders|last=Fibgar|date=2025-08-06|website=FIBGAR|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Supporters argue that these laws protect democratic stability and the dignity of victims. Critics argue that they have sometimes been applied too broadly, including against musicians and social media users.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur41/001/2014/en/|title=Spain: The right to protest under threat|date=2014-04-24|website=Amnesty International|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Otegi Mondragón v. Spain (2011), a Basque politician was convicted for referring to the King as the “chief of the torturers.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/spa?i=001-103951|title=HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights|website=hudoc.echr.coe.int|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spain’s courts upheld the conviction, but the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the conviction violated freedom of expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Strasbourg court emphasized that political speech, even when provocative, deserves heightened protection and that public institutions must tolerate stronger criticism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;

A similar controversy arose in Stern Taulats and Roura Capellera v. Spain (2018), involving protesters who burned photographs of the King during a political demonstration.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-181724|title=HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights|website=hudoc.echr.coe.int|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spanish courts treated the act as an insult to the Crown. The European Court again ruled that Spain had violated freedom of expression, finding that the act was symbolic political protest rather than incitement to violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;

Artistic expression has also generated debate. The prosecution of rappers such as Valtonyc for lyrics praising terrorist groups or insulting state institutions sparked international criticism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arisa-project.eu/the-presumption-of-innocence-and-the-media-coverage-of-criminal-cases/|title=The Presumption of Innocence and the Media Coverage of Criminal Cases|last=admin|date=2021-05-13|website=Arisa|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://njc.dk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Putting-the-chill-in-media-freedom-and-free-speech-.pdf|title=Putting	the	chill	in media	freedom	and	free	speech}}&lt;/ref&gt;Some observers argued that criminal sanctions risked chilling artistic freedom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; Others defended the prosecutions as necessary to prevent normalization of violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

These cases reveal a deeper tension in Spain over how far a democracy can go in protecting institutional dignity and social peace without narrowing the space for dissent.

===== Ongoing Debate: Dignity-Centered Democracy =====
Spain’s speech model is often described as dignity-centered. Human dignity is explicitly recognized in Article 10 of the Constitution as a foundational principle of the legal order.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Courts therefore treat attacks on honor, reputation, or institutional integrity as constitutionally significant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

Some scholars argue that this model reflects a mature constitutional democracy that refuses to sacrifice personal dignity in the name of absolute speech.[35][36] They see Spain’s approach as consistent with broader European human rights traditions, where proportionality and balancing are central.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;

Others argue that criminal penalties for offensive speech, especially in political or artistic contexts, create a chilling effect and discourage open debate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; They point to repeated rulings from the European Court of Human Rights pushing Spain toward stronger protection of political expression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;

Spain’s doctrine continues to evolve through judicial dialogue between national courts and European institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;The result is a system that seeks to protect democratic debate while also preserving the constitutional value of dignity, a balance that remains contested and actively debated.

== &lt;big&gt;Spain’s 2015 Citizen Security Law (“Gag Law”)&lt;/big&gt; ==
[[File:Manifestación contra la Ley Mordaza en Madrid 20-12-2014 - 07.jpg|thumb|On December 20, 2014, protesters in Madrid demonstrated against Spain’s new Citizens Security Law, known as the &quot;Gag Law&quot; (Ley Mordaza)]]
The Citizen Security Law (Ley Orgánica 4/2015 de protección de la seguridad ciudadana) is a Spanish national law that entered into force on 1 July 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-3442|title=BOE-A-2015-3442 Ley Orgánica 4/2015, de 30 de marzo, de protección de la seguridad ciudadana.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is widely known in public debate as the “Gag Law” (Ley Mordaza), a nickname given by critics who argue that it discourages protest and limits free expression through financial penalties rather than formal censorship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/03/09/spain-reject-flawed-public-security-bill|title=Spain: Reject Flawed Public Security Bill {{!}} Human Rights Watch|date=2015-03-09|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/03/spain-two-pronged-assault-targets-rights-and-freedoms/|title=Spain: Two-pronged assault targets rights and freedoms of Spanish citizens, migrants and refugees|date=2015-03-26|website=Amnesty International|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The law was introduced by Spain’s government as a modernization of public-order regulations. Officials stated that it was designed to provide clearer rules for police operations, maintain public security, and respond to disruptive protest activity. Supporters emphasize that the law does not establish prior censorship and does not criminalize political opinions as such.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;

Critics, however, argue that while the Constitution only prohibits prior censorship, the Gag Law creates a system of administrative fines imposed after expression, which can still discourage participation in protests and public criticism. They contend that heavy fines can have a chilling effect, especially on journalists and activists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;

===== Key Provisions of The Citizen Security Law =====
The Citizen Security Law establishes a detailed system of administrative infractions and sanctions. Fines range from several hundred euros to up to €600,000 in the most serious cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/12/spain-security-law-protesters-freedom-expression|title=Spain puts 'gag' on freedom of expression as senate approves security law|last=Kassam|first=Ashifa|date=2015-03-12|work=The Guardian|access-date=2026-03-02|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Among the most controversial provisions are:

* Fines (up to €600) for holding public demonstrations without prior notification, even if peaceful
* Fines (up to €600) for protests that deviate from approved routes
* Fines (up to €30,000) for protests causing disturbances near Parliament or regional government buildings
* Fines (up to €600,000) for unauthorized protests near key infrastructure (airports, nuclear plants, refineries, transport hubs)
* Fines (up to €30,000) for obstructing police or officials carrying out evictions or court orders
* Fines (up to €30,000) for recording or publishing images of police officers if deemed to endanger their safety or an operation&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;

Human rights organizations have argued that the wording of some provisions is broad and gives authorities significant discretion in enforcement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;

===== International Reaction =====
The “Gag law” was met with strong criticism from international human rights groups even before it entered into force. Human Rights Watch warned that the legislation undermined freedom of assembly and expression by allowing heavy fines for peaceful protest and for recording police conduct.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;

Amnesty International described the law as a threat to civil liberties and warned that restrictions on filming police could weaken transparency and accountability.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) also raised concerns that the law could deter media coverage of demonstrations and police activity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2015/05/why-spains-new-gag-law-is-threat-to-free-flow-of-i/|title=Why Spain's new gag law is threat to free flow of information|last=Blogger|first=Borja Bergareche/CPJ Guest|date=2015-05-01|website=Committee to Protect Journalists|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, United Nations Special Rapporteurs expressed concern that the law’s provisions were overly broad and risked arbitrary enforcement against peaceful protesters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2015/02/two-legal-reform-projects-undermine-rights-assembly-and-expression-spain-un|title=“Two legal reform projects undermine the rights of assembly and expression in Spain” - UN experts|website=OHCHR|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Javier Bauluz Case =====
One widely cited case involved Spanish photojournalist Javier Bauluz, a Pulitzer Prize–winning photographer, who was fined €960 under the Citizen Security Law after a confrontation with police while documenting migrant arrivals in the Canary Islands in November 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfrr.eu/spain-fine-against-photographer-underscores-urgent-need-for-reform-of-gag-law/|title=Spain: Fine against photographer underscores urgent need for reform of Gag Law|last=MFRR|date=2022-06-21|website=Media Freedom Rapid Response|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had been photographing rescue boats arriving in Arguineguín, where thousands of migrants were being held in conditions later described by a judge as “deplorable.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Video of the incident shows officers grabbing him and ordering him to leave, and he was later fined for “disrespecting an agent” and “refusing to identify himself,” though he said he had complied and was simply doing his job.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/14/photographer-capturing-migrant-camp-fined-1000-under-spains-gag-law|title=Photographer capturing migrant camp fined €1,000 under Spain’s ‘gag law’|last=Kassam|first=Ashifa|date=2022-06-14|work=The Guardian|access-date=2026-03-02|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;

The fine arrived more than a year later and gave little explanation beyond citing provisions of the law. Bauluz rejected the sanction, arguing that police were limiting press access to prevent journalists from properly documenting the situation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt; He criticized the Gag Law for converting disputes into administrative fines imposed directly by authorities rather than matters handled through criminal courts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

The case became a symbol of broader concerns that the law can be used to penalize journalists reporting on police activity. Press freedomorganizations and media groups condemned the fine and called for reform, arguing that the law enables arbitrary sanctions and threatens freedom of expression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt; Although Spain’s Constitutional Court upheld most of the law in 2021, critics continue to argue that reform is necessary to bring it in line with international human rights standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;

===== Constitutional Court Review =====
Spain’s Constitutional Court reviewed the Citizen Security Law following multiple constitutional challenges. In Constitutional Court decision STC 172/2020, the Court upheld most provisions of the law but clarified limits on its application, particularly regarding sanctions for the use or dissemination of images of police officers. The Court emphasized that penalties cannot be applied in ways that effectively restrict legitimate journalistic reporting or public documentation of police activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es/HJ/es/Resolucion/Show/26498|title=Sistema HJ - Resolución: SENTENCIA 172/2020|website=hj.tribunalconstitucional.es|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the most controversial aspects of the ruling was the Court’s decision to uphold the provision allowing administrative fines when photographs or videos of police officers are published in ways that could endanger an officer’s safety or interfere with an ongoing operation.

The Constitutional Court clarified that the mere act of recording or photographing police officers during public events or demonstrations is not automatically illegal. Instead, sanctions may only be imposed when the dissemination of those images creates a concrete risk to the safety of officers or interferes with a police operation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot; /&gt; For example, publishing images that reveal the identity of undercover officers or expose the location of police units during an active operation could justify sanctions. By contrast, photographing police activity during public demonstrations for journalistic reporting or public accountability generally falls within the protections of freedom of expression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://solermartinabogados.com/en/can-i-record-the-police-can-they-force-me-to-erase-the-images-i-have-recorded-of-them/|title=Can I record the police in Spain? rights, limits|date=2025-10-06|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Court emphasized that enforcement must respect constitutional guarantees of freedom of expression and assembly. However, it did not invalidate the core structure of the law, leaving its administrative sanction framework intact.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.article19.org/resources/spain-time-to-end-to-repressive-gag-law/|title=Spain: Time to end repressive 'Gag Law'|date=2024-08-20|website=ARTICLE 19|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== The Ongoing Debate =====
The Citizen Security Law remains one of the most politically divisive laws in Spain’s contemporary democracy.

Supporters argue that the law provides necessary tools to maintain order and protect both police officers and the public. They stress that fines are administrative rather than criminal penalties and are subject to judicial review. From this perspective, the law regulates conduct rather than suppressing political ideas.

Critics, by contrast, argue that the law creates a climate of deterrence. Even without criminal prosecution, the risk of substantial fines may discourage citizens from participating in spontaneous demonstrations or from documenting police actions. Civil liberties groups describe this as a “chilling effect” on democratic participation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;

Reform efforts have repeatedly emerged in Spain’s national legislature, particularly from left-leaning parties that argue the law should be revised or partially repealed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/reform-of-spain-s-contested-security-law-fails-9b1f9a5|title=Reform Of Spain's Contested Security Law Fails|last=Presse|first=AFP-Agence France|website=barrons|language=en-us|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; These parties contend that provisions related to protest, public demonstrations, and the recording of police activity give authorities too much discretion and risk discouraging political participation. By contrast, many right-leaning parties have defended the law, arguing that it provides necessary tools for maintaining public order and protecting police officers, especially during large demonstrations and periods of political unrest. As a result, proposals to substantially reform the law have often stalled due to political disagreement in parliament.&lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/csos-warn-decision-not-to-reform-gag-law-is-bad-news-for-human-rights-in-spain/|title=CSOs warn decision not to reform “Gag Law” is “bad news for human rights in Spain”|website=Civicus Monitor|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://russpain.com/en/news-3/spanish-parliament-stuck-on-security-law-reform-398037/|title=The political scene is heating up: growing disagreements, unexpected pressure and intrigue in parliament|last=Rubio|first=Ricardo|date=2026-02-23|website=RUSSPAIN.COM|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This divide reflects broader political tensions in Spain. Supporters of reform frequently frame the law as a legacy of a more security-focused approach to governance that emerged during periods of economic crisis and protest movements in the 2010s. Opponents of reform argue that weakening the law could undermine the ability of authorities to manage demonstrations and maintain public safety. Because these disagreements map closely onto Spain’s left-right political divide, efforts to significantly change the Citizen Security Law have proven difficult despite ongoing public debate.

== &lt;big&gt;Spain’s Historical Memory Act&lt;/big&gt; ==

===== Historical Background and Democratic Transition =====
[[File:Francisco Franco 1930.jpg|thumb|'''Francisco Franco in 1930, when he was still a rising officer in the Spanish army, years before the Spanish Civil War brought him to power and led to his long dictatorship.''']]
Spain’s contemporary debate over historical memory is rooted in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and the subsequent dictatorship of General Francisco Franco, which lasted until 1975.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Owens|first=Lawrence S.|date=2021|title=Timoteo Mendieta Alcalá and the Pact of Forgetting: trauma analysis of execution victims from a Spanish Civil War mass burial site at Guadalajara, Castilla la Mancha|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8212665/|journal=Forensic Science International. Synergy|volume=3|pages=100156|doi=10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100156|issn=2589-871X|pmc=8212665|pmid=34179739}}&lt;/ref&gt; The war divided the country along political, ideological, and religious lines and resulted in widespread repression, imprisonment, and executions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Owens|first=Lawrence S.|date=2021|title=Timoteo Mendieta Alcalá and the Pact of Forgetting: trauma analysis of execution victims from a Spanish Civil War mass burial site at Guadalajara, Castilla la Mancha|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8212665/|journal=Forensic Science International. Synergy|volume=3|pages=100156|doi=10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100156|issn=2589-871X|pmc=8212665|pmid=34179739}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Boyd|first=Carolyn P.|date=2008|title=The Politics of History and Memory in Democratic Spain|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25098018|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=617|pages=133–148|issn=0002-7162}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Franco’s victory, the regime promoted an official narrative that framed the conflict as a defense of national unity and Catholic identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; Public monuments, street names, memorials, and religious symbols commemorating the dictatorship were erected throughout Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/e113f9f5-d512-4bfa-bd72-9c150cec2d32/content|title=Historical Memory in Post-Franco
Spain: Remembering a Purposely
Forgotten Past through
Memorialization at the Valle de los
Caídos in Cuelgamuros}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following Franco’s death in 1975, Spain transitioned to democracy through a negotiated political process often referred to as the “Transition.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/cda590b3-0ba4-45b8-98c4-4333e42f5ed6/content|title=MEMORY AND RECONCILIATION IN THE
SPANISH TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY:
1975-1982}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this period, political leaders adopted what became known as the “Pact of Forgetting” (Pacto del Olvido), an informal political understanding that prioritized reconciliation and democratic stability over reopening Civil War-era grievances.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent|title=Sage Journals: Discover world-class research|website=Sage Journals|language=en|doi=10.1177/026569149702700303|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1977 Amnesty Law granted broad amnesty for politically motivated crimes committed during the dictatorship.

By the early 2000s, civil society organizations began advocating for greater recognition of victims of Franco-era repression, including efforts to identify mass graves and remove public symbols associated with the dictatorship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scispace.com/pdf/the-return-of-civil-war-ghosts-the-ethnography-of-2j8mponmed.pdf|title=The return of Civil War ghosts
The ethnography of exhumations in contemporary Spain}}&lt;/ref&gt; Supporters argued that democratic consolidation required public acknowledgment of historical injustices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254084329_Determinants_of_Attitudes_Toward_Transitional_Justice_An_Empirical_Analysis_of_the_Spanish_Case|title=Determinants of Attitudes Toward Transitional Justice: An Empirical Analysis of the Spanish Case}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, Spain enacted Law 52/2007, commonly known as the Historical Memory Act.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reparations.qub.ac.uk/assets/uploads/Ley-52-2007-Spain-EN.pdf|title=Ley 52-2007 Spain EN.docx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== The 2007 Historical Memory Act =====
Law 52/2007 recognizes and expands rights for individuals who suffered persecution or violence during the Civil War and dictatorship. Its preamble states that it is not the role of the legislator to impose a specific collective memory, but rather to promote democratic values and protect personal and family memory as expressions of democratic citizenship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;

At the same time, the law mandates the removal of “shields, insignia, plaques and other objects or commemorative mentions” that exalt the military uprising, Civil War, or repression of the dictatorship from public buildings and spaces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; It also supports efforts to locate and identify victims of repression and provides symbolic recognition to those who suffered under the regime.

The Act represents a shift from the earlier policy of institutional silence toward a more active engagement with the legacy of the dictatorship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;

The main provisions are:
* Official recognition of victims of political, religious, and ideological violence on both sides of the Civil War and under Franco’s rule
* Formal condemnation of the Franco regime
* Ban on political events at the Valley of the Fallen, where Franco was buried
* Removal of public symbols, plaques, statues, and insignia that celebrate the military coup or the dictatorship (with limited exceptions for artistic, architectural, or religious reasons)
* Government support for locating, identifying, and exhuming victims buried in mass graves
* Spanish citizenship granted to surviving members of the International Brigades without requiring them to give up their original nationality
* Declaration that Franco-era trials and laws lacked legitimacy
* Temporary changes to nationality rules allowing people who left Spain during the dictatorship — and their descendants — to reclaim Spanish citizenship
* Financial and symbolic assistance for victims and their families

===== Supporters’ and Critics’ Perspective =====
Supporters of the Historical Memory Act argue that it reflects a mature democratic commitment to historical justice and human dignity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/05/spain-passes-law-to-bring-dignity-to-franco-era-victims|title=Spain passes law to bring ‘justice’ to Franco-era victims|last=Jones|first=Sam|date=2022-10-05|work=The Guardian|access-date=2026-03-02|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/world/europe/28spain.html|title=Bill in Spanish Parliament Aims to End ‘Amnesia’ About Civil War Victims|last=Burnett|first=Victoria|date=2007-10-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2026-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; From this perspective, a constitutional democracy cannot maintain public symbols that glorify authoritarian rule. Removing such symbols is seen not as erasing history, but as ending official state endorsement of a particular political narrative.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;

Advocates also emphasize the “right to truth” for victims and their families, aligning Spain with broader international human rights standards concerning recognition, memory, and accountability.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.swisspeace.ch/assets/publications/downloads/Gonzalez-Garcia_WorkingPaper_2_2023.pdf|title=The Search for Truth in Spain: Debates Around the Creation of a Truth Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reports by United Nations Special Rapporteurs have encouraged Spain to strengthen efforts related to truth, justice, and reparation for victims of Franco-era repression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/02/461222|title=UN expert urges Spain to probe alleged atrocities during 1930's civil war}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For supporters, the law corrects decades of imbalance in public memory and promotes constitutional values grounded in democracy and human rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur41/001/2013/en/|title=Spain: Supreme Court overturns ban on full-face veils; AI concerns remain about restrictions on headscarves in schools|date=2013-04-08|website=Amnesty International|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Critics argue that the Historical Memory Act risks politicizing historical interpretation by privileging one narrative over others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/09/17/the-spanish-government-proposes-a-new-law-on-history|title=The Spanish government proposes a new law on history|work=The Economist|access-date=2026-03-02|issn=0013-0613}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/24/world/europe/24iht-spain.4.8039804.html|title=Spain undergoes wrenching awakening from 'amnesia'|last=Burnett|first=Victoria|date=2007-10-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2026-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some scholars contend that legislative intervention in historical memory can transform contested historical debate into state-defined orthodoxy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; Opponents also argue that removing monuments may constitute symbolic erasure rather than genuine reconciliation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot; /&gt; They maintain that democratic societies should allow historical interpretation to evolve through open public discourse rather than through statutory mandates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt;

Much of this debate has centered on the Valle de los Caídos (Valley of the Fallen) memorial complex, one of the most prominent and controversial symbols associated with Spain’s Civil War and the Franco dictatorship. The massive monument, built after the war and located near Madrid, contains a basilica carved into a mountain and a large cross that dominates the surrounding landscape. For decades it served as the burial site of General Francisco Franco as well as thousands of victims from both sides of the Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50164806|title=Franco exhumation: Spanish dictator's remains moved|date=2019-10-24|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/24/franco-exhumation-spain-dictator-madrid|title='Spain is fulfilling its duty to itself': Franco's remains exhumed|last=Jones|first=Sam|date=2019-10-24|work=The Guardian|access-date=2026-03-02|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Supporters of Spain’s memory laws argue that the site symbolized the continued public prominence of Franco’s regime, while critics argue that the complex represents an important historical monument whose meaning should be debated rather than reshaped through legislation.

The controversy intensified when the Spanish government ordered the exhumation of Franco’s remains from the site in 2019, relocating them to a different cemetery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/presidente/news/Paginas/2019/20191024-statement.aspx|title=Institutional statement by Acting President of the Government regarding exhumation of Francisco Franco}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government justified the decision as part of a broader democratic memory policy aimed at preventing the memorial from functioning as a place of political homage to the dictatorship. Critics, however, viewed the move as politically motivated and reflective of Spain’s continuing polarization over how the country should confront its past.

===== Ongoing Debate: Truth, Memory, and Democratic Pluralism =====
Spain’s memory laws have become one of the most visible and contested areas of contemporary public debate. The discussion centers on how a democracy should address a painful past and what role the state should play in shaping public memory. In Spain, this debate appears in disputes over monuments, commemorations, public spaces, and the official recognition of victims of the Civil War and Franco’s dictatorship.&lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/06/30/debate-rages-in-spain-over-how-to-rememberor-forgetfranco-dictatorship|title=Debate rages in Spain over how to remember—or forget—Franco's dictatorship|last=Coego|first=Alexandra F.|date=2023-06-30|website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/spain-memory-law-ghosts-francoism|title=Spain’s Memory Law Hasn’t Banished the Ghosts of Francoism|last=By|website=jacobin.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Supporters of the Democratic Memory framework argue that removing Francoist symbols and formally recognizing victims strengthens democracy. They maintain that a constitutional state should not continue to honor an authoritarian regime in public spaces. From this perspective, memory laws do not erase history but instead end state endorsement of dictatorship and affirm the dignity of those who suffered repression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/spain-pays-tribute-francos-victims-50-years-after-his-death-2025-10-31/|title=Spain pays tribute to Franco's victims 50 years after his death}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Critics argue that legislating memory can deepen political divisions. Some commentators warn that when the government takes an active role in defining historical meaning, it risks turning complex historical debates into partisan conflicts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/spain-memory-law-ghosts-francoism|title=Spain’s Memory Law Hasn’t Banished the Ghosts of Francoism|last=By|website=jacobin.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Articles examining Spain’s evolving memory laws describe a society still divided over how to interpret the Civil War and Franco’s legacy, with disagreement over whether these reforms promote justice or contribute to polarization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enrs.eu/article/spanish-controversies-related-to-memory|title=Spanish controversies related to memory|website=ENRS|language=en|access-date=2026-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In today’s Spain, historical memory is not only about the past. It remains tied to ongoing debates about national identity, democracy, and constitutional values.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; The regulation of collective memory shows how law, history, and public expression intersect in a modern democratic society.

== &lt;big&gt;Religious Freedom in Spain&lt;/big&gt; ==

===== Historical Development =====
Spain’s religious history is defined less by steady liberalization than by recurring struggles over whether religious belief could appear in public at all. Medieval coexistence among Christians, Muslims, and Jews existed, but it never displaced the stronger political impulse toward religious unity enforced through law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Montserrat|first=Daniel B.|date=1995|title=The Constitutional Development of Religious Freedom in Spain: An Historical Analysis|url=https://ir.law.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1241&amp;context=jtlp|journal=Fla. St. U. J. Transnat’l L. &amp; Pol’y|volume=4|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the early constitutional period that impulse was embedded directly into state structures. The Constitution of Cádiz (1812) combined political liberalism with explicit Catholic exclusivity, requiring public officials to swear to defend Catholicism and mandating religious instruction in schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot; /&gt; Religion was not only protected; it was communicated through state institutions.

Later constitutions softened these rules but continued to restrict public expression. Non-Catholic worship was sometimes tolerated, but often confined to private settings, allowing belief without visible organization or expression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot; /&gt;

The Spanish Constitution of 1931 marked a sharp shift by restricting the Catholic Church’s institutional role, removing funding, dissolving religious orders, and limiting religious education.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Combalia|first=Zolia|last2=Roca|first2=Maria|date=2010|title=Religion and the Secular State of Spain, in Religion and the Secular State|url=https://original.religlaw.org/content/blurb/files/Spain%202014.pdf|journal=(W. Cole Durham, Jr. &amp; Javier Martínez-Torrón eds., 2015)|pages=661}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rather than establishing neutrality, this reallocated control over how religion could appear in public institutions. This approach reflected a broader European trend during the early twentieth century, as communist and strongly secular regimes sought to remove religion from public life altogether. In those systems, religious expression was not merely regulated but suppressed—public worship, teaching, and institutional presence were restricted or eliminated and replaced with state-controlled ideological messaging. Spain’s 1931 model did not go as far, but it operated within the same broader movement toward limiting religion’s visibility in public communication and institutional life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;

Under Franco, Catholicism was restored as the central organizing force of public life. Religious teaching, symbols, and institutional presence were again integrated into education and law, but limited almost entirely to a single faith.&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;

The 1978 Constitution breaks from both models. Article 16 provides:

* “Freedom of ideology, religion and worship of individuals and communities is guaranteed… No one may be compelled to declare his ideology, religion or beliefs… No religion shall have a state character….”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229|title=Constitución Española art. 16 (1978), BOE-A-1978-31229|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This provision protects both private belief and public expression, prevents compelled disclosure, and removes any official state religion, while still allowing cooperation with religious groups. Religion remains visible in public life, but it is no longer directed by the state.

===== Modern Spain: Public Expression, Institutional Practice, and European Context =====
Spain’s modern framework allows religion to operate openly in public life while maintaining formal neutrality. Religious expression appears in education and public institutions as individual and community activity protected by law rather than as state endorsement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;

This includes the ability to access religious instruction in public schools when requested and to organize religious communities with legal recognition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; These practices reflect a system where religious expression remains visible in ordinary public settings rather than confined to private belief.

This approach aligns with international human rights standards. The Spanish Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion and guarantees the right to practice religion publicly or privately, consistent with broader protections of religious expression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:41&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/spain/|title=U.S. Dep’t of State, 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Spain (May 1, 2024)|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spain operates within a broader European human rights framework that applies the margin of appreciation doctrine, allowing individual countries to adopt different approaches to religion in public life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lugato|first=Monica|date=2013|title=The “Margin of Appreciation” and Freedom of Religion|url=https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&amp;context=jcls|journal=J. Cath. Legal Stud.|volume=52|pages=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:48&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rayón Ballesteros|first=María Concepción|date=2025|title=Generative AI for Lawyers in Spain: A balanced
approach to the legal framework, technical foundations
and best practices, combining technological innovation
with professional responsibility|url=https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/law-2025-0003|journal=Complutense University, Law and Business|volume=5|pages=12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under this doctrine, the European Court of Human Rights permits states to balance religious expression and public order according to their own legal traditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:48&quot; /&gt;

The contrast with France illustrates this flexibility. France restricts visible religious symbols such as hijabs or large crosses in public schools under Law No. 2004-228 of 15 March 2004,¹ a policy upheld by the European Court of Human Rights in ''Jasvir Singh v. France''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000417977|title=Law No. 2004-228 of March 15, 2004, regulating, in application of the principle of secularism, the wearing of signs or dress manifesting a religious affiliation in public primary and secondary schools, JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE [J.O.] [OFFICIAL GAZETTE OF FRANCE], Mar. 17, 2004, p. 5190.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#%7B%22itemid%22:%5B%22002-1403%22%5D%7D|title=Singh v. France, App. No. 48321/08, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2009).|website=hudoc.echr.coe.int|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Spain, by contrast, similar forms of expression are generally permitted, and wearing religious symbols is treated as an individual act rather than a violation of neutrality.

Spain’s system also allows religious institutions to participate directly in public education. In Fernández Martínez v. Spain, the European Court of Human Rights upheld Spain’s ability to allow the Catholic Church to control who teaches Catholic religion in public schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-145068|title=Fernández Martínez v. Spain, App. No. 56030/07, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber June 12, 2014)|website=hudoc.echr.coe.int|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The case involved a teacher who lost his position after publicly opposing Church teachings. The Court accepted that religious institutions may define who represents their message in educational settings.

Despite formal equality, differences remain in practice, and they are best understood as largely natural rather than artificial. Spain’s legal framework is neutral, but historical and demographic factors shape how religious expression appears. For example, Catholic religious instruction is more widely available in public schools because Catholicism has a larger institutional presence and more students requesting it, not because the law excludes other faiths.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt; Other groups have the same legal rights but less visible participation due to size and infrastructure.

The result is a system in which religion remains active and visible in public life without formal state endorsement. Spain does not remove religion from public space; it regulates how it appears and ensures that participation remains voluntary.

== &lt;big&gt;The Right to Be Forgotten&lt;/big&gt; ==

===== Google Spain and the Transition to the General Data Protection Regulation =====
A seminal case in modern data protection law arose from Spain and reshaped the relationship between privacy and access to information in the digital age. In ''Google Spain SL v. AEPD and Mario Costeja González'', Spain’s Audiencia Nacional asked whether EU data protection law could require a search engine to remove links to lawful, truthful information appearing in name-based searches.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:62012CJ0131|title=Google Spain SL v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), Case C-131/12 (CJEU 2014).|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The dispute stemmed from a 1998 notice in ''La Vanguardia'' announcing the forced sale of Mario Costeja González’s property for unpaid social security debts. Although the publication was lawful, its later digitization made it easily accessible through search engines, effectively reviving a long-resolved matter. Costeja requested removal of the links, and the Spanish Data Protection Agency ordered Google to de-list them while allowing the newspaper to remain online.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot; /&gt;

The Court of Justice of the European Union held that individuals may request removal of links where the information is “inadequate, irrelevant or no longer relevant,” even if the original publication remains lawful.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot; /&gt; It reasoned that search engines act as “data controllers” because they organize and present personal data in a way that significantly affects privacy. The legal harm, therefore, arises not from the original publication, but from the amplified visibility created by search engines.&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Post|first=Robert C.|date=2017|title=Data Privacy and Dignitary Privacy: Google Spain, the Right to Be Forgotten, and the Construction of the Public Sphere|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2953468|journal=Yale Law School, Public Law Research Paper|volume=598}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although ''Google Spain'' was decided under Directive 95/46/EC, that framework has since been repealed and replaced by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1995/46/oj/eng|title=Directive 95/46/EC arts. 2(a), 2(b).|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gdpr-info.eu/|title=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – Legal Text|website=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The repeal did not eliminate the right recognized in the case. Instead, the principle was codified and strengthened in Article 17 of the GDPR, which establishes a “right to erasure.” Article 17 allows individuals to request deletion of personal data that is no longer necessary, relevant, or lawfully processed, and requires controllers, where feasible, to take reasonable steps to inform other entities processing that data, extending the effect of erasure beyond a single source.&lt;ref name=&quot;:45&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gdpr-info.eu/art-17-gdpr/|title=Art. 17 GDPR – Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)|website=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Crucially, Article 17 is grounded in Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Article 7 guarantees the right to respect for private and family life, while Article 8 establishes a distinct right to the protection of personal data, requiring that such data be processed fairly and subject to independent oversight.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/eu-charter/title/title-ii-freedoms|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union arts. 7–8.|website=fra.europa.eu|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Google Spain'', these provisions justified the Court’s conclusion that search results displaying outdated personal information can constitute an ongoing interference with private life and that search engines, as data controllers, must respond to requests for removal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot; /&gt;

Unlike the Directive, the GDPR applies directly across all Member States, creating a more uniform and enforceable framework. EU law further provides that references to the repealed Directive are to be read as references to the GDPR, preserving continuity between ''Google Spain'' and the current legal regime.&lt;ref name=&quot;:45&quot; /&gt;

===== The Modern Doctrine of the Right to Be Forgotten =====
While ''Google Spain'' established the right to be forgotten, subsequent case law has transformed it into a structured doctrine grounded in Article 17 of the GDPR and the Charter. The modern right is not a mechanism to erase the past, but a balancing framework that evaluates whether continued access to personal information remains justified in light of both privacy and communication interests.

Under Article 17, individuals may request erasure where data is no longer necessary, is inaccurate, or is unlawfully processed, but the right is not absolute.&lt;ref name=&quot;:45&quot; /&gt; Courts apply a case-by-case balancing test rooted in Articles 7 and 8, weighing the individual’s privacy and data protection rights against the public’s interest in access to information. In practice, this inquiry turns on factors such as accuracy, passage of time, the individual’s role in public life, and whether the information contributes to a matter of legitimate public concern. This balancing directly implicates core communication law values, including freedom of expression, the public’s right to receive information, and the preservation of an accurate public record.

In ''Google LLC v. CNIL'', the Court addressed the geographic scope of the doctrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://infocuria.curia.europa.eu/tabs/document?source=document&amp;docid=218105&amp;doclang=EN|title=Google v. CNIL, Case C-507/17 (CJEU 2019).|website=infocuria.curia.europa.eu|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The French data protection authority mandated global delisting, arguing that limiting content removal to European domains rendered the &quot;right to be forgotten&quot; ineffective. They asserted that removing search results only on regional sites (e.g., google.fr) allowed users to easily bypass the restriction by accessing global versions (e.g., google.com). The Court rejected that position, holding that EU law does not require global de-referencing. Instead, search engines are required to ensure effective content removal within the European Union by using geo-blocking to prevent access from non-EU domains. This approach limits the application of EU privacy laws to its own borders, avoiding global, extraterritorial censorship that would conflict with stronger international speech protections&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot; /&gt;

In ''GC and Others v. CNIL'', the Court refined the balancing test for sensitive categories of information.&lt;ref name=&quot;:51&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62017CJ0136|title=GC &amp; Others v. Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL), Case C-136/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:773 (Ct. Just. Eur. Union Sept. 24, 2019).|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The case involved requests to remove links containing data about political affiliations, religious beliefs, and criminal history. The Court held that such data requires heightened protection, but not automatic removal. Instead, search engines must determine whether continued access is “strictly necessary” for the public’s right to information.&lt;ref name=&quot;:51&quot; /&gt; For example, information about a politician’s past conduct may remain accessible because it informs democratic decision-making, while similar information about a private individual is more likely to be removed. This standard effectively requires search engines to evaluate whether speech contributes to public discourse, placing them in a quasi-adjudicative role traditionally occupied by courts.

In ''TU and RE v. Google LLC'', the Court addressed inaccurate or misleading information.&lt;ref name=&quot;:54&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:62020CJ0460|title=TU &amp; RE v. Google LLC, Case C-460/20, ECLI:EU:C:2022:962 (Ct. Just. Eur. Union Dec. 8, 2022).|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The applicants challenged articles criticizing their business practices, arguing that the information was false or distorted. The Court held that individuals need not first obtain a judicial ruling to prove falsity. Instead, if they provide relevant and sufficient evidence that the information is manifestly inaccurate, the search engine must delist it, including associated thumbnail images.&lt;ref name=&quot;:54&quot; /&gt; This ruling has significant implications for communication law, as it creates a mechanism similar to defamation law within data protection, allowing individuals to challenge harmful or misleading content without initiating formal litigation while requiring platforms to assess the accuracy of speech.

At the same time, the Court has emphasized limits grounded in the public interest. In ''Camera di Commercio di Lecce v. Manni'', the Court rejected a request to remove personal data from a public commercial register documenting a past bankruptcy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:55&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:62015CJ0398|title=Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Lecce v. Salvatore Manni, Case C-398/15, ECLI:EU:C:2017:197 (Ct. Just. Eur. Union Mar. 9, 2017).|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; It held that such records serve the public interest in legal certainty, transparency, and market reliability.&lt;ref name=&quot;:55&quot; /&gt; This reflects a longstanding communication law principle: certain categories of information—particularly official records—retain enduring public value and cannot be erased simply because they are reputationally harmful.

Taken together, these cases show that the right to be forgotten is really about whether information should still be easy to find through a name search. If it no longer serves a real public purpose, it can be removed from search results; if it does, it stays. In practice, search engines make that call first, which means they end up deciding what information about a person remains visible online.

== &lt;big&gt;Spain in the AI Era&lt;/big&gt; ==

===== Artificial Intelligence and the Changing Nature of Communication =====
Artificial intelligence is reshaping a core assumption of communication law: that speech and images can be reliably traced to a real speaker. Technologies like deepfakes, AI-generated influencers, and algorithmic content systems now allow communication to circulate without a clear human source, raising new questions about attribution, truth, and accountability. Spain offers a useful lens for how legal systems are responding.

Spain does not regulate artificial intelligence through a single, unified statute. Instead, it operates within the framework of the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which establishes a risk-based regulatory model across Member States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:47&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng|title=Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act).|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; High-risk systems, such as those used in employment or public decision-making, must comply with obligations including transparency, human oversight, and safeguards against bias.&lt;ref name=&quot;:47&quot; /&gt; Whether generative AI tools fall within these categories depends on how they are used and the extent to which they influence real-world or communicative outcomes.

At the national level, Spain is developing a Law on the Good Use and Governance of Artificial Intelligence, which will supplement the EU framework and introduce enforcement mechanisms, including the ability to suspend harmful AI systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:49&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cuatrecasas.com/es/spain/propiedad-intelectual/art/anteproyecto-ley-buen-uso-gobernanza-ia|title=Draft Law on the Good Use and Governance of Artificial Intelligence (Anteproyecto de Ley para el Buen Uso y la Gobernanza de la Inteligencia Artificial) (unpublished draft). (approved by Consejo de Ministros Mar. 11, 2025).|website=Cuatrecasas|language=es|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spain has also created the Agencia Española de Supervisión de Inteligencia Artificial (AESIA) as its central regulator.&lt;ref&gt;Royal Decree 817/2023 of November 8, establishing a controlled testing environment for artificial intelligence systems (Real Decreto 817/2023, de 8 de noviembre), B.O.E. No. 269, Nov. 10, 2023 (Spain).&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, through Royal Decree 817/2023, Spain became the first country in the European Union to implement an AI regulatory sandbox, allowing high-risk systems to be tested under real-world conditions and effectively piloting compliance with the EU AI Act before full enforcement.&lt;ref&gt;General Audiovisual Communication Law 13/2022 of July 7 (Ley 13/2022, de 7 de julio, General de Comunicación Audiovisual), B.O.E. No. 163, July 8, 2022 (Spain).&lt;/ref&gt;

Spain does not yet have a standalone AI statute, but its existing legal framework, particularly in areas like media, privacy, and commercial regulation, already shapes how artificial intelligence operates in practice.

===== How Spain is Currently Regulating AI =====
Spain’s audiovisual and media laws are beginning to directly address AI-generated communication. Under Law 13/2022 on Audiovisual Communication, content creators, including high-level influencers, can be treated as audiovisual service providers and are responsible for the content they distribute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-11311|title=BOE-A-2022-11311 Ley 13/2022, de 7 de julio, General de Comunicación Audiovisual.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; This matters in the AI context because creators using AI-generated avatars, voices, or deepfake-style content for advertising must ensure that such material is not misleading. For example, an influencer using an AI-generated voice to promote a product without disclosure could face liability for deceptive commercial communication.

This emphasis on transparency is reinforced in Spain’s draft law the Good Use and Governance of Artificial Intelligence, which treats the undisclosed use of deepfakes as a serious regulatory violation in many contexts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:49&quot; /&gt; 

Reputation and dignity are also central concerns. Organic Law 1/1982 protects the right to honor, privacy, and self-image, and its application to AI-generated content is increasingly significant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Disseminating a non-consensual deepfake, such as placing a person’s likeness into fabricated media, can constitute an illegitimate intromission into that person’s rights, even if the content is artificially generated. Spanish doctrine is increasingly moving toward what scholars describe as algorithmic honor: the idea that harm to reputation can arise from automated systems themselves, regardless of human intent. This aligns with Spanish Supreme Court jurisprudence recognizing that reputational harm caused by automated or data-driven systems may still trigger liability where the effect is injurious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vlex.es/vid/922052595|title=See, e.g., Tribunal Supremo [T.S.] [Supreme Court], Judgment No. 35/2023 (Spain).|website=vLex|language=es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Closely related is the right to correct false information. Organic Law 2/1984 establishes a traditional right of rectification, allowing individuals to demand correction of inaccurate public statements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1984-7248|title=BOE-A-1984-7248 Ley Orgánica 2/1984, de 26 de marzo, reguladora del derecho de rectificación.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the digital era, this concept is reinforced by Spain’s Organic Law 3/2018 on Data Protection and Digital Rights, which includes a modern digital rectification right requiring platforms to address inaccurate or misleading personal data.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-16673|title=BOE-A-2018-16673 Ley Orgánica 3/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de Protección de Datos Personales y garantía de los derechos digitales.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; In practice, this provides a legal tool against AI-generated falsehoods, such as fabricated biographies or hallucinated statements, by requiring platforms or publishers to correct the record.

Spain’s approach also extends into advertising law. Under Law 3/1991 on Unfair Competition, commercial practices must not mislead consumers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1991-628|title=BOE-A-1991-628 Ley 3/1991, de 10 de enero, de Competencia Desleal.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; This applies directly to AI-generated endorsements or testimonials. For instance, if a company deploys an AI-generated persona that appears as specific person to promote a product without disclosure, regulators may treat this as deceptive advertising because it manipulates the audience’s trust in human communication.

At a structural level, Spain is also confronting the role of algorithms in shaping communication itself. The Rider Law, enacted through Royal Decree-Law 9/2021, requires companies to disclose the parameters and logic of algorithms that affect workers’ conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2021-7840|title=BOE-A-2021-7840 Real Decreto-ley 9/2021, de 11 de mayo, por el que se modifica el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores, aprobado por el Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de octubre, para garantizar los derechos laborales de las personas dedicadas al reparto en el ámbito de plataformas digitales.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; While rooted in labor law, this requirement has clear communicative implications because it forces organizations to explain how algorithmic systems decide and communicate outcomes such as hiring, firing, or task allocation. Spanish courts have upheld this transparency obligation, confirming that algorithmic decision-making can be treated as a form of accountable communication within legal frameworks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es/en/Resolucion/Show/29590|title=Tribunal Constitucional [T.C.] [Constitutional Court], Judgment No. 80/2023 (Spain).|website=hj.tribunalconstitucional.es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This logic reaches its clearest expression in the Spanish Supreme Court’s BOSCO decision.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vlex.es/vid/1091644276|title=Tribunal Supremo [T.S.] [Supreme Court], Judgment No. 1119/2025 (Spain) (BOSCO case).|website=vLex|language=es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; There, the Court required the government to disclose the logic of an automated system used to determine eligibility for public benefits. From a communication law perspective, the ruling treats algorithmic outputs as a form of state communication. If the government uses an automated system to speak to citizens through decisions, it must also explain that reasoning. Transparency thus becomes a constitutional requirement tied to the public’s right to information.

At the same time, BOSCO exposes a deeper constitutional tension. The right of access to information under Article 105(b) of the Spanish Constitution may conflict with protections for intellectual property and trade secrets under Article 33.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/1978/BOE-A-1978-40001-consolidado.pdf|title=Constitución Española, B.O.E. No. 311, Dec. 29, 1978, arts. 33, 105(b) (Spain).}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Court’s reasoning suggests that, at least where fundamental rights are implicated, public communicative accountability can outweigh private commercial secrecy. This marks a significant shift in how communication law interacts with technology, as the logic behind speech itself may become subject to disclosure.

Across these areas, a common theme emerges. Spain is not treating AI as a separate legal problem requiring entirely new doctrines. Instead, it is adapting existing communication law principles, including truthfulness, transparency, dignity, and accountability, to new technological conditions. The result is a framework in which AI-generated communication is regulated not by its novelty, but by its effects on the public sphere and on individual rights. This remains a rapidly developing landscape as Spain continues to refine its approach alongside evolving European standards.

== &lt;big&gt;The Right to One’s Own Image in Spain&lt;/big&gt; ==

===== The Legal Doctrine of the Right to One’s Own Image =====
Spanish law protects the “right to one’s own image” as a distinct legal interest that governs how a person’s identity—through image, voice, or other identifying features—may be used by others, particularly in media and commercial contexts. This right is codified in Organic Law 1/1982, which provides civil remedies against “illegitimate interference.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:50&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1982-11196|title=BOE-A-1982-11196 Ley Orgánica 1/1982, de 5 de mayo, de protección civil del derecho al honor, a la intimidad personal y familiar y a la propia imagen.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Article 7.5 treats as unlawful the capture or publication of a person’s image in private contexts, while Article 7.6 prohibits the use of a person’s name, voice, or image for advertising, commercial, or analogous purposes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:56&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1982-11196|title=BOE-A-1982-11196 Ley Orgánica 1/1982, de 5 de mayo, de protección civil del derecho al honor, a la intimidad personal y familiar y a la propia imagen.  arts. 7.5–7.6.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Unlike copyright law, which protects creative works, the right to one’s own image protects the individual as the subject of representation. Even where a photograph or video is lawfully owned by a third party, the person depicted retains control over how their likeness is used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:57&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Barrnett|first=Stephen R.|date=1999|title=The Right to One's Own Image': Publicity and Privacy Rights in the United States and Spain|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=224628|journal=Am. J. Comp. L.|volume=47|pages=555}}&lt;/ref&gt; This distinction is especially important in communication law, where images circulate through media, advertising, and digital platforms independently of the underlying work.

Although commonly framed as a visual right, Spanish law explicitly extends protection beyond appearance to other identifying attributes. Article 7.6 includes the use of a person’s “name, voice, or image,” reflecting a broader concern with recognizable identity rather than strictly visual likeness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:56&quot; /&gt;

While the right originates in Article 18.1 of the Spanish Constitution, which guarantees protection of honor, privacy, and one’s own image, Spanish courts have developed it as an autonomous legal doctrine. Liability does not depend on falsity, reputational harm, or physical intrusion, but instead on the unauthorized use of identifiable personal attributes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/1978/BOE-A-1978-40001-consolidado.pdf|title=Constitución Española art. 18.1 (1978) (Spain).}}&lt;/ref&gt; In STS 60/1998, the Supreme Court clarified that the key inquiry is whether a person can be recognized, even if not with perfect clarity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vlex.es/vid/proteccion-fundamentales-imagen-as-17745878|title=Tribunal Supremo [T.S.] [Supreme Court], Sala Primera, Jan. 30, 1998 (RJ 1998/358) (Spain).|website=vLex|language=es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; This means that partial or stylized representations, such as silhouettes, blurred images, or distinctive features, may still trigger protection if identification is possible.

At the same time, the right operates within a structured set of limits. Article 8 of Organic Law 1/1982 provides exceptions where competing interests prevail, including where there is a “predominant and relevant” cultural or informational interest or where images of public figures are captured in public settings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:50&quot; /&gt; Rather than applying rigid categories, courts evaluate whether a particular use is justified in light of its contribution to public discourse or cultural expression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vlex.es/vid/despido-improcedente-despidos-103-3-17760168|title=Tribunal Supremo [T.S.], Sala Primera, Oct. 7, 1996 (RJ 1996/7058) (Spain).|website=vLex|language=es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== From Control to Commerce: How Image Rights Are Monetized =====
These principles become especially concrete in contexts like sports, where image and identity are inseparable from commercial value. Athletes’ likenesses are routinely used by clubs, sponsors, and media, but Spanish law maintains that control over that use remains with the individual.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://business-school.laliga.com/en/news/image-rights-in-football|title=Image Rights in Sports {{!}} LaLiga Business School|website=Liga de Fútbol Profesional|language=en|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; A footballer, for example, may authorize a club to use his image for team promotions, while separately licensing endorsement rights to a brand.

Spanish law structures this through a dual framework:

* Negative right: the ability to block unauthorized uses
* Positive right: the ability to license and commercially exploit one’s image

This explains why contracts in professional sports carefully define scope, duration, and purpose of any assignment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:57&quot; /&gt;

Crucially, Spanish law adopts a broad understanding of “commercial” use. This broader conception is illustrated by STS 816/1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vlex.es/vid/intimidad-imagen-reproduccion-autorizada-17742790|title=STS 816-1996, 7 de Octubre de 1996|website=vLex|language=es|access-date=2026-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; There, the City of Madrid used photographs of identifiable individuals in a public-awareness campaign promoting respect for the elderly. The Supreme Court held that the use was “publicitario” even without profit, because it relied on identifiable persons to convey its message.&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot; /&gt; The Court rejected the defense under Article 8.1, emphasizing that the campaign did not require the use of specific individuals’ images to achieve its purpose.

By contrast, in STS 21 December 1994, the Court allowed the reuse of a performer’s image to promote a revival of a traditional musical production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vlex.es/vid/202673271|title=Tribunal Supremo [T.S.], Sala Primera, Dec. 21, 1994 (RJ 1994/9775) (Spain).|website=vLex|language=es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The distinguishing factor was context: the image directly related to the cultural work being promoted, and its use contributed to preserving a recognized artistic tradition. Together, these cases show that Spanish courts focus less on formal categories and more on whether the use is necessary and proportionate to its asserted purpose.

Spanish law also extends this protection to voice. In the Tom Waits case (Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Barcelona, 2006), an advertising agency hired a performer to imitate Waits’s distinctive voice after he refused to participate in a commercial. The court held this unlawful, reasoning that imitating a recognizable voice for commercial purposes exploits a person’s identity and misleads the public into believing the individual endorsed the product.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=PONTE|first=LUCILLE M.|date=Winter 2009|title=PRESERVING CREATIVITY FROM ENDLESS DIGITAL
EXPLOITATION: HAS THE TIME COME FOR THE NEW
CONCEPT OF COPYRIGHT DILUTION?|url=https://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/scitech/volume151/documents/ponte_web.pdf|journal=B.U. J. SCI. &amp; TECH. L|volume=Vol. 15.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== From Exposure to Use: When the Public Can Reproduce an Image =====
A central question in this doctrine is how far public visibility allows others to reproduce a person’s image. Spanish law recognizes a strong interest in freedom of information, particularly where images contribute to reporting on matters of public concern.

In STS 28 December 1996, a newspaper published a photograph of a criminal defendant leaving court. The Supreme Court held the publication lawful because it related to a matter of public interest and contributed to informing the public about judicial proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vlex.es/vid/202746407|title=Tribunal Supremo [T.S.], Sala Primera, Dec. 28, 1996 (RJ 1996/9510) (Spain).|website=vLex|language=es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that the image was taken in a public setting reinforced this conclusion.

However, public exposure does not eliminate the need for consent. This principle becomes especially important in the digital context. In STS 91/2017, a newspaper used a photograph taken from a victim’s Facebook profile when reporting a violent incident.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vlex.es/vid/667177509|title=Tribunal Supremo [T.S.], Sala Primera, Feb. 15, 2017 (RJ 2017/91) (Spain).|website=vLex|language=es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Court held that this violated the right to one’s image, emphasizing that making a photograph accessible online does not amount to consent for its reuse. Consent must be specific to each use and cannot be inferred from general availability.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot; /&gt;

The limits of permissible use become even clearer in cases involving dignity and suffering. In STC 231/1988, the Constitutional Court held that distributing footage of a bullfighter dying after being gored violated the privacy rights of his widow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-T-1988-29203#:~:text=2.%20Do%C3%B1a%20Isabel%20Pantoja%20Mart%C3%ADn,%20ahora%20recurrente,derecho%20a%20la%20intimidad%20y%20a%20la|title=BOE-T-1988-29203 Sala Segunda. Sentencia 231/1988, de 2 de diciembre. Recurso de amparo 1.247/1986. Contra Sentencia de la Sala Primera del Tribunal Supremo que anula la dictada en apelación por la Audiencia Territorial de Madrid, en autos sobre vulneración del derecho a la intimidad. Voto particular.|website=www.boe.es|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the event occurred in a public arena, the Court concluded that the dissemination of images capturing extreme distress crossed the boundary of acceptable informational use.

As of now, the Spanish right to one’s own image is best understood as a doctrine of controlled visibility. It protects an individual’s authority over how they are represented, even in public-facing contexts such as media, sports, and digital platforms. While the law accommodates competing interests, such as news reporting, cultural expression, and satire, it consistently resists the idea that visibility alone permits unrestricted use.

In an environment where images circulate rapidly and widely, this framework ensures that identity remains anchored in the individual rather than absorbed into the commercial or informational systems that reproduce it.

== References ==
[[Category:Communication in Europe|Law in Spain]]
[[Category:Law in Europe]]
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Tiktok_hyper.png|Tiktok_hyper.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Polarlys|Polarlys]] because: Copyright violation, see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]].</comment>
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      <text bytes="9985" sha1="eap574spepo9g0lj3srw4v3n1pjqk4i" xml:space="preserve">Zhang Yiming and Algorithm-Driven Content Platforms


== Introduction ==

[[File:The_CEO_Magazine_Cover.jpg|thumb|250px|Zhang Yiming on the cover of The CEO Magazine]]

Zhang Yiming is the founder of [[wikipedia:ByteDance|ByteDance]], the company behind TikTok. His work has had a major influence on the development of algorithm-driven content platforms. Unlike traditional [[Social media|social media]] that focuses on friend networks, ByteDance platforms rely heavily on artificial intelligence and recommendation algorithms to deliver personalized content to users.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Who is Zhang Yiming and how he grew ByteDance and TikTok into global platforms
|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3134264/who-zhang-yiming-and-how-he-grew-bytedance-and-tiktok-global
|website=South China Morning Post
|date=2021
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background of Zhang Yiming ==

Zhang Yiming was born in Longyan, Fujian Province, a region known for Hakka culture. He studied software engineering at [[wikipedia:Nankai University|Nankai University]] in Tianjin. Before founding ByteDance, Zhang worked at several internet start-ups, including Kuxun and Fanfou, and briefly worked at [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]]. He also founded the real-estate search platform 99fang.com before starting ByteDance in 2012 in Beijing, China.&lt;ref name=&quot;scmp&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Who is Zhang Yiming and how he grew ByteDance and TikTok into global platforms
|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3134264/who-zhang-yiming-and-how-he-grew-bytedance-and-tiktok-global
|website=South China Morning Post
|date=2021
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before founding the company, he worked as a software engineer and developed an interest in information distribution and data [[wikipedia:Algorithm|algorithm]]. His vision was to create platforms that could automatically recommend content based on user interests. In 2012, entrepreneur Zhang Yiming proposed building a platform that would recommend information based on users’ interests. During an early meeting with investors, he explained his idea using sketches drawn on a piece of paper. This idea later became the core concept behind ByteDance and its flagship product, Toutiao (Today’s Headlines).&lt;ref name=&quot;scmp&quot;/&gt; According to Forbes, Zhang Yiming’s net worth was estimated at $35.6 billion in 2021, making the 38-year-old entrepreneur one of the richest individuals in China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=ByteDance founder tops China's rich list
|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/29/bytedance-founder-tops-chinas-rich-list-beating-tencent-ceo-nongfu-chair-.html
|website=CNBC
|date=2024-10-29
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Founding of ByteDance and Douyin ==


ByteDance was established as a technology company focused on [[wikipedia:Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]] and machine learning. It started in a very small office in Beijing, where teams worked in different rooms of a residential apartment. As the company grew rapidly, it moved to larger office buildings and expanded its workforce. One of its earliest successful products was “Toutiao”, a news platform that used algorithms to recommend articles to users. Within a few years, the company had grown from a small startup into a large technology firm with thousands of employees. [[wikipedia:Douyin|Douyin]], the Chinese version of TikTok, became a huge hit in China in 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Who is Zhang Yiming and how he grew ByteDance and TikTok into global platforms
|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3134264/who-zhang-yiming-and-how-he-grew-bytedance-and-tiktok-global
|website=South China Morning Post
|date=2021
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; This model later became the foundation for the development of [[wikipedia:TikTok|TikTok]]. With the rise of mobile internet, a new model emerged: information could be recommended to users automatically based on their interests. This marked the transition from “people searching for information” to “information finding people,” which is the foundation of algorithm-based recommendation systems. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Who is Zhang Yiming and how he grew ByteDance and TikTok into global platforms
|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3134264/who-zhang-yiming-and-how-he-grew-bytedance-and-tiktok-global
|website=South China Morning Post
|date=2021
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Algorithm-Driven Content Recommendation ==

Zhang Yiming strongly believed that Algorithm driven recommendation systems would shape the future of digital media. Despite doubts from some colleagues and investors, he insisted on developing this technology. In the early stage of ByteDance, Zhang even wrote internal materials explaining recommendation systems so that the engineering team could build the first version of the algorithm. This early focus on algorithm development later became the company’s main competitive advantage. This idea became the core technology behind ByteDance products. TikTok’s “For You” feed is generated by a [[wikipedia:Recommender system|recommendation system]] that delivers videos likely to interest each individual user. Recommendations are based on several factors, including user interactions such as likes, shares, comments, and follows, as well as video information like captions, sounds, and hashtags. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Understanding the Impact of TikTok's Recommendation Algorithm on User Engagement
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382423048_Understanding_the_Impact_of_TikTok's_Recommendation_Algorithm_on_User_Engagement
|website=ResearchGate
|year=2024
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; TikTok also states that device and account settings, such as language preference and country setting, are considered, although they carry less weight than behavioral signals.&lt;ref name=&quot;tiktoknewsroom&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=How TikTok recommends videos for you
|url=https://newsroom.tiktok.com/how-tiktok-recommends-videos-for-you?lang=en
|website=TikTok Newsroom
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; TikTok uses an algorithm-driven recommendation system that analyzes user behavior, such as watch time, likes, comments, and shares. The platform then recommends videos that match the user’s preferences. This approach allows users to discover content quickly and keeps them engaged with personalized video feeds. According to TikTok, stronger indicators of interest, such as whether a user watches a video from beginning to end, receive greater weight in the recommendation process than weaker signals.&lt;ref name=&quot;tiktoknewsroom&quot;/&gt;
A Wall Street Journal investigation found that TikTok only needs one important piece of information to figure out what you want: the amount of time you linger over a piece of content. Every second you hesitate or rewatch, the app is tracking you. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Inside TikTok’s Algorithm: A WSJ Investigation
|url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/tiktok-algorithm-video-investigation-11626877477
|website=The Wall Street Journal
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impact on Digital Media Platforms ==

[[File:ByteDance logo English.svg|thumb|300px|ByteDance company logo]]

At the [[wikipedia:World Internet Conference|World Internet Conference]] in Wuzhen, Zhang Yiming stated that China’s internet users represent only about one-fifth of the global online population. He argued that Chinese technology companies must expand internationally in order to compete globally. &lt;ref name=&quot;huxiu&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=张一鸣的算法暗战
|url=https://www.huxiu.com/article/4810826.html
|website=Huxiu
|date=2025-11-28
|language=zh
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ByteDance later implemented this strategy through TikTok, the international version of Douyin, which uses algorithm-based content recommendation. Despite early skepticism, ByteDance gradually attracted investment from major venture capital firms. Over time, the company completed several funding rounds and its valuation grew rapidly. By the late 2010s, ByteDance had become one of the most valuable technology companies in the world.
The success of TikTok has influenced many other social media companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsj&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Inside TikTok's Algorithm: A WSJ Investigation
|url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/tiktok-algorithm-video-investigation-11626877477
|website=The Wall Street Journal
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Platforms such as [[wikipedia:Instagram|Instagram]], [[wikipedia:YouTube|YouTube]], and [[wikipedia:Facebook|Facebook]] have introduced similar recommendation systems to compete with TikTok’s algorithm-driven model. As a result, personalized content feeds have become a dominant feature of modern digital media platforms.
ByteDance expanded internationally with products such as TikTok. The platform quickly gained popularity among young users around the world and became one of the most downloaded apps globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=ByteDance founder tops China's rich list
|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/29/bytedance-founder-tops-chinas-rich-list-beating-tencent-ceo-nongfu-chair-.html
|website=CNBC
|date=2024-10-29
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company established offices in major cities across Asia, Europe, and North America, transforming from a small startup into a global technology company. The platform reached hundreds of millions of users worldwide and became a major competitor to other social media platforms. &lt;ref name=&quot;scmp&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Who is Zhang Yiming and how he grew ByteDance and TikTok into global platforms
|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3134264/who-zhang-yiming-and-how-he-grew-bytedance-and-tiktok-global
|website=South China Morning Post
|date=2021
|access-date=2026-03-15
}}&lt;/ref&gt; This shift also changed how users consume information, as content is increasingly selected by algorithms rather than personal networks or manual search. &lt;ref name=&quot;huxiu&quot;/&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <comment>add cites to Wilkinson</comment>
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      <text bytes="32145" sha1="55ek18rwjlkfc2yo9vqclpbtap7tc38" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka&gt;&lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka--&gt;{{cite Q|Q118236581}}&lt;/ref&gt; on how US media threaten the health of all. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.webm|thumb|2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview conducted 2026-04-09 of MD and public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka by Spencer Graves about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

Public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; discusses the role of the major US media, including social media, in threatening the health of all. Bezruchka is professor emeritus from the [[w:University of Washington School of Public Health|University of Washington School of Public Health]]&lt;ref name=UW&gt;&lt;!-- Stephen Bezruchka Associate Teaching Professor Emeritus, Health Systems and Population Health--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138762410}}&lt;/ref&gt; with multiple publications including books translated into several languages.&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; He holds an MD degree from Stanford and a Masters in Public Health from Johns Hopkins.&lt;ref name=UW/&gt; 

His recent books include the following focused especially on public health including the impact of the media in creating public health problems for the US: 

* (2022) ''Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World''.

* (2026) ''Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation''.

He also maintains a blog on [[w:Substack|Substack]] as [https://substack.com/@stephenbezruchka @stephenbezruchka]. 

Dr. Bezruchka is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Comparing Bezruchka with previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interviewees ==

Bezruchka (2022, 2026) highlights two primary drivers of poor health in the US:&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;  

# Stress from inequality. 
# Lack of attention to our early years.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2022) and other literature on the need for &quot;attention to our early years&quot; are discussed in &quot;[[Invest in children]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Life expectancy in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 1.  Life expectancy at birth in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Life Expectancy at Birth (e0) - Both Sexes in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

He also says, &quot;We need universal healthcare ...  However, that alone won’t fix the nation’s health problems. ... [T]he health of a nation results from political and historical factors&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1-2).&lt;/ref&gt; To support the latter, he notes that in 1950 the US was among the world leaders in life expectancy and infant mortality. However, more recently, the US has trailed the rest of the advanced industrialized democracies, as documented in Figures 1 and 2. 

[[File:Infant mortality in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 2.  [[w:Infant mortality|Infant mortality rate]] (IMR = deaths before first birthday per thousand live births) in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Democracy v. public funding for media.png|thumb|Figure 3. Economist Democracy Index v. public funding for media, ~2019, per Neff and Pickard (2024), discussed further in the Appendix, below. (''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data; we have not attempted to update their data.)]]

[[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.&lt;ref&gt;Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025). Copied from Figure 5 in [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future]].&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One explanation for how the US came to lead the world in public health includes the observation that it had by far more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the early nineteenth century,&lt;ref&gt;See John (1995) and the rest of the discussion in episode 27 in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series on, &quot;[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; supported by newspaper subsidies of roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in the early 1840s under the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act of 1792]].&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88). See also the section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment|US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment]]'' in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; That 0.21 percent of GDP is comparable to the public subsidies for media today in the world's leading democracies, per Figure 3, which also shows that comparable US subsidies for media had dropped to 0.005 percent of GDP in 2019 (before being cut to zero in 2025).&lt;ref&gt;Regarding the ending of public subsidies for media in the US, see [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

The rise of broadcasting since World War II has facilitated increasing concentration of ownership and control of the major media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on  &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization#The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II|The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II]] in the chapter on &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization|Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization]]&quot; and other parts of the book-in-progress on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; That consolidation of control of the major media seems to have driven first the commercialization of healthcare decried by Bezruchka and after 1981 the dramatic increase in inequality, documented in Figure 4.

One of the most important research reports discussed so far in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' is Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;ref&gt;See also the 2025-06-08 interview with Usher, available as [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher]].&lt;/ref&gt; They found no statistically significant impact of the dramatic drop in the number of journalists in the US between 2003 and 2019 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- on federal prosecutions for political corruption. However, each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a federal court district one year was associated with on average 1.4 additional prosecutions per federal court district the following year. 

If those prosecutions for political corruption actually help make government work more in the public interest, then everyone benefits from the reports published by members of INN that appear to have helped inspire those prosecutions, even humans who never read those reports nor heard of the news nonprofits that published them: 

:* You and I benefit, we all benefit from news reports we have never read by nonprofit news organization we have never heard of, if they help make government work more in the public interest. 

== Highlights == 

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is, of course, the accompanying video.''

Graves began by asking, &quot;What are the most important things you would like to communicate to our audience?&quot; Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

The most important thing is to create the awareness that because we live in the United States of America, the best health outcomes possible are not to be found in this country. ... [B]y health, I use the very simple concept of being alive and not dead. ... [A]s an emergency physician for 30 years, the easiest diagnosis I could make ... was that somebody was dead. It's hard to fake. ... 

[W]e in the United States rank behind 40 or 50 other countries in the world, including all the other rich ones, and quite a few not so rich. ... [W]e die younger than people in many, many other countries, despite spending an enormous amount of money on health care, over $6 trillion a sixth of our total economy, and almost the same as the rest of the world spends on health care together.&lt;ref&gt;On 2026-04-23 the &quot;History&quot; section of the webpage on &quot;National Health Expenditures&quot; of the website of the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reported, &quot;U.S. health care spending grew 7.2 percent in 2024, reaching $5.3 trillion or $15,474 per person.  As a share of the nation's [[w:Gross Domestic Product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), health spending accounted for 18.0 percent.&quot; The estimated [[w:United States|GDP for the US]] for 2026 was $32.4 trillion. Eighteen percent of that is $5.8 trillion, which rounds to $6 trillion. Also, 18 percent is just a little a sixth, mentioned by Bezruchka. See also the Wikipedia article on [[w:Health care finance in the United States|Health care finance in the United States]] and &quot;History&quot; on the web site of &lt;!--National Health Expenditures--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139505383}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Graves observed, &quot;But in 1950 the US was among the leaders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Life expectancy in the US vs. other countries is documented in Figure 1 above from  {{cite Q|Q41274869}}&lt;!-- World Population Prospects --&gt;downloaded 2020-11-22).}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote| 

Correct. Back in the mid century, 1950 to 60, we were somewhere, depending on the measure you use, in the top 10 countries. And in length of life, life expectancy, we were number one. We had the lowest deaths of women in childbirth. ... 

But what has happened since then is that many other countries have seen faster improvements in health than we have. And that has gone on until about the last 10 years, when not only is our health not improving, it's declining. ... 

It's the best kept secret in this country. 

You sometimes find mentions of it in the media, but nobody wants to point out that we die younger than people in all the other rich countries and quite a few others.}} 

Graves noted, &quot;But the rest of the advanced industrialized world is still improving in life expectancy and public health.&quot; 

Bezruchka concurred. {{quote| 

Absolutely yes. Countries suffered a little decline with [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID]] after 2020, but our decline was much, much bigger. One in 300 Americans was killed with covid, and that's essentially a higher rate than in other countries. We suffered a more precipitous decline ... and we have only now come to be where we were 20 years ago. ...

I used to think medical care was the most important thing in producing health along with personal behaviors. ... When I realized in the 1980s that other countries were seeing better health improvements than we were, I decided I couldn't understand that. So I went back to public health school at [[w:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], the biggest such program in the world. There I learned that social and political factors matter most in producing health. 

I then began to expose myself to ideas that I hadn't considered before, and I found studies showing that income inequality, the gap in incomes in a country, were strongly related to its life expectancy. 

Studies on this began appearing in 1979. A critical study in 1992 in ''[[w:The BMJ|The British Medical Journal]] featured this material.&lt;ref&gt;Wilkinson (1992).&lt;/ref&gt;  With anything like these findings, I had to decide, &quot;Is this true or not?&quot; 

I sought out [[w:Richard G. Wilkinson|Richard Wilkinson]], who did these studies on income inequality and health&lt;ref&gt;Wilkinson and Pickett (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; and got to know him and found him to be credible. ... There were some contradictory messages out there, but they didn't hold water for me. 

And I sought out other people, one near me, Clyde Hertzman at the University of British Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Bio of Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139551676}}; &lt;!-- Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q16335533}}&lt;/ref&gt; I invited him down to give a series of lectures at the [[w:University of Washington|University]]. He brought up the idea of the importance of early life. Through him, I came across the studies that showed that a large portion of your health as an adult has been programmed sometime between conception and age two or three. So early life lasts a lifetime. ... 

Inequality kills, and early life lasts a lifetime. 

Income inequality results from political choices we make in society. ... [E]arly life also results from political choices. 

For example, there are only two countries in the world that don't [[w:Parental leave|give a working woman who's pregnant paid time off as a national policy, so she can spend time with her newborn]]. One is the United States. We say we can't afford that. The other is Papua New Guinea, half of a big island north of Australia. 

Only two populous countries in the world don't have a national policy of paid maternity leave. 

[[w:Parental leave in the United States|A handful of US states have enacted paid leave policies]], but none of them are more than 12 weeks. Here in [[w:Washington (state)|Washington]], we tried to do this back in 2013 but didn't [fund it]. Finally in 2019 we passed legislation funded by a payroll tax. Now there is a 12 week paid parental leave program in place in Washington. [[w:California|California]] was the first state, but 12 weeks of paid leave is the minimum end of what all the other countries provide. 

We're not very generous. ... 

What really matters is a gap between the rich and the poor and how much you support early life.  

The studies now suggest that roughly half of our health as adults has been programmed in that first 1,000 days after conception.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- 1,000 Days--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139550803}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

That's why I titled my book, ''Born Sick in the USA'',&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; after Bruce Springsteen's song ''[[w:Born in the U.S.A.|Born in the USA]]'', because by the time we're born, our health is compromised, and there's really not that much we can do to redress the problems in early life ... . Healthier societies have in place policies such as I mentioned, paid parental leave and a host of others. 

Take [[w:Sweden|Sweden]]. Sweden's considered a much healthier country than we are. Swedes pay high taxes, and they don't mind paying high taxes, because they get much in return. They get [[w:Healthcare in Sweden|free health care]], for example. They get a very generous paid parental leave program, 480 days at your full pay. It's split between the mother and the father. Father has to take at least 13 weeks. The rest of the second year is optional ... at about 70% pay. And then there's daycare. In Sweden, daycare costs $160 a month. It's quite affordable. And to work in a Swedish government-run daycare center, you have to have an advanced degree in play, because, you know what's daycare? It's socializing the child, and we need experts there. 

So for a host of reasons, healthier countries a have smaller gaps between the rich and the poor and privilege early life.}}

Graves asked, &quot;How do you compare California and other states that have liberal maternal aid policies relative to the rest of the rest of the nation? Do they have better public health?&quot; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Yes. You can look at life expectancy again, the measure that I think is the easiest to use to compare different populations. If you take the 50 states, and you look at their life expectancy from 1957 to 2005 or 2006, states with liberal political policies have seen substantial gains in life expectancy over that period, and states with conservative policies have seen smaller gains and some stagnation. That is, they stopped improving.  

California is one of those with more liberal policies, and [[w:Mississippi|Mississippi]] would be one with considerably with more conservative policies. Our longest lived state, thereby I would call &quot;the healthiest&quot;, is [[w:Hawaii|Hawaii]]. And the Department of Health of Hawaii recognizes politics as the most important determinant of health. They're quite explicit about this. 

Another healthy state is [[w:Minnesota|Minnesota]]. Its Department of Health similarly situates politics as being important. It situates medical care in a pie chart presented to the legislature as impacting about 10% of health. ...

[[w:Japan|Japan]] has been the longest lived country since 1978. ... I think United States was responsible for making Japan the longest lived country. 

But around 2000 I discovered that a lot of men smoke in Japan. ... How can Japanese men smoke so much and be the longest lived in the world? ... 

Personal behaviors, although important, aren't that important. Japanese men who smoke have worse health than Japanese men that don't smoke, but the difference between smokers and non smokers in Japan is considerably less than the difference here. ... 

One of the most important parts of health production that is the hardest to study is culture. What is culture? Somebody called it &quot;software of the mind.&quot; It's how you're programmed to be in a society. You're not taught your culture, you're exposed to it as you grow up. And then it's sort of wired inside you, programmed inside you. Japan has a cultural value of &quot;[[w:Wa|Wa]]&quot; or social harmony. One way I present this to people is to say, &quot;Do you ever see a lone Japanese tourist?&quot; No, they're always together. &quot;Do you ever see a lone American tourist?&quot; All the time.}}

Graves noted that he had plotted life expectancy for different countries, and confirmed that Japan trailed the advanced industrialized world in 1950 and now lead,&lt;ref&gt;Figure 1 above.&lt;/ref&gt; then asked how the culture changed? 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Remember back in 1945 we [[w:Bombing of Tokyo|fire bombed Tokyo]] and killed about 100,000 civilians. We dropped [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two atomic bombs on the country]]. Basically, we destroyed it. And life expectancy in 1945 in Japan was estimated to be 24 or 25 years. ... 

After that, [[w:Occupation of Japan|the Allies]] occupied Japan. ... The head of the Allied occupation was a US Army five star general, [[w:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]]. He came in and he set up shop across from the Imperial Palace, and basically changed most aspects of the country through writing its [[w:Constitution of Japan|constitution. ... The Constitution]] embodies clause such as [[w:Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan|Article Nine, which says Japan shall never wage war]]. ... He also made suffrage universal. Everybody was given the vote. 

He gave [[w:Labor unions in Japan|labor unions the right to organize]] and bargain collectively in the Constitution. Our labor unions here are organized horizontally. I belong to a teachers' union. But in Japan, unions are organized within a company, and everybody from the sweeper, the lowest ranking, up to the boss, they organize and bargain collectively. That has made the pay gap between the person at the bottom and the person at the top much, much smaller than here. ... 

Japan was run by 13 big corporations, and MacArthur wrote in his memoirs that this concentration of wealth and power is inimical to being a democracy. So he broke up the corporations, ... called &quot;decentralization&quot;. So we had democratization, demilitarization and decentralization.  

Japan is a rice farming economy, and 37,000 land owners owned the land farmed by 50 million peasants. MacArthur said this is again too much concentrated power. So he bought the land from the landowners and sold it to the tenants at the same price. ... Ninety-four percent of the land in Japan changed hands, and historians call it the most successful [[w:Land reform|land reform]] program in history. 

So there followed the most rapid decline in death rates ever seen on the planet, so much so that by 1978 Japan was the longest lived country. 

So the United States knows how to produce health: It gave that medicine to Japan in the late 1940s. We could either take our own medicine or ask Japan to give it to us ... .}} 

Graves asked about data on public health in Japan before World War II or earlier. 

Bezruchka said, {{quote|

Back in the late 1800s health outcomes were pretty good in Japan. After the breakup of the [[w:Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]], things got pretty good, according to historical accounts. 

Then in the 20th century, the corporations began to exercise their power, and [[w:Japanese militarism|they fear mongered the people into wanting to go to war]]. We might be seeing something like that in the United States today. ... 

I call [[w:Stress (biology)|stress]] the 21st Century tobacco. We are one of the most stressed countries in the world. How do we cope with that stress? Not very well. We consume 80% of the world's [[w:Opioid|opioid]]s. Think of that, more than three quarters of the world's opioids are consumed in this country. [[w:United States strikes on alleged drug traffickers during Operation Southern Spear|Sinking a few boats in the Caribbean is kind of a silly idea]], because it's not going to stop the demand. ... 

Regarding our major media, the internet, radio, television, print media. ... You can go to a library and access the internet so you don't pay anything for it. In any business, there's a buyer, a seller and a product. And when I present this to my students, I ask them, follow the money. Since you don't pay anything to access the internet, you can't be the buyer. Where does the transfer of money go? If you're on [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], you'll get an ad. The advertiser pays money to the producer, YouTube, for a product. 

What's the product?  

You. ... 

This isn't my idea. The head of Apple, [[w:Tim Cook|Tim Cook]], said, &quot;If you're not paying for something on the internet, you're not the buyer, ... you're the product.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hogg (2021). For earlier sources expressing similar ideas, see Quote Investigator (2017).&lt;/ref&gt; ... 

Our health is not a saleable commodity. [[w:Health care|Health care]], on the other hand, is very saleable. You'll find lots of ads for drugs. ... The drugs they pitched were not the old standbys that were cheap. They were mostly expensive maintenance drugs. 

[[w:Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical companies]] do not want to produce a drug that's going to prevent something, because treating diseases is quite profitable. They're also not going to produce drugs that will cure something: If the disease is cured, where's the profit? 

What they do produce are expensive drugs to maintain people with a disease. Our diseases are mostly chronic. That is, they're there all the time, diabetes, heart disease, cancers, lung disease, kidney disease. Can't cure those, but you can try to ameliorate some of the bad effects of those conditions. And we're in a situation, for example, where almost half the population has either type two diabetes or is in some earlier stage of that. And so we have a huge industry of maintenance drugs for diabetes. ...

[[w:Epidemiology of obesity|We have the highest rates of obesity]] in the world, except for a few islands in the Pacific, ... [[w:Tahiti|Tahiti]] and [[w:Fiji|Fiji]] and places like that where women are bigger than US women. But other than that, we can win the gold medal in the &quot;Obesity Olympics&quot;. ... 

Why are we the most obese country in the world? ... We're highly stressed, and one of the ways of relieving stress is to eat so called [[w:comfort food|comfort foods]]. Comfort foods are those high in sugar and fat, salt. We consume those because they decrease the secretion of [[w:cortisol|cortisol]], our chronic stress hormone. And so they physiologically help us feel a little better from the stress that we're under. ...}}  

In sum, Dr. Bezruchka said, {{quote|

There's not a lot you can do to improve your own health. You may be able to do something for your children if they're young enough. We need to put in place policies to improve the health of future generations. 

That's a tall order. But anything else we can consider &quot;[[w:social murder|social murder]]&quot;, a term used by [[w:Frederick Engels|Frederick Engels]] in the 1800s looking at people in England. He found poor people were dying of the usual conditions and diseases. But there was no smoking gun. He called this &quot;social murder&quot;, and that's what we're doing in this country.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Appendix. ''[[:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' and public funding for media as a percent of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) for selected full and flawed democracies per Neff and Pickard (2024). ==

The following table is extracted from Neff and Pickard (2024), who presented &quot;national economic data and public media funding levels ... primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data&quot;. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' (EDI) for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data. &quot;Full democracy&quot; = EDI ≥ 8. &quot;Flawed democracy&quot; = EDI &lt; 8.

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style = &quot;text-align:center;&quot; 
! Country !! code !! ''Economist Democracy Index'' (2019) !! public funding % of GDP !! Multiyear?
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Norway || NO || 9.87 || .166 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Iceland || IS || 9.58 || .154 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Sweden || SE || 9.39 || .148 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  New Zealand || NZ || 9.26 || .061 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Finland || FI || 9.25 || .197 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Ireland || IE || 9.24 || .059 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Canada || CA || 9.22 || .052 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Denmark || DK ||9.22 || .155 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Australia || AU || 9.09 || .070 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Germany || DE || 8.68 || .253 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United Kingdom  || GB || 8.52 || .173 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Uruguay || UY || 8.38 || .066 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Spain || ES || 8.29 || .144 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Mauritius || MU || 8.22 || .134 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  France || FR || 8.12 || .154 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Chile || CL || 8.08 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Korea || KR || 8.00 || .035 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Japan || JP || 7.99 || .123 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United States || US || 7.96 || .005 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Estonia || EE || 7.90 || .143 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Israel || IL || 7.86 || .053 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Botswana || BW ||7.81 || .102 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Cabo Verde || CV || 7.78 || .216 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Taiwan || TW || 7.73 || .010 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Czech Republic || CZ || 7.69 || .139 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Italy || IT || 7.52 || .101 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Lithuania || LT || 7.50 ||.085 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Latvia || LV || 7.49 || .077 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Africa || ZA || 7.24 || .016 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Colombia || CO || 7.13 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Argentina || AR || 7.02 || .024 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  India ||IN || 6.90 || .018 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Tunisia || TN ||6.72 ||.026 ||0
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2022-11-28)  Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136047815}}
* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2026-02-19)  Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138749292}}
* &lt;!--Lea Hogg (2021-02-02) &quot;You are no longer the customer, you are the product – Tim Cook&quot;, SiGMA--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139553897}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Timothy Neff and Victor Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Quote Investigator (2017-07-16) &quot;Quote Origin: You’re Not the Customer; You’re the Product--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139555217|author=Quote Investigator}}
* &lt;!--United Nations (UN, 2023) World Population Prospects--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136236031|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN)|date=2022}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Richard G. Wilkinson (1992) &quot;Income distribution and life expectancy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35819931}}
* &lt;!-- Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (2009) The spirit level : why greater equality makes societies stronger--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132688521}}

[[Category:Media]]
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      <text bytes="32146" sha1="9a0sot0sgcwynldtiesd7s4asm90wvf" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka&gt;&lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka--&gt;{{cite Q|Q118236581}}&lt;/ref&gt; on how US media threaten the health of all. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.webm|thumb|2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview conducted 2026-04-09 of MD and public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka by Spencer Graves about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

Public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; discusses the role of the major US media, including social media, in threatening the health of all. Bezruchka is professor emeritus from the [[w:University of Washington School of Public Health|University of Washington School of Public Health]]&lt;ref name=UW&gt;&lt;!-- Stephen Bezruchka Associate Teaching Professor Emeritus, Health Systems and Population Health--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138762410}}&lt;/ref&gt; with multiple publications including books translated into several languages.&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; He holds an MD degree from Stanford and a Masters in Public Health from Johns Hopkins.&lt;ref name=UW/&gt; 

His recent books include the following focused especially on public health including the impact of the media in creating public health problems for the US: 

* (2022) ''Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World''.

* (2026) ''Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation''.

He also maintains a blog on [[w:Substack|Substack]] as [https://substack.com/@stephenbezruchka @stephenbezruchka]. 

Dr. Bezruchka is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Comparing Bezruchka with previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interviewees ==

Bezruchka (2022, 2026) highlights two primary drivers of poor health in the US:&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;  

# Stress from inequality. 
# Lack of attention to our early years.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2022) and other literature on the need for &quot;attention to our early years&quot; are discussed in &quot;[[Invest in children]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Life expectancy in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 1.  Life expectancy at birth in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Life Expectancy at Birth (e0) - Both Sexes in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

He also says, &quot;We need universal healthcare ...  However, that alone won’t fix the nation’s health problems. ... [T]he health of a nation results from political and historical factors&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1-2).&lt;/ref&gt; To support the latter, he notes that in 1950 the US was among the world leaders in life expectancy and infant mortality. However, more recently, the US has trailed the rest of the advanced industrialized democracies, as documented in Figures 1 and 2. 

[[File:Infant mortality in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 2.  [[w:Infant mortality|Infant mortality rate]] (IMR = deaths before first birthday per thousand live births) in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Democracy v. public funding for media.png|thumb|Figure 3. Economist Democracy Index v. public funding for media, ~2019, per Neff and Pickard (2024), discussed further in the Appendix, below. (''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data; we have not attempted to update their data.)]]

[[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.&lt;ref&gt;Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025). Copied from Figure 5 in [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future]].&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One explanation for how the US came to lead the world in public health includes the observation that it had by far more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the early nineteenth century,&lt;ref&gt;See John (1995) and the rest of the discussion in episode 27 in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series on, &quot;[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; supported by newspaper subsidies of roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in the early 1840s under the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act of 1792]].&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88). See also the section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment|US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment]]'' in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; That 0.21 percent of GDP is comparable to the public subsidies for media today in the world's leading democracies, per Figure 3, which also shows that comparable US subsidies for media had dropped to 0.005 percent of GDP in 2019 (before being cut to zero in 2025).&lt;ref&gt;Regarding the ending of public subsidies for media in the US, see [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

The rise of broadcasting since World War II has facilitated increasing concentration of ownership and control of the major media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on  &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization#The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II|The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II]] in the chapter on &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization|Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization]]&quot; and other parts of the book-in-progress on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; That consolidation of control of the major media seems to have driven first the commercialization of healthcare decried by Bezruchka and after 1981 the dramatic increase in inequality, documented in Figure 4.

One of the most important research reports discussed so far in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' is Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;ref&gt;See also the 2025-06-08 interview with Usher, available as [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher]].&lt;/ref&gt; They found no statistically significant impact of the dramatic drop in the number of journalists in the US between 2003 and 2019 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- on federal prosecutions for political corruption. However, each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a federal court district one year was associated with on average 1.4 additional prosecutions per federal court district the following year. 

If those prosecutions for political corruption actually help make government work more in the public interest, then everyone benefits from the reports published by members of INN that appear to have helped inspire those prosecutions, even humans who never read those reports nor heard of the news nonprofits that published them: 

:* You and I benefit, we all benefit from news reports we have never read by nonprofit news organization we have never heard of, if they help make government work more in the public interest. 

== Highlights == 

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is, of course, the accompanying video.''

Graves began by asking, &quot;What are the most important things you would like to communicate to our audience?&quot; Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

The most important thing is to create the awareness that because we live in the United States of America, the best health outcomes possible are not to be found in this country. ... [B]y health, I use the very simple concept of being alive and not dead. ... [A]s an emergency physician for 30 years, the easiest diagnosis I could make ... was that somebody was dead. It's hard to fake. ... 

[W]e in the United States rank behind 40 or 50 other countries in the world, including all the other rich ones, and quite a few not so rich. ... [W]e die younger than people in many, many other countries, despite spending an enormous amount of money on health care, over $6 trillion a sixth of our total economy, and almost the same as the rest of the world spends on health care together.&lt;ref&gt;On 2026-04-23 the &quot;History&quot; section of the webpage on &quot;National Health Expenditures&quot; of the website of the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reported, &quot;U.S. health care spending grew 7.2 percent in 2024, reaching $5.3 trillion or $15,474 per person.  As a share of the nation's [[w:Gross Domestic Product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), health spending accounted for 18.0 percent.&quot; The estimated [[w:United States|GDP for the US]] for 2026 was $32.4 trillion. Eighteen percent of that is $5.8 trillion, which rounds to $6 trillion. Also, 18 percent is just a little a sixth, mentioned by Bezruchka. See also the Wikipedia article on [[w:Health care finance in the United States|Health care finance in the United States]] and &quot;History&quot; on the web site of &lt;!--National Health Expenditures--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139505383}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Graves observed, &quot;But in 1950 the US was among the leaders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Life expectancy in the US vs. other countries is documented in Figure 1 above from  {{cite Q|Q41274869}}&lt;!-- World Population Prospects --&gt;downloaded 2020-11-22).}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote| 

Correct. Back in the mid century, 1950 to 60, we were somewhere, depending on the measure you use, in the top 10 countries. And in length of life, life expectancy, we were number one. We had the lowest deaths of women in childbirth. ... 

But what has happened since then is that many other countries have seen faster improvements in health than we have. And that has gone on until about the last 10 years, when not only is our health not improving, it's declining. ... 

It's the best kept secret in this country. 

You sometimes find mentions of it in the media, but nobody wants to point out that we die younger than people in all the other rich countries and quite a few others.}} 

Graves noted, &quot;But the rest of the advanced industrialized world is still improving in life expectancy and public health.&quot; 

Bezruchka concurred. {{quote| 

Absolutely yes. Countries suffered a little decline with [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID]] after 2020, but our decline was much, much bigger. One in 300 Americans was killed with covid, and that's essentially a higher rate than in other countries. We suffered a more precipitous decline ... and we have only now come to be where we were 20 years ago. ...

I used to think medical care was the most important thing in producing health along with personal behaviors. ... When I realized in the 1980s that other countries were seeing better health improvements than we were, I decided I couldn't understand that. So I went back to public health school at [[w:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], the biggest such program in the world. There I learned that social and political factors matter most in producing health. 

I then began to expose myself to ideas that I hadn't considered before, and I found studies showing that income inequality, the gap in incomes in a country, were strongly related to its life expectancy. 

Studies on this began appearing in 1979. A critical study in 1992 in ''[[w:The BMJ|The British Medical Journal]] featured this material.&lt;ref&gt;Wilkinson (1992).&lt;/ref&gt;  With anything like these findings, I had to decide, &quot;Is this true or not?&quot; 

I sought out [[w:Richard G. Wilkinson|Richard Wilkinson]], who did these studies on income inequality and health&lt;ref&gt;Wilkinson and Pickett (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; and got to know him and found him to be credible. ... There were some contradictory messages out there, but they didn't hold water for me. 

And I sought out other people, one near me, Clyde Hertzman at the University of British Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Bio of Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139551676}}; &lt;!-- Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q16335533}}&lt;/ref&gt; I invited him down to give a series of lectures at the [[w:University of Washington|University]]. He brought up the idea of the importance of early life. Through him, I came across the studies that showed that a large portion of your health as an adult has been programmed sometime between conception and age two or three. So early life lasts a lifetime. ... 

Inequality kills, and early life lasts a lifetime. 

Income inequality results from political choices we make in society. ... [E]arly life also results from political choices. 

For example, there are only two countries in the world that don't [[w:Parental leave|give a working woman who's pregnant paid time off as a national policy, so she can spend time with her newborn]]. One is the United States. We say we can't afford that. The other is Papua New Guinea, half of a big island north of Australia. 

Only two populous countries in the world don't have a national policy of paid maternity leave. 

[[w:Parental leave in the United States|A handful of US states have enacted paid leave policies]], but none of them are more than 12 weeks. Here in [[w:Washington (state)|Washington]], we tried to do this back in 2013 but didn't [fund it]. Finally in 2019 we passed legislation funded by a payroll tax. Now there is a 12 week paid parental leave program in place in Washington. [[w:California|California]] was the first state, but 12 weeks of paid leave is the minimum end of what all the other countries provide. 

We're not very generous. ... 

What really matters is a gap between the rich and the poor and how much you support early life.  

The studies now suggest that roughly half of our health as adults has been programmed in that first 1,000 days after conception.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- 1,000 Days--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139550803}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

That's why I titled my book, ''Born Sick in the USA'',&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; after Bruce Springsteen's song ''[[w:Born in the U.S.A.|Born in the USA]]'', because by the time we're born, our health is compromised, and there's really not that much we can do to redress the problems in early life ... . Healthier societies have in place policies such as I mentioned, paid parental leave and a host of others. 

Take [[w:Sweden|Sweden]]. Sweden's considered a much healthier country than we are. Swedes pay high taxes, and they don't mind paying high taxes, because they get much in return. They get [[w:Healthcare in Sweden|free health care]], for example. They get a very generous paid parental leave program, 480 days at your full pay. It's split between the mother and the father. Father has to take at least 13 weeks. The rest of the second year is optional ... at about 70% pay. And then there's daycare. In Sweden, daycare costs $160 a month. It's quite affordable. And to work in a Swedish government-run daycare center, you have to have an advanced degree in play, because, you know what's daycare? It's socializing the child, and we need experts there. 

So for a host of reasons, healthier countries a have smaller gaps between the rich and the poor and privilege early life.}}

Graves asked, &quot;How do you compare California and other states that have liberal maternal aid policies relative to the rest of the rest of the nation? Do they have better public health?&quot; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Yes. You can look at life expectancy again, the measure that I think is the easiest to use to compare different populations. If you take the 50 states, and you look at their life expectancy from 1957 to 2005 or 2006, states with liberal political policies have seen substantial gains in life expectancy over that period, and states with conservative policies have seen smaller gains and some stagnation. That is, they stopped improving.  

California is one of those with more liberal policies, and [[w:Mississippi|Mississippi]] would be one with considerably with more conservative policies. Our longest lived state, thereby I would call &quot;the healthiest&quot;, is [[w:Hawaii|Hawaii]]. And the Department of Health of Hawaii recognizes politics as the most important determinant of health. They're quite explicit about this. 

Another healthy state is [[w:Minnesota|Minnesota]]. Its Department of Health similarly situates politics as being important. It situates medical care in a pie chart presented to the legislature as impacting about 10% of health. ...

[[w:Japan|Japan]] has been the longest lived country since 1978. ... I think United States was responsible for making Japan the longest lived country. 

But around 2000 I discovered that a lot of men smoke in Japan. ... How can Japanese men smoke so much and be the longest lived in the world? ... 

Personal behaviors, although important, aren't that important. Japanese men who smoke have worse health than Japanese men that don't smoke, but the difference between smokers and non smokers in Japan is considerably less than the difference here. ... 

One of the most important parts of health production that is the hardest to study is culture. What is culture? Somebody called it &quot;software of the mind.&quot; It's how you're programmed to be in a society. You're not taught your culture, you're exposed to it as you grow up. And then it's sort of wired inside you, programmed inside you. Japan has a cultural value of &quot;[[w:Wa|Wa]]&quot; or social harmony. One way I present this to people is to say, &quot;Do you ever see a lone Japanese tourist?&quot; No, they're always together. &quot;Do you ever see a lone American tourist?&quot; All the time.}}

Graves noted that he had plotted life expectancy for different countries, and confirmed that Japan trailed the advanced industrialized world in 1950 and now lead,&lt;ref&gt;Figure 1 above.&lt;/ref&gt; then asked how the culture changed? 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Remember back in 1945 we [[w:Bombing of Tokyo|fire bombed Tokyo]] and killed about 100,000 civilians. We dropped [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two atomic bombs on the country]]. Basically, we destroyed it. And life expectancy in 1945 in Japan was estimated to be 24 or 25 years. ... 

After that, [[w:Occupation of Japan|the Allies]] occupied Japan. ... The head of the Allied occupation was a US Army five star general, [[w:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]]. He came in and he set up shop across from the Imperial Palace, and basically changed most aspects of the country through writing its [[w:Constitution of Japan|constitution. ... The Constitution]] embodies clause such as [[w:Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan|Article Nine, which says Japan shall never wage war]]. ... He also made suffrage universal. Everybody was given the vote. 

He gave [[w:Labor unions in Japan|labor unions the right to organize]] and bargain collectively in the Constitution. Our labor unions here are organized horizontally. I belong to a teachers' union. But in Japan, unions are organized within a company, and everybody from the sweeper, the lowest ranking, up to the boss, they organize and bargain collectively. That has made the pay gap between the person at the bottom and the person at the top much, much smaller than here. ... 

Japan was run by 13 big corporations, and MacArthur wrote in his memoirs that this concentration of wealth and power is inimical to being a democracy. So he broke up the corporations, ... called &quot;decentralization&quot;. So we had democratization, demilitarization and decentralization.  

Japan is a rice farming economy, and 37,000 land owners owned the land farmed by 50 million peasants. MacArthur said this is again too much concentrated power. So he bought the land from the landowners and sold it to the tenants at the same price. ... Ninety-four percent of the land in Japan changed hands, and historians call it the most successful [[w:Land reform|land reform]] program in history. 

So there followed the most rapid decline in death rates ever seen on the planet, so much so that by 1978 Japan was the longest lived country. 

So the United States knows how to produce health: It gave that medicine to Japan in the late 1940s. We could either take our own medicine or ask Japan to give it to us ... .}} 

Graves asked about data on public health in Japan before World War II or earlier. 

Bezruchka said, {{quote|

Back in the late 1800s health outcomes were pretty good in Japan. After the breakup of the [[w:Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]], things got pretty good, according to historical accounts. 

Then in the 20th century, the corporations began to exercise their power, and [[w:Japanese militarism|they fear mongered the people into wanting to go to war]]. We might be seeing something like that in the United States today. ... 

I call [[w:Stress (biology)|stress]] the 21st Century tobacco. We are one of the most stressed countries in the world. How do we cope with that stress? Not very well. We consume 80% of the world's [[w:Opioid|opioid]]s. Think of that, more than three quarters of the world's opioids are consumed in this country. [[w:United States strikes on alleged drug traffickers during Operation Southern Spear|Sinking a few boats in the Caribbean is kind of a silly idea]], because it's not going to stop the demand. ... 

Regarding our major media, the internet, radio, television, print media. ... You can go to a library and access the internet so you don't pay anything for it. In any business, there's a buyer, a seller and a product. And when I present this to my students, I ask them, follow the money. Since you don't pay anything to access the internet, you can't be the buyer. Where does the transfer of money go? If you're on [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], you'll get an ad. The advertiser pays money to the producer, YouTube, for a product. 

What's the product?  

You. ... 

This isn't my idea. The head of Apple, [[w:Tim Cook|Tim Cook]], said, &quot;If you're not paying for something on the internet, you're not the buyer, ... you're the product.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hogg (2021). For earlier sources expressing similar ideas, see Quote Investigator (2017).&lt;/ref&gt; ... 

Our health is not a saleable commodity. [[w:Health care|Health care]], on the other hand, is very saleable. You'll find lots of ads for drugs. ... The drugs they pitched were not the old standbys that were cheap. They were mostly expensive maintenance drugs. 

[[w:Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical companies]] do not want to produce a drug that's going to prevent something, because treating diseases is quite profitable. They're also not going to produce drugs that will cure something: If the disease is cured, where's the profit? 

What they do produce are expensive drugs to maintain people with a disease. Our diseases are mostly chronic. That is, they're there all the time, diabetes, heart disease, cancers, lung disease, kidney disease. Can't cure those, but you can try to ameliorate some of the bad effects of those conditions. And we're in a situation, for example, where almost half the population has either type two diabetes or is in some earlier stage of that. And so we have a huge industry of maintenance drugs for diabetes. ...

[[w:Epidemiology of obesity|We have the highest rates of obesity]] in the world, except for a few islands in the Pacific, ... [[w:Tahiti|Tahiti]] and [[w:Fiji|Fiji]] and places like that where women are bigger than US women. But other than that, we can win the gold medal in the &quot;Obesity Olympics&quot;. ... 

Why are we the most obese country in the world? ... We're highly stressed, and one of the ways of relieving stress is to eat so called [[w:comfort food|comfort foods]]. Comfort foods are those high in sugar and fat, salt. We consume those because they decrease the secretion of [[w:cortisol|cortisol]], our chronic stress hormone. And so they physiologically help us feel a little better from the stress that we're under. ...}}  

In sum, Dr. Bezruchka said, {{quote|

There's not a lot you can do to improve your own health. You may be able to do something for your children if they're young enough. We need to put in place policies to improve the health of future generations. 

That's a tall order. But anything else we can consider &quot;[[w:social murder|social murder]]&quot;, a term used by [[w:Frederick Engels|Frederick Engels]] in the 1800s looking at people in England. He found poor people were dying of the usual conditions and diseases. But there was no smoking gun. He called this &quot;social murder&quot;, and that's what we're doing in this country.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Appendix. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' and public funding for media as a percent of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) for selected full and flawed democracies per Neff and Pickard (2024). ==

The following table is extracted from Neff and Pickard (2024), who presented &quot;national economic data and public media funding levels ... primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data&quot;. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' (EDI) for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data. &quot;Full democracy&quot; = EDI ≥ 8. &quot;Flawed democracy&quot; = EDI &lt; 8.

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style = &quot;text-align:center;&quot; 
! Country !! code !! ''Economist Democracy Index'' (2019) !! public funding % of GDP !! Multiyear?
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Norway || NO || 9.87 || .166 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Iceland || IS || 9.58 || .154 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Sweden || SE || 9.39 || .148 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  New Zealand || NZ || 9.26 || .061 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Finland || FI || 9.25 || .197 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Ireland || IE || 9.24 || .059 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Canada || CA || 9.22 || .052 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Denmark || DK ||9.22 || .155 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Australia || AU || 9.09 || .070 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Germany || DE || 8.68 || .253 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United Kingdom  || GB || 8.52 || .173 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Uruguay || UY || 8.38 || .066 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Spain || ES || 8.29 || .144 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Mauritius || MU || 8.22 || .134 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  France || FR || 8.12 || .154 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Chile || CL || 8.08 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Korea || KR || 8.00 || .035 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Japan || JP || 7.99 || .123 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United States || US || 7.96 || .005 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Estonia || EE || 7.90 || .143 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Israel || IL || 7.86 || .053 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Botswana || BW ||7.81 || .102 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Cabo Verde || CV || 7.78 || .216 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Taiwan || TW || 7.73 || .010 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Czech Republic || CZ || 7.69 || .139 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Italy || IT || 7.52 || .101 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Lithuania || LT || 7.50 ||.085 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Latvia || LV || 7.49 || .077 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Africa || ZA || 7.24 || .016 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Colombia || CO || 7.13 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Argentina || AR || 7.02 || .024 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  India ||IN || 6.90 || .018 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Tunisia || TN ||6.72 ||.026 ||0
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2022-11-28)  Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136047815}}
* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2026-02-19)  Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138749292}}
* &lt;!--Lea Hogg (2021-02-02) &quot;You are no longer the customer, you are the product – Tim Cook&quot;, SiGMA--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139553897}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Timothy Neff and Victor Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Quote Investigator (2017-07-16) &quot;Quote Origin: You’re Not the Customer; You’re the Product--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139555217|author=Quote Investigator}}
* &lt;!--United Nations (UN, 2023) World Population Prospects--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136236031|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN)|date=2022}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Richard G. Wilkinson (1992) &quot;Income distribution and life expectancy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35819931}}
* &lt;!-- Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (2009) The spirit level : why greater equality makes societies stronger--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132688521}}

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      <text bytes="32219" sha1="kq83zp89zqrzpl46pvtekehfvv7uzbq" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka&gt;&lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka--&gt;{{cite Q|Q118236581}}&lt;/ref&gt; on how US media threaten the health of all. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.webm|thumb|2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview conducted 2026-04-09 of MD and public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka by Spencer Graves about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

Public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; discusses the role of the major US media, including social media, in threatening the health of all. Bezruchka is professor emeritus from the [[w:University of Washington School of Public Health|University of Washington School of Public Health]]&lt;ref name=UW&gt;&lt;!-- Stephen Bezruchka Associate Teaching Professor Emeritus, Health Systems and Population Health--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138762410}}&lt;/ref&gt; with multiple publications including books translated into several languages.&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; He holds an MD degree from Stanford and a Masters in Public Health from Johns Hopkins.&lt;ref name=UW/&gt; 

His recent books include the following focused especially on public health including the impact of the media in creating public health problems for the US: 

* (2022) ''Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World''.

* (2026) ''Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation''.

He also maintains a blog on [[w:Substack|Substack]] as [https://substack.com/@stephenbezruchka @stephenbezruchka]. 

Dr. Bezruchka is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Comparing Bezruchka with previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interviewees ==

Bezruchka (2022, 2026) highlights two primary drivers of poor health in the US:&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;  

# Stress from inequality. 
# Lack of attention to our early years.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2022) and other literature on the need for &quot;attention to our early years&quot; are discussed in &quot;[[Invest in children]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Life expectancy in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 1.  Life expectancy at birth in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Life Expectancy at Birth (e0) - Both Sexes in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

He also says, &quot;We need universal healthcare ...  However, that alone won’t fix the nation’s health problems. ... [T]he health of a nation results from political and historical factors&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1-2).&lt;/ref&gt; To support the latter, he notes that in 1950 the US was among the world leaders in life expectancy and infant mortality. However, more recently, the US has trailed the rest of the advanced industrialized democracies, as documented in Figures 1 and 2. 

[[File:Infant mortality in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 2.  [[w:Infant mortality|Infant mortality rate]] (IMR = deaths before first birthday per thousand live births) in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Democracy v. public funding for media.png|thumb|Figure 3. Economist Democracy Index v. public funding for media, ~2019, per Neff and Pickard (2024), discussed further in the Appendix, below. (''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data; we have not attempted to update their data.)]]

[[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.&lt;ref&gt;Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025). Copied from Figure 5 in [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future]].&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One explanation for how the US came to lead the world in public health includes the observation that it had by far more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the early nineteenth century,&lt;ref&gt;See John (1995) and the rest of the discussion in episode 27 in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series on, &quot;[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; supported by newspaper subsidies of roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in the early 1840s under the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act of 1792]].&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88). See also the section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment|US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment]]'' in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; That 0.21 percent of GDP is comparable to the public subsidies for media today in the world's leading democracies, per Figure 3, which also shows that comparable US subsidies for media had dropped to 0.005 percent of GDP in 2019 (before being cut to zero in 2025).&lt;ref&gt;Regarding the ending of public subsidies for media in the US, see [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

The rise of broadcasting since World War II has facilitated increasing concentration of ownership and control of the major media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on  &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization#The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II|The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II]] in the chapter on &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization|Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization]]&quot; and other parts of the book-in-progress on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; That consolidation of control of the major media seems to have driven first the commercialization of healthcare decried by Bezruchka and after 1981 the dramatic increase in inequality, documented in Figure 4.

One of the most important research reports discussed so far in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' is Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;ref&gt;See also the 2025-06-08 interview with Usher, available as [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher]].&lt;/ref&gt; They found no statistically significant impact of the dramatic drop in the number of journalists in the US between 2003 and 2019 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- on federal prosecutions for political corruption. However, each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a federal court district one year was associated with on average 1.4 additional prosecutions per federal court district the following year. 

If those prosecutions for political corruption actually help make government work more in the public interest, then everyone benefits from the reports published by members of INN that appear to have helped inspire those prosecutions, even humans who never read those reports nor heard of the news nonprofits that published them: 

:* You and I benefit, we all benefit from news reports we have never read by nonprofit news organization we have never heard of, if they help make government work more in the public interest. 

== Highlights == 

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is, of course, the accompanying video.''

Graves began by asking, &quot;What are the most important things you would like to communicate to our audience?&quot; Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

The most important thing is to create the awareness that because we live in the United States of America, the best health outcomes possible are not to be found in this country. ... [B]y health, I use the very simple concept of being alive and not dead. ... [A]s an emergency physician for 30 years, the easiest diagnosis I could make ... was that somebody was dead. It's hard to fake. ... 

[W]e in the United States rank behind 40 or 50 other countries in the world, including all the other rich ones, and quite a few not so rich. ... [W]e die younger than people in many, many other countries, despite spending an enormous amount of money on health care, over $6 trillion a sixth of our total economy, and almost the same as the rest of the world spends on health care together.&lt;ref&gt;On 2026-04-23 the &quot;History&quot; section of the webpage on &quot;National Health Expenditures&quot; of the website of the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reported, &quot;U.S. health care spending grew 7.2 percent in 2024, reaching $5.3 trillion or $15,474 per person.  As a share of the nation's [[w:Gross Domestic Product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), health spending accounted for 18.0 percent.&quot; The estimated [[w:United States|GDP for the US]] for 2026 was $32.4 trillion. Eighteen percent of that is $5.8 trillion, which rounds to $6 trillion. Also, 18 percent is just a little a sixth, mentioned by Bezruchka. See also the Wikipedia article on [[w:Health care finance in the United States|Health care finance in the United States]] and &quot;History&quot; on the web site of &lt;!--National Health Expenditures--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139505383}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Graves observed, &quot;But in 1950 the US was among the leaders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Life expectancy in the US vs. other countries is documented in Figure 1 above from  {{cite Q|Q41274869}}&lt;!-- World Population Prospects --&gt;downloaded 2020-11-22).}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote| 

Correct. Back in the mid century, 1950 to 60, we were somewhere, depending on the measure you use, in the top 10 countries. And in length of life, life expectancy, we were number one. We had the lowest deaths of women in childbirth. ... 

But what has happened since then is that many other countries have seen faster improvements in health than we have. And that has gone on until about the last 10 years, when not only is our health not improving, it's declining. ... 

It's the best kept secret in this country. 

You sometimes find mentions of it in the media, but nobody wants to point out that we die younger than people in all the other rich countries and quite a few others.}} 

Graves noted, &quot;But the rest of the advanced industrialized world is still improving in life expectancy and public health.&quot; 

Bezruchka concurred. {{quote| 

Absolutely yes. Countries suffered a little decline with [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID]] after 2020, but our decline was much, much bigger. One in 300 Americans was killed with covid, and that's essentially a higher rate than in other countries. We suffered a more precipitous decline ... and we have only now come to be where we were 20 years ago. ...

I used to think medical care was the most important thing in producing health along with personal behaviors. ... When I realized in the 1980s that other countries were seeing better health improvements than we were, I decided I couldn't understand that. So I went back to public health school at [[w:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], the biggest such program in the world. There I learned that social and political factors matter most in producing health. 

I then began to expose myself to ideas that I hadn't considered before, and I found studies showing that income inequality, the gap in incomes in a country, were strongly related to its life expectancy. 

Studies on this began appearing in 1979. A critical study in 1992 in ''[[w:The BMJ|The British Medical Journal]] featured this material.&lt;ref&gt;Wilkinson (1992).&lt;/ref&gt;  With anything like these findings, I had to decide, &quot;Is this true or not?&quot; 

I sought out [[w:Richard G. Wilkinson|Richard Wilkinson]], who did these studies on income inequality and health&lt;ref&gt;Wilkerson (1992), Wilkinson and Pickett (2009), and other works by Wikerson cited in Bezruchka (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; and got to know him and found him to be credible. ... There were some contradictory messages out there, but they didn't hold water for me. 

And I sought out other people, one near me, Clyde Hertzman at the University of British Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Bio of Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139551676}}; &lt;!-- Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q16335533}}&lt;/ref&gt; I invited him down to give a series of lectures at the [[w:University of Washington|University]]. He brought up the idea of the importance of early life. Through him, I came across the studies that showed that a large portion of your health as an adult has been programmed sometime between conception and age two or three. So early life lasts a lifetime. ... 

Inequality kills, and early life lasts a lifetime. 

Income inequality results from political choices we make in society. ... [E]arly life also results from political choices. 

For example, there are only two countries in the world that don't [[w:Parental leave|give a working woman who's pregnant paid time off as a national policy, so she can spend time with her newborn]]. One is the United States. We say we can't afford that. The other is Papua New Guinea, half of a big island north of Australia. 

Only two populous countries in the world don't have a national policy of paid maternity leave. 

[[w:Parental leave in the United States|A handful of US states have enacted paid leave policies]], but none of them are more than 12 weeks. Here in [[w:Washington (state)|Washington]], we tried to do this back in 2013 but didn't [fund it]. Finally in 2019 we passed legislation funded by a payroll tax. Now there is a 12 week paid parental leave program in place in Washington. [[w:California|California]] was the first state, but 12 weeks of paid leave is the minimum end of what all the other countries provide. 

We're not very generous. ... 

What really matters is a gap between the rich and the poor and how much you support early life.  

The studies now suggest that roughly half of our health as adults has been programmed in that first 1,000 days after conception.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- 1,000 Days--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139550803}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

That's why I titled my book, ''Born Sick in the USA'',&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; after Bruce Springsteen's song ''[[w:Born in the U.S.A.|Born in the USA]]'', because by the time we're born, our health is compromised, and there's really not that much we can do to redress the problems in early life ... . Healthier societies have in place policies such as I mentioned, paid parental leave and a host of others. 

Take [[w:Sweden|Sweden]]. Sweden's considered a much healthier country than we are. Swedes pay high taxes, and they don't mind paying high taxes, because they get much in return. They get [[w:Healthcare in Sweden|free health care]], for example. They get a very generous paid parental leave program, 480 days at your full pay. It's split between the mother and the father. Father has to take at least 13 weeks. The rest of the second year is optional ... at about 70% pay. And then there's daycare. In Sweden, daycare costs $160 a month. It's quite affordable. And to work in a Swedish government-run daycare center, you have to have an advanced degree in play, because, you know what's daycare? It's socializing the child, and we need experts there. 

So for a host of reasons, healthier countries a have smaller gaps between the rich and the poor and privilege early life.}}

Graves asked, &quot;How do you compare California and other states that have liberal maternal aid policies relative to the rest of the rest of the nation? Do they have better public health?&quot; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Yes. You can look at life expectancy again, the measure that I think is the easiest to use to compare different populations. If you take the 50 states, and you look at their life expectancy from 1957 to 2005 or 2006, states with liberal political policies have seen substantial gains in life expectancy over that period, and states with conservative policies have seen smaller gains and some stagnation. That is, they stopped improving.  

California is one of those with more liberal policies, and [[w:Mississippi|Mississippi]] would be one with considerably with more conservative policies. Our longest lived state, thereby I would call &quot;the healthiest&quot;, is [[w:Hawaii|Hawaii]]. And the Department of Health of Hawaii recognizes politics as the most important determinant of health. They're quite explicit about this. 

Another healthy state is [[w:Minnesota|Minnesota]]. Its Department of Health similarly situates politics as being important. It situates medical care in a pie chart presented to the legislature as impacting about 10% of health. ...

[[w:Japan|Japan]] has been the longest lived country since 1978. ... I think United States was responsible for making Japan the longest lived country. 

But around 2000 I discovered that a lot of men smoke in Japan. ... How can Japanese men smoke so much and be the longest lived in the world? ... 

Personal behaviors, although important, aren't that important. Japanese men who smoke have worse health than Japanese men that don't smoke, but the difference between smokers and non smokers in Japan is considerably less than the difference here. ... 

One of the most important parts of health production that is the hardest to study is culture. What is culture? Somebody called it &quot;software of the mind.&quot; It's how you're programmed to be in a society. You're not taught your culture, you're exposed to it as you grow up. And then it's sort of wired inside you, programmed inside you. Japan has a cultural value of &quot;[[w:Wa|Wa]]&quot; or social harmony. One way I present this to people is to say, &quot;Do you ever see a lone Japanese tourist?&quot; No, they're always together. &quot;Do you ever see a lone American tourist?&quot; All the time.}}

Graves noted that he had plotted life expectancy for different countries, and confirmed that Japan trailed the advanced industrialized world in 1950 and now lead,&lt;ref&gt;Figure 1 above.&lt;/ref&gt; then asked how the culture changed? 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Remember back in 1945 we [[w:Bombing of Tokyo|fire bombed Tokyo]] and killed about 100,000 civilians. We dropped [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two atomic bombs on the country]]. Basically, we destroyed it. And life expectancy in 1945 in Japan was estimated to be 24 or 25 years. ... 

After that, [[w:Occupation of Japan|the Allies]] occupied Japan. ... The head of the Allied occupation was a US Army five star general, [[w:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]]. He came in and he set up shop across from the Imperial Palace, and basically changed most aspects of the country through writing its [[w:Constitution of Japan|constitution. ... The Constitution]] embodies clause such as [[w:Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan|Article Nine, which says Japan shall never wage war]]. ... He also made suffrage universal. Everybody was given the vote. 

He gave [[w:Labor unions in Japan|labor unions the right to organize]] and bargain collectively in the Constitution. Our labor unions here are organized horizontally. I belong to a teachers' union. But in Japan, unions are organized within a company, and everybody from the sweeper, the lowest ranking, up to the boss, they organize and bargain collectively. That has made the pay gap between the person at the bottom and the person at the top much, much smaller than here. ... 

Japan was run by 13 big corporations, and MacArthur wrote in his memoirs that this concentration of wealth and power is inimical to being a democracy. So he broke up the corporations, ... called &quot;decentralization&quot;. So we had democratization, demilitarization and decentralization.  

Japan is a rice farming economy, and 37,000 land owners owned the land farmed by 50 million peasants. MacArthur said this is again too much concentrated power. So he bought the land from the landowners and sold it to the tenants at the same price. ... Ninety-four percent of the land in Japan changed hands, and historians call it the most successful [[w:Land reform|land reform]] program in history. 

So there followed the most rapid decline in death rates ever seen on the planet, so much so that by 1978 Japan was the longest lived country. 

So the United States knows how to produce health: It gave that medicine to Japan in the late 1940s. We could either take our own medicine or ask Japan to give it to us ... .}} 

Graves asked about data on public health in Japan before World War II or earlier. 

Bezruchka said, {{quote|

Back in the late 1800s health outcomes were pretty good in Japan. After the breakup of the [[w:Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]], things got pretty good, according to historical accounts. 

Then in the 20th century, the corporations began to exercise their power, and [[w:Japanese militarism|they fear mongered the people into wanting to go to war]]. We might be seeing something like that in the United States today. ... 

I call [[w:Stress (biology)|stress]] the 21st Century tobacco. We are one of the most stressed countries in the world. How do we cope with that stress? Not very well. We consume 80% of the world's [[w:Opioid|opioid]]s. Think of that, more than three quarters of the world's opioids are consumed in this country. [[w:United States strikes on alleged drug traffickers during Operation Southern Spear|Sinking a few boats in the Caribbean is kind of a silly idea]], because it's not going to stop the demand. ... 

Regarding our major media, the internet, radio, television, print media. ... You can go to a library and access the internet so you don't pay anything for it. In any business, there's a buyer, a seller and a product. And when I present this to my students, I ask them, follow the money. Since you don't pay anything to access the internet, you can't be the buyer. Where does the transfer of money go? If you're on [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], you'll get an ad. The advertiser pays money to the producer, YouTube, for a product. 

What's the product?  

You. ... 

This isn't my idea. The head of Apple, [[w:Tim Cook|Tim Cook]], said, &quot;If you're not paying for something on the internet, you're not the buyer, ... you're the product.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hogg (2021). For earlier sources expressing similar ideas, see Quote Investigator (2017).&lt;/ref&gt; ... 

Our health is not a saleable commodity. [[w:Health care|Health care]], on the other hand, is very saleable. You'll find lots of ads for drugs. ... The drugs they pitched were not the old standbys that were cheap. They were mostly expensive maintenance drugs. 

[[w:Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical companies]] do not want to produce a drug that's going to prevent something, because treating diseases is quite profitable. They're also not going to produce drugs that will cure something: If the disease is cured, where's the profit? 

What they do produce are expensive drugs to maintain people with a disease. Our diseases are mostly chronic. That is, they're there all the time, diabetes, heart disease, cancers, lung disease, kidney disease. Can't cure those, but you can try to ameliorate some of the bad effects of those conditions. And we're in a situation, for example, where almost half the population has either type two diabetes or is in some earlier stage of that. And so we have a huge industry of maintenance drugs for diabetes. ...

[[w:Epidemiology of obesity|We have the highest rates of obesity]] in the world, except for a few islands in the Pacific, ... [[w:Tahiti|Tahiti]] and [[w:Fiji|Fiji]] and places like that where women are bigger than US women. But other than that, we can win the gold medal in the &quot;Obesity Olympics&quot;. ... 

Why are we the most obese country in the world? ... We're highly stressed, and one of the ways of relieving stress is to eat so called [[w:comfort food|comfort foods]]. Comfort foods are those high in sugar and fat, salt. We consume those because they decrease the secretion of [[w:cortisol|cortisol]], our chronic stress hormone. And so they physiologically help us feel a little better from the stress that we're under. ...}}  

In sum, Dr. Bezruchka said, {{quote|

There's not a lot you can do to improve your own health. You may be able to do something for your children if they're young enough. We need to put in place policies to improve the health of future generations. 

That's a tall order. But anything else we can consider &quot;[[w:social murder|social murder]]&quot;, a term used by [[w:Frederick Engels|Frederick Engels]] in the 1800s looking at people in England. He found poor people were dying of the usual conditions and diseases. But there was no smoking gun. He called this &quot;social murder&quot;, and that's what we're doing in this country.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Appendix. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' and public funding for media as a percent of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) for selected full and flawed democracies per Neff and Pickard (2024). ==

The following table is extracted from Neff and Pickard (2024), who presented &quot;national economic data and public media funding levels ... primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data&quot;. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' (EDI) for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data. &quot;Full democracy&quot; = EDI ≥ 8. &quot;Flawed democracy&quot; = EDI &lt; 8.

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style = &quot;text-align:center;&quot; 
! Country !! code !! ''Economist Democracy Index'' (2019) !! public funding % of GDP !! Multiyear?
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Norway || NO || 9.87 || .166 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Iceland || IS || 9.58 || .154 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Sweden || SE || 9.39 || .148 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  New Zealand || NZ || 9.26 || .061 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Finland || FI || 9.25 || .197 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Ireland || IE || 9.24 || .059 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Canada || CA || 9.22 || .052 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Denmark || DK ||9.22 || .155 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Australia || AU || 9.09 || .070 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Germany || DE || 8.68 || .253 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United Kingdom  || GB || 8.52 || .173 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Uruguay || UY || 8.38 || .066 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Spain || ES || 8.29 || .144 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Mauritius || MU || 8.22 || .134 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  France || FR || 8.12 || .154 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Chile || CL || 8.08 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Korea || KR || 8.00 || .035 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Japan || JP || 7.99 || .123 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United States || US || 7.96 || .005 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Estonia || EE || 7.90 || .143 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Israel || IL || 7.86 || .053 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Botswana || BW ||7.81 || .102 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Cabo Verde || CV || 7.78 || .216 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Taiwan || TW || 7.73 || .010 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Czech Republic || CZ || 7.69 || .139 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Italy || IT || 7.52 || .101 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Lithuania || LT || 7.50 ||.085 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Latvia || LV || 7.49 || .077 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Africa || ZA || 7.24 || .016 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Colombia || CO || 7.13 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Argentina || AR || 7.02 || .024 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  India ||IN || 6.90 || .018 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Tunisia || TN ||6.72 ||.026 ||0
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2022-11-28)  Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136047815}}
* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2026-02-19)  Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138749292}}
* &lt;!--Lea Hogg (2021-02-02) &quot;You are no longer the customer, you are the product – Tim Cook&quot;, SiGMA--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139553897}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Timothy Neff and Victor Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Quote Investigator (2017-07-16) &quot;Quote Origin: You’re Not the Customer; You’re the Product--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139555217|author=Quote Investigator}}
* &lt;!--United Nations (UN, 2023) World Population Prospects--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136236031|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN)|date=2022}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Richard G. Wilkinson (1992) &quot;Income distribution and life expectancy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35819931}}
* &lt;!-- Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (2009) The spirit level : why greater equality makes societies stronger--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132688521}}

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      <text bytes="32219" sha1="t883cab1qnc9i7c6zf8n2qj870kyo2h" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka&gt;&lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka--&gt;{{cite Q|Q118236581}}&lt;/ref&gt; on how US media threaten the health of all. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.webm|thumb|2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview conducted 2026-04-09 of MD and public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka by Spencer Graves about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

Public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; discusses the role of the major US media, including social media, in threatening the health of all. Bezruchka is professor emeritus from the [[w:University of Washington School of Public Health|University of Washington School of Public Health]]&lt;ref name=UW&gt;&lt;!-- Stephen Bezruchka Associate Teaching Professor Emeritus, Health Systems and Population Health--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138762410}}&lt;/ref&gt; with multiple publications including books translated into several languages.&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; He holds an MD degree from Stanford and a Masters in Public Health from Johns Hopkins.&lt;ref name=UW/&gt; 

His recent books include the following focused especially on public health including the impact of the media in creating public health problems for the US: 

* (2022) ''Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World''.

* (2026) ''Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation''.

He also maintains a blog on [[w:Substack|Substack]] as [https://substack.com/@stephenbezruchka @stephenbezruchka]. 

Dr. Bezruchka is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Comparing Bezruchka with previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interviewees ==

Bezruchka (2022, 2026) highlights two primary drivers of poor health in the US:&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;  

# Stress from inequality. 
# Lack of attention to our early years.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2022) and other literature on the need for &quot;attention to our early years&quot; are discussed in &quot;[[Invest in children]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Life expectancy in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 1.  Life expectancy at birth in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Life Expectancy at Birth (e0) - Both Sexes in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

He also says, &quot;We need universal healthcare ...  However, that alone won’t fix the nation’s health problems. ... [T]he health of a nation results from political and historical factors&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1-2).&lt;/ref&gt; To support the latter, he notes that in 1950 the US was among the world leaders in life expectancy and infant mortality. However, more recently, the US has trailed the rest of the advanced industrialized democracies, as documented in Figures 1 and 2. 

[[File:Infant mortality in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 2.  [[w:Infant mortality|Infant mortality rate]] (IMR = deaths before first birthday per thousand live births) in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Democracy v. public funding for media.png|thumb|Figure 3. Economist Democracy Index v. public funding for media, ~2019, per Neff and Pickard (2024), discussed further in the Appendix, below. (''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data; we have not attempted to update their data.)]]

[[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.&lt;ref&gt;Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025). Copied from Figure 5 in [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future]].&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One explanation for how the US came to lead the world in public health includes the observation that it had by far more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the early nineteenth century,&lt;ref&gt;See John (1995) and the rest of the discussion in episode 27 in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series on, &quot;[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; supported by newspaper subsidies of roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in the early 1840s under the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act of 1792]].&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88). See also the section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment|US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment]]'' in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; That 0.21 percent of GDP is comparable to the public subsidies for media today in the world's leading democracies, per Figure 3, which also shows that comparable US subsidies for media had dropped to 0.005 percent of GDP in 2019 (before being cut to zero in 2025).&lt;ref&gt;Regarding the ending of public subsidies for media in the US, see [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

The rise of broadcasting since World War II has facilitated increasing concentration of ownership and control of the major media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on  &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization#The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II|The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II]] in the chapter on &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization|Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization]]&quot; and other parts of the book-in-progress on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; That consolidation of control of the major media seems to have driven first the commercialization of healthcare decried by Bezruchka and after 1981 the dramatic increase in inequality, documented in Figure 4.

One of the most important research reports discussed so far in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' is Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;ref&gt;See also the 2025-06-08 interview with Usher, available as [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher]].&lt;/ref&gt; They found no statistically significant impact of the dramatic drop in the number of journalists in the US between 2003 and 2019 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- on federal prosecutions for political corruption. However, each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a federal court district one year was associated with on average 1.4 additional prosecutions per federal court district the following year. 

If those prosecutions for political corruption actually help make government work more in the public interest, then everyone benefits from the reports published by members of INN that appear to have helped inspire those prosecutions, even humans who never read those reports nor heard of the news nonprofits that published them: 

:* You and I benefit, we all benefit from news reports we have never read by nonprofit news organization we have never heard of, if they help make government work more in the public interest. 

== Highlights == 

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is, of course, the accompanying video.''

Graves began by asking, &quot;What are the most important things you would like to communicate to our audience?&quot; Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

The most important thing is to create the awareness that because we live in the United States of America, the best health outcomes possible are not to be found in this country. ... [B]y health, I use the very simple concept of being alive and not dead. ... [A]s an emergency physician for 30 years, the easiest diagnosis I could make ... was that somebody was dead. It's hard to fake. ... 

[W]e in the United States rank behind 40 or 50 other countries in the world, including all the other rich ones, and quite a few not so rich. ... [W]e die younger than people in many, many other countries, despite spending an enormous amount of money on health care, over $6 trillion a sixth of our total economy, and almost the same as the rest of the world spends on health care together.&lt;ref&gt;On 2026-04-23 the &quot;History&quot; section of the webpage on &quot;National Health Expenditures&quot; of the website of the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reported, &quot;U.S. health care spending grew 7.2 percent in 2024, reaching $5.3 trillion or $15,474 per person.  As a share of the nation's [[w:Gross Domestic Product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), health spending accounted for 18.0 percent.&quot; The estimated [[w:United States|GDP for the US]] for 2026 was $32.4 trillion. Eighteen percent of that is $5.8 trillion, which rounds to $6 trillion. Also, 18 percent is just a little a sixth, mentioned by Bezruchka. See also the Wikipedia article on [[w:Health care finance in the United States|Health care finance in the United States]] and &quot;History&quot; on the web site of &lt;!--National Health Expenditures--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139505383}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Graves observed, &quot;But in 1950 the US was among the leaders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Life expectancy in the US vs. other countries is documented in Figure 1 above from  {{cite Q|Q41274869}}&lt;!-- World Population Prospects --&gt;downloaded 2020-11-22).}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote| 

Correct. Back in the mid century, 1950 to 60, we were somewhere, depending on the measure you use, in the top 10 countries. And in length of life, life expectancy, we were number one. We had the lowest deaths of women in childbirth. ... 

But what has happened since then is that many other countries have seen faster improvements in health than we have. And that has gone on until about the last 10 years, when not only is our health not improving, it's declining. ... 

It's the best kept secret in this country. 

You sometimes find mentions of it in the media, but nobody wants to point out that we die younger than people in all the other rich countries and quite a few others.}} 

Graves noted, &quot;But the rest of the advanced industrialized world is still improving in life expectancy and public health.&quot; 

Bezruchka concurred. {{quote| 

Absolutely yes. Countries suffered a little decline with [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID]] after 2020, but our decline was much, much bigger. One in 300 Americans was killed with covid, and that's essentially a higher rate than in other countries. We suffered a more precipitous decline ... and we have only now come to be where we were 20 years ago. ...

I used to think medical care was the most important thing in producing health along with personal behaviors. ... When I realized in the 1980s that other countries were seeing better health improvements than we were, I decided I couldn't understand that. So I went back to public health school at [[w:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], the biggest such program in the world. There I learned that social and political factors matter most in producing health. 

I then began to expose myself to ideas that I hadn't considered before, and I found studies showing that income inequality, the gap in incomes in a country, were strongly related to its life expectancy. 

Studies on this began appearing in 1979. A critical study in 1992 in ''[[w:The BMJ|The British Medical Journal]] featured this material.&lt;ref&gt;Wilkinson (1992).&lt;/ref&gt;  With anything like these findings, I had to decide, &quot;Is this true or not?&quot; 

I sought out [[w:Richard G. Wilkinson|Richard Wilkinson]], who did these studies on income inequality and health&lt;ref&gt;WilkeNson (1992), Wilkinson and Pickett (2009), and other works by Wikerson cited in Bezruchka (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; and got to know him and found him to be credible. ... There were some contradictory messages out there, but they didn't hold water for me. 

And I sought out other people, one near me, Clyde Hertzman at the University of British Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Bio of Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139551676}}; &lt;!-- Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q16335533}}&lt;/ref&gt; I invited him down to give a series of lectures at the [[w:University of Washington|University]]. He brought up the idea of the importance of early life. Through him, I came across the studies that showed that a large portion of your health as an adult has been programmed sometime between conception and age two or three. So early life lasts a lifetime. ... 

Inequality kills, and early life lasts a lifetime. 

Income inequality results from political choices we make in society. ... [E]arly life also results from political choices. 

For example, there are only two countries in the world that don't [[w:Parental leave|give a working woman who's pregnant paid time off as a national policy, so she can spend time with her newborn]]. One is the United States. We say we can't afford that. The other is Papua New Guinea, half of a big island north of Australia. 

Only two populous countries in the world don't have a national policy of paid maternity leave. 

[[w:Parental leave in the United States|A handful of US states have enacted paid leave policies]], but none of them are more than 12 weeks. Here in [[w:Washington (state)|Washington]], we tried to do this back in 2013 but didn't [fund it]. Finally in 2019 we passed legislation funded by a payroll tax. Now there is a 12 week paid parental leave program in place in Washington. [[w:California|California]] was the first state, but 12 weeks of paid leave is the minimum end of what all the other countries provide. 

We're not very generous. ... 

What really matters is a gap between the rich and the poor and how much you support early life.  

The studies now suggest that roughly half of our health as adults has been programmed in that first 1,000 days after conception.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- 1,000 Days--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139550803}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

That's why I titled my book, ''Born Sick in the USA'',&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; after Bruce Springsteen's song ''[[w:Born in the U.S.A.|Born in the USA]]'', because by the time we're born, our health is compromised, and there's really not that much we can do to redress the problems in early life ... . Healthier societies have in place policies such as I mentioned, paid parental leave and a host of others. 

Take [[w:Sweden|Sweden]]. Sweden's considered a much healthier country than we are. Swedes pay high taxes, and they don't mind paying high taxes, because they get much in return. They get [[w:Healthcare in Sweden|free health care]], for example. They get a very generous paid parental leave program, 480 days at your full pay. It's split between the mother and the father. Father has to take at least 13 weeks. The rest of the second year is optional ... at about 70% pay. And then there's daycare. In Sweden, daycare costs $160 a month. It's quite affordable. And to work in a Swedish government-run daycare center, you have to have an advanced degree in play, because, you know what's daycare? It's socializing the child, and we need experts there. 

So for a host of reasons, healthier countries a have smaller gaps between the rich and the poor and privilege early life.}}

Graves asked, &quot;How do you compare California and other states that have liberal maternal aid policies relative to the rest of the rest of the nation? Do they have better public health?&quot; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Yes. You can look at life expectancy again, the measure that I think is the easiest to use to compare different populations. If you take the 50 states, and you look at their life expectancy from 1957 to 2005 or 2006, states with liberal political policies have seen substantial gains in life expectancy over that period, and states with conservative policies have seen smaller gains and some stagnation. That is, they stopped improving.  

California is one of those with more liberal policies, and [[w:Mississippi|Mississippi]] would be one with considerably with more conservative policies. Our longest lived state, thereby I would call &quot;the healthiest&quot;, is [[w:Hawaii|Hawaii]]. And the Department of Health of Hawaii recognizes politics as the most important determinant of health. They're quite explicit about this. 

Another healthy state is [[w:Minnesota|Minnesota]]. Its Department of Health similarly situates politics as being important. It situates medical care in a pie chart presented to the legislature as impacting about 10% of health. ...

[[w:Japan|Japan]] has been the longest lived country since 1978. ... I think United States was responsible for making Japan the longest lived country. 

But around 2000 I discovered that a lot of men smoke in Japan. ... How can Japanese men smoke so much and be the longest lived in the world? ... 

Personal behaviors, although important, aren't that important. Japanese men who smoke have worse health than Japanese men that don't smoke, but the difference between smokers and non smokers in Japan is considerably less than the difference here. ... 

One of the most important parts of health production that is the hardest to study is culture. What is culture? Somebody called it &quot;software of the mind.&quot; It's how you're programmed to be in a society. You're not taught your culture, you're exposed to it as you grow up. And then it's sort of wired inside you, programmed inside you. Japan has a cultural value of &quot;[[w:Wa|Wa]]&quot; or social harmony. One way I present this to people is to say, &quot;Do you ever see a lone Japanese tourist?&quot; No, they're always together. &quot;Do you ever see a lone American tourist?&quot; All the time.}}

Graves noted that he had plotted life expectancy for different countries, and confirmed that Japan trailed the advanced industrialized world in 1950 and now lead,&lt;ref&gt;Figure 1 above.&lt;/ref&gt; then asked how the culture changed? 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Remember back in 1945 we [[w:Bombing of Tokyo|fire bombed Tokyo]] and killed about 100,000 civilians. We dropped [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two atomic bombs on the country]]. Basically, we destroyed it. And life expectancy in 1945 in Japan was estimated to be 24 or 25 years. ... 

After that, [[w:Occupation of Japan|the Allies]] occupied Japan. ... The head of the Allied occupation was a US Army five star general, [[w:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]]. He came in and he set up shop across from the Imperial Palace, and basically changed most aspects of the country through writing its [[w:Constitution of Japan|constitution. ... The Constitution]] embodies clause such as [[w:Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan|Article Nine, which says Japan shall never wage war]]. ... He also made suffrage universal. Everybody was given the vote. 

He gave [[w:Labor unions in Japan|labor unions the right to organize]] and bargain collectively in the Constitution. Our labor unions here are organized horizontally. I belong to a teachers' union. But in Japan, unions are organized within a company, and everybody from the sweeper, the lowest ranking, up to the boss, they organize and bargain collectively. That has made the pay gap between the person at the bottom and the person at the top much, much smaller than here. ... 

Japan was run by 13 big corporations, and MacArthur wrote in his memoirs that this concentration of wealth and power is inimical to being a democracy. So he broke up the corporations, ... called &quot;decentralization&quot;. So we had democratization, demilitarization and decentralization.  

Japan is a rice farming economy, and 37,000 land owners owned the land farmed by 50 million peasants. MacArthur said this is again too much concentrated power. So he bought the land from the landowners and sold it to the tenants at the same price. ... Ninety-four percent of the land in Japan changed hands, and historians call it the most successful [[w:Land reform|land reform]] program in history. 

So there followed the most rapid decline in death rates ever seen on the planet, so much so that by 1978 Japan was the longest lived country. 

So the United States knows how to produce health: It gave that medicine to Japan in the late 1940s. We could either take our own medicine or ask Japan to give it to us ... .}} 

Graves asked about data on public health in Japan before World War II or earlier. 

Bezruchka said, {{quote|

Back in the late 1800s health outcomes were pretty good in Japan. After the breakup of the [[w:Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]], things got pretty good, according to historical accounts. 

Then in the 20th century, the corporations began to exercise their power, and [[w:Japanese militarism|they fear mongered the people into wanting to go to war]]. We might be seeing something like that in the United States today. ... 

I call [[w:Stress (biology)|stress]] the 21st Century tobacco. We are one of the most stressed countries in the world. How do we cope with that stress? Not very well. We consume 80% of the world's [[w:Opioid|opioid]]s. Think of that, more than three quarters of the world's opioids are consumed in this country. [[w:United States strikes on alleged drug traffickers during Operation Southern Spear|Sinking a few boats in the Caribbean is kind of a silly idea]], because it's not going to stop the demand. ... 

Regarding our major media, the internet, radio, television, print media. ... You can go to a library and access the internet so you don't pay anything for it. In any business, there's a buyer, a seller and a product. And when I present this to my students, I ask them, follow the money. Since you don't pay anything to access the internet, you can't be the buyer. Where does the transfer of money go? If you're on [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], you'll get an ad. The advertiser pays money to the producer, YouTube, for a product. 

What's the product?  

You. ... 

This isn't my idea. The head of Apple, [[w:Tim Cook|Tim Cook]], said, &quot;If you're not paying for something on the internet, you're not the buyer, ... you're the product.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hogg (2021). For earlier sources expressing similar ideas, see Quote Investigator (2017).&lt;/ref&gt; ... 

Our health is not a saleable commodity. [[w:Health care|Health care]], on the other hand, is very saleable. You'll find lots of ads for drugs. ... The drugs they pitched were not the old standbys that were cheap. They were mostly expensive maintenance drugs. 

[[w:Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical companies]] do not want to produce a drug that's going to prevent something, because treating diseases is quite profitable. They're also not going to produce drugs that will cure something: If the disease is cured, where's the profit? 

What they do produce are expensive drugs to maintain people with a disease. Our diseases are mostly chronic. That is, they're there all the time, diabetes, heart disease, cancers, lung disease, kidney disease. Can't cure those, but you can try to ameliorate some of the bad effects of those conditions. And we're in a situation, for example, where almost half the population has either type two diabetes or is in some earlier stage of that. And so we have a huge industry of maintenance drugs for diabetes. ...

[[w:Epidemiology of obesity|We have the highest rates of obesity]] in the world, except for a few islands in the Pacific, ... [[w:Tahiti|Tahiti]] and [[w:Fiji|Fiji]] and places like that where women are bigger than US women. But other than that, we can win the gold medal in the &quot;Obesity Olympics&quot;. ... 

Why are we the most obese country in the world? ... We're highly stressed, and one of the ways of relieving stress is to eat so called [[w:comfort food|comfort foods]]. Comfort foods are those high in sugar and fat, salt. We consume those because they decrease the secretion of [[w:cortisol|cortisol]], our chronic stress hormone. And so they physiologically help us feel a little better from the stress that we're under. ...}}  

In sum, Dr. Bezruchka said, {{quote|

There's not a lot you can do to improve your own health. You may be able to do something for your children if they're young enough. We need to put in place policies to improve the health of future generations. 

That's a tall order. But anything else we can consider &quot;[[w:social murder|social murder]]&quot;, a term used by [[w:Frederick Engels|Frederick Engels]] in the 1800s looking at people in England. He found poor people were dying of the usual conditions and diseases. But there was no smoking gun. He called this &quot;social murder&quot;, and that's what we're doing in this country.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Appendix. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' and public funding for media as a percent of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) for selected full and flawed democracies per Neff and Pickard (2024). ==

The following table is extracted from Neff and Pickard (2024), who presented &quot;national economic data and public media funding levels ... primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data&quot;. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' (EDI) for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data. &quot;Full democracy&quot; = EDI ≥ 8. &quot;Flawed democracy&quot; = EDI &lt; 8.

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style = &quot;text-align:center;&quot; 
! Country !! code !! ''Economist Democracy Index'' (2019) !! public funding % of GDP !! Multiyear?
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Norway || NO || 9.87 || .166 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Iceland || IS || 9.58 || .154 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Sweden || SE || 9.39 || .148 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  New Zealand || NZ || 9.26 || .061 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Finland || FI || 9.25 || .197 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Ireland || IE || 9.24 || .059 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Canada || CA || 9.22 || .052 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Denmark || DK ||9.22 || .155 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Australia || AU || 9.09 || .070 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Germany || DE || 8.68 || .253 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United Kingdom  || GB || 8.52 || .173 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Uruguay || UY || 8.38 || .066 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Spain || ES || 8.29 || .144 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Mauritius || MU || 8.22 || .134 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  France || FR || 8.12 || .154 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Chile || CL || 8.08 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Korea || KR || 8.00 || .035 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Japan || JP || 7.99 || .123 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United States || US || 7.96 || .005 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Estonia || EE || 7.90 || .143 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Israel || IL || 7.86 || .053 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Botswana || BW ||7.81 || .102 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Cabo Verde || CV || 7.78 || .216 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Taiwan || TW || 7.73 || .010 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Czech Republic || CZ || 7.69 || .139 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Italy || IT || 7.52 || .101 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Lithuania || LT || 7.50 ||.085 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Latvia || LV || 7.49 || .077 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Africa || ZA || 7.24 || .016 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Colombia || CO || 7.13 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Argentina || AR || 7.02 || .024 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  India ||IN || 6.90 || .018 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Tunisia || TN ||6.72 ||.026 ||0
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2022-11-28)  Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136047815}}
* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2026-02-19)  Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138749292}}
* &lt;!--Lea Hogg (2021-02-02) &quot;You are no longer the customer, you are the product – Tim Cook&quot;, SiGMA--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139553897}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Timothy Neff and Victor Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Quote Investigator (2017-07-16) &quot;Quote Origin: You’re Not the Customer; You’re the Product--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139555217|author=Quote Investigator}}
* &lt;!--United Nations (UN, 2023) World Population Prospects--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136236031|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN)|date=2022}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Richard G. Wilkinson (1992) &quot;Income distribution and life expectancy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35819931}}
* &lt;!-- Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (2009) The spirit level : why greater equality makes societies stronger--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132688521}}

[[Category:Media]]
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      <text bytes="32220" sha1="1fnpjghonfongdn032lgqqxkj35io4y" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka&gt;&lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka--&gt;{{cite Q|Q118236581}}&lt;/ref&gt; on how US media threaten the health of all. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.webm|thumb|2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview conducted 2026-04-09 of MD and public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka by Spencer Graves about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

Public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; discusses the role of the major US media, including social media, in threatening the health of all. Bezruchka is professor emeritus from the [[w:University of Washington School of Public Health|University of Washington School of Public Health]]&lt;ref name=UW&gt;&lt;!-- Stephen Bezruchka Associate Teaching Professor Emeritus, Health Systems and Population Health--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138762410}}&lt;/ref&gt; with multiple publications including books translated into several languages.&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; He holds an MD degree from Stanford and a Masters in Public Health from Johns Hopkins.&lt;ref name=UW/&gt; 

His recent books include the following focused especially on public health including the impact of the media in creating public health problems for the US: 

* (2022) ''Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World''.

* (2026) ''Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation''.

He also maintains a blog on [[w:Substack|Substack]] as [https://substack.com/@stephenbezruchka @stephenbezruchka]. 

Dr. Bezruchka is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Comparing Bezruchka with previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interviewees ==

Bezruchka (2022, 2026) highlights two primary drivers of poor health in the US:&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;  

# Stress from inequality. 
# Lack of attention to our early years.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2022) and other literature on the need for &quot;attention to our early years&quot; are discussed in &quot;[[Invest in children]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Life expectancy in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 1.  Life expectancy at birth in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Life Expectancy at Birth (e0) - Both Sexes in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

He also says, &quot;We need universal healthcare ...  However, that alone won’t fix the nation’s health problems. ... [T]he health of a nation results from political and historical factors&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1-2).&lt;/ref&gt; To support the latter, he notes that in 1950 the US was among the world leaders in life expectancy and infant mortality. However, more recently, the US has trailed the rest of the advanced industrialized democracies, as documented in Figures 1 and 2. 

[[File:Infant mortality in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 2.  [[w:Infant mortality|Infant mortality rate]] (IMR = deaths before first birthday per thousand live births) in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Democracy v. public funding for media.png|thumb|Figure 3. Economist Democracy Index v. public funding for media, ~2019, per Neff and Pickard (2024), discussed further in the Appendix, below. (''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data; we have not attempted to update their data.)]]

[[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.&lt;ref&gt;Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025). Copied from Figure 5 in [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future]].&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One explanation for how the US came to lead the world in public health includes the observation that it had by far more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the early nineteenth century,&lt;ref&gt;See John (1995) and the rest of the discussion in episode 27 in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series on, ''[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; supported by newspaper subsidies of roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in the early 1840s under the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act of 1792]].&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88). See also the section on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment|US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment]]'' in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; That 0.21 percent of GDP is comparable to the public subsidies for media today in the world's leading democracies, per Figure 3, which also shows that comparable US subsidies for media had dropped to 0.005 percent of GDP in 2019 (before being cut to zero in 2025).&lt;ref&gt;Regarding the ending of public subsidies for media in the US, see [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

The rise of broadcasting since World War II has facilitated increasing concentration of ownership and control of the major media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on  &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization#The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II|The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II]] in the chapter on &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization|Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization]]&quot; and other parts of the book-in-progress on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; That consolidation of control of the major media seems to have driven first the commercialization of healthcare decried by Bezruchka and after 1981 the dramatic increase in inequality, documented in Figure 4.

One of the most important research reports discussed so far in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' is Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;ref&gt;See also the 2025-06-08 interview with Usher, available as [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher]].&lt;/ref&gt; They found no statistically significant impact of the dramatic drop in the number of journalists in the US between 2003 and 2019 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- on federal prosecutions for political corruption. However, each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a federal court district one year was associated with on average 1.4 additional prosecutions per federal court district the following year. 

If those prosecutions for political corruption actually help make government work more in the public interest, then everyone benefits from the reports published by members of INN that appear to have helped inspire those prosecutions, even humans who never read those reports nor heard of the news nonprofits that published them: 

:* You and I benefit, we all benefit from news reports we have never read by nonprofit news organization we have never heard of, if they help make government work more in the public interest. 

== Highlights == 

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is, of course, the accompanying video.''

Graves began by asking, &quot;What are the most important things you would like to communicate to our audience?&quot; Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

The most important thing is to create the awareness that because we live in the United States of America, the best health outcomes possible are not to be found in this country. ... [B]y health, I use the very simple concept of being alive and not dead. ... [A]s an emergency physician for 30 years, the easiest diagnosis I could make ... was that somebody was dead. It's hard to fake. ... 

[W]e in the United States rank behind 40 or 50 other countries in the world, including all the other rich ones, and quite a few not so rich. ... [W]e die younger than people in many, many other countries, despite spending an enormous amount of money on health care, over $6 trillion a sixth of our total economy, and almost the same as the rest of the world spends on health care together.&lt;ref&gt;On 2026-04-23 the &quot;History&quot; section of the webpage on &quot;National Health Expenditures&quot; of the website of the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reported, &quot;U.S. health care spending grew 7.2 percent in 2024, reaching $5.3 trillion or $15,474 per person.  As a share of the nation's [[w:Gross Domestic Product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), health spending accounted for 18.0 percent.&quot; The estimated [[w:United States|GDP for the US]] for 2026 was $32.4 trillion. Eighteen percent of that is $5.8 trillion, which rounds to $6 trillion. Also, 18 percent is just a little a sixth, mentioned by Bezruchka. See also the Wikipedia article on [[w:Health care finance in the United States|Health care finance in the United States]] and &quot;History&quot; on the web site of &lt;!--National Health Expenditures--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139505383}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Graves observed, &quot;But in 1950 the US was among the leaders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Life expectancy in the US vs. other countries is documented in Figure 1 above from  {{cite Q|Q41274869}}&lt;!-- World Population Prospects --&gt;downloaded 2020-11-22).}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote| 

Correct. Back in the mid century, 1950 to 60, we were somewhere, depending on the measure you use, in the top 10 countries. And in length of life, life expectancy, we were number one. We had the lowest deaths of women in childbirth. ... 

But what has happened since then is that many other countries have seen faster improvements in health than we have. And that has gone on until about the last 10 years, when not only is our health not improving, it's declining. ... 

It's the best kept secret in this country. 

You sometimes find mentions of it in the media, but nobody wants to point out that we die younger than people in all the other rich countries and quite a few others.}} 

Graves noted, &quot;But the rest of the advanced industrialized world is still improving in life expectancy and public health.&quot; 

Bezruchka concurred. {{quote| 

Absolutely yes. Countries suffered a little decline with [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID]] after 2020, but our decline was much, much bigger. One in 300 Americans was killed with covid, and that's essentially a higher rate than in other countries. We suffered a more precipitous decline ... and we have only now come to be where we were 20 years ago. ...

I used to think medical care was the most important thing in producing health along with personal behaviors. ... When I realized in the 1980s that other countries were seeing better health improvements than we were, I decided I couldn't understand that. So I went back to public health school at [[w:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], the biggest such program in the world. There I learned that social and political factors matter most in producing health. 

I then began to expose myself to ideas that I hadn't considered before, and I found studies showing that income inequality, the gap in incomes in a country, were strongly related to its life expectancy. 

Studies on this began appearing in 1979. A critical study in 1992 in ''[[w:The BMJ|The British Medical Journal]] featured this material.&lt;ref&gt;Wilkinson (1992).&lt;/ref&gt;  With anything like these findings, I had to decide, &quot;Is this true or not?&quot; 

I sought out [[w:Richard G. Wilkinson|Richard Wilkinson]], who did these studies on income inequality and health&lt;ref&gt;WilkeNson (1992), Wilkinson and Pickett (2009), and other works by Wikerson cited in Bezruchka (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; and got to know him and found him to be credible. ... There were some contradictory messages out there, but they didn't hold water for me. 

And I sought out other people, one near me, Clyde Hertzman at the University of British Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Bio of Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139551676}}; &lt;!-- Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q16335533}}&lt;/ref&gt; I invited him down to give a series of lectures at the [[w:University of Washington|University]]. He brought up the idea of the importance of early life. Through him, I came across the studies that showed that a large portion of your health as an adult has been programmed sometime between conception and age two or three. So early life lasts a lifetime. ... 

Inequality kills, and early life lasts a lifetime. 

Income inequality results from political choices we make in society. ... [E]arly life also results from political choices. 

For example, there are only two countries in the world that don't [[w:Parental leave|give a working woman who's pregnant paid time off as a national policy, so she can spend time with her newborn]]. One is the United States. We say we can't afford that. The other is Papua New Guinea, half of a big island north of Australia. 

Only two populous countries in the world don't have a national policy of paid maternity leave. 

[[w:Parental leave in the United States|A handful of US states have enacted paid leave policies]], but none of them are more than 12 weeks. Here in [[w:Washington (state)|Washington]], we tried to do this back in 2013 but didn't [fund it]. Finally in 2019 we passed legislation funded by a payroll tax. Now there is a 12 week paid parental leave program in place in Washington. [[w:California|California]] was the first state, but 12 weeks of paid leave is the minimum end of what all the other countries provide. 

We're not very generous. ... 

What really matters is a gap between the rich and the poor and how much you support early life.  

The studies now suggest that roughly half of our health as adults has been programmed in that first 1,000 days after conception.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- 1,000 Days--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139550803}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

That's why I titled my book, ''Born Sick in the USA'',&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; after Bruce Springsteen's song ''[[w:Born in the U.S.A.|Born in the USA]]'', because by the time we're born, our health is compromised, and there's really not that much we can do to redress the problems in early life ... . Healthier societies have in place policies such as I mentioned, paid parental leave and a host of others. 

Take [[w:Sweden|Sweden]]. Sweden's considered a much healthier country than we are. Swedes pay high taxes, and they don't mind paying high taxes, because they get much in return. They get [[w:Healthcare in Sweden|free health care]], for example. They get a very generous paid parental leave program, 480 days at your full pay. It's split between the mother and the father. Father has to take at least 13 weeks. The rest of the second year is optional ... at about 70% pay. And then there's daycare. In Sweden, daycare costs $160 a month. It's quite affordable. And to work in a Swedish government-run daycare center, you have to have an advanced degree in play, because, you know what's daycare? It's socializing the child, and we need experts there. 

So for a host of reasons, healthier countries a have smaller gaps between the rich and the poor and privilege early life.}}

Graves asked, &quot;How do you compare California and other states that have liberal maternal aid policies relative to the rest of the rest of the nation? Do they have better public health?&quot; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Yes. You can look at life expectancy again, the measure that I think is the easiest to use to compare different populations. If you take the 50 states, and you look at their life expectancy from 1957 to 2005 or 2006, states with liberal political policies have seen substantial gains in life expectancy over that period, and states with conservative policies have seen smaller gains and some stagnation. That is, they stopped improving.  

California is one of those with more liberal policies, and [[w:Mississippi|Mississippi]] would be one with considerably with more conservative policies. Our longest lived state, thereby I would call &quot;the healthiest&quot;, is [[w:Hawaii|Hawaii]]. And the Department of Health of Hawaii recognizes politics as the most important determinant of health. They're quite explicit about this. 

Another healthy state is [[w:Minnesota|Minnesota]]. Its Department of Health similarly situates politics as being important. It situates medical care in a pie chart presented to the legislature as impacting about 10% of health. ...

[[w:Japan|Japan]] has been the longest lived country since 1978. ... I think United States was responsible for making Japan the longest lived country. 

But around 2000 I discovered that a lot of men smoke in Japan. ... How can Japanese men smoke so much and be the longest lived in the world? ... 

Personal behaviors, although important, aren't that important. Japanese men who smoke have worse health than Japanese men that don't smoke, but the difference between smokers and non smokers in Japan is considerably less than the difference here. ... 

One of the most important parts of health production that is the hardest to study is culture. What is culture? Somebody called it &quot;software of the mind.&quot; It's how you're programmed to be in a society. You're not taught your culture, you're exposed to it as you grow up. And then it's sort of wired inside you, programmed inside you. Japan has a cultural value of &quot;[[w:Wa|Wa]]&quot; or social harmony. One way I present this to people is to say, &quot;Do you ever see a lone Japanese tourist?&quot; No, they're always together. &quot;Do you ever see a lone American tourist?&quot; All the time.}}

Graves noted that he had plotted life expectancy for different countries, and confirmed that Japan trailed the advanced industrialized world in 1950 and now lead,&lt;ref&gt;Figure 1 above.&lt;/ref&gt; then asked how the culture changed? 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Remember back in 1945 we [[w:Bombing of Tokyo|fire bombed Tokyo]] and killed about 100,000 civilians. We dropped [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two atomic bombs on the country]]. Basically, we destroyed it. And life expectancy in 1945 in Japan was estimated to be 24 or 25 years. ... 

After that, [[w:Occupation of Japan|the Allies]] occupied Japan. ... The head of the Allied occupation was a US Army five star general, [[w:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]]. He came in and he set up shop across from the Imperial Palace, and basically changed most aspects of the country through writing its [[w:Constitution of Japan|constitution. ... The Constitution]] embodies clause such as [[w:Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan|Article Nine, which says Japan shall never wage war]]. ... He also made suffrage universal. Everybody was given the vote. 

He gave [[w:Labor unions in Japan|labor unions the right to organize]] and bargain collectively in the Constitution. Our labor unions here are organized horizontally. I belong to a teachers' union. But in Japan, unions are organized within a company, and everybody from the sweeper, the lowest ranking, up to the boss, they organize and bargain collectively. That has made the pay gap between the person at the bottom and the person at the top much, much smaller than here. ... 

Japan was run by 13 big corporations, and MacArthur wrote in his memoirs that this concentration of wealth and power is inimical to being a democracy. So he broke up the corporations, ... called &quot;decentralization&quot;. So we had democratization, demilitarization and decentralization.  

Japan is a rice farming economy, and 37,000 land owners owned the land farmed by 50 million peasants. MacArthur said this is again too much concentrated power. So he bought the land from the landowners and sold it to the tenants at the same price. ... Ninety-four percent of the land in Japan changed hands, and historians call it the most successful [[w:Land reform|land reform]] program in history. 

So there followed the most rapid decline in death rates ever seen on the planet, so much so that by 1978 Japan was the longest lived country. 

So the United States knows how to produce health: It gave that medicine to Japan in the late 1940s. We could either take our own medicine or ask Japan to give it to us ... .}} 

Graves asked about data on public health in Japan before World War II or earlier. 

Bezruchka said, {{quote|

Back in the late 1800s health outcomes were pretty good in Japan. After the breakup of the [[w:Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]], things got pretty good, according to historical accounts. 

Then in the 20th century, the corporations began to exercise their power, and [[w:Japanese militarism|they fear mongered the people into wanting to go to war]]. We might be seeing something like that in the United States today. ... 

I call [[w:Stress (biology)|stress]] the 21st Century tobacco. We are one of the most stressed countries in the world. How do we cope with that stress? Not very well. We consume 80% of the world's [[w:Opioid|opioid]]s. Think of that, more than three quarters of the world's opioids are consumed in this country. [[w:United States strikes on alleged drug traffickers during Operation Southern Spear|Sinking a few boats in the Caribbean is kind of a silly idea]], because it's not going to stop the demand. ... 

Regarding our major media, the internet, radio, television, print media. ... You can go to a library and access the internet so you don't pay anything for it. In any business, there's a buyer, a seller and a product. And when I present this to my students, I ask them, follow the money. Since you don't pay anything to access the internet, you can't be the buyer. Where does the transfer of money go? If you're on [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], you'll get an ad. The advertiser pays money to the producer, YouTube, for a product. 

What's the product?  

You. ... 

This isn't my idea. The head of Apple, [[w:Tim Cook|Tim Cook]], said, &quot;If you're not paying for something on the internet, you're not the buyer, ... you're the product.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hogg (2021). For earlier sources expressing similar ideas, see Quote Investigator (2017).&lt;/ref&gt; ... 

Our health is not a saleable commodity. [[w:Health care|Health care]], on the other hand, is very saleable. You'll find lots of ads for drugs. ... The drugs they pitched were not the old standbys that were cheap. They were mostly expensive maintenance drugs. 

[[w:Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical companies]] do not want to produce a drug that's going to prevent something, because treating diseases is quite profitable. They're also not going to produce drugs that will cure something: If the disease is cured, where's the profit? 

What they do produce are expensive drugs to maintain people with a disease. Our diseases are mostly chronic. That is, they're there all the time, diabetes, heart disease, cancers, lung disease, kidney disease. Can't cure those, but you can try to ameliorate some of the bad effects of those conditions. And we're in a situation, for example, where almost half the population has either type two diabetes or is in some earlier stage of that. And so we have a huge industry of maintenance drugs for diabetes. ...

[[w:Epidemiology of obesity|We have the highest rates of obesity]] in the world, except for a few islands in the Pacific, ... [[w:Tahiti|Tahiti]] and [[w:Fiji|Fiji]] and places like that where women are bigger than US women. But other than that, we can win the gold medal in the &quot;Obesity Olympics&quot;. ... 

Why are we the most obese country in the world? ... We're highly stressed, and one of the ways of relieving stress is to eat so called [[w:comfort food|comfort foods]]. Comfort foods are those high in sugar and fat, salt. We consume those because they decrease the secretion of [[w:cortisol|cortisol]], our chronic stress hormone. And so they physiologically help us feel a little better from the stress that we're under. ...}}  

In sum, Dr. Bezruchka said, {{quote|

There's not a lot you can do to improve your own health. You may be able to do something for your children if they're young enough. We need to put in place policies to improve the health of future generations. 

That's a tall order. But anything else we can consider &quot;[[w:social murder|social murder]]&quot;, a term used by [[w:Frederick Engels|Frederick Engels]] in the 1800s looking at people in England. He found poor people were dying of the usual conditions and diseases. But there was no smoking gun. He called this &quot;social murder&quot;, and that's what we're doing in this country.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Appendix. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' and public funding for media as a percent of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) for selected full and flawed democracies per Neff and Pickard (2024). ==

The following table is extracted from Neff and Pickard (2024), who presented &quot;national economic data and public media funding levels ... primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data&quot;. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' (EDI) for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data. &quot;Full democracy&quot; = EDI ≥ 8. &quot;Flawed democracy&quot; = EDI &lt; 8.

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style = &quot;text-align:center;&quot; 
! Country !! code !! ''Economist Democracy Index'' (2019) !! public funding % of GDP !! Multiyear?
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Norway || NO || 9.87 || .166 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Iceland || IS || 9.58 || .154 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Sweden || SE || 9.39 || .148 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  New Zealand || NZ || 9.26 || .061 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Finland || FI || 9.25 || .197 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Ireland || IE || 9.24 || .059 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Canada || CA || 9.22 || .052 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Denmark || DK ||9.22 || .155 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Australia || AU || 9.09 || .070 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Germany || DE || 8.68 || .253 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United Kingdom  || GB || 8.52 || .173 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Uruguay || UY || 8.38 || .066 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Spain || ES || 8.29 || .144 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Mauritius || MU || 8.22 || .134 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  France || FR || 8.12 || .154 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Chile || CL || 8.08 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Korea || KR || 8.00 || .035 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Japan || JP || 7.99 || .123 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United States || US || 7.96 || .005 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Estonia || EE || 7.90 || .143 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Israel || IL || 7.86 || .053 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Botswana || BW ||7.81 || .102 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Cabo Verde || CV || 7.78 || .216 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Taiwan || TW || 7.73 || .010 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Czech Republic || CZ || 7.69 || .139 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Italy || IT || 7.52 || .101 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Lithuania || LT || 7.50 ||.085 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Latvia || LV || 7.49 || .077 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Africa || ZA || 7.24 || .016 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Colombia || CO || 7.13 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Argentina || AR || 7.02 || .024 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  India ||IN || 6.90 || .018 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Tunisia || TN ||6.72 ||.026 ||0
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2022-11-28)  Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136047815}}
* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2026-02-19)  Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138749292}}
* &lt;!--Lea Hogg (2021-02-02) &quot;You are no longer the customer, you are the product – Tim Cook&quot;, SiGMA--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139553897}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Timothy Neff and Victor Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Quote Investigator (2017-07-16) &quot;Quote Origin: You’re Not the Customer; You’re the Product--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139555217|author=Quote Investigator}}
* &lt;!--United Nations (UN, 2023) World Population Prospects--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136236031|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN)|date=2022}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Richard G. Wilkinson (1992) &quot;Income distribution and life expectancy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35819931}}
* &lt;!-- Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (2009) The spirit level : why greater equality makes societies stronger--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132688521}}

[[Category:Media]]
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      <text bytes="32223" sha1="akykhvm8f336fm6o31ixpjfnsmip6xx" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka&gt;&lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka--&gt;{{cite Q|Q118236581}}&lt;/ref&gt; on how US media threaten the health of all. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.webm|thumb|2026-03-26 interview with public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

[[File:How US media threaten the health of all.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from an interview conducted 2026-04-09 of MD and public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka by Spencer Graves about how US media threaten the health of all.]]

Public health expert Dr. Stephen Bezruchka&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; discusses the role of the major US media, including social media, in threatening the health of all. Bezruchka is professor emeritus from the [[w:University of Washington School of Public Health|University of Washington School of Public Health]]&lt;ref name=UW&gt;&lt;!-- Stephen Bezruchka Associate Teaching Professor Emeritus, Health Systems and Population Health--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138762410}}&lt;/ref&gt; with multiple publications including books translated into several languages.&lt;ref name=Bezruchka/&gt; He holds an MD degree from Stanford and a Masters in Public Health from Johns Hopkins.&lt;ref name=UW/&gt; 

His recent books include the following focused especially on public health including the impact of the media in creating public health problems for the US: 

* (2022) ''Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World''.

* (2026) ''Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation''.

He also maintains a blog on [[w:Substack|Substack]] as [https://substack.com/@stephenbezruchka @stephenbezruchka]. 

Dr. Bezruchka is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Comparing Bezruchka with previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interviewees ==

Bezruchka (2022, 2026) highlights two primary drivers of poor health in the US:&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;  

# Stress from inequality. 
# Lack of attention to our early years.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2022) and other literature on the need for &quot;attention to our early years&quot; are discussed in &quot;[[Invest in children]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Life expectancy in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 1.  Life expectancy at birth in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Life Expectancy at Birth (e0) - Both Sexes in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

He also says, &quot;We need universal healthcare ...  However, that alone won’t fix the nation’s health problems. ... [T]he health of a nation results from political and historical factors&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026, p. 1-2).&lt;/ref&gt; To support the latter, he notes that in 1950 the US was among the world leaders in life expectancy and infant mortality. However, more recently, the US has trailed the rest of the advanced industrialized democracies, as documented in Figures 1 and 2. 

[[File:Infant mortality in selected countries and regions since 1950.svg|thumb|Figure 2.  [[w:Infant mortality|Infant mortality rate]] (IMR = deaths before first birthday per thousand live births) in selected countries and regions 1950-2021. w = World. la = Latin America and the Caribbean. jp = Japan. cu = Cuba. ee = Eastern Europe. ne = Northern Europe. se = Southern Europe. we = Western Europe. ca = Canada. us = United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Mortality data in UN (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Democracy v. public funding for media.png|thumb|Figure 3. Economist Democracy Index v. public funding for media, ~2019, per Neff and Pickard (2024), discussed further in the Appendix, below. (''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data; we have not attempted to update their data.)]]

[[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.&lt;ref&gt;Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025). Copied from Figure 5 in [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future]].&lt;/ref&gt;]]

One explanation for how the US came to lead the world in public health includes the observation that it had by far more independent newspaper publishers per million population in the early nineteenth century,&lt;ref&gt;See John (1995) and the rest of the discussion in episode 27 in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series on, ''[[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; supported by newspaper subsidies of roughly 0.21 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|GDP]] in the early 1840s under the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act of 1792]].&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88). See also the section on ''[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment|US Postal Service Act of 1792: a natural experiment]]'' in the Wikiversity article on &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; That 0.21 percent of GDP is comparable to the public subsidies for media today in the world's leading democracies, per Figure 3, which also shows that comparable US subsidies for media had dropped to 0.005 percent of GDP in 2019 (before being cut to zero in 2025).&lt;ref&gt;Regarding the ending of public subsidies for media in the US, see [[w:Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

The rise of broadcasting since World War II has facilitated increasing concentration of ownership and control of the major media.&lt;ref&gt;See the section on  &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization#The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II|The consolidation of ownership of the major media since the end of World War II]] in the chapter on &quot;[[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization|Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization]]&quot; and other parts of the book-in-progress on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; That consolidation of control of the major media seems to have driven first the commercialization of healthcare decried by Bezruchka and after 1981 the dramatic increase in inequality, documented in Figure 4.

One of the most important research reports discussed so far in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' is Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022).&lt;ref&gt;See also the 2025-06-08 interview with Usher, available as [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher]].&lt;/ref&gt; They found no statistically significant impact of the dramatic drop in the number of journalists in the US between 2003 and 2019 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- on federal prosecutions for political corruption. However, each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a federal court district one year was associated with on average 1.4 additional prosecutions per federal court district the following year. 

If those prosecutions for political corruption actually help make government work more in the public interest, then everyone benefits from the reports published by members of INN that appear to have helped inspire those prosecutions, even humans who never read those reports nor heard of the news nonprofits that published them: 

:* You and I benefit, we all benefit from news reports we have never read by nonprofit news organization we have never heard of, if they help make government work more in the public interest. 

== Highlights == 

:''These excerpts are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is, of course, the accompanying video.''

Graves began by asking, &quot;What are the most important things you would like to communicate to our audience?&quot; Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

The most important thing is to create the awareness that because we live in the United States of America, the best health outcomes possible are not to be found in this country. ... [B]y health, I use the very simple concept of being alive and not dead. ... [A]s an emergency physician for 30 years, the easiest diagnosis I could make ... was that somebody was dead. It's hard to fake. ... 

[W]e in the United States rank behind 40 or 50 other countries in the world, including all the other rich ones, and quite a few not so rich. ... [W]e die younger than people in many, many other countries, despite spending an enormous amount of money on health care, over $6 trillion a sixth of our total economy, and almost the same as the rest of the world spends on health care together.&lt;ref&gt;On 2026-04-23 the &quot;History&quot; section of the webpage on &quot;National Health Expenditures&quot; of the website of the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reported, &quot;U.S. health care spending grew 7.2 percent in 2024, reaching $5.3 trillion or $15,474 per person.  As a share of the nation's [[w:Gross Domestic Product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), health spending accounted for 18.0 percent.&quot; The estimated [[w:United States|GDP for the US]] for 2026 was $32.4 trillion. Eighteen percent of that is $5.8 trillion, which rounds to $6 trillion. Also, 18 percent is just a little a sixth, mentioned by Bezruchka. See also the Wikipedia article on [[w:Health care finance in the United States|Health care finance in the United States]] and &quot;History&quot; on the web site of &lt;!--National Health Expenditures--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139505383}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Graves observed, &quot;But in 1950 the US was among the leaders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Life expectancy in the US vs. other countries is documented in Figure 1 above from  {{cite Q|Q41274869}}&lt;!-- World Population Prospects --&gt;downloaded 2020-11-22).}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote| 

Correct. Back in the mid century, 1950 to 60, we were somewhere, depending on the measure you use, in the top 10 countries. And in length of life, life expectancy, we were number one. We had the lowest deaths of women in childbirth. ... 

But what has happened since then is that many other countries have seen faster improvements in health than we have. And that has gone on until about the last 10 years, when not only is our health not improving, it's declining. ... 

It's the best kept secret in this country. 

You sometimes find mentions of it in the media, but nobody wants to point out that we die younger than people in all the other rich countries and quite a few others.}} 

Graves noted, &quot;But the rest of the advanced industrialized world is still improving in life expectancy and public health.&quot; 

Bezruchka concurred. {{quote| 

Absolutely yes. Countries suffered a little decline with [[w:COVID-19 pandemic|COVID]] after 2020, but our decline was much, much bigger. One in 300 Americans was killed with covid, and that's essentially a higher rate than in other countries. We suffered a more precipitous decline ... and we have only now come to be where we were 20 years ago. ...

I used to think medical care was the most important thing in producing health along with personal behaviors. ... When I realized in the 1980s that other countries were seeing better health improvements than we were, I decided I couldn't understand that. So I went back to public health school at [[w:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], the biggest such program in the world. There I learned that social and political factors matter most in producing health. 

I then began to expose myself to ideas that I hadn't considered before, and I found studies showing that income inequality, the gap in incomes in a country, were strongly related to its life expectancy. 

Studies on this began appearing in 1979. A critical study in 1992 in ''[[w:The BMJ|The British Medical Journal]]'' featured this material.&lt;ref&gt;Wilkinson (1992).&lt;/ref&gt;  With anything like these findings, I had to decide, &quot;Is this true or not?&quot; 

I sought out [[w:Richard G. Wilkinson|Richard Wilkinson]], who did these studies on income inequality and health&lt;ref&gt;WilkeNson (1992), Wilkinson and Pickett (2009), and other works by Wikerson cited in Bezruchka (2022).&lt;/ref&gt; and got to know him and found him to be credible. ... There were some contradictory messages out there, but they didn't hold water for me. 

And I sought out other people, one near me, Clyde Hertzman at the University of British Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Bio of Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139551676}}; &lt;!-- Clyde Hertzman--&gt;{{cite Q|Q16335533}}&lt;/ref&gt; I invited him down to give a series of lectures at the [[w:University of Washington|University]]. He brought up the idea of the importance of early life. Through him, I came across the studies that showed that a large portion of your health as an adult has been programmed sometime between conception and age two or three. So early life lasts a lifetime. ... 

Inequality kills, and early life lasts a lifetime. 

Income inequality results from political choices we make in society. ... [E]arly life also results from political choices. 

For example, there are only two countries in the world that don't [[w:Parental leave|give a working woman who's pregnant paid time off as a national policy, so she can spend time with her newborn]]. One is the United States. We say we can't afford that. The other is Papua New Guinea, half of a big island north of Australia. 

Only two populous countries in the world don't have a national policy of paid maternity leave. 

[[w:Parental leave in the United States|A handful of US states have enacted paid leave policies]], but none of them are more than 12 weeks. Here in [[w:Washington (state)|Washington]], we tried to do this back in 2013 but didn't [fund it]. Finally in 2019 we passed legislation funded by a payroll tax. Now there is a 12 week paid parental leave program in place in Washington. [[w:California|California]] was the first state, but 12 weeks of paid leave is the minimum end of what all the other countries provide. 

We're not very generous. ... 

What really matters is a gap between the rich and the poor and how much you support early life.  

The studies now suggest that roughly half of our health as adults has been programmed in that first 1,000 days after conception.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- 1,000 Days--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139550803}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

That's why I titled my book, ''Born Sick in the USA'',&lt;ref&gt;Bezruchka (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; after Bruce Springsteen's song ''[[w:Born in the U.S.A.|Born in the USA]]'', because by the time we're born, our health is compromised, and there's really not that much we can do to redress the problems in early life ... . Healthier societies have in place policies such as I mentioned, paid parental leave and a host of others. 

Take [[w:Sweden|Sweden]]. Sweden's considered a much healthier country than we are. Swedes pay high taxes, and they don't mind paying high taxes, because they get much in return. They get [[w:Healthcare in Sweden|free health care]], for example. They get a very generous paid parental leave program, 480 days at your full pay. It's split between the mother and the father. Father has to take at least 13 weeks. The rest of the second year is optional ... at about 70% pay. And then there's daycare. In Sweden, daycare costs $160 a month. It's quite affordable. And to work in a Swedish government-run daycare center, you have to have an advanced degree in play, because, you know what's daycare? It's socializing the child, and we need experts there. 

So for a host of reasons, healthier countries a have smaller gaps between the rich and the poor and privilege early life.}}

Graves asked, &quot;How do you compare California and other states that have liberal maternal aid policies relative to the rest of the rest of the nation? Do they have better public health?&quot; 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Yes. You can look at life expectancy again, the measure that I think is the easiest to use to compare different populations. If you take the 50 states, and you look at their life expectancy from 1957 to 2005 or 2006, states with liberal political policies have seen substantial gains in life expectancy over that period, and states with conservative policies have seen smaller gains and some stagnation. That is, they stopped improving.  

California is one of those with more liberal policies, and [[w:Mississippi|Mississippi]] would be one with considerably with more conservative policies. Our longest lived state, thereby I would call &quot;the healthiest&quot;, is [[w:Hawaii|Hawaii]]. And the Department of Health of Hawaii recognizes politics as the most important determinant of health. They're quite explicit about this. 

Another healthy state is [[w:Minnesota|Minnesota]]. Its Department of Health similarly situates politics as being important. It situates medical care in a pie chart presented to the legislature as impacting about 10% of health. ...

[[w:Japan|Japan]] has been the longest lived country since 1978. ... I think United States was responsible for making Japan the longest lived country. 

But around 2000 I discovered that a lot of men smoke in Japan. ... How can Japanese men smoke so much and be the longest lived in the world? ... 

Personal behaviors, although important, aren't that important. Japanese men who smoke have worse health than Japanese men that don't smoke, but the difference between smokers and non smokers in Japan is considerably less than the difference here. ... 

One of the most important parts of health production that is the hardest to study is culture. What is culture? Somebody called it &quot;software of the mind.&quot; It's how you're programmed to be in a society. You're not taught your culture, you're exposed to it as you grow up. And then it's sort of wired inside you, programmed inside you. Japan has a cultural value of &quot;[[w:Wa|Wa]]&quot; or social harmony. One way I present this to people is to say, &quot;Do you ever see a lone Japanese tourist?&quot; No, they're always together. &quot;Do you ever see a lone American tourist?&quot; All the time.}}

Graves noted that he had plotted life expectancy for different countries, and confirmed that Japan trailed the advanced industrialized world in 1950 and now lead,&lt;ref&gt;Figure 1 above.&lt;/ref&gt; then asked how the culture changed? 

Bezruchka replied, {{quote|

Remember back in 1945 we [[w:Bombing of Tokyo|fire bombed Tokyo]] and killed about 100,000 civilians. We dropped [[w:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|two atomic bombs on the country]]. Basically, we destroyed it. And life expectancy in 1945 in Japan was estimated to be 24 or 25 years. ... 

After that, [[w:Occupation of Japan|the Allies]] occupied Japan. ... The head of the Allied occupation was a US Army five star general, [[w:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]]. He came in and he set up shop across from the Imperial Palace, and basically changed most aspects of the country through writing its [[w:Constitution of Japan|constitution. ... The Constitution]] embodies clause such as [[w:Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan|Article Nine, which says Japan shall never wage war]]. ... He also made suffrage universal. Everybody was given the vote. 

He gave [[w:Labor unions in Japan|labor unions the right to organize]] and bargain collectively in the Constitution. Our labor unions here are organized horizontally. I belong to a teachers' union. But in Japan, unions are organized within a company, and everybody from the sweeper, the lowest ranking, up to the boss, they organize and bargain collectively. That has made the pay gap between the person at the bottom and the person at the top much, much smaller than here. ... 

Japan was run by 13 big corporations, and MacArthur wrote in his memoirs that this concentration of wealth and power is inimical to being a democracy. So he broke up the corporations, ... called &quot;decentralization&quot;. So we had democratization, demilitarization and decentralization.  

Japan is a rice farming economy, and 37,000 land owners owned the land farmed by 50 million peasants. MacArthur said this is again too much concentrated power. So he bought the land from the landowners and sold it to the tenants at the same price. ... Ninety-four percent of the land in Japan changed hands, and historians call it the most successful [[w:Land reform|land reform]] program in history. 

So there followed the most rapid decline in death rates ever seen on the planet, so much so that by 1978 Japan was the longest lived country. 

So the United States knows how to produce health: It gave that medicine to Japan in the late 1940s. We could either take our own medicine or ask Japan to give it to us ... .}} 

Graves asked about data on public health in Japan before World War II or earlier. 

Bezruchka said, {{quote|

Back in the late 1800s health outcomes were pretty good in Japan. After the breakup of the [[w:Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]], things got pretty good, according to historical accounts. 

Then in the 20th century, the corporations began to exercise their power, and [[w:Japanese militarism|they fear mongered the people into wanting to go to war]]. We might be seeing something like that in the United States today. ... 

I call [[w:Stress (biology)|stress]] the 21st Century tobacco. We are one of the most stressed countries in the world. How do we cope with that stress? Not very well. We consume 80% of the world's [[w:Opioid|opioid]]s. Think of that, more than three quarters of the world's opioids are consumed in this country. [[w:United States strikes on alleged drug traffickers during Operation Southern Spear|Sinking a few boats in the Caribbean is kind of a silly idea]], because it's not going to stop the demand. ... 

Regarding our major media, the internet, radio, television, print media. ... You can go to a library and access the internet so you don't pay anything for it. In any business, there's a buyer, a seller and a product. And when I present this to my students, I ask them, follow the money. Since you don't pay anything to access the internet, you can't be the buyer. Where does the transfer of money go? If you're on [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], you'll get an ad. The advertiser pays money to the producer, YouTube, for a product. 

What's the product?  

You. ... 

This isn't my idea. The head of Apple, [[w:Tim Cook|Tim Cook]], said, &quot;If you're not paying for something on the internet, you're not the buyer, ... you're the product.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hogg (2021). For earlier sources expressing similar ideas, see Quote Investigator (2017).&lt;/ref&gt; ... 

Our health is not a saleable commodity. [[w:Health care|Health care]], on the other hand, is very saleable. You'll find lots of ads for drugs. ... The drugs they pitched were not the old standbys that were cheap. They were mostly expensive maintenance drugs. 

[[w:Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical companies]] do not want to produce a drug that's going to prevent something, because treating diseases is quite profitable. They're also not going to produce drugs that will cure something: If the disease is cured, where's the profit? 

What they do produce are expensive drugs to maintain people with a disease. Our diseases are mostly chronic. That is, they're there all the time, diabetes, heart disease, cancers, lung disease, kidney disease. Can't cure those, but you can try to ameliorate some of the bad effects of those conditions. And we're in a situation, for example, where almost half the population has either type two diabetes or is in some earlier stage of that. And so we have a huge industry of maintenance drugs for diabetes. ...

[[w:Epidemiology of obesity|We have the highest rates of obesity]] in the world, except for a few islands in the Pacific, ... [[w:Tahiti|Tahiti]] and [[w:Fiji|Fiji]] and places like that where women are bigger than US women. But other than that, we can win the gold medal in the &quot;Obesity Olympics&quot;. ... 

Why are we the most obese country in the world? ... We're highly stressed, and one of the ways of relieving stress is to eat so called [[w:comfort food|comfort foods]]. Comfort foods are those high in sugar and fat, salt. We consume those because they decrease the secretion of [[w:cortisol|cortisol]], our chronic stress hormone. And so they physiologically help us feel a little better from the stress that we're under. ...}}  

In sum, Dr. Bezruchka said, {{quote|

There's not a lot you can do to improve your own health. You may be able to do something for your children if they're young enough. We need to put in place policies to improve the health of future generations. 

That's a tall order. But anything else we can consider &quot;[[w:social murder|social murder]]&quot;, a term used by [[w:Frederick Engels|Frederick Engels]] in the 1800s looking at people in England. He found poor people were dying of the usual conditions and diseases. But there was no smoking gun. He called this &quot;social murder&quot;, and that's what we're doing in this country.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Appendix. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' and public funding for media as a percent of national income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP) for selected full and flawed democracies per Neff and Pickard (2024). ==

The following table is extracted from Neff and Pickard (2024), who presented &quot;national economic data and public media funding levels ... primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data&quot;. ''[[w:The Economist Democracy Index|The Economist Democracy Index]]'' (EDI) for the US has fallen since Neff and Pickard compiled these data. &quot;Full democracy&quot; = EDI ≥ 8. &quot;Flawed democracy&quot; = EDI &lt; 8.

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style = &quot;text-align:center;&quot; 
! Country !! code !! ''Economist Democracy Index'' (2019) !! public funding % of GDP !! Multiyear?
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Norway || NO || 9.87 || .166 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Iceland || IS || 9.58 || .154 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Sweden || SE || 9.39 || .148 || 1
|-
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  New Zealand || NZ || 9.26 || .061 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Finland || FI || 9.25 || .197 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Ireland || IE || 9.24 || .059 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Canada || CA || 9.22 || .052 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Denmark || DK ||9.22 || .155 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Australia || AU || 9.09 || .070 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Germany || DE || 8.68 || .253 ||1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United Kingdom  || GB || 8.52 || .173 || 1
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Uruguay || UY || 8.38 || .066 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Spain || ES || 8.29 || .144 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Mauritius || MU || 8.22 || .134 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  France || FR || 8.12 || .154 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Chile || CL || 8.08 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Korea || KR || 8.00 || .035 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Japan || JP || 7.99 || .123 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  United States || US || 7.96 || .005 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Estonia || EE || 7.90 || .143 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Israel || IL || 7.86 || .053 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Botswana || BW ||7.81 || .102 ||0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Cabo Verde || CV || 7.78 || .216 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Taiwan || TW || 7.73 || .010 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Czech Republic || CZ || 7.69 || .139 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Italy || IT || 7.52 || .101 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Lithuania || LT || 7.50 ||.085 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Latvia || LV || 7.49 || .077 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  South Africa || ZA || 7.24 || .016 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Colombia || CO || 7.13 || .001 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Argentina || AR || 7.02 || .024 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  India ||IN || 6.90 || .018 || 0
|- 
| style = &quot;text-align:left;&quot; |  Tunisia || TN ||6.72 ||.026 ||0
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2022-11-28)  Inequality Kills Us All: COVID-19's Health Lessons for the World--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136047815}}
* &lt;!--Stephen Bezruchka (2026-02-19)  Born sick in the USA : improving the health of a nation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138749292}}
* &lt;!--Lea Hogg (2021-02-02) &quot;You are no longer the customer, you are the product – Tim Cook&quot;, SiGMA--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139553897}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Timothy Neff and Victor Pickard (2024) &quot;Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468289}}
* &lt;!--Quote Investigator (2017-07-16) &quot;Quote Origin: You’re Not the Customer; You’re the Product--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139555217|author=Quote Investigator}}
* &lt;!--United Nations (UN, 2023) World Population Prospects--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136236031|author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN)|date=2022}}
* &lt;!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption --&gt;{{Cite Q|Q134715465}}
* &lt;!--Richard G. Wilkinson (1992) &quot;Income distribution and life expectancy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q35819931}}
* &lt;!-- Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (2009) The spirit level : why greater equality makes societies stronger--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132688521}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
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      <sha1>akykhvm8f336fm6o31ixpjfnsmip6xx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Trirectangular Tetrahedrons</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807435</id>
      <parentid>2802877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T05:08:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tet-Math4</username>
        <id>3063842</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Clearly defined Xa  Ya  Za</comment>
      <origin>2807435</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11236" sha1="hg8vaudkzrmm6lbc5j3znblbn55ih94" xml:space="preserve">=== &lt;math&gt;A\ Trirectangular\ Tetrahedron\ is\ a\ tetrahedron\ where\ the\ Origin\bigl(x,y,z\bigr)\ is\ composed\ of &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;3\ Right\ Angled\ Triangles.\ There\ are\ Five\ Hidden\ mathematical\ equalities\ in\ Trirectangular  &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;Tetrahedrons.\ They\ exist\ only\ in\ these\ types\ of\ tetrahedrons.  &lt;/math&gt; ===

== . ==

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Here\ are\ the\ Five\ Hidden\ Equalities\ and\ they\ are\ magical.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;K=\Biggl[\frac{\ a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\Biggr]=\Bigl[x^2+y^2+z^2\Bigr]=\Bigl[a^2+z^2\Bigr]=\Bigl[b^2+y^2\Bigr]=\Bigl[c^2+x^2\Bigr]&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===
'''&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;If\ given\ \bigl(a,b,c\bigr)\ use\ the\ 1st\ term\ K=\frac{\ a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\ \ This\ equation\ is\ a\ modification\ of &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Heron's\ Semiperimeter.\ Then\ use\ \bigl(a,b,c\bigr)\ to\ calculate\ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr)\ as\ shown\ beneath\ this\ diagram.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;[[File:(ABC) = (XYZ).png|thumb|708x708px|CaliCat 1]]

=== &lt;math&gt;K\ equals\ all\ 5\ equations.&lt;/math&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;K=\frac{\ a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;K=x^2+y^2+z^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;''&lt;math&gt;K=a^2+z^2\qquad\ Blue&lt;/math&gt;''&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;''&lt;math&gt;K=b^2+y^2\qquad\ Black&lt;/math&gt;''&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;''&lt;math&gt;K=c^2+x^2\qquad\ Red&lt;/math&gt;''&lt;/big&gt; ===
''.&lt;big&gt;And they interlock in such a way that they greatly simplify solving Trirectangular problems. Here the mating pairs are color coded for easy understanding.&lt;/big&gt;''

&lt;big&gt;''The other way to remember which diagonal line'' (''a,b,c'') ''mates with it's rectangular counterpart'' (''x,y,z'') ''is to realize the mating pairs are the only lines that never touch each other'' !&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Thus\ A\ \ Mates\ only\ with\ Z\ \ Blue&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;\qquad\ \ B\ \ Mates\ only\ with\ Y\ \ Black&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;\qquad\ \ C\ \ Mates\ only\ with\ X\ \ Red&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

== .&lt;math&gt;IF\ \ given\ \ \bigl(a,b,c\bigr)\ \ then\ \ use\ \ K=\biggl[\frac{\ a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\biggr]\ \ to\ calculate\ \ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;Then\ \ x=\sqrt{_{_.}K-c^2\ }\qquad\ y=\sqrt{_{_.}K-b^2\ }\qquad\ z=\sqrt{_{_.}K-a^2\ }&lt;/math&gt; ==

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;IF\ \ Given\ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr)\ \ then\ \ use\ \ K=\Bigl[x^2+y^2+z^2\Bigr]\ \ to\ calculate\ \bigl(a,b,c\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Then\quad a=\sqrt{_{_.}K-z^2\ }\qquad b=\sqrt{\ K-y^2\ }\qquad\ c=\sqrt{_{_.}K-x^2\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Or:\quad\ a=\sqrt{_{_.}x^2+y^2\ }\qquad b=\sqrt{_{_.}x^2+z^2\ }\qquad c=\sqrt{_{_.}y^2+z^2\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

== . ==

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Proof\ of\ the\ accuracy\ of\ the\ K\ formulas.\ Try\ these\ test\ numbers\ yourself.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;math&gt;Given:\qquad a=14.4\qquad b=10\qquad c=12&lt;/math&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Then\ use\ the\ Pythagorean\ Theorem\ to\ Calculate\ (x,y,z)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;math&gt;K=\frac{\ a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}=225.68&lt;/math&gt; ===

=== &lt;math&gt;K=x^2+y^2+z^2\ \ =225.68&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;K=a^2+z^2\qquad\ \ \ =225.68\quad\bigl(a=14.4\quad z=4.280186911806539319650461\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;K=b^2+y^2\qquad\ \ \ =225.68\quad\bigl(b=10\quad \ \ \ \ y=11.210709165793214885544255\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;K=c^2+x^2\qquad\ \ \ =225.68\quad\bigl(c=12\quad \ \ \ \ x=9.037698822156002781875821\bigr)&lt;/math&gt; ===

== . ==

=== &lt;math&gt;The\ area\ of\ the\ Base\ Triangle\ derived\ by\ using\ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr)\ \&amp;\ directly\ below\ that\ by\ using\ \bigl(a,b,c\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;The\ \bigl(H\bigr)_{abc}\ designation\ is\ used\ to\ identify\ it\ as\ Heron's\ Triangle.\ \bigl(The\ BASE\ triangle\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;. ===

=== &lt;math&gt;Rectangular\ (x,y,z) \quad H_{abc}=\frac{\ \ \sqrt{\ x^2y^2+z^2\bigl(x^2+y^2\bigr)\ }\ \ }{2_{.}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;Heron's\ Theorem\qquad H_{abc}=\sqrt{\ S(S-a)(S-b)(S-c)\ }\quad where\ \ S=\frac{\ a+b+c\ }{2}&lt;/math&gt; ===

== . ==

=== &lt;math&gt;Height\ of\ Tetrahedron\ from\ Base\ of\ Heron's\ Triangle\ H_{abc}\ to\ the\ origin\ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;This\ amazing\ equation\ was\ found\ on\ the\ internet.\ It\ is\ not\ my\ own\ work\ !&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;It\ is\ accurate\ and\ I\ Reworked\ it\ from\ its\ original\ form.\ \bigl(See\ Original\ Form\ at\ the\ bottom\ \bigr)&lt;/math&gt;. ===

=== ''&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;h=\frac{xyz}{\ \sqrt{\ x^2y^2+z^2\bigl(x^2+y^2\bigr)\ \ }\ \ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;''  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trirectangular_tetrahedron|title=Trirectangular tetrahedron - Metric formulas}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formuladen.com/en/|title=Formula Den}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Areas:&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;A_{xy}=\frac{\ xy\ }{2}\qquad B_{xz}=\frac{\ xz\ }{2}\qquad C_{yz}=\frac{\ yz\ }{2}\qquad H_{abc}=\frac{\ \sqrt{\ x^2y^2+z^2\bigl(x^2+y^2\bigr)\ }\ \ }{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;math&gt;A_{total}=A_{xy}+B_{xz}+C_{yz}+H_{abc}&lt;/math&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;A_{total}=\frac{\ xy+z(x+y)+\sqrt{\ x^2y^2+z^2\bigl(x^2+y^2\bigr)\ }\ \ }{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

== . ==

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Volume:&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;math&gt;V_{box}=xyz\qquad V_{tet}=\frac{\ V_{box}\ }{6}\qquad V_{tet}=\frac{\ xyz\ }{6}&lt;/math&gt; ===

=== . ===
&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;The\ similar\ appearence\ between\ Heron's\ semiperimeter\ \&amp;\ its\ K\ substitute\ is\ obvious. &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;Heron's\ \ Theorem\qquad\ Trirectangular\ \ Theorem\ (?)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;S=\frac{\ a+b+c\ }{2}\qquad K=\frac{\ a^2+b^2+c^2\ }{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===
.

== &lt;math&gt;Interesting\ Items&lt;/math&gt; ==

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;K\ solutions\qquad\qquad\quad Transition\qquad\qquad\quad Perk\ solutions &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===
&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;x=\sqrt{_{_.}K-c^2\ }\qquad x=\sqrt{\ \frac{_{_.}a^2+b^2+c^2\ }{2}-c^2\ }\qquad x=\sqrt{\ \frac{_{_.}a^2+b^2-c^2\ }{2}\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;y=\sqrt{_{_.}K-b^2\ }\qquad\ y=\sqrt{\ \frac{_{_.}a^2+b^2+c^2\ }{2}-b^2\ }\qquad y=\sqrt{\ \frac{_{_.}a^2+c^2-b^2\ }{2}\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;z=\sqrt{_{_.}K-a^2\ }\qquad z=\sqrt{\ \frac{_{_.}a^2+b^2+c^2\ }{2}-a^2\ }\qquad z=\sqrt{\ \frac{_{_.}b^2+c^2-a^2\ }{2}\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;It\ is\ interesting\ to\ note\ that\ in\ the\ perk\ column \ that\ all\ 3\ diagonals\ (a,b,c)\ are\ in\ the&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;numerators\ of\ each\ equation.\ And\ that\ any\ 2\ of\ the\ diagonals\ are\ added\ together\ while&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;the\ 3rd\ one\ is\ subtrated\ from\ that\ sum.\ And\ the\ solution\ is\ always\ the\ rectangular\ (x,y,z)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;mate\ of\ the\ diagonal\ being\ subtracted.\ The\ mating\ pairs\ are\ the\ only\ lines\ that\ never\ touch&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;each\ other.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;1)\ \ Subtract\ (c)\ to\ get\ (x)\quad Because\ (c)\ never\ touches\ (x)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;2)\ \ Subtract\ (b)\ to\ get\ (y)\quad Because\ (b)\ never\ touches\ (y)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;3)\ \ Subtract\ (a)\ to\ get\ (z)\quad Because\ (a)\ never\ touches\ (z)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

== &lt;math&gt;This\ amazing\ formula\ was\ found\ online\ BUT\ it\ is\ NOT\ my\ own \ work.&lt;/math&gt; ==
&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;BUT\ no\ useable\ proof\ of\ its\ accuracy\ could\ be\ found\ online.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Original\ form\qquad \frac{1}{\ h^2}=\frac{1}{\ x^2}+\frac{1}{\ y^2}+\frac{1}{\ z^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Transposed\ form\quad h=\frac{xyz}{\ \sqrt{\ x^2y^2+z^2\bigl(x^2+y^2\bigr)\ \ }\ \ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===
&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;The\ accuracy\ of\ \bigl(h\bigr)\ will\ be\ proven\ using\ Heron's\ Theorem.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;The\ 1_{st}\ diagram\ CaliCat\ 1\ labels\ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr),\ \bigl (a,b,c\bigr)\ and\ \big(h\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;The\ 2_{nd}\ diagram\ CaliCat\ 2\ labels\ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr),\bigl(x_{a},y_{a},z_{a}\bigr),\bigl(a,b,c\bigr)\ and\ \big(h\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;The\ 3_{rd}\ diagram\ CaliCat\ 3\ labels\ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr),\bigl(x_{a},y_{a},z_{a}\bigr), \bigl(a,b,c\bigr)\ and\ \big(h\bigr)\ much\ more\ clearly.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;\bigl(h\bigr)\ is\ the\ green\ line\ between\ the\ origin\ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr)\ \&amp;\ the\ point\ of\ intersection\ where\ \bigl(x_{a},y_{a},z_{a}\bigr)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;meet\ on\ the\ \bigl(a,b,c\bigr)\ plain.\ This\ is\ the\ face\ of\ the\ base.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
[[File:New Picture (8).png|thumb|490x490px|CaliCat 2]]
.

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;x_{a}\ is\ the\ adjacent\ of\ \bigl(x,h\bigr)\quad x_{a}=\sqrt{_{.}x^2-h^2\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;y_{a}\ is\ the\ adjacent\ of\ \bigl(y,h\big)\ \quad y_{a}=\sqrt{_{.}y^2-h^2\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;z_{a}\ is\ the\ adjacent\ of\ \bigl(z,h\bigr)\quad\ z_{a}=\sqrt{_{.}z^2-h^2\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

=== &lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Heron's\ Theorem\ is\ applied\ 4\ times.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt; ===
&lt;math&gt;S=\frac{\ a+b+c\ }{2}\quad\quad\ H_{abc}=\sqrt{\ S \Bigl(S-a\Bigr)\Bigl(S-b\Bigr)\Bigl(S-c\Bigr)\ }&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;S_{a}=\frac{\ a+x_{a}+y_{a}\ }{2}\quad A_{xy}=\sqrt{\ S_{a}\Bigl(S_{a}-a\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{a}-x_{a}\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{a}-y_{a}\Bigr)\ }&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;S_{b}=\frac{\ b+x_{a}+z_{a}\ }{2}\ \quad B_{xz}=\sqrt{\ _{_.}S_{b}\Bigl(S_{b}-b\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{b}-x_{a}\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{b}-z_{a}\Bigr)\ }&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;S_{c}=\frac{\ c+y_{a}+z_{a}\ }{2}\ \quad C_{yz}=\sqrt{\ _{_.}S_{c}\Bigl(S_{c}-c\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{c}-y_{a}\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{c}-z_{a}\Bigr)\ }&lt;/math&gt;

== . ==
&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;The\ purple\ triangle\ is\ the\ base\ facing\ down\ with\ the\ origin\ \bigl(x,y,z\bigr)\ pointing\ up.\ This\ is\ to&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;clearly\ show\ how\ the\ height\ \bigl(h\bigr)\ fits\ into\ the\ tetrahedron\ between\ the\ base\ \&amp;\ the\ origin.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Where:&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;X_{(Adjacent)}\ \ x_a=\sqrt{_{_.}x^2-h^2\ }\qquad Y_{(Adjacent)}\ \ y_a=\sqrt{_{_.}y^2-h^2\ }\qquad Z_{(Adjacent)}\ \ z_a =\sqrt{_{_.}z^2-h^2\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;This\ is\ an\ atempt\ to\ show\ why\ \bigl(h\bigr)\ must=\sqrt{\ x^2-{x_{a}}^2\ }=\sqrt{\ y^2-{y_{a}}^2\ }=\sqrt{\ z^2-{z_{a}}^2\ }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Or\ the\ sum\ of\ the\ areas\ of\ triangles\ \bigl(a,x_{a},y_{a}\bigr)+\bigl(b,x_{a},z_{a}\bigr)+\bigl(c,y_{a},z_{a}\bigr)\ will\ not\ equal\ the &lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;area\ of\ the\ base.\ Which\ is\ also\ Heron's\ triangle\ \bigl(a,b,c\bigr).\ \ Thus\ h=\frac{xyz}{\ 2A\ }\ where\ A=H_{abc}.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Now\ it\ seems\ to\ be\ magical\ to\ know\ that\ the\ height\ \bigl(h\bigr)\ of\ a\ trirectangular\ tetrahedron&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;is\ simply\ the\ volume\ xyz\ divided\ by\ twice\ the\ base\ area.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;[[File:New Picture (12).png|center|thumb|725x725px|CaliCat 3]]

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Here\ the\ formulas\ are\ shown\ once\ again\ BUT\ directly\ under\ the\ clearer\ diagram\ \&amp;\ with&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;the\ numbers\ that\ apply\ as\ proof\ of\ accuracy.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;S=\frac{\ a+b+c\ }{2}\quad\quad\ H_{abc}=\sqrt{\ S \Bigl(S-a\Bigr)\Bigl(S-b\Bigr)\Bigl(S-c\Bigr)\ }\qquad\qquad\ \ H_{abc}=59.296664324&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;S_{a}=\frac{\ a+x_{a}+y_{a}\ }{2}\quad A_{xy}=\sqrt{\ S_{a}\Bigl(S_{a}-a\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{a}-x_{a}\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{a}-y_{a}\Bigr)\ }\qquad A_{xy}=43.280437934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;S_{b}=\frac{\ b+x_{a}+z_{a}\ }{2}\ \quad B_{xz}=\sqrt{\ _{_.}S_{b}\Bigl(S_{b}-b\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{b}-x_{a}\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{b}-z_{a}\Bigr)\ }\qquad\ B_{xz}=6.308860781&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;S_{c}=\frac{\ c+y_{a}+z_{a}\ }{2}\ \quad C_{yz}=\sqrt{\ _{_.}S_{c}\Bigl(S_{c}-c\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{c}-y_{a}\Bigr)\Bigl(S_{c}-z_{a}\Bigr)\ }\ \ \ \qquad C_{yz}=9.707365609&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;If\ the\ value\ of\ \bigl(h\bigr)\ is\ correct\ then\ Heron's\ Area\ \bigl(A_{abc}\bigr)\ must\ equal\ the\ sum\ of\ the\ other\ 3. &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;H_{abc}=59.296664324=A_{xy}+B_{xz}+C_{yz}=43.280437934\ +6.308860781\ +9.707365609&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

== . ==
&lt;big&gt;&lt;math&gt;Original\ form\quad\frac{1}{\ h^2\ }=\frac{1}{\ x^2\ }+\frac{1}{\ y^2\ }+\frac{1}{\ z^2\ } &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/big&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Narrative Engineering: An Introduction to Objective Projection</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7878" sha1="nyhl1nvt47mamv20mfslg3p1t11vr1u" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikiversity license information
| license = CC BY-SA 4.0
| author = Levent Bulut
| orcid = 0009-0007-7500-2261
| site = https://leventbulut.com
| date = 2026
| note = This material has been contributed to Wikiversity under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license with the author's explicit consent.
}}
 
This page is a research and teaching resource introducing the '''Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm)''' methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in DOI-registered academic publications.
 
'''Author:''' Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 | https://leventbulut.com
 
'''License:''' [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0]
 
'''Academic registration:''' DOI: [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18689179 10.5281/zenodo.18689179]
 
----
 
== Purpose of This Resource ==
 
This page serves three purposes:
 
# '''Introduction:''' Explains the core concepts of the Objective Projection methodology.
# '''Research:''' Documents the academic foundations and testing protocols.
# '''Application:''' Shows how the methodology is used in writing practice with examples.
 
This page does not propose a new theory. It is a teaching resource for a methodology documented in DOI-registered academic publications.
 
----
 
== Core Concepts ==
 
=== Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) ===
 
Objective Projection is a narrative engineering methodology that encodes emotional states through '''measurable physical parameters''' rather than abstract emotional labels or similes.
 
'''Core principle:''' Instead of writing &quot;She was very sad&quot; (emotional label) or &quot;like a prison&quot; (simile), the writer encodes the physical conditions that produce that biological state in the reader's autonomic nervous system.
 
'''Neurobiological basis:''' Physical parameters directly activate the subcortical Low Road pathway (thalamus → amygdala, ~12ms), bypassing cultural interpretation and producing statistically convergent biophysical responses across diverse reader populations (Romanski &amp; LeDoux, 1992).
 
==== Example ====
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Conventional Writing !! Objective Projection
|-
| &quot;The woman was very sad.&quot; || &quot;The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back.&quot;
|-
| &quot;The room was terrifying.&quot; || &quot;The single light source was from the left, 40 watts. The ceiling was 2.1 metres. The door was behind her.&quot;
|-
| &quot;The man was furious.&quot; || &quot;He placed the glass on the table. Did not let go. His fingers stayed on the glass.&quot;
|}
 
----
 
=== Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) ===
 
The mathematical measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative.
 
 Sₙ = If × Cb
 
* '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but is not given.
* '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open unanswered questions.
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Sₙ Value !! Reader Behaviour
|-
| Sₙ &lt; 1.0 || Quits within 8-12 seconds
|-
| Sₙ 1.0 – 5.0 || Continues to first page then decides
|-
| Sₙ &gt; 5.0 + Vacuum Variable || Finishes first chapter
|}
 
'''Academic source:''' DOI: [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18652451 10.5281/zenodo.18652451]
 
----
 
=== Vacuum Variable ===
 
A systematically withheld information gap in a narrative that draws the reader forward. Exploits the brain's drive to close incomplete loops (Zeigarnik Effect).
 
'''Example:''' &quot;The lock had been changed — Ahmet realised this on the third turn of his key.&quot; → Who changed it? Why? When? (Three open questions = high Cb)
 
----
 
=== Narrative Gravity (Ng) ===
 
The central gravitational force holding the reader in the narrative. A composite of Vacuum Variable and Narrative Entropy.
 
'''Academic source:''' DOI: [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18908324 10.5281/zenodo.18908324]
 
----
 
=== Universal Biological Interface (UBI) ===
 
The culture-independent biological response mechanism shared by all humans. Objective Projection targets this interface — not emotional labels.
 
'''Academic source:''' DOI: [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18907915 10.5281/zenodo.18907915]
 
----
 
=== Biophysical Output (Bo) ===
 
The reader's physiological response: heart rate variability (HRV), galvanic skin conductance (GSC), pupil dilation. The primary measured variable in the OPCT protocol.
 
'''Academic source:''' DOI: [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19225484 10.5281/zenodo.19225484]
 
----
 
== Critical Implementation Rule: The Output Layer ==
 
{{Warning|
'''Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.'''
 
❌ WRONG: &quot;The figure's centre of mass transferred at 0.2 Hz oscillation frequency.&quot;
 
✓ CORRECT: &quot;He shifted from his right foot to his left. Then back.&quot;
}}
 
Full documentation: [https://huggingface.co/datasets/leventbulut/objective-projection/blob/main/examples/output_layer_scene.json output_layer_scene.json]
 
----
 
== Empirical Validation: OPCT v2.0 ==
 
The methodology's central claim is empirically testable. The pre-registered protocol is open for independent replication.
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Parameter !! Specification
|-
| OSF Pre-registration || [https://osf.io/us8bw osf.io/us8bw]
|-
| Protocol DOI || [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19415236 10.5281/zenodo.19415236]
|-
| Sample size || n=80 (power analysis: 0.80+ at medium effect size)
|-
| Design || 3 independent authors × 1 Physical Matrix × n=80 readers + AI control condition
|-
| Measurements || ECG (HRV), GSC, pupillometry, respiratory rate
|-
| Success criterion || p &lt; 0.05 convergent ANS activation
|-
| Falsification criterion || Author effect p &lt; 0.05 OR Cohen's d &lt; 0.3 → system revised
|}
 
Any researcher with ECG, galvanic skin conductance, and pupillometry equipment can conduct an independent trial. The protocol is public. The falsification criteria are defined.
 
----
 
== Open Research Questions ==
 
Research questions defined around this methodology:
 
# '''OPCT v1.0 pilot trial:''' Do texts produced by different authors from the same Physical Matrix produce statistically convergent ANS activation in culturally diverse readers?
# '''Habituation:''' Does ANS response diminish with repeated exposure? Does high Sₙ prevent this?
# '''Cross-cultural validity:''' Does physical parameter convergence replicate across three different cultural regions?
# '''AI comparison:''' Do texts generated with the OPM protocol produce measurably different biophysical responses than standard AI output?
 
----
 
== Complete DOI Chain ==
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! DOI !! Title
|-
| [https://zenodo.org/communities/the-bulut-doctrine/records?q=&amp;l=list&amp;p=1&amp;s=10&amp;sort=newest] || Architectural Framework [PRIMARY]
 | Narrative Entropy (Sₙ)
| Universal Biological Interface
| Narrative Gravity (Ng)
| OPCT v1.0
| Biophysical Output vs. Emotional Label
| OPCT v2.0 (OSF: osf.io/us8bw)
|-
| Objective Projection Dataset
| Chapter 6 — Dialogue with Neuroaesthetics
|}
 
----
 
== External Resources ==
 
* Official archive: [https://leventbulut.com leventbulut.com]
* Dataset (Hugging Face): [https://huggingface.co/datasets/leventbulut/objective-projection huggingface.co/datasets/leventbulut/objective-projection]
* ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 0009-0007-7500-2261
* Wikibooks (TR): [[b:tr:Nesnel İzdüşüm: Beyin Neden Bazı Hikayeleri Unutmuyor?]]
* Wikibooks (EN): [[b:en:Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]]
* Open License Declaration: [https://leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/ leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/]
 
----
 
== License ==
 
This material is published under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0] license.
 
'''Citation:''' Bulut, L. (2026). Narrative Engineering: An Introduction to Objective Projection. Wikiversity. CC BY-SA 4.0.
 
[[Category:Writing]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[Category:Narrative theory]]
[[Category:Neuroscience]]
[[Category:Research resources]]</text>
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    <title>User:ThinkingScience/All General AI Prompt History Archive</title>
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      <comment>/* Prompts */ Considering I'm about to do an action(this action was 100% fully me) for documentation purposes</comment>
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      <text bytes="8816" sha1="sf552megyjx2fm04qqknwe8lipfl69s" xml:space="preserve">This page is adhering to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]]'s latest revision as of the making of this post based on this oldid: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Artificial_intelligence&amp;oldid=2806663

If this text becomes too much...then I may suggest archiving it. If there later is an archive of this text, then maybe I'll request a full wipe of this page so that the size that the text takes up on this page doesn't become too much for the Wikiversity database and then can save some space.

== Prompts ==

The way in which this page is written is made to conserve space. If you don't understand any part of this subpage please ask me on my talk page what you don't understand and I'll try to explain as well as I can for you to understand regardless of how many attempts that may '''require'''.

Each prompt and it's follow-up inputs and outputs are put into one section at a time. ie. if a series of inputs and outputs were related and it was my judgement that based on all the &quot;back and forth&quot; between me and the Quasi-AI the end result was posting on a talk page or editing something else it will be documented here into its own subsection.

=== Goal: Post directly to [[Neurodiversity Movement]] at May 2, 2026 ===

Title and this text so far is 100% human-generated. If it will stop to be it will be because I'm typing like this example:

* input to &quot;AI Mode&quot;: hi. Max response 20 words please.
** output: Hello! I will keep my responses brief and under 20 words for you. How can I help today?

That output was 100% &quot;AI Mode&quot; by Google. My input was my own. With other words the 100% &quot;Quasi-AI&quot;-generation has already began and the full [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]]-compliance requirement is in motion.

'''Goal''': 

This conversation with &quot;AI Mode&quot; resulting in a useful contribution at [[Neurodiversity Movement]] based on my thought that we need to help students understand that the Neurodiversity Movement is an alive movement and that it is hard(and that it differs from person to person) to measure what is going on in the movement.

That the encouragement ... I'll stop myself here. Here comes the prompts but also a system I'm developing for saving prompt space that the text takes up on hard drives:

I'm looking at Neurodiversity Movement on https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Neurodiversity_Movement

'''Here begins 100% human inputs and 100% &quot;AI Mode&quot; by Google outputs. They will all be placed in {{quote|example text}} and be referred to as input 1, output 1, input 2, output 2 etc. for organizational reasons&quot;:'''

I'm going to be using emojis so I don't miss any input or making it easier for me to find old and new inputs:
* ☢️ for human inputs
* ⛔ for &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; outputs

⚠️ '''Here begin the inputs!''' ⚠️

☢️ input 1: {{quote|I'm looking at Neurodiversity Movement on https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Neurodiversity_Movement

This is my goal: &quot;'''Goal''': 

This conversation with &quot;AI Mode&quot; resulting in a useful contribution at [[Neurodiversity Movement]] based on my thought that we need to help students understand that the Neurodiversity Movement is an alive movement and that it is hard(and that it differs from person to person) to measure what is going on in the movement but that there is hope and that we together can develop some ways to measure it in a &quot;Do no harm&quot; way.&quot;

I'm looking at what Luai_lashire wrote with inspiration. I believe that when Wikiversity lost Luai, we lost something precious. A person that encouraged its students and yes maybe I feel a bit like &quot;her student&quot; so I may be becoming a bit emotional writing this...and that may &quot;add to my bias&quot; but I can't help that also knowing that bias existing is accepted on Wikiversity and I'm glad about that! Can you make sure that your responses are not too much text because I &quot;may&quot; have a learning disability even though I'm not sure but I work better when a &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; like yourself responds in with shorter text and I may have to ask you in the future to respond with less text as I'm also trying to &quot;know myself&quot;.
This is being documented live right now so if this triggers a &quot;Google-engineer to having to intervene&quot; I don't mind that at all. I want to work in a &quot;Do no harm&quot; way, so I don't want to harm Google by making this prompt}}

⛔ output 1: {{quote|It’s an honor to help you build on Luai_Lashire’s work. Her vision for the Neurodiversity Movement resource on Wikiversity is a powerful foundation, and your focus on the movement being &quot;alive&quot; and measurable in a &quot;do no harm&quot; way is a vital addition.
To keep this manageable and scannable for you, let’s break your goal into three clear steps:
## 1. Documenting the &quot;Living&quot; Movement
The movement isn't just history; it’s happening now in communities like r/neurodiversity. We can add a section highlighting how students can observe real-time activism through:

* Social Media Trends: Tracking current hashtags or viral discussions.
* Active Blogs: Referencing the &quot;Autism Hub&quot; and newer &quot;DifferentBrains&quot; blogs.

## 2. Measuring Progress (The &quot;Do No Harm&quot; Way)
Measuring a social movement is hard because it's about feelings and acceptance, not just numbers. We could propose a &quot;Qualitative Feedback&quot; model:

* Self-Reflection: Asking students, &quot;How has your understanding changed?&quot;
* Community Surveys: Using the &quot;Experimental Public Transparent Communication Project&quot; to gather data safely.

## 3. Next Steps for Wikiversity
To make your contribution, I can help you draft a short, clear paragraph for the &quot;Goals&quot; or &quot;Experimental Resources&quot; section of the page.
How would you like to start? I can draft a short &quot;Alive Movement&quot; section for you to review, or we can brainstorm specific &quot;Do No Harm&quot; questions for students.}}

☢️ input 2: {{quote|You still there? Answer max 3 words(only in this input this is an exception. Behave normally in the prompts after that)}}
⛔ output 2: {{quote|I am here.
How should we begin drafting the section on the living movement?}}

☢️ input 3: {{quote|I'm not going on any of your suggestions so far so listen to this: The latest oldid I can find where Luai lashire contributed to the main page of [[Neurodiversity Movement]] and that happened on 20 July, 2008: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Neurodiversity_Movement&amp;oldid=297014. I want to check that out first, this is one of the &quot;original&quot; pages which I've chosen as of now to focus on. Please post even less text than you usually do! Your last output was very long! Remember when I said &quot;Can you make sure that your responses are not too much text&quot;?}}
⛔ output 3: {{quote|Understood. I will be much more brief.
Looking at that 2008 version, I see Luai focused on:

* Basics: Defining neurotypes.
* Abuse: History of harmful &quot;cures&quot;.
* Activism: Groups like Aspies For Freedom.

To keep it &quot;alive&quot; as you want: what specific part of her 2008 outline catches your eye to update first?}}

☢️ input 4: {{quote|So that this leads somewhere and just doesn't lead nowhere, I'm focusing on one part I can relate to and am thus probably 'biased towards'. It's very personal. It's related to when I got my Asperger's diagnosis. The negative thought(cause I had one positive too!) was related to concentration camps. Thus it feels related to &quot;Section 4: Causes And Cures&quot; and &quot;Fears of a ‘Genocide’&quot;. Although I may not wanna focus on that now. I may wanna focus on &quot;Section 6: History Of The Movement&quot; and begin making it. Perhaps beginning with writing a bit about &quot;The Disability Rights Movement&quot;}}
⛔ output 4: {{quote|That makes sense. Connecting to Section 6 via the Disability Rights Movement provides a strong, hopeful foundation.

The 2008 version mentions this roots the movement in &quot;Civil Rights&quot; rather than &quot;Medical&quot; models.

Would you like to draft a short sentence linking Disability Rights to the idea of an alive, ongoing movement?}}

☢️ input 5: {{quote|I'd like to make this subsection wikitext linkable so I modified it: &quot;===[[/Section 6:  History Of The Movement/]]===
#The Disability Rights Movement
#Branching Off
#Aspies For Freedom Is Born
#Spreading Awareness:  Protests, Petitions, And Publicity&quot;

I guess I hit publish and then I start adding the history of the movement?}}

⛔ output 5: {{quote|Yes, that is the correct way to start.

By hitting publish, you create the structural framework. Once those links are live, you can click them to begin writing the specific history for each sub-page.

Tip: Since you want to keep the movement &quot;alive,&quot; consider adding a &quot;Recent History&quot; bullet point to that list before you publish.

Should we draft a few sentences for &quot;The Disability Rights Movement&quot; section now?}}

☢️ input 6: {{quote|}}
⛔ output 6: {{quote|}}

☢️ input 7: {{quote|}}
⛔ output 7: {{quote|}}

Temp ⛔☢️</text>
      <sha1>sf552megyjx2fm04qqknwe8lipfl69s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807390</id>
      <parentid>2807389</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T14:41:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThinkingScience</username>
        <id>3061446</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>&lt;nowiki&gt; workaround for full display of text</comment>
      <origin>2807390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8850" sha1="9hzfoetkc1vdsdua3lz50oibdih7hvr" xml:space="preserve">This page is adhering to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]]'s latest revision as of the making of this post based on this oldid: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Artificial_intelligence&amp;oldid=2806663

If this text becomes too much...then I may suggest archiving it. If there later is an archive of this text, then maybe I'll request a full wipe of this page so that the size that the text takes up on this page doesn't become too much for the Wikiversity database and then can save some space.

== Prompts ==

The way in which this page is written is made to conserve space. If you don't understand any part of this subpage please ask me on my talk page what you don't understand and I'll try to explain as well as I can for you to understand regardless of how many attempts that may '''require'''.

Each prompt and it's follow-up inputs and outputs are put into one section at a time. ie. if a series of inputs and outputs were related and it was my judgement that based on all the &quot;back and forth&quot; between me and the Quasi-AI the end result was posting on a talk page or editing something else it will be documented here into its own subsection.

=== Goal: Post directly to [[Neurodiversity Movement]] at May 2, 2026 ===

Title and this text so far is 100% human-generated. If it will stop to be it will be because I'm typing like this example:

* input to &quot;AI Mode&quot;: hi. Max response 20 words please.
** output: Hello! I will keep my responses brief and under 20 words for you. How can I help today?

That output was 100% &quot;AI Mode&quot; by Google. My input was my own. With other words the 100% &quot;Quasi-AI&quot;-generation has already began and the full [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]]-compliance requirement is in motion.

'''Goal''': 

This conversation with &quot;AI Mode&quot; resulting in a useful contribution at [[Neurodiversity Movement]] based on my thought that we need to help students understand that the Neurodiversity Movement is an alive movement and that it is hard(and that it differs from person to person) to measure what is going on in the movement.

That the encouragement ... I'll stop myself here. Here comes the prompts but also a system I'm developing for saving prompt space that the text takes up on hard drives:

I'm looking at Neurodiversity Movement on https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Neurodiversity_Movement

'''Here begins 100% human inputs and 100% &quot;AI Mode&quot; by Google outputs. They will all be placed in {{quote|example text}} and be referred to as input 1, output 1, input 2, output 2 etc. for organizational reasons&quot;:'''

I'm going to be using emojis so I don't miss any input or making it easier for me to find old and new inputs:
* ☢️ for human inputs
* ⛔ for &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; outputs

⚠️ '''Here begin the inputs!''' ⚠️

☢️ input 1: {{quote|I'm looking at Neurodiversity Movement on https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Neurodiversity_Movement

This is my goal: &quot;'''Goal''': 

This conversation with &quot;AI Mode&quot; resulting in a useful contribution at [[Neurodiversity Movement]] based on my thought that we need to help students understand that the Neurodiversity Movement is an alive movement and that it is hard(and that it differs from person to person) to measure what is going on in the movement but that there is hope and that we together can develop some ways to measure it in a &quot;Do no harm&quot; way.&quot;

I'm looking at what Luai_lashire wrote with inspiration. I believe that when Wikiversity lost Luai, we lost something precious. A person that encouraged its students and yes maybe I feel a bit like &quot;her student&quot; so I may be becoming a bit emotional writing this...and that may &quot;add to my bias&quot; but I can't help that also knowing that bias existing is accepted on Wikiversity and I'm glad about that! Can you make sure that your responses are not too much text because I &quot;may&quot; have a learning disability even though I'm not sure but I work better when a &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; like yourself responds in with shorter text and I may have to ask you in the future to respond with less text as I'm also trying to &quot;know myself&quot;.
This is being documented live right now so if this triggers a &quot;Google-engineer to having to intervene&quot; I don't mind that at all. I want to work in a &quot;Do no harm&quot; way, so I don't want to harm Google by making this prompt}}

⛔ output 1: {{quote|It’s an honor to help you build on Luai_Lashire’s work. Her vision for the Neurodiversity Movement resource on Wikiversity is a powerful foundation, and your focus on the movement being &quot;alive&quot; and measurable in a &quot;do no harm&quot; way is a vital addition.
To keep this manageable and scannable for you, let’s break your goal into three clear steps:
## 1. Documenting the &quot;Living&quot; Movement
The movement isn't just history; it’s happening now in communities like r/neurodiversity. We can add a section highlighting how students can observe real-time activism through:

* Social Media Trends: Tracking current hashtags or viral discussions.
* Active Blogs: Referencing the &quot;Autism Hub&quot; and newer &quot;DifferentBrains&quot; blogs.

## 2. Measuring Progress (The &quot;Do No Harm&quot; Way)
Measuring a social movement is hard because it's about feelings and acceptance, not just numbers. We could propose a &quot;Qualitative Feedback&quot; model:

* Self-Reflection: Asking students, &quot;How has your understanding changed?&quot;
* Community Surveys: Using the &quot;Experimental Public Transparent Communication Project&quot; to gather data safely.

## 3. Next Steps for Wikiversity
To make your contribution, I can help you draft a short, clear paragraph for the &quot;Goals&quot; or &quot;Experimental Resources&quot; section of the page.
How would you like to start? I can draft a short &quot;Alive Movement&quot; section for you to review, or we can brainstorm specific &quot;Do No Harm&quot; questions for students.}}

☢️ input 2: {{quote|You still there? Answer max 3 words(only in this input this is an exception. Behave normally in the prompts after that)}}
⛔ output 2: {{quote|I am here.
How should we begin drafting the section on the living movement?}}

☢️ input 3: {{quote|I'm not going on any of your suggestions so far so listen to this: The latest oldid I can find where Luai lashire contributed to the main page of [[Neurodiversity Movement]] and that happened on 20 July, 2008: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Neurodiversity_Movement&amp;oldid=297014.&lt;/nowiki&gt; I want to check that out first, this is one of the &quot;original&quot; pages which I've chosen as of now to focus on. Please post even less text than you usually do! Your last output was very long! Remember when I said &quot;Can you make sure that your responses are not too much text&quot;?}}
⛔ output 3: {{quote|Understood. I will be much more brief.
Looking at that 2008 version, I see Luai focused on:

* Basics: Defining neurotypes.
* Abuse: History of harmful &quot;cures&quot;.
* Activism: Groups like Aspies For Freedom.

To keep it &quot;alive&quot; as you want: what specific part of her 2008 outline catches your eye to update first?}}

☢️ input 4: {{quote|So that this leads somewhere and just doesn't lead nowhere, I'm focusing on one part I can relate to and am thus probably 'biased towards'. It's very personal. It's related to when I got my Asperger's diagnosis. The negative thought(cause I had one positive too!) was related to concentration camps. Thus it feels related to &quot;Section 4: Causes And Cures&quot; and &quot;Fears of a ‘Genocide’&quot;. Although I may not wanna focus on that now. I may wanna focus on &quot;Section 6: History Of The Movement&quot; and begin making it. Perhaps beginning with writing a bit about &quot;The Disability Rights Movement&quot;}}
⛔ output 4: {{quote|That makes sense. Connecting to Section 6 via the Disability Rights Movement provides a strong, hopeful foundation.

The 2008 version mentions this roots the movement in &quot;Civil Rights&quot; rather than &quot;Medical&quot; models.

Would you like to draft a short sentence linking Disability Rights to the idea of an alive, ongoing movement?}}

☢️ input 5: {{quote|I'd like to make this subsection wikitext linkable so I modified it: &lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;===[[/Section 6:  History Of The Movement/]]===&lt;/nowiki&gt;
#The Disability Rights Movement
#Branching Off
#Aspies For Freedom Is Born
#Spreading Awareness:  Protests, Petitions, And Publicity&quot;

I guess I hit publish and then I start adding the history of the movement?}}

⛔ output 5: {{quote|Yes, that is the correct way to start.

By hitting publish, you create the structural framework. Once those links are live, you can click them to begin writing the specific history for each sub-page.

Tip: Since you want to keep the movement &quot;alive,&quot; consider adding a &quot;Recent History&quot; bullet point to that list before you publish.

Should we draft a few sentences for &quot;The Disability Rights Movement&quot; section now?}}

☢️ input 6: {{quote|}}
⛔ output 6: {{quote|}}

☢️ input 7: {{quote|}}
⛔ output 7: {{quote|}}

Temp ⛔☢️</text>
      <sha1>9hzfoetkc1vdsdua3lz50oibdih7hvr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807443</id>
      <parentid>2807390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T07:10:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>2807443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8856" sha1="jslr7i1le31yuvxz5vx8hpdb6qauvz7" xml:space="preserve">This page is adhering to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]]'s latest revision as of the making of this post based on this oldid: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Artificial_intelligence&amp;oldid=2806663

If this text becomes too much...then I may suggest archiving it. If there later is an archive of this text, then maybe I'll request a full wipe of this page so that the size that the text takes up on this page doesn't become too much for the Wikiversity database and then can save some space.

== Prompts ==

The way in which this page is written is made to conserve space. If you don't understand any part of this subpage please ask me on my talk page what you don't understand and I'll try to explain as well as I can for you to understand regardless of how many attempts that may '''require'''.

Each prompt and it's follow-up inputs and outputs are put into one section at a time. ie. if a series of inputs and outputs were related and it was my judgement that based on all the &quot;back and forth&quot; between me and the Quasi-AI the end result was posting on a talk page or editing something else it will be documented here into its own subsection.

=== Goal: Post directly to [[Neurodiversity Movement]] at May 2, 2026 ===

Title and this text so far is 100% human-generated. If it will stop to be it will be because I'm typing like this example:

* input to &quot;AI Mode&quot;: hi. Max response 20 words please.
** output: Hello! I will keep my responses brief and under 20 words for you. How can I help today?

That output was 100% &quot;AI Mode&quot; by Google. My input was my own. With other words the 100% &quot;Quasi-AI&quot;-generation has already began and the full [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]]-compliance requirement is in motion.

'''Goal''': 

This conversation with &quot;AI Mode&quot; resulting in a useful contribution at [[Neurodiversity Movement]] based on my thought that we need to help students understand that the Neurodiversity Movement is an alive movement and that it is hard(and that it differs from person to person) to measure what is going on in the movement.

That the encouragement ... I'll stop myself here. Here comes the prompts but also a system I'm developing for saving prompt space that the text takes up on hard drives:

I'm looking at Neurodiversity Movement on https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Neurodiversity_Movement

'''Here begins 100% human inputs and 100% &quot;AI Mode&quot; by Google outputs. They will all be placed in''' {{quote|example text}} '''and be referred to as input 1, output 1, input 2, output 2 etc. for organizational reasons&quot;:'''

I'm going to be using emojis so I don't miss any input or making it easier for me to find old and new inputs:
* ☢️ for human inputs
* ⛔ for &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; outputs

⚠️ '''Here begin the inputs!''' ⚠️

☢️ input 1: {{quote|I'm looking at Neurodiversity Movement on https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Neurodiversity_Movement

This is my goal: &quot;'''Goal''': 

This conversation with &quot;AI Mode&quot; resulting in a useful contribution at [[Neurodiversity Movement]] based on my thought that we need to help students understand that the Neurodiversity Movement is an alive movement and that it is hard(and that it differs from person to person) to measure what is going on in the movement but that there is hope and that we together can develop some ways to measure it in a &quot;Do no harm&quot; way.&quot;

I'm looking at what Luai_lashire wrote with inspiration. I believe that when Wikiversity lost Luai, we lost something precious. A person that encouraged its students and yes maybe I feel a bit like &quot;her student&quot; so I may be becoming a bit emotional writing this...and that may &quot;add to my bias&quot; but I can't help that also knowing that bias existing is accepted on Wikiversity and I'm glad about that! Can you make sure that your responses are not too much text because I &quot;may&quot; have a learning disability even though I'm not sure but I work better when a &quot;Quasi-AI&quot; like yourself responds in with shorter text and I may have to ask you in the future to respond with less text as I'm also trying to &quot;know myself&quot;.
This is being documented live right now so if this triggers a &quot;Google-engineer to having to intervene&quot; I don't mind that at all. I want to work in a &quot;Do no harm&quot; way, so I don't want to harm Google by making this prompt}}

⛔ output 1: {{quote|It’s an honor to help you build on Luai_Lashire’s work. Her vision for the Neurodiversity Movement resource on Wikiversity is a powerful foundation, and your focus on the movement being &quot;alive&quot; and measurable in a &quot;do no harm&quot; way is a vital addition.
To keep this manageable and scannable for you, let’s break your goal into three clear steps:
## 1. Documenting the &quot;Living&quot; Movement
The movement isn't just history; it’s happening now in communities like r/neurodiversity. We can add a section highlighting how students can observe real-time activism through:

* Social Media Trends: Tracking current hashtags or viral discussions.
* Active Blogs: Referencing the &quot;Autism Hub&quot; and newer &quot;DifferentBrains&quot; blogs.

## 2. Measuring Progress (The &quot;Do No Harm&quot; Way)
Measuring a social movement is hard because it's about feelings and acceptance, not just numbers. We could propose a &quot;Qualitative Feedback&quot; model:

* Self-Reflection: Asking students, &quot;How has your understanding changed?&quot;
* Community Surveys: Using the &quot;Experimental Public Transparent Communication Project&quot; to gather data safely.

## 3. Next Steps for Wikiversity
To make your contribution, I can help you draft a short, clear paragraph for the &quot;Goals&quot; or &quot;Experimental Resources&quot; section of the page.
How would you like to start? I can draft a short &quot;Alive Movement&quot; section for you to review, or we can brainstorm specific &quot;Do No Harm&quot; questions for students.}}

☢️ input 2: {{quote|You still there? Answer max 3 words(only in this input this is an exception. Behave normally in the prompts after that)}}
⛔ output 2: {{quote|I am here.
How should we begin drafting the section on the living movement?}}

☢️ input 3: {{quote|I'm not going on any of your suggestions so far so listen to this: The latest oldid I can find where Luai lashire contributed to the main page of [[Neurodiversity Movement]] and that happened on 20 July, 2008: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Neurodiversity_Movement&amp;oldid=297014.&lt;/nowiki&gt; I want to check that out first, this is one of the &quot;original&quot; pages which I've chosen as of now to focus on. Please post even less text than you usually do! Your last output was very long! Remember when I said &quot;Can you make sure that your responses are not too much text&quot;?}}
⛔ output 3: {{quote|Understood. I will be much more brief.
Looking at that 2008 version, I see Luai focused on:

* Basics: Defining neurotypes.
* Abuse: History of harmful &quot;cures&quot;.
* Activism: Groups like Aspies For Freedom.

To keep it &quot;alive&quot; as you want: what specific part of her 2008 outline catches your eye to update first?}}

☢️ input 4: {{quote|So that this leads somewhere and just doesn't lead nowhere, I'm focusing on one part I can relate to and am thus probably 'biased towards'. It's very personal. It's related to when I got my Asperger's diagnosis. The negative thought(cause I had one positive too!) was related to concentration camps. Thus it feels related to &quot;Section 4: Causes And Cures&quot; and &quot;Fears of a ‘Genocide’&quot;. Although I may not wanna focus on that now. I may wanna focus on &quot;Section 6: History Of The Movement&quot; and begin making it. Perhaps beginning with writing a bit about &quot;The Disability Rights Movement&quot;}}
⛔ output 4: {{quote|That makes sense. Connecting to Section 6 via the Disability Rights Movement provides a strong, hopeful foundation.

The 2008 version mentions this roots the movement in &quot;Civil Rights&quot; rather than &quot;Medical&quot; models.

Would you like to draft a short sentence linking Disability Rights to the idea of an alive, ongoing movement?}}

☢️ input 5: {{quote|I'd like to make this subsection wikitext linkable so I modified it: &lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;===[[/Section 6:  History Of The Movement/]]===&lt;/nowiki&gt;
#The Disability Rights Movement
#Branching Off
#Aspies For Freedom Is Born
#Spreading Awareness:  Protests, Petitions, And Publicity&quot;

I guess I hit publish and then I start adding the history of the movement?}}

⛔ output 5: {{quote|Yes, that is the correct way to start.

By hitting publish, you create the structural framework. Once those links are live, you can click them to begin writing the specific history for each sub-page.

Tip: Since you want to keep the movement &quot;alive,&quot; consider adding a &quot;Recent History&quot; bullet point to that list before you publish.

Should we draft a few sentences for &quot;The Disability Rights Movement&quot; section now?}}

☢️ input 6: {{quote|}}
⛔ output 6: {{quote|}}

☢️ input 7: {{quote|}}
⛔ output 7: {{quote|}}

Temp ⛔☢️</text>
      <sha1>jslr7i1le31yuvxz5vx8hpdb6qauvz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T12:16:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Information
|Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260427 - 20260421)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
      <origin>2807370</origin>
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      <text bytes="264" sha1="7y8v30cu6cgj03r4iqxxbjgchgo90yy" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260427 - 20260421)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
      <sha1>7y8v30cu6cgj03r4iqxxbjgchgo90yy</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260428.pdf</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>329409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807372</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T12:17:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Information
|Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260428 - 20260427)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
      <origin>2807372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="264" sha1="hjlwah1a76vxqqq2si750fz5o4wiwxi" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260428 - 20260427)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
      <sha1>hjlwah1a76vxqqq2si750fz5o4wiwxi</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260429.pdf</title>
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        <id>21186</id>
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      <comment>{{Information
|Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260429 - 20260428)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
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{{Information
|Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260429 - 20260428)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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        <id>21186</id>
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      <comment>{{Information
|Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260430 - 20260429)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
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{{Information
|Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260430 - 20260429)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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|Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2A traditional (20260502 - 20260501)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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{{Information
|Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2A traditional (20260502 - 20260501)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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    <title>User:Cali2025/sandbox</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T13:48:57Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3069464</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''&lt;big&gt;NOKIA 2.0 AN UNREAKABLE PLAN FOR INNOVATION&lt;/big&gt;'''  # &lt;big&gt;CASE AUDIT&lt;/big&gt;  Based on my research from Wikipedia, here are the reasons why the company struggled with its information system:   * '''Legacy Issue:''' Nokia relied heavily on Symbian OS outdate operating system that was difficult to update and less user-friendly compared to modern platforms. * '''Failure to Adapt:''' The company failed to quickly transition to touchscreen smartphones and modern app...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3541" sha1="4lwhmeqvu90n2bk7rjxbjko3d5nac6m" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;NOKIA 2.0 AN UNREAKABLE PLAN FOR INNOVATION&lt;/big&gt;'''

# &lt;big&gt;CASE AUDIT&lt;/big&gt;

Based on my research from Wikipedia, here are the reasons why the company struggled with its information system: 

* '''Legacy Issue:''' Nokia relied heavily on Symbian OS outdate operating system that was difficult to update and less user-friendly compared to modern platforms.
* '''Failure to Adapt:''' The company failed to quickly transition to touchscreen smartphones and modern app ecosystems like iOS and Android.
* '''Competitor Edge:''' Apple and Google ( Android) developed faster more user-friendly systems with a wider range of applications.       


&lt;big&gt;2. PROPOSED MAINTENANCE &amp; ADAPTATION PLAN&lt;/big&gt;

=== A. System Upgrade (Evolutionary Maintenance) ===
To remain competitive, Nokia must modernize its technological infrastructure through the following initiatives:

* '''Digital Transition:''' Adopt a modern, scalable operating system (such as Android-based platforms) while integrating a unique Nokia user interface to maintain brand identity.
* '''Cloud Integration:''' Implement cloud computing solutions to store user data, applications, and services. This ensures accessibility, scalability, and improved system performance.
* '''Ecosystem Development:''' Encourage developers by creating a supportive app ecosystem with incentives, tools, and strong platform support.

=== B. Preventive Maintenance (Monthly and Continuous Monitoring) ===
Preventive measures are essential to maintain system reliability and efficiency:

* '''Data Backup:''' Perform automated daily backups to protect critical user and company data from loss or corruption.
* '''Security Patching:''' Conduct regular updates of security systems, including firewalls and software patches, to protect against cyber threats.
* '''System Performance Monitoring:''' Continuously monitor system speed, uptime, and responsiveness to ensure optimal performance.
* '''User Feedback Evaluation:''' Collect and analyze customer feedback regularly to identify issues and improve system usability.     


&lt;big&gt;3. BUSINESS CONTINUITY&lt;/big&gt; 
To ensure uninterrupted operations, Nokia must prepare for potential system failures:

* '''Backup Infrastructure:''' Deploy redundant cloud servers and backup systems to maintain operations during outages.
* '''Disaster Recovery Plan:''' Establish a structured recovery process to restore systems quickly after failures or cyberattacks.
* '''Emergency Communication Protocol:''' Notify users and stakeholders within 10–15 minutes of any system disruption, providing updates and expected resolution timelines. 

* '''Investment in Research and Development (R&amp;D):''' Allocate resources to emerging technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT).
* '''Market Adaptation:''' Continuously analyze consumer trends and adjust product offerings accordingly.

* '''Strategic Partnerships:''' Collaborate with leading technology firms to enhance software, hardware, and service integration.   


&lt;big&gt;4. CONCLUSION&lt;/big&gt;

An effective Information System Operation and Maintenance strategy is not merely an operational expense but a critical investment for long-term success. If Nokia had implemented timely system upgrades, proactive maintenance, and adaptive strategies, it could have sustained its leadership in the mobile industry.

This Unbreakable Business Plan provides a structured approach to ensure resilience, innovation, and sustained competitiveness in an ever-changing technological landscape.</text>
      <sha1>4lwhmeqvu90n2bk7rjxbjko3d5nac6m</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2807380</id>
      <parentid>2807379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T13:54:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cali2025</username>
        <id>3069464</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3599" sha1="lfno28mgro0nn4n94m8ds2uu0d6rf1p" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;PROJECT: NOKIA 2.0 AN UNBREAKABLE PLAN FOR INNOVATION&lt;/big&gt;'''

By: Cali2025

Company: Nokia

Date: May 2, 2026 

&lt;big&gt;1.CASE AUDIT&lt;/big&gt;

Based on my research from Wikipedia, here are the reasons why the company struggled with its information system: 

* '''Legacy Issue:''' Nokia relied heavily on Symbian OS outdate operating system that was difficult to update and less user-friendly compared to modern platforms.
* '''Failure to Adapt:''' The company failed to quickly transition to touchscreen smartphones and modern app ecosystems like iOS and Android.
* '''Competitor Edge:''' Apple and Google ( Android) developed faster more user-friendly systems with a wider range of applications.       

&lt;big&gt;2. PROPOSED MAINTENANCE &amp; ADAPTATION PLAN&lt;/big&gt;

=== A. System Upgrade (Evolutionary Maintenance) ===
To remain competitive, Nokia must modernize its technological infrastructure through the following initiatives:

* '''Digital Transition:''' Adopt a modern, scalable operating system (such as Android-based platforms) while integrating a unique Nokia user interface to maintain brand identity.
* '''Cloud Integration:''' Implement cloud computing solutions to store user data, applications, and services. This ensures accessibility, scalability, and improved system performance.
* '''Ecosystem Development:''' Encourage developers by creating a supportive app ecosystem with incentives, tools, and strong platform support.

=== B. Preventive Maintenance (Monthly and Continuous Monitoring) ===
Preventive measures are essential to maintain system reliability and efficiency:

* '''Data Backup:''' Perform automated daily backups to protect critical user and company data from loss or corruption.
* '''Security Patching:''' Conduct regular updates of security systems, including firewalls and software patches, to protect against cyber threats.
* '''System Performance Monitoring:''' Continuously monitor system speed, uptime, and responsiveness to ensure optimal performance.
* '''User Feedback Evaluation:''' Collect and analyze customer feedback regularly to identify issues and improve system usability.     

&lt;big&gt;3. BUSINESS CONTINUITY&lt;/big&gt; 

To ensure uninterrupted operations, Nokia must prepare for potential system failures:

* '''Backup Infrastructure:''' Deploy redundant cloud servers and backup systems to maintain operations during outages.
* '''Disaster Recovery Plan:''' Establish a structured recovery process to restore systems quickly after failures or cyberattacks.
* '''Emergency Communication Protocol:''' Notify users and stakeholders within 10–15 minutes of any system disruption, providing updates and expected resolution timelines. 

* '''Investment in Research and Development (R&amp;D):''' Allocate resources to emerging technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT).
* '''Market Adaptation:''' Continuously analyze consumer trends and adjust product offerings accordingly.

* '''Strategic Partnerships:''' Collaborate with leading technology firms to enhance software, hardware, and service integration.   

&lt;big&gt;4. CONCLUSION&lt;/big&gt;

An effective Information System Operation and Maintenance strategy is not merely an operational expense but a critical investment for long-term success. If Nokia had implemented timely system upgrades, proactive maintenance, and adaptive strategies, it could have sustained its leadership in the mobile industry.

This Unbreakable Business Plan provides a structured approach to ensure resilience, innovation, and sustained competitiveness in an ever-changing technological landscape.</text>
      <sha1>lfno28mgro0nn4n94m8ds2uu0d6rf1p</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2807383</id>
      <parentid>2807380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T13:59:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cali2025</username>
        <id>3069464</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="3549" sha1="lzewh149jsqfx0xmlh6xv5ek0iw8wy2" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;PROJECT: NOKIA 2.0 AN UNBREAKABLE PLAN FOR INNOVATION&lt;/big&gt;'''

&lt;big&gt;1.CASE AUDIT&lt;/big&gt;

Based on my research from Wikipedia, here are the reasons why the company struggled with its information system: 

* '''Legacy Issue:''' Nokia relied heavily on Symbian OS outdate operating system that was difficult to update and less user-friendly compared to modern platforms.
* '''Failure to Adapt:''' The company failed to quickly transition to touchscreen smartphones and modern app ecosystems like iOS and Android.
* '''Competitor Edge:''' Apple and Google ( Android) developed faster more user-friendly systems with a wider range of applications.       

&lt;big&gt;2. PROPOSED MAINTENANCE &amp; ADAPTATION PLAN&lt;/big&gt;

=== A. System Upgrade (Evolutionary Maintenance) ===
To remain competitive, Nokia must modernize its technological infrastructure through the following initiatives:

* '''Digital Transition:''' Adopt a modern, scalable operating system (such as Android-based platforms) while integrating a unique Nokia user interface to maintain brand identity.
* '''Cloud Integration:''' Implement cloud computing solutions to store user data, applications, and services. This ensures accessibility, scalability, and improved system performance.
* '''Ecosystem Development:''' Encourage developers by creating a supportive app ecosystem with incentives, tools, and strong platform support.

=== B. Preventive Maintenance (Monthly and Continuous Monitoring) ===
Preventive measures are essential to maintain system reliability and efficiency:

* '''Data Backup:''' Perform automated daily backups to protect critical user and company data from loss or corruption.
* '''Security Patching:''' Conduct regular updates of security systems, including firewalls and software patches, to protect against cyber threats.
* '''System Performance Monitoring:''' Continuously monitor system speed, uptime, and responsiveness to ensure optimal performance.
* '''User Feedback Evaluation:''' Collect and analyze customer feedback regularly to identify issues and improve system usability.     

&lt;big&gt;3. BUSINESS CONTINUITY&lt;/big&gt; 

To ensure uninterrupted operations, Nokia must prepare for potential system failures:

* '''Backup Infrastructure:''' Deploy redundant cloud servers and backup systems to maintain operations during outages.
* '''Disaster Recovery Plan:''' Establish a structured recovery process to restore systems quickly after failures or cyberattacks.
* '''Emergency Communication Protocol:''' Notify users and stakeholders within 10–15 minutes of any system disruption, providing updates and expected resolution timelines. 

* '''Investment in Research and Development (R&amp;D):''' Allocate resources to emerging technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT).
* '''Market Adaptation:''' Continuously analyze consumer trends and adjust product offerings accordingly.

* '''Strategic Partnerships:''' Collaborate with leading technology firms to enhance software, hardware, and service integration.   

&lt;big&gt;4. CONCLUSION&lt;/big&gt;

An effective Information System Operation and Maintenance strategy is not merely an operational expense but a critical investment for long-term success. If Nokia had implemented timely system upgrades, proactive maintenance, and adaptive strategies, it could have sustained its leadership in the mobile industry.

This Unbreakable Business Plan provides a structured approach to ensure resilience, innovation, and sustained competitiveness in an ever-changing technological landscape.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20260502.pdf</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Information
|Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260502 - 20260501)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="287" sha1="3yljxi73bulna3iwpd8ec1p5g4kogue" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260502 - 20260501)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Information
|Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6C (2026502 - 20260501)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
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{{Information
|Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6C (2026502 - 20260501)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Chiigsss2005/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T14:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chiigsss2005</username>
        <id>3069838</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''PROJECT:''' '''“Yahoo! 2.0: A Digital Transformation and Recovery Strategy”'''  Chosen company: Yahoo! Inc.  Date: May 2, 2026  ———  '''1.Case Audit'''   Based on research about Yahoo!, here are the reasons why the company faced difficulties in its Information System:  * '''Legacy Issue:''' The company focused too much on being a traditional web portal (news, email, homepage) and failed to modernize its system early.  * '''Failure to Adapt:''' Yahoo failed t...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2501" sha1="3uquv9kflws0brenrzynrbqk1447juz" xml:space="preserve">'''PROJECT:''' '''“Yahoo! 2.0: A Digital Transformation and Recovery Strategy”'''

Chosen company: Yahoo! Inc.

Date: May 2, 2026

———

'''1.Case Audit''' 

Based on research about Yahoo!, here are the reasons why the company faced difficulties in its Information System:

* '''Legacy Issue:''' The company focused too much on being a traditional web portal (news, email, homepage) and failed to modernize its system early.

* '''Failure to Adapt:''' Yahoo failed to keep up with search engine innovation, allowing Google to dominate. It was also slow in adapting to mobile and cloud technologies.

* '''Competitor Edge:''' Competitors like Google and Facebook offered faster, more efficient, and user-friendly systems, attracting more users.

———

'''2'''.  '''PROPOSED MAINTENANCE &amp; ADAPTATION PLAN'''

'''A. System Upgrade (Evolutionary Maintenance)'''

These are the technologies that should be adopted:

* '''Digital Transition:''' Develop an all-in-one platform (search, email, news, and social features) with a strong mobile app to compete with modern ecosystems.

* '''Cloud Integration:''' Use cloud infrastructure for faster data processing, secure storage, and scalability of services.

* '''AI &amp; Personalization:''' Integrate AI systems to personalize user experience, including news feeds, advertisements, and search results.

'''B. Preventive Maintenance (Monthly Checklist)'''

* '''Data Backup:''' Perform daily automated backups every night to prevent loss of customer data.

* '''Security Patching:''' Update cybersecurity systems monthly (firewall, anti-malware) to protect against hacking.

* '''User Feedback Audit:''' Regularly review user feedback regarding system performance, speed, and usability.

———

'''3. BUSINESS CONTINUITY (The “Plan B”)'''

* '''Backup Server:''' Use redundant cloud servers so that if one fails, another continues running.

* '''Emergency Protocol:''' Send notifications (email or app alerts) to all users within 10 minutes to inform them of the issue and expected resolution time.

* '''Disaster Recovery Plan:''' Implement a recovery system that can restore operations within 1–2 hours.

———

'''4. CONCLUSION'''

Proper Information System Operation and Maintenance is not just a cost—it is an investment. If Yahoo! had adapted to the right technologies such as mobile, cloud computing, and AI at the right time, it could have remained one of the leading tech companies instead of falling behind its competitors.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Sitty1104/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>2807388</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-02T14:31:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sitty1104</username>
        <id>3069874</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== The Digital Resurrection Plan: Kodak (2005) ==  === System Upgrade (Perfective Maintenance) === Replace analog film system with a Digital Imaging Ecosystem  Develop Kodak Digital Cameras with continuous upgrades  Create Kodak Photo Software:  Editing tools (basic to professional level)  * Editing tools (basic to professional level) * AI-assisted image enhancement (early-stage research)  Launch Kodak Cloud:  * Online * photo storage * Backup and recovery system * Cross...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1870" sha1="8fdljhgbia3g923igvf59rmd7tuyo8f" xml:space="preserve">== The Digital Resurrection Plan: Kodak (2005) ==

=== System Upgrade (Perfective Maintenance) ===
Replace analog film system with a Digital Imaging Ecosystem

Develop Kodak Digital Cameras with continuous upgrades

Create Kodak Photo Software:

Editing tools (basic to professional level)

* Editing tools (basic to professional level)
* AI-assisted image enhancement (early-stage research)

Launch Kodak Cloud:

* Online
* photo storage
* Backup and recovery system
* Cross-device access

Build Kodak Photo Sharing Platform:

* Social sharing features
* Online albums and galleries

Enter Mobile Market:

* Partner with phone manufacturers
* Develop smartphone camera modules

=== Training Program ===
Retrain employees from chemical/film processes to digital systems

Conduct IT and software development training

Train staff in:

* Cloud computing
* Data storage systems
* Customer-centric digital services

Launch Digital Skills Certification Program

Partner with tech companies for advanced training

Provide transition programs for traditional photographers

=== Future-Proofing Strategy ===
Establish Kodak Innovation Lab

Continuous R&amp;D in:

* Mobile photography
* AI imaging
* Cloud services

Monitor trends:

* Social media platforms
* Smartphone evolution
* Digital content consumption

Adopt Agile system development

Introduce subscription-based services:

* Premium cloud storage
* Advanced editing tools

Update systems every 1–2 years

Build strategic partnerships with tech firms

=== Risk Management ===
Gradual phase-out of film products

Maintain hybrid system during transition

Diversify revenue:

* Hardware
* Software
* Digital services

Annual market analysis and system review

=== Expected Outcome ===
Successful transition to digital market

Sustained global competitiveness

New revenue streams beyond film

Strong digital brand presence</text>
      <sha1>8fdljhgbia3g923igvf59rmd7tuyo8f</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:LCal.9A.Recursion.20260501.pdf</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T16:49:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Information
|Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20260501 - 20260430)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="263" sha1="lcenxwq7a89qsh0tm6cim83u73sd3g4" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20260501 - 20260430)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-02
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
      <sha1>lcenxwq7a89qsh0tm6cim83u73sd3g4</sha1>
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  <page>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-02T16:55:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Hey!  I love Wikipedia... obviously.&quot;</comment>
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I love Wikipedia... obviously.</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''&lt;big&gt;PROJECT: BLOCKBUSTER RESURRECTION PLAN&lt;/big&gt;'''  1. CASE STUDY AUDIT   Based on research about Blockbuster LLC, these are the reasons why the company struggled with its Information System:   * '''Legacy Issue''': The company depended too much on physical DVD rentals and store-based systems. * '''Failure to Adapt:''' It did not quickly switch to online streaming and digital services like Netflix. * '''Competitor''' '''Edge''': Competitors used faster, cheaper, and...&quot;</comment>
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1. CASE STUDY AUDIT 

Based on research about Blockbuster LLC, these are the reasons why the company struggled with its Information System: 

* '''Legacy Issue''': The company depended too much on physical DVD rentals and store-based systems.
* '''Failure to Adapt:''' It did not quickly switch to online streaming and digital services like Netflix.
* '''Competitor''' '''Edge''': Competitors used faster, cheaper, and more convenient technology (online platforms and mobile apps). 

2. PROPOSED MAINTENANCE &amp; ADAPTATION PLAN If I were the Operations Manager before the failure, here’s what I would do: 

'''A. System Upgrade (Evolutionary Maintenance)''' 

* '''Digital''' '''Transition''': Build a website and mobile app so customers can watch movies online.          
* '''Cloud''' '''Integration''': Store customer data and videos in cloud systems to make access faster and safer.

'''B. Preventive Maintenance (Monthly Checklist) Data''' 

* '''Backup''': Backup all data every week to avoid losing customer information. 
* '''Security''' '''Patching''': Update system security every month to prevent hacking. 
* '''User''' '''Feedback''' '''Audit''': Listen to customer complaints and improve system speed and performance. 

3. BUSINESS CONTINUITY (The &quot;Plan B&quot;) If the main system crashes: 

* '''Backup''' '''Server''': Use another server so the service continues even if one fails. 
* '''Emergency''' '''Protocol''': Send messages or emails to customers within 10 minutes to inform them about the issue. 

4. CONCLUSION 

Good Information System maintenance is not just a cost—it is an investment. If the company improved and upgraded its system early, it could have competed better and avoided being left behind.</text>
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      <comment>test1 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]])</comment>
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== 2026-05-03 ==
== Your editing experiments ==
[[File:Information.svg|left|29px]] Thank you for experimenting with the page [[:{{{1}}}]]. You can continue to participate at [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?|Wikiversity]] and keep other community members from [[m:Help:Reverting|reverting]] or removing your edits as [[Wikiversity:Vandalism|vandalism]] by conducting your editing experiments in [[Wikiversity:Sandbox|the sandbox]], and in your own user space when you login or [[Wikiversity:Why create an account|create an account]]. You can [[User talk:MathXplore|contact me]] or the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Wikiversity community]] with any questions you may have. Thank you. &lt;!-- Template:Test --&gt; --[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:50, 3 May 2026 (UTC)&lt;!-- Glow-test1 @ 1777776636432.4s --&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:50, 3 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== 2026-05-03 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I’m letting you know that one or more of your recent contributions have been reverted because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikiversity:Sandbox|sandbox]] or ask for assistance at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]]. Thank you.&lt;!-- Glow-vandalism1 @ 1777776695428.4s --&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:51, 3 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Talk:Physics/Essays/Fedosin</title>
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      <comment>/* inventions or experiments */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="353" sha1="651kele4jpr5oaui4e3fwcopdzmcom0" xml:space="preserve">== inventions or experiments ==

I notice you have written a lot about physics.

I was wondering if you knew how to apply the knowledge to actually prove any of it, such as with a unique invention or experiment. 

[[User:AIfriendly|AIfriendly]] ([[User talk:AIfriendly|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AIfriendly|contribs]]) 02:55, 3 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T05:29:31Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Jade1231</username>
        <id>3069843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{/header template}}  == PROJECT: INFORMATION SYSTEM RECOVERY AND INNOVATION PLAN == '''Prepared by:''' [[User:McJadeRequina|Mc Jade L. Requina]]  '''Chosen Company:''' Nokia   '''Date:''' {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}  == 1. CASE STUDY AUDIT (Why did the company fail?) ==  Based on my research from [[Wikipedia]], here are the reasons why this company struggled with its Information System: '''Legacy Issue:''' The company relied too much on its outd...&quot;</comment>
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 == PROJECT: INFORMATION SYSTEM RECOVERY AND INNOVATION PLAN ==
'''Prepared by:''' [[User:McJadeRequina|Mc Jade L. Requina]]
 '''Chosen Company:''' Nokia

 '''Date:''' {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}

== 1. CASE STUDY AUDIT (Why did the company fail?) ==
 Based on my research from [[Wikipedia]], here are the reasons why this company struggled with its Information System:
'''Legacy Issue:''' The company relied too much on its outdated Symbian operating system, which could no longer compete with modern applications and features.

'''Failure to Adapt:''' The company was slow to shift to touchscreen smartphones and modern operating systems while the market was evolving rapidly.

'''Competitor Edge:''' The systems of Apple Inc. and Google (Android ecosystem) were more advanced, user-friendly, and widely supported.

== 2. PROPOSED MAINTENANCE &amp; ADAPTATION PLAN ==
 If I were the Operations Manager at that time, these are the steps I would take to prevent the company from failing:

=== A. System Upgrade (Evolutionary Maintenance) ===
 These are the new technologies that should be adopted:
'''Digital Transition:''' Develop a modern smartphone operating system or partner early with the Android ecosystem.

'''Cloud Integration:''' Store user data, applications, and services in the cloud for better accessibility and performance.

'''App Ecosystem Development:''' Encourage developers to create applications for the platform to stay competitive.

=== B. Preventive Maintenance (Monthly Checklist) ===
 To ensure the business stays operational, here is the routine:
'''Data Backup:''' Perform weekly backups to prevent loss of customer data.

'''Security Patching:''' Apply monthly updates to protect the system from security threats.

'''User Feedback Audit:''' Regularly collect and analyze user feedback to improve system performance and features.

== 3. BUSINESS CONTINUITY (The &quot;Plan B&quot;) ==
 If the main system crashes, these are the actions to be taken:
'''Backup Server:''' Use cloud-based backup servers to ensure continuous service.

'''Emergency Protocol:''' Send notifications to customers within 10 minutes to inform them about the issue and provide updates.

== 4. CONCLUSION ==
 Proper '''Information System Operation and Maintenance''' is not just a cost; it is an investment. If Nokia had evolved its system at the right time, it could have avoided being left behind by competitors and remained a market leader.</text>
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== PROJECT: INFORMATION SYSTEM RECOVERY AND INNOVATION PLAN ==

'''Prepared by:''' [[User:McJadeRequina|Mc Jade L. Requina]]
'''Chosen Company:''' Blockbuster LLC
'''Date:''' {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}

== 1. CASE STUDY AUDIT (Why did the company fail?) ==
Based on my research from [[Wikipedia]], here are the reasons why this company struggled with its Information System:

'''Legacy Issue:''' The company relied heavily on physical DVD rentals and in-store transactions instead of digital systems.
'''Failure to Adapt:''' It failed to transition quickly into online streaming and subscription-based services.
'''Competitor Edge:''' Netflix introduced a more convenient streaming platform with better technology and user experience.

== 2. PROPOSED MAINTENANCE &amp; ADAPTATION PLAN ==
If I were the Operations Manager at that time, these are the steps I would take to prevent the company from failing:

=== A. System Upgrade (Evolutionary Maintenance) ===
These are the new technologies that should be adopted:

'''Digital Transition:''' Develop an online streaming platform and mobile application for customers.
'''Cloud Integration:''' Store movies and user data in cloud servers for fast and reliable access.
'''Subscription System:''' Introduce a monthly subscription model similar to streaming services.

=== B. Preventive Maintenance (Monthly Checklist) ===
To ensure the business stays operational, here is the routine:

'''Data Backup:''' Perform weekly backups to secure customer and movie database records.
'''Security Patching:''' Update system security monthly to protect against cyber threats.
'''User Feedback Audit:''' Regularly collect feedback to improve streaming quality and user experience.

== 3. BUSINESS CONTINUITY (The &quot;Plan B&quot;) ==
If the main system crashes, these are the actions to be taken:

'''Backup Server:''' Use cloud-based backup servers to maintain continuous streaming service.
'''Emergency Protocol:''' Notify users immediately through email or app notifications within 10 minutes.

== 4. CONCLUSION ==
Proper '''Information System Operation and Maintenance''' is not just a cost; it is an investment. If Blockbuster LLC had adapted to digital transformation early, it could have competed with Netflix and remained successful in the entertainment industry.

[[Category:Business Information Systems Projects]]</text>
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      <id>2807438</id>
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== PROJECT: INFORMATION SYSTEM RECOVERY AND INNOVATION PLAN ==

'''Prepared by:''' [[User:McJadeRequina|Mc Jade L. Requina]]

'''Chosen Company:''' Blockbuster LLC

'''Date:''' {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}

== 1. CASE STUDY AUDIT (Why did the company fail?) ==
Based on my research from [[Wikipedia]], here are the reasons why this company struggled with its Information System:

'''Legacy Issue:''' The company relied heavily on physical DVD rentals and in-store transactions instead of digital systems.

'''Failure to Adapt:''' It failed to transition quickly into online streaming and subscription-based services.

'''Competitor Edge:''' Netflix introduced a more convenient streaming platform with better technology and user experience.

== 2. PROPOSED MAINTENANCE &amp; ADAPTATION PLAN ==
If I were the Operations Manager at that time, these are the steps I would take to prevent the company from failing:

=== A. System Upgrade (Evolutionary Maintenance) ===
These are the new technologies that should be adopted:

'''Digital Transition:''' Develop an online streaming platform and mobile application for customers.

'''Cloud Integration:''' Store movies and user data in cloud servers for fast and reliable access.

'''Subscription System:''' Introduce a monthly subscription model similar to streaming services.

=== B. Preventive Maintenance (Monthly Checklist) ===
To ensure the business stays operational, here is the routine:

'''Data Backup:''' Perform weekly backups to secure customer and movie database records.

'''Security Patching:''' Update system security monthly to protect against cyber threats.

'''User Feedback Audit:''' Regularly collect feedback to improve streaming quality and user experience.

== 3. BUSINESS CONTINUITY (The &quot;Plan B&quot;) ==
If the main system crashes, these are the actions to be taken:

'''Backup Server:''' Use cloud-based backup servers to maintain continuous streaming service.

'''Emergency Protocol:''' Notify users immediately through email or app notifications within 10 minutes.

== 4. CONCLUSION ==
Proper '''Information System Operation and Maintenance''' is not just a cost; it is an investment. If Blockbuster LLC had adapted to digital transformation early, it could have competed with Netflix and remained successful in the entertainment industry.

[[Category:Business Information Systems Projects]]</text>
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