Wikiversity:Colloquium

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== Requested update to [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] ==

Currently, [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] is a policy that includes a caveat that interface admins are not required long-term and that user right can only be added for a period of up to two weeks. I am proposing that we remove this qualification and allow for indefinite interface admin status. I think this is useful because there are reasons for tweaking the site CSS or JavaScript (e.g. to comply with dark mode), add gadgets (e.g. importing Cat-a-Lot, which I would like to do), or otherwise modifying the site that could plausibly come up on an irregular basis and requiring the overhead of a bureaucrat to add the user rights is inefficient. In particular, I am also going to request this right if the community accepts indefinite interface admins. Thoughts? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:23, 17 August 2025 (UTC)

:And who will then monitor them to make sure they don't damage the project in any way, or abuse the rights acquired in this way? For large projects, this might not be a problem, but for smaller projects like the English Wikiversity, I'm not sure if there are enough users who would say, something is happening here that shouldn't be happening. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:28, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
::Anyone would be who. This argument applies to any person with any advanced rights here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 10:46, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
:I think it is reasonable to allow for longer periods of access than 2 weeks to interface admin and support adjusting the policy to allow for this flexibility. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:57, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:38, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] I agree that the two-week requirement could be revised, but wouldn’t people just request access for a specific purpose anyway? Instead of granting indefinite access, they should request the specific time frame they need the rights for—until the planned fixes are completed—and then request an extension if more time is required. We could remove the two-week criterion while still keeping the access explicitly temporary. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:48, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
::I just don't see why this wiki needs to be different than all of the others. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:18, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:::There isn’t really much of a need for a permanent one at this point in time [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I quite agree with this proposal, so long as they perform the suggested changes as mentioned here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:06, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to clarify, I support '''indefinite interface admin status'''. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:34, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:I think there is decent consensus for lengthening this, but not necessarily for indefinite permissions, so does anyone object to me revising it to the standard being 120 days instead of two weeks? I'll check back on this thread in three weeks and if there's no objection, I'll make the change. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:47, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sure [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:27, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks for proposing this, Justin. I agree with the proposal to lengthen the interface admin period from 2 weeks but not indefinitely. Can I check the source(s) for the standard being 120 days (I'm guessing policies on other projects or maybe global policy?)? In any case, I think it is reasonable for us to adopt a similar period. However, note on the current policy discussion page notes from @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] arguing for shorter periods to lower risk, that's why it is 2 weeks. But if there are projects that need longer access, that should also be accommodated. Maybe we could adjust the policy to specify that ''interface admin rights can be given for 14 to 120 days depending on how long is required and what is supported by the community''. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::There was there was no source for 120: it was just more than 14 and less than infinity. The &quot;14 to 120&quot; also seems reasonable. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:33, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::: On some small/medium-sized wikis, such as English Wikibooks and English Wikiquote for example, indefinite interface administrator access for administrators is allowed, but they tend not to make changes to the CSS and JS page changes unless it's truly necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It's a good idea to make the length of this right on request or allow to be prolonged. However, IA should test large changes somewhere else, for example on the en.wv mirror, and only after testing it on the mirror, adapt it to the live version. That means I can't imagine a time-consuming operation right now. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:04, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Sorry, what mirror is this? Are you talking about beta.wv? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:32, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Not beta.wv. Basically somewhere else then on a live wiki. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Wouldn't testing on a user's own common.css page work anyway? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:36, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:Change made here: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AInterface_administrators&amp;diff=2807543&amp;oldid=2806289 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 13:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:AI-generated]] ==

After going through the plethora of ChatGPT-generated pages made by [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] (with many more pages to go), I'd like community input on this proposal to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] that I think would be benefical for the community:
*Resources generated by AI '''must''' be indicated as so through the project box, [[Template:AI-generated]], on either the page or the main resource (if the page is a part of a project).
I do not believe including a small note/reference that a page is AI-generated is sufficient, and I take my thinking from [[WV:Original research|Wikiversity's OR policy]] for OR work: ''Within Wikiversity, all original research should be clearly identified as such''. I believe resources created from AI should also be clearly indicated as such, especially since we are working on whether or not AI-generated resources should be allowed on the website (discussion is [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence|here]], for reference). This makes it easier for organizational purposes, and in the event ''if'' we ban AI-generated work. 

I've left a message on Lee's talk page over a week ago and did not get a response or acknowledgement, so I'd like for the community's input for this inclusion to the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 26 January 2026 (UTC)

:I believe that existing Wikiversity policies are sufficient. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and usefulness of the content that is published. This policy covers AI-generated content that is: 1) carefully reviewed by the author publishing it, and 2) the source is noted.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:38, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::A small reference for pages that are substantially filled with Chat-GPT entries, like [[Real Good Religion]], [[Attributing Blame]], [[Fostering Curiosity]], are not sufficient IMO and a project box would be the best indicator that a page is AI-generated (especially when there is a mixture of human created content AND AI-generated content, as present in a lot of your pages). This is useful, especially considering the notable issues with AI (including hallucinations and fabrication of details), so viewers and support staff are aware. These small notes left on the pages are not as easily viewable as a project box or banner would be. I really don't see the issue with a clear-label guideline. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:34, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::{{ping|Lbeaumont}} I noticed your reversions [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Exploring_Existential_Concerns&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788278 here] &amp; [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Subjective_Awareness&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788257 here]. I'd prefer to have a clean conversation regarding this proposition. Please voice your concerns here. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Regarding Subjective Awareness, I distinctly recall the effort I went to to write that the old-fashioned way. It is true that ChatGPT assisted me in augmenting the list of words suggested as candidate subjective states. This is a small section of the course, is clearly marked, and makes no factual claim. Marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading. I would have made these comments when I reverted your edit; however, the revert button does not provide that opportunity.
:::Regarding the Exploring Existential Concerns course, please note this was adapted from my EmotionalCompetency.com website, which predates the availability of LLMs. The course does include two links, clearly labeled as ChatGPT-generated. Again, marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading.
:::On a broader issue, I don't consider your opinions to have established a carefully debated and adopted Wikiversity policy. You went ahead and modified many of my courses over my clearly stated objections. Please let this issue play out more completely before editing my courses further. Thanks.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:11, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Understood, and I respect your position. I apologize if my edits were seen as overarching. We could change the project box to &quot;a portion of this resource was generated by AI&quot;, or something along those lines. Feel free to revert my changes where you see fit, and I encourage more users to provide their input. EDIT: I've made changes to the template to indicate that a portion of the content has been generated from an LLM. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:50, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for this reply. The new banner is unduly large and alarming. There is no need for alarm here. The use of AI is not harmful per se. Like any technology, it can be used to help or to harm. I take care to craft prompts carefully, point the LMM to reliable source materials, and to carefully read and verify the generated text before I publish it. This is all in keeping with long-established Wikiversity policy. We don't want to use a  [[w:One-drop_rule|one-drop rule]] here or cause a [[w:Satanic_panic|satanic panic]]. We can learn our lessons from history here. I don't see any pedagogical reason for establishing a classification of &quot;AI generated&quot;, but if there is a consensus that it is needed, perhaps it can be handled as just another category that learning resources can be assigned to. I would rather focus on identifying any errors in factual claims than on casting pejorative bias toward AI-generated content. An essay on the best practices for using LMM on Wikiveristy would be welcome.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:58, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::The new banner mimics the banner that is available on the English Wikibooks (see [[b:Template:AI-generated]] &amp; [[b:Template:Uses AI]]), so my revisions aren't unique in this aspect. At this point, I'd welcome other peoples' inputs. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

== How do I start making pages? ==
Is there a notability guideline for Wikiversity? What is the sourcing policy for information? What is the Manual of Style? What kind of educational content qualifies for Wikiversity? All the introduction pages are a bit unclear. 
[[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 02:25, 28 January 2026 (UTC)

:{{ping|VidanaliK}} Welcome to Wikiversity! I've left you a welcome message on your talk page. That should help you out. Make sure to especially look at [[Wikiversity:Introduction]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:11, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
::It says that I can't post more pages because I have apparently exceeded the new page limit. How long does it take before that new page limit expires? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:57, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::This is a restriction for new users so that Wikiversity is not hit with massive spam. As for when this limit will expire, it should be a few days or after a certain number of edits. It's easy to overcome, though I do not have the exact numbers atm. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::OK, I think I got past the limit. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 17:21, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
==Why does it feel like Wikiversity is no longer really active anymore?==
I've been looking at recent changes, and both today and yesterday there haven't been many changes that I haven't made; it feels like walking through a ghost town, is this just me or is Wikiversity not really active anymore? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 03:54, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

:There is fewer people editing these days compared to the past. Many newcomers tend to edit in Wikipedia instead. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:39, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:It’s a little slow, but I’m happy to know that Wikiversity is a place that I think should provide value even if the activity of editors fluctuates. If it’s any consolation your edits may be encouraging for some anonymous newcomer to start edits on their own! I think it’s hard to build community when there is such a wide variety of interests and a smaller starting userbase. Also sometimes the getting into a particular topic that already exists can be intimidating because some relics (large portals, school, categories, etc.) have intricate, unique and generally messy levels of organization. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 22:16, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
:I'd say it comes down to working hard for Wikiversity, basically if somebody or a group of people will start presenting good ideas and they turn out to be provably stable.
:I even asked Google's &quot;AI Mode&quot;, what is Wikiversity famous for? Unfortunately it could not answer that.
:Simply, we have not made Wikiversity famous by presenting really provable stable ideas yet. My hope is that this time might come. Perhaps even this year 2026!
:Hope dies last. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:12, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Inactivity policy for Curators ==

I was wondering if there is a specific inactivity polity for curators (semi-admins) as I am pretty sure the global policy does not apply to them as they are not ''fully'' sysops. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:20, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I don't see an inactivity policy, but if we were to create such a new policy for curators, it should be the same for custodians (administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:45, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] There is currently none, that I could find, for custodians either. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:47, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I think we should propose a local inactivity policy for custodians (and by extension, curators), which should be at least one year without any edits ''and'' logged actions. However, I don't know which page should it be when the inactivity removal procedure starts. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:53, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] In theory, there should be a section added at [[WV:Candidates for custodianship]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:55, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::: To be consistent with the [[meta:Admin activity review|global period of 2 years inactivity]] for en.wv  [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship#How are bureaucrats removed?|Bureaucrats]] we could add something like this to [[Wikiversity:Curators]]:
::::::The maximum time period of inactivity &lt;u&gt;without community review&lt;/u&gt; for curators is two years (consistent with  the [[:meta:Category:Global policies|global policy]] described at [[meta:Admin activity review|Admin activity review]] which applies for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]]). After that time a custodian will remove the rights.
::::: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:51, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::Yup, I agree with Jtneill, there is a policy proposal for Wikiversity:Curators, where it should be logically deployed. The question is if we are ready to aprove the policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:43, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: I agree, but we should notify the colloquium about inactive curators, just like a steward would do for inactive custodians and bureaucrats per [[:m:Admin activity review|AAR]]. What is the minimum timeframe an inactive curator should receive so they can respond they would keep their rights? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:I incorporated these suggestions into the proposed curators policy. Please review/comment/improve. Summary: 2 years, notify curator's user page, then remove rights after 1 month: [[Wikiversity:Curators#Inactivity]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] I created [[Template:Inactive curator]] for this. Feel free to make any changes or improvements. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to become an official policy ==
{{Archive top|After running for a week, there is consensus, alongside comments, for [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to be implemented as an official policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)}}
With the introduction of AI-material, and some material just plain disruptive, its imperative that Wikiversity catches up with its sister projects and implements an official AI policy that we can work with. The recent issue of [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]'s 50+ articles that contain significantly large AI-generated material has made me came to the Colloquium. This user has also been removing the [[Template:AI-generated]] template from their pages, calling it &quot;misleading&quot;, &quot;alarmist&quot;, and &quot;pejorative&quot; - which is all just simply nonsensical rationales. Not to even mention this user's contributions to the English Wikipedia have been [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Inner_Development_Goals contested] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Multipolar_trap removed] a couple of times (for being low-quality and clearly LLM-generated), highlighting the need for an actual policy to be implemented here on Wikiversity. I would like to ping {{ping|Juandev}} and {{ping|Jtneill}} for their thoughts as well, since I'd like this to be implemented as soon as possible. 

Wikiversity has a significant issue with implementing anti-disruptive measures, hence why we have received numerous complaints as a community about our quality. I originally was reverting the removal of the templates, but realized that this is still a proposed policy, which it shouldn't be anymore. It should be a recognized Wikiversity policy. 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] '''I agree''' that the draft, should become official policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:00, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:I provided a detailed response at: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI]]
:I will appreaciate it if you consder that carefully. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 22:49, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:Agree it should become official Wikiversity policy on the condition &lt;u&gt;that point point 5 is about [significant/substantial] LLM-generated text specifically&lt;/u&gt;. Not a good idea to overuse it, it should be added when there is substantial AI-generated text on the page, not for other cases. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:What policy is being debated? Is it the text on this page, which is pointed to by the general banner, or the text at:   [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence,]]   which is pointed to by the specific banner? Let's begin with coherence on the text being debated. Thanks!  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 11:49, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] This is a call for approval of the new Wikiversity policy. You expressed your opinion [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI|on the talk page of the proposal]], I replied to you and await your response.When creating policies, it is necessary to propose specific solutions. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:12, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Toward a Justified and Parsimonious AI Policy 
:::As we collaborate to develop a consensus policy on the use of Large Language Models, it is wise to begin by considering the needs of the various stakeholders to the policy.
:::The stakeholders are:
:::1)     The users, 
:::2)     The source providers, and
:::3)     The editors
:::There may also be others with a minor stake in this policy, including the population at large.
:::The many needs of the users are currently addressed by long-standing [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policies]], so we can focus on what, if any, additional needs arise as LLMs are deployed. 
:::As always, users need assurance that propositional statements are accurate. This is covered by the existing policy on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiably]]. In addition, it is expected by both the users and those that provide materials used as sources for the text are [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|accurately attributed]]. This is also covered by [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|existing policies]].
:::To respect the time and effort of editors, a parsimonious policy will unburden editors from costly requirements that exceed benefits to the users.
:::Finally, it is important to recognize that because attention is our most valuable seizing attention unnecessarily is a form of theft. 
:::The following proposed policy statement results from these considerations:
:::Recommended Policy statement:
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verify the accuracy]] of propositional statements, regardless of the source.
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|attribute the source]] of propositional statements. In the case of LLM, cite the LLM model and the prompt used.
:::·       Use of various available templates to mark the use of LLM are optional. Templates that are flexible in noting the type and extend of LLM usage are preferred. Templates that avoid unduly distracting or alarming the user are preferred. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:56, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::::Do we discuss here or there? I have replied you there as your proposal is about that policy so it is tradition to discuss it at the affected talk page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:59, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{support}} Thanks for the proposed policy development and discussion; also note proposed policy talk page discussion: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:05, 24 March 2026 (UTC)
::I think the Wikiversity AI policy shall be official. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:11, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== New titles for user right nominations ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikiversity talk:Candidates for Custodianship#New titles for user right nominations]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;

I would like to propose the following retitles should a user be nominated for any of the following user rights:
* Curator: Candidates for Curatorship
* Bureaucrat: Candidates for Bureaucratship
The reason is that many curator (and probably bureaucrat) requests have run solely under {{tq|Candidates for Custodianship}}, but that title might sound misleading (especially in regards to the permission a user is requesting). CheckUser and Oversight (suppressor) are not included above since no user was nominated for these sensitive permissions, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:30, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

:And it's not that when someone at the beginning misplaced the request, no one thought to move it and the others copied it. Even today, it would be possible to simply take it all and move it. Otherwise, for me, the more fundamental problem is that there is [[Wikiversity:Curators|no approved policy for curators]] than where the requests are based. Curators then operate in a certain vacuum and if one of them &quot;breaks out of the chain&quot;, the average user doesn't have many transparent tools to deal with it, because there is no policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:02, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::I am not talking about the curator page (policy proposal). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:08, 21 March 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] I'll see if I can do an overhaul of [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]], just like I recently did with the Requests for adminship page on English Wikiquote. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:17, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, great idea - ideally there will be separate &quot;Candidates for ...&quot; pages for each user right group. The most important for now is to separate curator and custodian pages as CN suggests. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:So maybe I previously misunderstood. Are you proposing separated pages for nominations (i.e. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]])? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:33, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I see, then I am fine with that @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Sorry for misunderstanding. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

I've split the user rights nomination pages into:
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for CheckUser]]
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]]
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]]

Please review. There are likely several links to update, text to adjust, categories to manage, short-cuts to fix etc. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:22, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, great job @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. I am wondering if we need to move archived nominations too, or if we are OK with the actual state. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:08, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yes, I think that would be helpful. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:46, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I can do it @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I am just looking what system is there. I can see [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archive of nominations for full custodianship]] which is a good complementary overview to the subpages with full history. The name of the pages is probably stably, but I would consider to create more specific redirect like [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Overview of staff nominations]], which would link to the above one. Then there is a [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archived]], which are probably incomplete nominations, right? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Tx @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]. Yes, this makes sense. And maybe we move:
::::* archived '''curator''' nominations from [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archive of nominations for full custodianship]] to e.g., [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship/Archive of nominations]]
::::* archived '''bureaucrat''' nominations from [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archive of nominations for full custodianship ]] to e.g., [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship/Archive of nominations]]
::::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:12, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:An svg icon for [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|curators]] would also be helpful. We have them for other user rights: [[c:Category:Wikiversity user rights icons]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:54, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Done: [[Wikiversity:Curators]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:44, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Technical Request:  Courtesy link.. ==

[[Template_talk:Information#Background_must_have_color_defined_as_well]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
: I can't edit the template directly as it need an sysop/interface admin to do it. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
:: Also if the Template field of - https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/night-mode-unaware-background-color is examined, there is poential for an admin to clear a substantial proportion of these by implmenting a simmilar fix to the indciated templates (and underlying stylesheets). It would be nice to clear things like Project box and others, as many other templates (and thus pages depend on them.) :)
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

:I think it would be best to grant you interface admin rights for a short period of time to make these changes. However, I still have doubts about the suitability of this solution, which may cause other problems and no one has explained to me why dark mode has to be implemented this way @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

: I would have reservations about holding such rights, which is why I was trying to do what I could without needing them. However if it is the only way to get the required changes made, I would suggest asking on Wikipedia to find technical editors, willing to undertake the changes needed. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:32, 21 March 2026 (UTC)

== WikiEducator has closed ==

Some of you may know of a similar project to Wikiversity, called [https://wikieducator.org/Main_Page WikiEducator], championed by [https://oerfoundation.org/about/staff/wayne-mackintosh/ Wayne Mackintosh][https://www.linkedin.com/posts/waynemackintosh_important-notice-about-the-oer-foundation-activity-7405113051688931329-Nhm9/][https://openeducation.nz/killed-not-starved/].

It seems [https://openeducation.nz/terminating-oer-foundation their foundation has closed] and they are no longer operating.

They had done quite a bit of outreach (e.g., in the Pacific and Africa) to get educators using wiki.

The WikiEducator content is still available in MediaWiki - and potentially could be imported to Wikiversity ([https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:Copyrights CC-BY-SA] is the default license).

The closing of WikiEducator arguably makes the nurturing of Wikiversity even more important.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:I was never active there. If anyone has an account or is otherwise in contact, we may want to copy relevant information here or even at [[:outreach:]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:46, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:: I reached out to [[User:Mackiwg~enwikiversity|Wayne]] in January, and he responded briefly but positively (while travelling).  I wrote to the low-traffic wikieducator mailing list today and got a nice [https://groups.google.com/g/wikieducator/c/r_yIyUw6ZIA reply] from [[user:SteveFoerster|Steve Foerster]] who's interested in helping. If we can figure out a migration path it would be great to adopt at least the main namespace pages here.  
:: A few questions that come to mind: 
:: - would people want to create matching user accounts
:: - are there any namespaces (user/talk?) that should not be moved over
:: We could look at how this was done for the [[m:Wikivoyage/Migration]] wikivoyage migration. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 2px 0 2px;background-color:white;color:#bbb;&quot;&gt;&amp;ndash;[[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff9900;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 04:27, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:::That's fantastic, SJ, that you've reached out and that Wayne, Steve, and Jim are receptive—and that you can help! -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:52, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews is ending ==

Apparently mainly due to low editorial activity, low public interest, but also failure to achieve the goals from the proposal for the creation of the project, the Wikinews project is ending after years of discussions ([[Meta:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|some reading]]).

And I would be interested to see how Wikiversity is doing in the monitored metrics. We probably have more editors than Wikinews had, but what about consumers and achieving the goals? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:14, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:Wikiversity's biggest issue in recent times was the hosting of low-quality, trash content. Thankfully we've done a great job in removing pseudoscience and other embarrassingly trash content (Wikidebates, for example), but the biggest concern moving forward is proper maintenance IMO. I've caught several pseudoscience pages being created within the last few months that could easily have flown under the radar (ex, [[The Kelemen Dilemma: Causal Collapse and Axiomatic Instability]]), so I'd urge our custodians/curators to be on the lookout for this type of content. Usually an AI-overview can point this type of content out relatively well.
:In terms of visibility, I believe Wikiversity is a high-traffic project. I remember my [[Mathematical Properties]] showing up on the first page of Google when searching up &quot;math properties&quot; for the longest time (and is still showing up in the first page 'till this day!). Besides, Wikinews hosted a lot of short-term content (the nature of news articles), while Wikiversity hosts content that can still be useful a decade later (ex, [[A Reader's Guide to Annotation]]). 
:I think we are on a better path than we were a few months ago, and I do want to thank everyone here who has been helping out with maintaining our website! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:For what it's worth, the group that did that study has since disbanded, so no one is monitoring the other sister projects in the same way. Additionally, Wikinews had some catastrophic server issues due to the maintenance of [[:m:Extension:DynamicPageList]] which don't apply here. Your questions are still worth addressing, but I just wanted to cut off any concern at the pass about Wikiversity being in the same precarious situation. Wikiversity is definitely the biggest &quot;lagging behind&quot; or &quot;failure&quot; project now that Wikinews is being shuttered, but I don't see any near- or medium-term pathway to closing Wikiversity. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]] (Wikipedia Signpost) -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:03, 11 April 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29941252 --&gt;
:I didnt find such properties, so we are probably fine. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:00, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
:: +1 (agreed). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC)

== Enable the abuse filter block action? ==

In light of [[Special:AbuseLog/80178]] (coupon spam), I would like to propose enabling the block action for the abuse filter. Only custodians will be able to enable and disable that action on an abuse filter, and it is useful to block ongoing vandalism. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:12, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

:Seems like a good idea, almost all of the users which create such pages are spambots so this shouldn’t be a problem. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:Can you explain some more (I am new to abuse filters)? It looks like the attempted edit was prevented? Which abuse filter?
:Note on your suggestion, have also reactivated Antispam Filter 12 - see [[WV:RCA]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:45, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I am proposing that we activate the abuse filter block action, which if a user triggers an abuse filter, it would actually block the user in question - the same mechanism that a custodian would use to block users. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:11, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, thankyou, that makes sense. And, reviewing the abuse filter 12 log, it would be helpful because it would prevent the need for manual blocking. But I don't see a setting for autoblocking? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:14, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::: I think it probably adds an autoblock. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:43, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
: [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], given that a little bit more than a week has passed and there is minimal consensus to activate the abuse filter block action, I filed [[phab:T424053]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank-you for doing this. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:03, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Advice needed: A Neurodiversity-inspired Idea/observation ==

If I want the greatest participation of others to &quot;provide constructive criticism to my idea&quot; or to &quot;shoot down my idea&quot; or &quot;idea&quot;.

What I've called it so far is &quot;The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea&quot;. At other times I used more sensationalist wording but here on Wikiversity I don't dare do that. I actually woke up with thinking about putting this into my userspace draft: &quot;Personal Observations Made By Meeting Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults&quot;.

My ultimate goal is to stop blathering about my &quot;idea&quot; to friend and family without feeling my &quot;methodology&quot; is going into any progressive direction whatsoever. My latest encounter was somewhat constructive though. A friend of a friend who worked with people presenting ideas in attempting to getting grants. I don't want a grant. I just want to figure out how I can express my &quot;idea&quot; in a way so that I can more clearly figure out what flaws it got.

At the same time I tend to overthink. If anyone thinks etherpad might be a good place and considering Wikimedia already got an etherpad at https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/ if anyone feels like they know me better in the future feel free to suggest a &quot;session&quot; on etherpad.

'''If I don't receive a reply to this in 1 week's time I will begin to explore this &quot;idea&quot; into my userspace''' unless you replied and refrained me from doing so, of course. Then maybe after &quot;developing it there&quot; I might reference it to you another future time here in the Colloquium, with my &quot;idea&quot; still in my userspace draft. This &quot;idea&quot; is sort of a burden, I'm happy I've made the choice to get rid of it and hopefully move on with my life, unless there is something to this &quot;idea&quot;. 

My failure is probably evident: I feel I haven't told you anything. Same happened to when I talked to friends and family. In danger of overthinking it further I'll publish this right now. I need to &quot;keep it together&quot; [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:36, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

:Good on you putting it out there ... and hitting publish :). I'd say go for it (no need to wait), give birth to your idea and share about it here and elsewhere. Let it take shape and see where it might go. In many ways, this is exactly what an open collaborative learning community should be doing. Others might not know well how to respond, so perhaps consider creating some questions to accompany the idea. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:21, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for encouraging me in developing the idea.
::I have created a &quot;questions&quot; section in the draft which is visible in the table of contents now. My brain was &quot;frozen&quot; today metaphorically speaking in that I felt I had like a &quot;writer's block&quot; so the draft has more &quot;AI/LLM&quot; content than before. I used the LLM for generating questions. The answers are so far human-only.
::I've also created a subsection where I could add the prompts that made the LLM generate the questions. That could help people make better prompts perhaps. I've described what it is about inside of it and there are some chaotically written notes.
::[[Draft:The_Neurodiversity-inspired_Idea#Questions_that_might_encourage_the_development_of_this_idea_and_its_methodology]]
::My draft is missing stuff. Any questions that you contribute to my draft will probably help me and if I don't understand the questions I'll probably notify you and also at the same time &quot;feed them&quot; to an LLM and ask in my input like &quot;explain in simple words what this question means, what is it searching for?&quot; etc. while I wait for an answer. If you have any more feedback please give it to me here or on the Draft page, its talk page or my user talk page. Thank you for helping me! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 21:20, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::Today I woke up with not only thinking about supplying questions along with the &quot;idea&quot; but also answers. ie. Is it possible to &quot;test&quot; this idea? Is it possible to create one or multiple hypotheses based on this &quot;idea&quot;?(etc.) I've thought about this before in this &quot;idea&quot; but since I'm beginning to add to Wikiversity what was previously 'locked in my mind' it's also easier for me to see what I've done so far. Thank you for this comment! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 09:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC)
:May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish. Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet. Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible. Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents. --  [[User:Eric.LEWIN|Eric.LEWIN]] ([[User talk:Eric.LEWIN|discussion]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eric.LEWIN|contributions]]) 10:06, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sorry about the false positive on the profanity filter - I've fixed it. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:26, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish.&quot;
::Thank you Eric for this comment. Trust in time is how I interpret it. I should not feel like I need to be in a hurry. I'll try to give this time. Thank you!
:::&quot;Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet.&quot;
::A central place for developing or making &quot;project notes&quot; regarding the Neurodiversity idea on my userspace, I might need that, like a diary or &quot;project notes&quot; of the Neurodiversity idea similar to my course notes regarding my experience with Coursera.
::Any actions I take are going to be related to my Userspace from now on but I'll also update the draft when necessary. Now in the beginning I might be working daily to once every 3 days on both the draft and the daily notes I plan to make.
:::&quot;Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible.&quot;
::Thank you for the advice. I was brainstorming yesterday about it. I concluded that since I've not yet developed a methodology that adheres to &quot;Do no harm&quot; and this is my first time working my &quot;idea&quot; into a way that is compatible with how projects develop on English Wikiversity this is new to me. My methodology isn't developed and therefore trying to get attention to my project through a name can wait. Yesterday I figured out a silly title that has nothing to do with the project: &quot;Planetary Awareness Potato Cabbage Rolls&quot; or something like that. Google output read that no such thing exists so I wanted it mainly to be unique. I don't want to raise attention that I'm unsure whether I'll actually be capable of developing a methodology for but project notes is my best bet so far in tracking my progress. Every day I think about this &quot;idea&quot; but I need to improve the important parts.
:::&quot;Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents.&quot;
::You added great points and I felt that I was helped by you! I encourage you to post again and I can understand that interacting with any kind of automated filter can be discouraging and can be for me too! Thank you for giving me feedback! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 16:01, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

== Add some user rights to the curator user group? ==

By default, only custodians have the ability to mark new pages as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;) and have their own page creations automatically marked as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;). I am proposing both of the following:
* Curators can mark new pages as patrolled, helping on reducing the backlog of new, unpatrolled pages.
* New pages made by curators will be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software.
Before we implement this, I would suggest implementing a proposed guideline for marking new pages as patrolled for curators and custodians.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

:Agree, &lt;s&gt;also can we also allow curators to undelete pages since they already have the rights to delete them?&lt;/s&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::I think the requirement that undelete NOT be included came from above (meta / stewards / central office). Having access to the undelete page gives access to information that is restricted by their policies to admins (custodians and bureaucrats). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:12, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], unless if requests for curator and custodian should be RfA-like processes (that is, including voting and comments), then I have to agree with Dave above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:03, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Oh, I didn’t realise that. Withdrawing my comment.. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} Seems reasonable and would reduce overhead. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:'''Agree''', implement it also to [[Wikiversity:Curators]] proposal please. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:11, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: I went ahead and filed [[phab:T424445]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:39, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Curators|Curators and curators policy]] ==
{{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:15, 9 May 2026 (UTC)}}
How does it come, that Wikiversity has curators, but Curators policy is still being proposed? How do the curators exists and act if the policy about them havent been approved yet? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

:It looks as if it is not just curators. The policy on Bureaucratship is still being proposed as well. See [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:33, 27 October 2025 (UTC)

:I think its just the nature of a small WMF sister project in that there are lots of drafts, gaps, and potential improvements. In this case, these community would need to vote on those proposed Wikiversity staff policies if we think they're ready. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:08, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
:What? I thought you were getting it approved, Juandev... :) [[User:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris]] ([[User talk:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|contribs]]) 14:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah I think this one is important too and we need to aprove it too @[[User:I'm Mr. Chris|I'm Mr. Chris]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:56, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I thinks its ready to made into a policy, it seems to be complete and informative about what the rights does and how to get it. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:08, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Agree -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:00, 27 March 2026 (UTC)

Let's make this the official discussion about adopting the [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators policy]] policy. Your comments are invited and welcome. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: There were two similar Colloquium threads in separate places about the proposed curators policy. So I've moved them to be adjacent. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Wikiversity:Curators to become a policy ==
{{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:16, 9 May 2026 (UTC)}}
I've looked at the discussions about the Curators policy, I've looked at the practices, and it seems to me that there is no dispute about the wording of the policy, and what's more, the community has been using this proposal as if it were an offical policy for several years. Therefore, I propose that [[Wikiversity:Curators]] become a policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{support|Yes, please}}. Especially after when I and PieWriter proposed above, I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:27, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]; as of now, curators now have the user rights &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;. Perhaps we should also include that in [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:07, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::You meant [[Wikiversity:Curators]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:15, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: I agree that we must develop what rules curators should follow when marking new pages as patrolled; the same can be added for custodians since they can also mark new pages as patrolled. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:37, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::I see, well I think you can just add this to the policy. It is not major change and it probably reflects actual practice or actual technical possibilities for those flags. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:20, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}} per nom. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 13:32, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
{{Archive bottom}}

== Inactive curators ==

Hello, even though [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is not a policy yet, there are curators listed here that have been inactive for two years or more:
* {{user|Cody naccarato}} (last edit on 13 Dec 2022, last logged action on 10 Dec 2022)
* {{user|Praxidicae}} (last edit on 10 Sep 2022, last logged action on 12 Sep 2022)
[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:14, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I would remove the rights. To get the rights back if theyll come back should not be a big deal. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:08, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: When they don't reply by May 19, feel free (or any custodian) to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:28, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? ==

Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? Is there anyone here who is interested for Neurodiversity to be &quot;something more&quot; than it already is? Does anyone here consider Neurodiversity one of the &quot;harder topics&quot; to work on or discuss? Does anyone here have an opinion about the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]? So these questions don't appear like &quot;out of a vacuum&quot; I can tell you a bit about my background:

Many years ago I got a psychiatric diagnosis &quot;Asperger's&quot;. After I stepped out of the office and my Äsperger's was 'concluded', I stepped out into the street and thought my first negative thought(but the positive thought followed after). The thought was about concentration camps in the second world war and that the world seemed to be going into the direction of &quot;labeling others&quot;. I was unsure whether this was &quot;real science&quot; and sort of &quot;challenged myself&quot; to make up my own mind after meeting people that had been given this diagnosis. The more adults with this diagnosis I met the more I started seeing &quot;patterns&quot;.

Was it a coincidence that the first person with Asperger's I met reminded me about my father later after I had plenty of times of experience with interacting with him? None of the people I interacted with online through IRC text chat...I felt I got any clue about how &quot;their brains work&quot;. Only when I met one person from the Asperger's chat community in person we both realized that whatever we experienced was akin to the &quot;chaos theory&quot;. He told me about &quot;chaos theory&quot; while I didn't know even what that term meant but I guess I 'read between the lines'. My question that I linger on still today is &quot;did he understand about me what I think I understood about him?&quot;? That our brains had the same configuration? Most autistic adults who meet other autistic adults usually get disappointed. They think the diagnosis will help them meet somebody like themselves and then they realize the great diversity in the autistic spectrum created by Psychiatry.

I later stopped interacting with autistic communities that much, I felt that it did not benefit me. Also Neurodiversity's &quot;neurotypes&quot; interested me for a while until I realized I had &quot;misunderstood everything&quot; about them and how they are used in the Neurodiversity Movement or &quot;Neurodiversity community&quot; if that even can precisely be defined? I doubt it but if you want to contribute to the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]. My previous attempts failed as I got more and more confused. I think a community project needs a community. With a lack of that I don't think it is worth my time. If any of you would like to work on that project let me know on my talk page.

So I was kinda lost and was talking to my friend and psychologist and I realized if I never talk about my idea to anyone in a &quot;comprehensive way&quot; or show that it matters to me nothing is going to ever happen. So I started talking about my &quot;idea&quot; more. Nobody could understand the &quot;idea&quot; because I had not developed my skills regarding where to start...although the process had already started &quot;automatically&quot; and that's why I often think of &quot;well my brain sort of activated me&quot;. I don't feel like I did have a plan and this idea happened. It happened &quot;by itself&quot;. My brain reacted to what I was seeing in a video or stream.

I value interaction highly in this idea. I think it would be helpful to make a community of people who are not paranoid about stuff that can express itself like &quot;don't analyze me!&quot;, &quot;don't compare me to anyone!&quot;. 

On the contrary, more often than not those adults who were diagnosed were actually openly comparing themselves with each other and I think that is healthy in a &quot;science&quot; way if done the &quot;right way&quot; which probably means &quot;Do no harm&quot;.

I found video material is important but I'm very unsure if uploading own video material to Wikimedia Commons would constitute a &quot;reasonable&quot; use of the resources there. Maybe somebody here needs to ask more questions to me that I should answer before that happens. I also know the '''be bold''' so I could just do what I think might be ok. Though I work better in a group as long as I know what &quot;group configurations&quot; help me. This is in a non-profit way. Since the state supported me this might be a way I am trying to &quot;give back&quot; to the state and &quot;the world&quot;. May seem overly ambitious and crazy but this thing gives me energy. It gives me hope when trying to develop this idea. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:47, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for sharing. There is plenty of room for neurodiversity community learning. However, the challenge I think is that the intersection of those interested in (a) ND, and (b) English Wikiversity might be very small (e.g., 1!) at this point in time.
:But don't give up hope. For example, Wikipedia has many more ND-interested editors; maybe consider reaching out to see who might be interested:
:[[w:Category:Wikipedians interested in neurodiversity]]
:You could also start an equivalent category here:
:[[:Category:Wikiversitarians interested in neurodiversity]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:46, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== Coming over From wikinews ==

Any chance someone could help me if you are allowed to write news articles here since wikinews is going read only mode soon, thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:43, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

:The scope of Wikiversity is very broad and is basically about more-or-less any learning material. We have made it a point to not have duplicative content of other WMF projects, but since Wikinews is being shuttered, I personally am fine with writing news articles here. One thing that is not controversial at all is a learning resource &lt;em&gt;about&lt;/em&gt; how to write news: that could be hugely useful here and could involve the process of writing news stories to learn and to share back and forth with an editor or fact-checker. In fact, I'd support an entire namespace dedicated to keeping the notion of Wikinews alive here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:38, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you so much! How do I start? Cheers! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:07, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I think it's premature to start just making news articles en masse, but if you want to start discussing the topic of citizen journalism, you can do that now. [[:Category:Journalism]] already has some material, so you can start by seeing what we already have, how you can refine that, etc. You can definitely have learning resources with collaborators who want to learn about journalism ASAP. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:38, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::If I could try and start one News Article could you please tell me how to go about it? Like what style of writing like Wikinews or something else? Thank you Justin! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:48, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::Honestly, there are very few policies and guidelines here. I think the best way to write a news story would be in a manner that is obvious and instructive. So, for instance, it's common to use the &quot;pyramid style&quot; when you're writing news, so if you were to write a story that makes it very clear that you are using that approach, that would be helpful. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:08, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::cool thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 02:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC)

== Language learning  ==

toki! I am trying to add or see what the toki pona language learning stuff on here is but I don't see anything that is language learning for anything. [[User:Jan Imon|Jan Imon]] ([[User talk:Jan Imon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan Imon|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:29, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

:We have language materials ([[:Category:Languages]], [[World Languages]], [[Portal:Foreign Language Learning]], [[Portal:Multilingual Studies]]). They are not as developed as I think we would all like and there's not any coverage of Toki Pona, but in principle, we could and would like that. You can also see [[:b:Subject:Languages]] at our sister project Wikibooks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:33, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== Timeline format? ==

I’ve been working on the World War II articles, including the [[World War II/Timeline|timeline]], and is there a specific timeline format that should be used? Right now it’s just a table, and there’s no separation between different periods/phases of the war.

I don’t want to use [[mw:Extension:EasyTimeline]] because this will be displaying dates and not time periods. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 01:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

:I dont think we have a policy or guideline, how to format a timeline. But you may try to browes wikiversity by Google if someone was dealing with this in the past somewhow @[[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:23, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::+1 - there's no specific guideline on how to format a timeline, it's really up to you. In my opinion I think the timeline is good. I'd personally bold the dates just to make it easier to separate it from the event description, but that's my personal 2 cents. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:18, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I’ll probably remove links to the dates/years, they’re just Wikipedia pages that shouldn’t be over linked to. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 00:39, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator for Codename Noreste ==

Hello, everyone. I am requesting interface administrator access on this wiki.

The main reasoning is that I would benefit from having the user right &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;, which would allow me to make dark mode changes to pages in the MediaWiki namespace, add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to some interface pages using templates, handle interface-protected edit requests, and similar stuff. Additionally, I have some knowledge of CSS, and I would like to assist with modifying CSS pages whenever necessary, such as moving MediaWiki common.css code to TemplateStyles CSS pages.

I am requesting the maximum time that is allowed per the [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|policy]], and I have 2FA enabled on my account. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:55, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

*{{support}} Globally trusted user. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:07, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} Trusted and knowledgeable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:35, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} WV would benefit from this. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 08:32, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:13, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Comment}} Could @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]], which was requested to be deleted @[[User:Koavf|Justin]], @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]? I dont think we need it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:40, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yes - clearly no longer used -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:18, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::: I can't delete it because I don't have the required permissions to do so.
::: On a side note, if this project has a need for permanent interface administrators, I would suggest that we have a minimum of two IAs, similar to how there must be two CUs and/or suppressors (or none). Maybe Koavf can be a good candidate if I am elected for permanent interface adminship, and I believe that permission shouldn't be removed from someone's own account. Instead, a bureaucrat should do it. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:20, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I am willing and happy to do it, unfortunately, we do not have an appetite for indef IAs and just had a discussion that resulted in a [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Interface_administrators&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2807543 consensus that we can have IAs that have the user rights for 14 to 120 days]. So once you have the rights, please make sure to gopher it. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:54, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] give it time. Look at me, I was in favor of shorter time, now I am looking back to times, when custodians could do it without the need of extra flag. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::Here's hoping. I think it would reduce administrative overhead, but that's just me and I'm not a bureaucrat here. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:33, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Complicated. Where are the times, admins could do everything! [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:27, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]] to become a policy ==

Following the recent approval of [[Wikiversity:Curators]] as a policy, I think [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]] may also be ready for policy status.

Please share your views about whether bureaucratship is ready to become a policy, or whether further revisions are needed.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:58, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
: I added a logo about that user group, but other than that, it looks good to me. {{support}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think that the consensus on this policy is proven by years of using it without further changes. But I I have to say weather I agree with this to become a policy, than of course {{support}}. It works and there were no major issues with it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:45, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} no issues. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:51, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Requested update to [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] ==

Currently, [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] is a policy that includes a caveat that interface admins are not required long-term and that user right can only be added for a period of up to two weeks. I am proposing that we remove this qualification and allow for indefinite interface admin status. I think this is useful because there are reasons for tweaking the site CSS or JavaScript (e.g. to comply with dark mode), add gadgets (e.g. importing Cat-a-Lot, which I would like to do), or otherwise modifying the site that could plausibly come up on an irregular basis and requiring the overhead of a bureaucrat to add the user rights is inefficient. In particular, I am also going to request this right if the community accepts indefinite interface admins. Thoughts? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:23, 17 August 2025 (UTC)

:And who will then monitor them to make sure they don't damage the project in any way, or abuse the rights acquired in this way? For large projects, this might not be a problem, but for smaller projects like the English Wikiversity, I'm not sure if there are enough users who would say, something is happening here that shouldn't be happening. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:28, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
::Anyone would be who. This argument applies to any person with any advanced rights here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 10:46, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
:I think it is reasonable to allow for longer periods of access than 2 weeks to interface admin and support adjusting the policy to allow for this flexibility. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:57, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:38, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] I agree that the two-week requirement could be revised, but wouldn’t people just request access for a specific purpose anyway? Instead of granting indefinite access, they should request the specific time frame they need the rights for—until the planned fixes are completed—and then request an extension if more time is required. We could remove the two-week criterion while still keeping the access explicitly temporary. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:48, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
::I just don't see why this wiki needs to be different than all of the others. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:18, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:::There isn’t really much of a need for a permanent one at this point in time [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I quite agree with this proposal, so long as they perform the suggested changes as mentioned here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:06, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to clarify, I support '''indefinite interface admin status'''. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:34, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:I think there is decent consensus for lengthening this, but not necessarily for indefinite permissions, so does anyone object to me revising it to the standard being 120 days instead of two weeks? I'll check back on this thread in three weeks and if there's no objection, I'll make the change. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:47, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sure [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:27, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks for proposing this, Justin. I agree with the proposal to lengthen the interface admin period from 2 weeks but not indefinitely. Can I check the source(s) for the standard being 120 days (I'm guessing policies on other projects or maybe global policy?)? In any case, I think it is reasonable for us to adopt a similar period. However, note on the current policy discussion page notes from @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] arguing for shorter periods to lower risk, that's why it is 2 weeks. But if there are projects that need longer access, that should also be accommodated. Maybe we could adjust the policy to specify that ''interface admin rights can be given for 14 to 120 days depending on how long is required and what is supported by the community''. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::There was there was no source for 120: it was just more than 14 and less than infinity. The &quot;14 to 120&quot; also seems reasonable. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:33, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::: On some small/medium-sized wikis, such as English Wikibooks and English Wikiquote for example, indefinite interface administrator access for administrators is allowed, but they tend not to make changes to the CSS and JS page changes unless it's truly necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It's a good idea to make the length of this right on request or allow to be prolonged. However, IA should test large changes somewhere else, for example on the en.wv mirror, and only after testing it on the mirror, adapt it to the live version. That means I can't imagine a time-consuming operation right now. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:04, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Sorry, what mirror is this? Are you talking about beta.wv? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:32, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Not beta.wv. Basically somewhere else then on a live wiki. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Wouldn't testing on a user's own common.css page work anyway? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:36, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:Change made here: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AInterface_administrators&amp;diff=2807543&amp;oldid=2806289 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 13:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:AI-generated]] ==

After going through the plethora of ChatGPT-generated pages made by [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] (with many more pages to go), I'd like community input on this proposal to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] that I think would be benefical for the community:
*Resources generated by AI '''must''' be indicated as so through the project box, [[Template:AI-generated]], on either the page or the main resource (if the page is a part of a project).
I do not believe including a small note/reference that a page is AI-generated is sufficient, and I take my thinking from [[WV:Original research|Wikiversity's OR policy]] for OR work: ''Within Wikiversity, all original research should be clearly identified as such''. I believe resources created from AI should also be clearly indicated as such, especially since we are working on whether or not AI-generated resources should be allowed on the website (discussion is [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence|here]], for reference). This makes it easier for organizational purposes, and in the event ''if'' we ban AI-generated work. 

I've left a message on Lee's talk page over a week ago and did not get a response or acknowledgement, so I'd like for the community's input for this inclusion to the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 26 January 2026 (UTC)

:I believe that existing Wikiversity policies are sufficient. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and usefulness of the content that is published. This policy covers AI-generated content that is: 1) carefully reviewed by the author publishing it, and 2) the source is noted.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:38, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::A small reference for pages that are substantially filled with Chat-GPT entries, like [[Real Good Religion]], [[Attributing Blame]], [[Fostering Curiosity]], are not sufficient IMO and a project box would be the best indicator that a page is AI-generated (especially when there is a mixture of human created content AND AI-generated content, as present in a lot of your pages). This is useful, especially considering the notable issues with AI (including hallucinations and fabrication of details), so viewers and support staff are aware. These small notes left on the pages are not as easily viewable as a project box or banner would be. I really don't see the issue with a clear-label guideline. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:34, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::{{ping|Lbeaumont}} I noticed your reversions [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Exploring_Existential_Concerns&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788278 here] &amp; [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Subjective_Awareness&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788257 here]. I'd prefer to have a clean conversation regarding this proposition. Please voice your concerns here. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Regarding Subjective Awareness, I distinctly recall the effort I went to to write that the old-fashioned way. It is true that ChatGPT assisted me in augmenting the list of words suggested as candidate subjective states. This is a small section of the course, is clearly marked, and makes no factual claim. Marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading. I would have made these comments when I reverted your edit; however, the revert button does not provide that opportunity.
:::Regarding the Exploring Existential Concerns course, please note this was adapted from my EmotionalCompetency.com website, which predates the availability of LLMs. The course does include two links, clearly labeled as ChatGPT-generated. Again, marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading.
:::On a broader issue, I don't consider your opinions to have established a carefully debated and adopted Wikiversity policy. You went ahead and modified many of my courses over my clearly stated objections. Please let this issue play out more completely before editing my courses further. Thanks.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:11, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Understood, and I respect your position. I apologize if my edits were seen as overarching. We could change the project box to &quot;a portion of this resource was generated by AI&quot;, or something along those lines. Feel free to revert my changes where you see fit, and I encourage more users to provide their input. EDIT: I've made changes to the template to indicate that a portion of the content has been generated from an LLM. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:50, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for this reply. The new banner is unduly large and alarming. There is no need for alarm here. The use of AI is not harmful per se. Like any technology, it can be used to help or to harm. I take care to craft prompts carefully, point the LMM to reliable source materials, and to carefully read and verify the generated text before I publish it. This is all in keeping with long-established Wikiversity policy. We don't want to use a  [[w:One-drop_rule|one-drop rule]] here or cause a [[w:Satanic_panic|satanic panic]]. We can learn our lessons from history here. I don't see any pedagogical reason for establishing a classification of &quot;AI generated&quot;, but if there is a consensus that it is needed, perhaps it can be handled as just another category that learning resources can be assigned to. I would rather focus on identifying any errors in factual claims than on casting pejorative bias toward AI-generated content. An essay on the best practices for using LMM on Wikiveristy would be welcome.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:58, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::The new banner mimics the banner that is available on the English Wikibooks (see [[b:Template:AI-generated]] &amp; [[b:Template:Uses AI]]), so my revisions aren't unique in this aspect. At this point, I'd welcome other peoples' inputs. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

== How do I start making pages? ==
Is there a notability guideline for Wikiversity? What is the sourcing policy for information? What is the Manual of Style? What kind of educational content qualifies for Wikiversity? All the introduction pages are a bit unclear. 
[[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 02:25, 28 January 2026 (UTC)

:{{ping|VidanaliK}} Welcome to Wikiversity! I've left you a welcome message on your talk page. That should help you out. Make sure to especially look at [[Wikiversity:Introduction]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:11, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
::It says that I can't post more pages because I have apparently exceeded the new page limit. How long does it take before that new page limit expires? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:57, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::This is a restriction for new users so that Wikiversity is not hit with massive spam. As for when this limit will expire, it should be a few days or after a certain number of edits. It's easy to overcome, though I do not have the exact numbers atm. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::OK, I think I got past the limit. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 17:21, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
==Why does it feel like Wikiversity is no longer really active anymore?==
I've been looking at recent changes, and both today and yesterday there haven't been many changes that I haven't made; it feels like walking through a ghost town, is this just me or is Wikiversity not really active anymore? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 03:54, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

:There is fewer people editing these days compared to the past. Many newcomers tend to edit in Wikipedia instead. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:39, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:It’s a little slow, but I’m happy to know that Wikiversity is a place that I think should provide value even if the activity of editors fluctuates. If it’s any consolation your edits may be encouraging for some anonymous newcomer to start edits on their own! I think it’s hard to build community when there is such a wide variety of interests and a smaller starting userbase. Also sometimes the getting into a particular topic that already exists can be intimidating because some relics (large portals, school, categories, etc.) have intricate, unique and generally messy levels of organization. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 22:16, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
:I'd say it comes down to working hard for Wikiversity, basically if somebody or a group of people will start presenting good ideas and they turn out to be provably stable.
:I even asked Google's &quot;AI Mode&quot;, what is Wikiversity famous for? Unfortunately it could not answer that.
:Simply, we have not made Wikiversity famous by presenting really provable stable ideas yet. My hope is that this time might come. Perhaps even this year 2026!
:Hope dies last. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:12, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Inactivity policy for Curators ==

I was wondering if there is a specific inactivity polity for curators (semi-admins) as I am pretty sure the global policy does not apply to them as they are not ''fully'' sysops. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:20, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I don't see an inactivity policy, but if we were to create such a new policy for curators, it should be the same for custodians (administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:45, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] There is currently none, that I could find, for custodians either. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:47, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I think we should propose a local inactivity policy for custodians (and by extension, curators), which should be at least one year without any edits ''and'' logged actions. However, I don't know which page should it be when the inactivity removal procedure starts. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:53, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] In theory, there should be a section added at [[WV:Candidates for custodianship]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:55, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::: To be consistent with the [[meta:Admin activity review|global period of 2 years inactivity]] for en.wv  [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship#How are bureaucrats removed?|Bureaucrats]] we could add something like this to [[Wikiversity:Curators]]:
::::::The maximum time period of inactivity &lt;u&gt;without community review&lt;/u&gt; for curators is two years (consistent with  the [[:meta:Category:Global policies|global policy]] described at [[meta:Admin activity review|Admin activity review]] which applies for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]]). After that time a custodian will remove the rights.
::::: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:51, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::Yup, I agree with Jtneill, there is a policy proposal for Wikiversity:Curators, where it should be logically deployed. The question is if we are ready to aprove the policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:43, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: I agree, but we should notify the colloquium about inactive curators, just like a steward would do for inactive custodians and bureaucrats per [[:m:Admin activity review|AAR]]. What is the minimum timeframe an inactive curator should receive so they can respond they would keep their rights? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:I incorporated these suggestions into the proposed curators policy. Please review/comment/improve. Summary: 2 years, notify curator's user page, then remove rights after 1 month: [[Wikiversity:Curators#Inactivity]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] I created [[Template:Inactive curator]] for this. Feel free to make any changes or improvements. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to become an official policy ==
{{Archive top|After running for a week, there is consensus, alongside comments, for [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to be implemented as an official policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)}}
With the introduction of AI-material, and some material just plain disruptive, its imperative that Wikiversity catches up with its sister projects and implements an official AI policy that we can work with. The recent issue of [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]'s 50+ articles that contain significantly large AI-generated material has made me came to the Colloquium. This user has also been removing the [[Template:AI-generated]] template from their pages, calling it &quot;misleading&quot;, &quot;alarmist&quot;, and &quot;pejorative&quot; - which is all just simply nonsensical rationales. Not to even mention this user's contributions to the English Wikipedia have been [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Inner_Development_Goals contested] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Multipolar_trap removed] a couple of times (for being low-quality and clearly LLM-generated), highlighting the need for an actual policy to be implemented here on Wikiversity. I would like to ping {{ping|Juandev}} and {{ping|Jtneill}} for their thoughts as well, since I'd like this to be implemented as soon as possible. 

Wikiversity has a significant issue with implementing anti-disruptive measures, hence why we have received numerous complaints as a community about our quality. I originally was reverting the removal of the templates, but realized that this is still a proposed policy, which it shouldn't be anymore. It should be a recognized Wikiversity policy. 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] '''I agree''' that the draft, should become official policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:00, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:I provided a detailed response at: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI]]
:I will appreaciate it if you consder that carefully. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 22:49, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:Agree it should become official Wikiversity policy on the condition &lt;u&gt;that point point 5 is about [significant/substantial] LLM-generated text specifically&lt;/u&gt;. Not a good idea to overuse it, it should be added when there is substantial AI-generated text on the page, not for other cases. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:What policy is being debated? Is it the text on this page, which is pointed to by the general banner, or the text at:   [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence,]]   which is pointed to by the specific banner? Let's begin with coherence on the text being debated. Thanks!  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 11:49, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] This is a call for approval of the new Wikiversity policy. You expressed your opinion [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI|on the talk page of the proposal]], I replied to you and await your response.When creating policies, it is necessary to propose specific solutions. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:12, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Toward a Justified and Parsimonious AI Policy 
:::As we collaborate to develop a consensus policy on the use of Large Language Models, it is wise to begin by considering the needs of the various stakeholders to the policy.
:::The stakeholders are:
:::1)     The users, 
:::2)     The source providers, and
:::3)     The editors
:::There may also be others with a minor stake in this policy, including the population at large.
:::The many needs of the users are currently addressed by long-standing [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policies]], so we can focus on what, if any, additional needs arise as LLMs are deployed. 
:::As always, users need assurance that propositional statements are accurate. This is covered by the existing policy on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiably]]. In addition, it is expected by both the users and those that provide materials used as sources for the text are [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|accurately attributed]]. This is also covered by [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|existing policies]].
:::To respect the time and effort of editors, a parsimonious policy will unburden editors from costly requirements that exceed benefits to the users.
:::Finally, it is important to recognize that because attention is our most valuable seizing attention unnecessarily is a form of theft. 
:::The following proposed policy statement results from these considerations:
:::Recommended Policy statement:
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verify the accuracy]] of propositional statements, regardless of the source.
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|attribute the source]] of propositional statements. In the case of LLM, cite the LLM model and the prompt used.
:::·       Use of various available templates to mark the use of LLM are optional. Templates that are flexible in noting the type and extend of LLM usage are preferred. Templates that avoid unduly distracting or alarming the user are preferred. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:56, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::::Do we discuss here or there? I have replied you there as your proposal is about that policy so it is tradition to discuss it at the affected talk page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:59, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{support}} Thanks for the proposed policy development and discussion; also note proposed policy talk page discussion: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:05, 24 March 2026 (UTC)
::I think the Wikiversity AI policy shall be official. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:11, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== New titles for user right nominations ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikiversity talk:Candidates for Custodianship#New titles for user right nominations]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;

I would like to propose the following retitles should a user be nominated for any of the following user rights:
* Curator: Candidates for Curatorship
* Bureaucrat: Candidates for Bureaucratship
The reason is that many curator (and probably bureaucrat) requests have run solely under {{tq|Candidates for Custodianship}}, but that title might sound misleading (especially in regards to the permission a user is requesting). CheckUser and Oversight (suppressor) are not included above since no user was nominated for these sensitive permissions, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:30, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

:And it's not that when someone at the beginning misplaced the request, no one thought to move it and the others copied it. Even today, it would be possible to simply take it all and move it. Otherwise, for me, the more fundamental problem is that there is [[Wikiversity:Curators|no approved policy for curators]] than where the requests are based. Curators then operate in a certain vacuum and if one of them &quot;breaks out of the chain&quot;, the average user doesn't have many transparent tools to deal with it, because there is no policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:02, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::I am not talking about the curator page (policy proposal). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:08, 21 March 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] I'll see if I can do an overhaul of [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]], just like I recently did with the Requests for adminship page on English Wikiquote. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:17, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, great idea - ideally there will be separate &quot;Candidates for ...&quot; pages for each user right group. The most important for now is to separate curator and custodian pages as CN suggests. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:So maybe I previously misunderstood. Are you proposing separated pages for nominations (i.e. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]])? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:33, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I see, then I am fine with that @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Sorry for misunderstanding. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

I've split the user rights nomination pages into:
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for CheckUser]]
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]]
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]]

Please review. There are likely several links to update, text to adjust, categories to manage, short-cuts to fix etc. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:22, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, great job @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. I am wondering if we need to move archived nominations too, or if we are OK with the actual state. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:08, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yes, I think that would be helpful. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:46, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I can do it @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I am just looking what system is there. I can see [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archive of nominations for full custodianship]] which is a good complementary overview to the subpages with full history. The name of the pages is probably stably, but I would consider to create more specific redirect like [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Overview of staff nominations]], which would link to the above one. Then there is a [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archived]], which are probably incomplete nominations, right? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Tx @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]. Yes, this makes sense. And maybe we move:
::::* archived '''curator''' nominations from [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archive of nominations for full custodianship]] to e.g., [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship/Archive of nominations]]
::::* archived '''bureaucrat''' nominations from [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archive of nominations for full custodianship ]] to e.g., [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship/Archive of nominations]]
::::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:12, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:An svg icon for [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|curators]] would also be helpful. We have them for other user rights: [[c:Category:Wikiversity user rights icons]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:54, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Done: [[Wikiversity:Curators]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:44, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Technical Request:  Courtesy link.. ==

[[Template_talk:Information#Background_must_have_color_defined_as_well]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
: I can't edit the template directly as it need an sysop/interface admin to do it. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
:: Also if the Template field of - https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/night-mode-unaware-background-color is examined, there is poential for an admin to clear a substantial proportion of these by implmenting a simmilar fix to the indciated templates (and underlying stylesheets). It would be nice to clear things like Project box and others, as many other templates (and thus pages depend on them.) :)
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

:I think it would be best to grant you interface admin rights for a short period of time to make these changes. However, I still have doubts about the suitability of this solution, which may cause other problems and no one has explained to me why dark mode has to be implemented this way @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

: I would have reservations about holding such rights, which is why I was trying to do what I could without needing them. However if it is the only way to get the required changes made, I would suggest asking on Wikipedia to find technical editors, willing to undertake the changes needed. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:32, 21 March 2026 (UTC)

== WikiEducator has closed ==

Some of you may know of a similar project to Wikiversity, called [https://wikieducator.org/Main_Page WikiEducator], championed by [https://oerfoundation.org/about/staff/wayne-mackintosh/ Wayne Mackintosh][https://www.linkedin.com/posts/waynemackintosh_important-notice-about-the-oer-foundation-activity-7405113051688931329-Nhm9/][https://openeducation.nz/killed-not-starved/].

It seems [https://openeducation.nz/terminating-oer-foundation their foundation has closed] and they are no longer operating.

They had done quite a bit of outreach (e.g., in the Pacific and Africa) to get educators using wiki.

The WikiEducator content is still available in MediaWiki - and potentially could be imported to Wikiversity ([https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:Copyrights CC-BY-SA] is the default license).

The closing of WikiEducator arguably makes the nurturing of Wikiversity even more important.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:I was never active there. If anyone has an account or is otherwise in contact, we may want to copy relevant information here or even at [[:outreach:]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:46, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:: I reached out to [[User:Mackiwg~enwikiversity|Wayne]] in January, and he responded briefly but positively (while travelling).  I wrote to the low-traffic wikieducator mailing list today and got a nice [https://groups.google.com/g/wikieducator/c/r_yIyUw6ZIA reply] from [[user:SteveFoerster|Steve Foerster]] who's interested in helping. If we can figure out a migration path it would be great to adopt at least the main namespace pages here.  
:: A few questions that come to mind: 
:: - would people want to create matching user accounts
:: - are there any namespaces (user/talk?) that should not be moved over
:: We could look at how this was done for the [[m:Wikivoyage/Migration]] wikivoyage migration. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 2px 0 2px;background-color:white;color:#bbb;&quot;&gt;&amp;ndash;[[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff9900;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 04:27, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:::That's fantastic, SJ, that you've reached out and that Wayne, Steve, and Jim are receptive—and that you can help! -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:52, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews is ending ==

Apparently mainly due to low editorial activity, low public interest, but also failure to achieve the goals from the proposal for the creation of the project, the Wikinews project is ending after years of discussions ([[Meta:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|some reading]]).

And I would be interested to see how Wikiversity is doing in the monitored metrics. We probably have more editors than Wikinews had, but what about consumers and achieving the goals? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:14, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:Wikiversity's biggest issue in recent times was the hosting of low-quality, trash content. Thankfully we've done a great job in removing pseudoscience and other embarrassingly trash content (Wikidebates, for example), but the biggest concern moving forward is proper maintenance IMO. I've caught several pseudoscience pages being created within the last few months that could easily have flown under the radar (ex, [[The Kelemen Dilemma: Causal Collapse and Axiomatic Instability]]), so I'd urge our custodians/curators to be on the lookout for this type of content. Usually an AI-overview can point this type of content out relatively well.
:In terms of visibility, I believe Wikiversity is a high-traffic project. I remember my [[Mathematical Properties]] showing up on the first page of Google when searching up &quot;math properties&quot; for the longest time (and is still showing up in the first page 'till this day!). Besides, Wikinews hosted a lot of short-term content (the nature of news articles), while Wikiversity hosts content that can still be useful a decade later (ex, [[A Reader's Guide to Annotation]]). 
:I think we are on a better path than we were a few months ago, and I do want to thank everyone here who has been helping out with maintaining our website! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:For what it's worth, the group that did that study has since disbanded, so no one is monitoring the other sister projects in the same way. Additionally, Wikinews had some catastrophic server issues due to the maintenance of [[:m:Extension:DynamicPageList]] which don't apply here. Your questions are still worth addressing, but I just wanted to cut off any concern at the pass about Wikiversity being in the same precarious situation. Wikiversity is definitely the biggest &quot;lagging behind&quot; or &quot;failure&quot; project now that Wikinews is being shuttered, but I don't see any near- or medium-term pathway to closing Wikiversity. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]] (Wikipedia Signpost) -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:03, 11 April 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29941252 --&gt;
:I didnt find such properties, so we are probably fine. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:00, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
:: +1 (agreed). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC)

== Enable the abuse filter block action? ==

In light of [[Special:AbuseLog/80178]] (coupon spam), I would like to propose enabling the block action for the abuse filter. Only custodians will be able to enable and disable that action on an abuse filter, and it is useful to block ongoing vandalism. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:12, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

:Seems like a good idea, almost all of the users which create such pages are spambots so this shouldn’t be a problem. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:Can you explain some more (I am new to abuse filters)? It looks like the attempted edit was prevented? Which abuse filter?
:Note on your suggestion, have also reactivated Antispam Filter 12 - see [[WV:RCA]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:45, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I am proposing that we activate the abuse filter block action, which if a user triggers an abuse filter, it would actually block the user in question - the same mechanism that a custodian would use to block users. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:11, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, thankyou, that makes sense. And, reviewing the abuse filter 12 log, it would be helpful because it would prevent the need for manual blocking. But I don't see a setting for autoblocking? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:14, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::: I think it probably adds an autoblock. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:43, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
: [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], given that a little bit more than a week has passed and there is minimal consensus to activate the abuse filter block action, I filed [[phab:T424053]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank-you for doing this. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:03, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Advice needed: A Neurodiversity-inspired Idea/observation ==

If I want the greatest participation of others to &quot;provide constructive criticism to my idea&quot; or to &quot;shoot down my idea&quot; or &quot;idea&quot;.

What I've called it so far is &quot;The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea&quot;. At other times I used more sensationalist wording but here on Wikiversity I don't dare do that. I actually woke up with thinking about putting this into my userspace draft: &quot;Personal Observations Made By Meeting Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults&quot;.

My ultimate goal is to stop blathering about my &quot;idea&quot; to friend and family without feeling my &quot;methodology&quot; is going into any progressive direction whatsoever. My latest encounter was somewhat constructive though. A friend of a friend who worked with people presenting ideas in attempting to getting grants. I don't want a grant. I just want to figure out how I can express my &quot;idea&quot; in a way so that I can more clearly figure out what flaws it got.

At the same time I tend to overthink. If anyone thinks etherpad might be a good place and considering Wikimedia already got an etherpad at https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/ if anyone feels like they know me better in the future feel free to suggest a &quot;session&quot; on etherpad.

'''If I don't receive a reply to this in 1 week's time I will begin to explore this &quot;idea&quot; into my userspace''' unless you replied and refrained me from doing so, of course. Then maybe after &quot;developing it there&quot; I might reference it to you another future time here in the Colloquium, with my &quot;idea&quot; still in my userspace draft. This &quot;idea&quot; is sort of a burden, I'm happy I've made the choice to get rid of it and hopefully move on with my life, unless there is something to this &quot;idea&quot;. 

My failure is probably evident: I feel I haven't told you anything. Same happened to when I talked to friends and family. In danger of overthinking it further I'll publish this right now. I need to &quot;keep it together&quot; [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:36, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

:Good on you putting it out there ... and hitting publish :). I'd say go for it (no need to wait), give birth to your idea and share about it here and elsewhere. Let it take shape and see where it might go. In many ways, this is exactly what an open collaborative learning community should be doing. Others might not know well how to respond, so perhaps consider creating some questions to accompany the idea. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:21, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for encouraging me in developing the idea.
::I have created a &quot;questions&quot; section in the draft which is visible in the table of contents now. My brain was &quot;frozen&quot; today metaphorically speaking in that I felt I had like a &quot;writer's block&quot; so the draft has more &quot;AI/LLM&quot; content than before. I used the LLM for generating questions. The answers are so far human-only.
::I've also created a subsection where I could add the prompts that made the LLM generate the questions. That could help people make better prompts perhaps. I've described what it is about inside of it and there are some chaotically written notes.
::[[Draft:The_Neurodiversity-inspired_Idea#Questions_that_might_encourage_the_development_of_this_idea_and_its_methodology]]
::My draft is missing stuff. Any questions that you contribute to my draft will probably help me and if I don't understand the questions I'll probably notify you and also at the same time &quot;feed them&quot; to an LLM and ask in my input like &quot;explain in simple words what this question means, what is it searching for?&quot; etc. while I wait for an answer. If you have any more feedback please give it to me here or on the Draft page, its talk page or my user talk page. Thank you for helping me! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 21:20, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::Today I woke up with not only thinking about supplying questions along with the &quot;idea&quot; but also answers. ie. Is it possible to &quot;test&quot; this idea? Is it possible to create one or multiple hypotheses based on this &quot;idea&quot;?(etc.) I've thought about this before in this &quot;idea&quot; but since I'm beginning to add to Wikiversity what was previously 'locked in my mind' it's also easier for me to see what I've done so far. Thank you for this comment! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 09:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC)
:May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish. Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet. Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible. Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents. --  [[User:Eric.LEWIN|Eric.LEWIN]] ([[User talk:Eric.LEWIN|discussion]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eric.LEWIN|contributions]]) 10:06, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sorry about the false positive on the profanity filter - I've fixed it. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:26, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish.&quot;
::Thank you Eric for this comment. Trust in time is how I interpret it. I should not feel like I need to be in a hurry. I'll try to give this time. Thank you!
:::&quot;Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet.&quot;
::A central place for developing or making &quot;project notes&quot; regarding the Neurodiversity idea on my userspace, I might need that, like a diary or &quot;project notes&quot; of the Neurodiversity idea similar to my course notes regarding my experience with Coursera.
::Any actions I take are going to be related to my Userspace from now on but I'll also update the draft when necessary. Now in the beginning I might be working daily to once every 3 days on both the draft and the daily notes I plan to make.
:::&quot;Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible.&quot;
::Thank you for the advice. I was brainstorming yesterday about it. I concluded that since I've not yet developed a methodology that adheres to &quot;Do no harm&quot; and this is my first time working my &quot;idea&quot; into a way that is compatible with how projects develop on English Wikiversity this is new to me. My methodology isn't developed and therefore trying to get attention to my project through a name can wait. Yesterday I figured out a silly title that has nothing to do with the project: &quot;Planetary Awareness Potato Cabbage Rolls&quot; or something like that. Google output read that no such thing exists so I wanted it mainly to be unique. I don't want to raise attention that I'm unsure whether I'll actually be capable of developing a methodology for but project notes is my best bet so far in tracking my progress. Every day I think about this &quot;idea&quot; but I need to improve the important parts.
:::&quot;Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents.&quot;
::You added great points and I felt that I was helped by you! I encourage you to post again and I can understand that interacting with any kind of automated filter can be discouraging and can be for me too! Thank you for giving me feedback! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 16:01, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

== Add some user rights to the curator user group? ==

By default, only custodians have the ability to mark new pages as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;) and have their own page creations automatically marked as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;). I am proposing both of the following:
* Curators can mark new pages as patrolled, helping on reducing the backlog of new, unpatrolled pages.
* New pages made by curators will be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software.
Before we implement this, I would suggest implementing a proposed guideline for marking new pages as patrolled for curators and custodians.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

:Agree, &lt;s&gt;also can we also allow curators to undelete pages since they already have the rights to delete them?&lt;/s&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::I think the requirement that undelete NOT be included came from above (meta / stewards / central office). Having access to the undelete page gives access to information that is restricted by their policies to admins (custodians and bureaucrats). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:12, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], unless if requests for curator and custodian should be RfA-like processes (that is, including voting and comments), then I have to agree with Dave above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:03, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Oh, I didn’t realise that. Withdrawing my comment.. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} Seems reasonable and would reduce overhead. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:'''Agree''', implement it also to [[Wikiversity:Curators]] proposal please. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:11, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: I went ahead and filed [[phab:T424445]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:39, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Curators|Curators and curators policy]] ==
{{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:15, 9 May 2026 (UTC)}}
How does it come, that Wikiversity has curators, but Curators policy is still being proposed? How do the curators exists and act if the policy about them havent been approved yet? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

:It looks as if it is not just curators. The policy on Bureaucratship is still being proposed as well. See [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:33, 27 October 2025 (UTC)

:I think its just the nature of a small WMF sister project in that there are lots of drafts, gaps, and potential improvements. In this case, these community would need to vote on those proposed Wikiversity staff policies if we think they're ready. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:08, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
:What? I thought you were getting it approved, Juandev... :) [[User:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris]] ([[User talk:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|contribs]]) 14:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah I think this one is important too and we need to aprove it too @[[User:I'm Mr. Chris|I'm Mr. Chris]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:56, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I thinks its ready to made into a policy, it seems to be complete and informative about what the rights does and how to get it. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:08, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Agree -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:00, 27 March 2026 (UTC)

Let's make this the official discussion about adopting the [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators policy]] policy. Your comments are invited and welcome. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: There were two similar Colloquium threads in separate places about the proposed curators policy. So I've moved them to be adjacent. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Wikiversity:Curators to become a policy ==
{{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:16, 9 May 2026 (UTC)}}
I've looked at the discussions about the Curators policy, I've looked at the practices, and it seems to me that there is no dispute about the wording of the policy, and what's more, the community has been using this proposal as if it were an offical policy for several years. Therefore, I propose that [[Wikiversity:Curators]] become a policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{support|Yes, please}}. Especially after when I and PieWriter proposed above, I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:27, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]; as of now, curators now have the user rights &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;. Perhaps we should also include that in [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:07, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::You meant [[Wikiversity:Curators]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:15, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: I agree that we must develop what rules curators should follow when marking new pages as patrolled; the same can be added for custodians since they can also mark new pages as patrolled. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:37, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::I see, well I think you can just add this to the policy. It is not major change and it probably reflects actual practice or actual technical possibilities for those flags. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:20, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}} per nom. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 13:32, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
{{Archive bottom}}

== Inactive curators ==

Hello, even though [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is not a policy yet, there are curators listed here that have been inactive for two years or more:
* {{user|Cody naccarato}} (last edit on 13 Dec 2022, last logged action on 10 Dec 2022)
* {{user|Praxidicae}} (last edit on 10 Sep 2022, last logged action on 12 Sep 2022)
[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:14, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I would remove the rights. To get the rights back if theyll come back should not be a big deal. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:08, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: When they don't reply by May 19, feel free (or any custodian) to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:28, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? ==

Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? Is there anyone here who is interested for Neurodiversity to be &quot;something more&quot; than it already is? Does anyone here consider Neurodiversity one of the &quot;harder topics&quot; to work on or discuss? Does anyone here have an opinion about the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]? So these questions don't appear like &quot;out of a vacuum&quot; I can tell you a bit about my background:

Many years ago I got a psychiatric diagnosis &quot;Asperger's&quot;. After I stepped out of the office and my Äsperger's was 'concluded', I stepped out into the street and thought my first negative thought(but the positive thought followed after). The thought was about concentration camps in the second world war and that the world seemed to be going into the direction of &quot;labeling others&quot;. I was unsure whether this was &quot;real science&quot; and sort of &quot;challenged myself&quot; to make up my own mind after meeting people that had been given this diagnosis. The more adults with this diagnosis I met the more I started seeing &quot;patterns&quot;.

Was it a coincidence that the first person with Asperger's I met reminded me about my father later after I had plenty of times of experience with interacting with him? None of the people I interacted with online through IRC text chat...I felt I got any clue about how &quot;their brains work&quot;. Only when I met one person from the Asperger's chat community in person we both realized that whatever we experienced was akin to the &quot;chaos theory&quot;. He told me about &quot;chaos theory&quot; while I didn't know even what that term meant but I guess I 'read between the lines'. My question that I linger on still today is &quot;did he understand about me what I think I understood about him?&quot;? That our brains had the same configuration? Most autistic adults who meet other autistic adults usually get disappointed. They think the diagnosis will help them meet somebody like themselves and then they realize the great diversity in the autistic spectrum created by Psychiatry.

I later stopped interacting with autistic communities that much, I felt that it did not benefit me. Also Neurodiversity's &quot;neurotypes&quot; interested me for a while until I realized I had &quot;misunderstood everything&quot; about them and how they are used in the Neurodiversity Movement or &quot;Neurodiversity community&quot; if that even can precisely be defined? I doubt it but if you want to contribute to the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]. My previous attempts failed as I got more and more confused. I think a community project needs a community. With a lack of that I don't think it is worth my time. If any of you would like to work on that project let me know on my talk page.

So I was kinda lost and was talking to my friend and psychologist and I realized if I never talk about my idea to anyone in a &quot;comprehensive way&quot; or show that it matters to me nothing is going to ever happen. So I started talking about my &quot;idea&quot; more. Nobody could understand the &quot;idea&quot; because I had not developed my skills regarding where to start...although the process had already started &quot;automatically&quot; and that's why I often think of &quot;well my brain sort of activated me&quot;. I don't feel like I did have a plan and this idea happened. It happened &quot;by itself&quot;. My brain reacted to what I was seeing in a video or stream.

I value interaction highly in this idea. I think it would be helpful to make a community of people who are not paranoid about stuff that can express itself like &quot;don't analyze me!&quot;, &quot;don't compare me to anyone!&quot;. 

On the contrary, more often than not those adults who were diagnosed were actually openly comparing themselves with each other and I think that is healthy in a &quot;science&quot; way if done the &quot;right way&quot; which probably means &quot;Do no harm&quot;.

I found video material is important but I'm very unsure if uploading own video material to Wikimedia Commons would constitute a &quot;reasonable&quot; use of the resources there. Maybe somebody here needs to ask more questions to me that I should answer before that happens. I also know the '''be bold''' so I could just do what I think might be ok. Though I work better in a group as long as I know what &quot;group configurations&quot; help me. This is in a non-profit way. Since the state supported me this might be a way I am trying to &quot;give back&quot; to the state and &quot;the world&quot;. May seem overly ambitious and crazy but this thing gives me energy. It gives me hope when trying to develop this idea. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:47, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for sharing. There is plenty of room for neurodiversity community learning. However, the challenge I think is that the intersection of those interested in (a) ND, and (b) English Wikiversity might be very small (e.g., 1!) at this point in time.
:But don't give up hope. For example, Wikipedia has many more ND-interested editors; maybe consider reaching out to see who might be interested:
:[[w:Category:Wikipedians interested in neurodiversity]]
:You could also start an equivalent category here:
:[[:Category:Wikiversitarians interested in neurodiversity]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:46, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== Coming over From wikinews ==

Any chance someone could help me if you are allowed to write news articles here since wikinews is going read only mode soon, thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:43, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

:The scope of Wikiversity is very broad and is basically about more-or-less any learning material. We have made it a point to not have duplicative content of other WMF projects, but since Wikinews is being shuttered, I personally am fine with writing news articles here. One thing that is not controversial at all is a learning resource &lt;em&gt;about&lt;/em&gt; how to write news: that could be hugely useful here and could involve the process of writing news stories to learn and to share back and forth with an editor or fact-checker. In fact, I'd support an entire namespace dedicated to keeping the notion of Wikinews alive here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:38, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you so much! How do I start? Cheers! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:07, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I think it's premature to start just making news articles en masse, but if you want to start discussing the topic of citizen journalism, you can do that now. [[:Category:Journalism]] already has some material, so you can start by seeing what we already have, how you can refine that, etc. You can definitely have learning resources with collaborators who want to learn about journalism ASAP. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:38, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::If I could try and start one News Article could you please tell me how to go about it? Like what style of writing like Wikinews or something else? Thank you Justin! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:48, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::Honestly, there are very few policies and guidelines here. I think the best way to write a news story would be in a manner that is obvious and instructive. So, for instance, it's common to use the &quot;pyramid style&quot; when you're writing news, so if you were to write a story that makes it very clear that you are using that approach, that would be helpful. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:08, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::cool thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 02:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC)

== Language learning  ==

toki! I am trying to add or see what the toki pona language learning stuff on here is but I don't see anything that is language learning for anything. [[User:Jan Imon|Jan Imon]] ([[User talk:Jan Imon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan Imon|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:29, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

:We have language materials ([[:Category:Languages]], [[World Languages]], [[Portal:Foreign Language Learning]], [[Portal:Multilingual Studies]]). They are not as developed as I think we would all like and there's not any coverage of Toki Pona, but in principle, we could and would like that. You can also see [[:b:Subject:Languages]] at our sister project Wikibooks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:33, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== Timeline format? ==

I’ve been working on the World War II articles, including the [[World War II/Timeline|timeline]], and is there a specific timeline format that should be used? Right now it’s just a table, and there’s no separation between different periods/phases of the war.

I don’t want to use [[mw:Extension:EasyTimeline]] because this will be displaying dates and not time periods. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 01:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

:I dont think we have a policy or guideline, how to format a timeline. But you may try to browes wikiversity by Google if someone was dealing with this in the past somewhow @[[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:23, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::+1 - there's no specific guideline on how to format a timeline, it's really up to you. In my opinion I think the timeline is good. I'd personally bold the dates just to make it easier to separate it from the event description, but that's my personal 2 cents. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:18, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I’ll probably remove links to the dates/years, they’re just Wikipedia pages that shouldn’t be over linked to. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 00:39, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator for Codename Noreste ==

Hello, everyone. I am requesting interface administrator access on this wiki.

The main reasoning is that I would benefit from having the user right &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;, which would allow me to make dark mode changes to pages in the MediaWiki namespace, add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to some interface pages using templates, handle interface-protected edit requests, and similar stuff. Additionally, I have some knowledge of CSS, and I would like to assist with modifying CSS pages whenever necessary, such as moving MediaWiki common.css code to TemplateStyles CSS pages.

I am requesting the maximum time that is allowed per the [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|policy]], and I have 2FA enabled on my account. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:55, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

*{{support}} Globally trusted user. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:07, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} Trusted and knowledgeable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:35, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} WV would benefit from this. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 08:32, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:13, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Comment}} Could @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]], which was requested to be deleted @[[User:Koavf|Justin]], @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]? I dont think we need it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:40, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yes - clearly no longer used -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:18, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::: I can't delete it because I don't have the required permissions to do so.
::: On a side note, if this project has a need for permanent interface administrators, I would suggest that we have a minimum of two IAs, similar to how there must be two CUs and/or suppressors (or none). Maybe Koavf can be a good candidate if I am elected for permanent interface adminship, and I believe that permission shouldn't be removed from someone's own account. Instead, a bureaucrat should do it. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:20, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I am willing and happy to do it, unfortunately, we do not have an appetite for indef IAs and just had a discussion that resulted in a [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Interface_administrators&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2807543 consensus that we can have IAs that have the user rights for 14 to 120 days]. So once you have the rights, please make sure to gopher it. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:54, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] give it time. Look at me, I was in favor of shorter time, now I am looking back to times, when custodians could do it without the need of extra flag. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::Here's hoping. I think it would reduce administrative overhead, but that's just me and I'm not a bureaucrat here. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:33, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Complicated. Where are the times, admins could do everything! [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:27, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]] to become a policy ==

Following the recent approval of [[Wikiversity:Curators]] as a policy, I think [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]] may also be ready for policy status.

Please share your views about whether bureaucratship is ready to become a policy, or whether further revisions are needed.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:58, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
: I added a logo about that user group, but other than that, it looks good to me. {{support}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think that the consensus on this policy is proven by years of using it without further changes. But I I have to say weather I agree with this to become a policy, than of course {{support}}. It works and there were no major issues with it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:45, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} no issues. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:51, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 06:51, 12 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Requested update to [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] ==

Currently, [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] is a policy that includes a caveat that interface admins are not required long-term and that user right can only be added for a period of up to two weeks. I am proposing that we remove this qualification and allow for indefinite interface admin status. I think this is useful because there are reasons for tweaking the site CSS or JavaScript (e.g. to comply with dark mode), add gadgets (e.g. importing Cat-a-Lot, which I would like to do), or otherwise modifying the site that could plausibly come up on an irregular basis and requiring the overhead of a bureaucrat to add the user rights is inefficient. In particular, I am also going to request this right if the community accepts indefinite interface admins. Thoughts? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:23, 17 August 2025 (UTC)

:And who will then monitor them to make sure they don't damage the project in any way, or abuse the rights acquired in this way? For large projects, this might not be a problem, but for smaller projects like the English Wikiversity, I'm not sure if there are enough users who would say, something is happening here that shouldn't be happening. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:28, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
::Anyone would be who. This argument applies to any person with any advanced rights here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 10:46, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
:I think it is reasonable to allow for longer periods of access than 2 weeks to interface admin and support adjusting the policy to allow for this flexibility. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:57, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:38, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] I agree that the two-week requirement could be revised, but wouldn’t people just request access for a specific purpose anyway? Instead of granting indefinite access, they should request the specific time frame they need the rights for—until the planned fixes are completed—and then request an extension if more time is required. We could remove the two-week criterion while still keeping the access explicitly temporary. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:48, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
::I just don't see why this wiki needs to be different than all of the others. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:18, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:::There isn’t really much of a need for a permanent one at this point in time [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I quite agree with this proposal, so long as they perform the suggested changes as mentioned here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:06, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to clarify, I support '''indefinite interface admin status'''. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:34, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:I think there is decent consensus for lengthening this, but not necessarily for indefinite permissions, so does anyone object to me revising it to the standard being 120 days instead of two weeks? I'll check back on this thread in three weeks and if there's no objection, I'll make the change. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:47, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sure [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:27, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks for proposing this, Justin. I agree with the proposal to lengthen the interface admin period from 2 weeks but not indefinitely. Can I check the source(s) for the standard being 120 days (I'm guessing policies on other projects or maybe global policy?)? In any case, I think it is reasonable for us to adopt a similar period. However, note on the current policy discussion page notes from @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] arguing for shorter periods to lower risk, that's why it is 2 weeks. But if there are projects that need longer access, that should also be accommodated. Maybe we could adjust the policy to specify that ''interface admin rights can be given for 14 to 120 days depending on how long is required and what is supported by the community''. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::There was there was no source for 120: it was just more than 14 and less than infinity. The &quot;14 to 120&quot; also seems reasonable. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:33, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::: On some small/medium-sized wikis, such as English Wikibooks and English Wikiquote for example, indefinite interface administrator access for administrators is allowed, but they tend not to make changes to the CSS and JS page changes unless it's truly necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It's a good idea to make the length of this right on request or allow to be prolonged. However, IA should test large changes somewhere else, for example on the en.wv mirror, and only after testing it on the mirror, adapt it to the live version. That means I can't imagine a time-consuming operation right now. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:04, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Sorry, what mirror is this? Are you talking about beta.wv? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:32, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Not beta.wv. Basically somewhere else then on a live wiki. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Wouldn't testing on a user's own common.css page work anyway? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:36, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:Change made here: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AInterface_administrators&amp;diff=2807543&amp;oldid=2806289 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 13:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:AI-generated]] ==

After going through the plethora of ChatGPT-generated pages made by [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] (with many more pages to go), I'd like community input on this proposal to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] that I think would be benefical for the community:
*Resources generated by AI '''must''' be indicated as so through the project box, [[Template:AI-generated]], on either the page or the main resource (if the page is a part of a project).
I do not believe including a small note/reference that a page is AI-generated is sufficient, and I take my thinking from [[WV:Original research|Wikiversity's OR policy]] for OR work: ''Within Wikiversity, all original research should be clearly identified as such''. I believe resources created from AI should also be clearly indicated as such, especially since we are working on whether or not AI-generated resources should be allowed on the website (discussion is [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence|here]], for reference). This makes it easier for organizational purposes, and in the event ''if'' we ban AI-generated work. 

I've left a message on Lee's talk page over a week ago and did not get a response or acknowledgement, so I'd like for the community's input for this inclusion to the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 26 January 2026 (UTC)

:I believe that existing Wikiversity policies are sufficient. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and usefulness of the content that is published. This policy covers AI-generated content that is: 1) carefully reviewed by the author publishing it, and 2) the source is noted.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:38, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::A small reference for pages that are substantially filled with Chat-GPT entries, like [[Real Good Religion]], [[Attributing Blame]], [[Fostering Curiosity]], are not sufficient IMO and a project box would be the best indicator that a page is AI-generated (especially when there is a mixture of human created content AND AI-generated content, as present in a lot of your pages). This is useful, especially considering the notable issues with AI (including hallucinations and fabrication of details), so viewers and support staff are aware. These small notes left on the pages are not as easily viewable as a project box or banner would be. I really don't see the issue with a clear-label guideline. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:34, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::{{ping|Lbeaumont}} I noticed your reversions [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Exploring_Existential_Concerns&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788278 here] &amp; [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Subjective_Awareness&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788257 here]. I'd prefer to have a clean conversation regarding this proposition. Please voice your concerns here. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Regarding Subjective Awareness, I distinctly recall the effort I went to to write that the old-fashioned way. It is true that ChatGPT assisted me in augmenting the list of words suggested as candidate subjective states. This is a small section of the course, is clearly marked, and makes no factual claim. Marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading. I would have made these comments when I reverted your edit; however, the revert button does not provide that opportunity.
:::Regarding the Exploring Existential Concerns course, please note this was adapted from my EmotionalCompetency.com website, which predates the availability of LLMs. The course does include two links, clearly labeled as ChatGPT-generated. Again, marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading.
:::On a broader issue, I don't consider your opinions to have established a carefully debated and adopted Wikiversity policy. You went ahead and modified many of my courses over my clearly stated objections. Please let this issue play out more completely before editing my courses further. Thanks.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:11, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Understood, and I respect your position. I apologize if my edits were seen as overarching. We could change the project box to &quot;a portion of this resource was generated by AI&quot;, or something along those lines. Feel free to revert my changes where you see fit, and I encourage more users to provide their input. EDIT: I've made changes to the template to indicate that a portion of the content has been generated from an LLM. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:50, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for this reply. The new banner is unduly large and alarming. There is no need for alarm here. The use of AI is not harmful per se. Like any technology, it can be used to help or to harm. I take care to craft prompts carefully, point the LMM to reliable source materials, and to carefully read and verify the generated text before I publish it. This is all in keeping with long-established Wikiversity policy. We don't want to use a  [[w:One-drop_rule|one-drop rule]] here or cause a [[w:Satanic_panic|satanic panic]]. We can learn our lessons from history here. I don't see any pedagogical reason for establishing a classification of &quot;AI generated&quot;, but if there is a consensus that it is needed, perhaps it can be handled as just another category that learning resources can be assigned to. I would rather focus on identifying any errors in factual claims than on casting pejorative bias toward AI-generated content. An essay on the best practices for using LMM on Wikiveristy would be welcome.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:58, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::The new banner mimics the banner that is available on the English Wikibooks (see [[b:Template:AI-generated]] &amp; [[b:Template:Uses AI]]), so my revisions aren't unique in this aspect. At this point, I'd welcome other peoples' inputs. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

== How do I start making pages? ==
Is there a notability guideline for Wikiversity? What is the sourcing policy for information? What is the Manual of Style? What kind of educational content qualifies for Wikiversity? All the introduction pages are a bit unclear. 
[[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 02:25, 28 January 2026 (UTC)

:{{ping|VidanaliK}} Welcome to Wikiversity! I've left you a welcome message on your talk page. That should help you out. Make sure to especially look at [[Wikiversity:Introduction]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:11, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
::It says that I can't post more pages because I have apparently exceeded the new page limit. How long does it take before that new page limit expires? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:57, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::This is a restriction for new users so that Wikiversity is not hit with massive spam. As for when this limit will expire, it should be a few days or after a certain number of edits. It's easy to overcome, though I do not have the exact numbers atm. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::OK, I think I got past the limit. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 17:21, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
==Why does it feel like Wikiversity is no longer really active anymore?==
I've been looking at recent changes, and both today and yesterday there haven't been many changes that I haven't made; it feels like walking through a ghost town, is this just me or is Wikiversity not really active anymore? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 03:54, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

:There is fewer people editing these days compared to the past. Many newcomers tend to edit in Wikipedia instead. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:39, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:It’s a little slow, but I’m happy to know that Wikiversity is a place that I think should provide value even if the activity of editors fluctuates. If it’s any consolation your edits may be encouraging for some anonymous newcomer to start edits on their own! I think it’s hard to build community when there is such a wide variety of interests and a smaller starting userbase. Also sometimes the getting into a particular topic that already exists can be intimidating because some relics (large portals, school, categories, etc.) have intricate, unique and generally messy levels of organization. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 22:16, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
:I'd say it comes down to working hard for Wikiversity, basically if somebody or a group of people will start presenting good ideas and they turn out to be provably stable.
:I even asked Google's &quot;AI Mode&quot;, what is Wikiversity famous for? Unfortunately it could not answer that.
:Simply, we have not made Wikiversity famous by presenting really provable stable ideas yet. My hope is that this time might come. Perhaps even this year 2026!
:Hope dies last. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:12, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Inactivity policy for Curators ==

I was wondering if there is a specific inactivity polity for curators (semi-admins) as I am pretty sure the global policy does not apply to them as they are not ''fully'' sysops. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:20, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I don't see an inactivity policy, but if we were to create such a new policy for curators, it should be the same for custodians (administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:45, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] There is currently none, that I could find, for custodians either. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:47, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I think we should propose a local inactivity policy for custodians (and by extension, curators), which should be at least one year without any edits ''and'' logged actions. However, I don't know which page should it be when the inactivity removal procedure starts. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:53, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] In theory, there should be a section added at [[WV:Candidates for custodianship]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:55, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::: To be consistent with the [[meta:Admin activity review|global period of 2 years inactivity]] for en.wv  [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship#How are bureaucrats removed?|Bureaucrats]] we could add something like this to [[Wikiversity:Curators]]:
::::::The maximum time period of inactivity &lt;u&gt;without community review&lt;/u&gt; for curators is two years (consistent with  the [[:meta:Category:Global policies|global policy]] described at [[meta:Admin activity review|Admin activity review]] which applies for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]]). After that time a custodian will remove the rights.
::::: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:51, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::Yup, I agree with Jtneill, there is a policy proposal for Wikiversity:Curators, where it should be logically deployed. The question is if we are ready to aprove the policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:43, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: I agree, but we should notify the colloquium about inactive curators, just like a steward would do for inactive custodians and bureaucrats per [[:m:Admin activity review|AAR]]. What is the minimum timeframe an inactive curator should receive so they can respond they would keep their rights? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:I incorporated these suggestions into the proposed curators policy. Please review/comment/improve. Summary: 2 years, notify curator's user page, then remove rights after 1 month: [[Wikiversity:Curators#Inactivity]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] I created [[Template:Inactive curator]] for this. Feel free to make any changes or improvements. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to become an official policy ==
{{Archive top|After running for a week, there is consensus, alongside comments, for [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to be implemented as an official policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)}}
With the introduction of AI-material, and some material just plain disruptive, its imperative that Wikiversity catches up with its sister projects and implements an official AI policy that we can work with. The recent issue of [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]'s 50+ articles that contain significantly large AI-generated material has made me came to the Colloquium. This user has also been removing the [[Template:AI-generated]] template from their pages, calling it &quot;misleading&quot;, &quot;alarmist&quot;, and &quot;pejorative&quot; - which is all just simply nonsensical rationales. Not to even mention this user's contributions to the English Wikipedia have been [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Inner_Development_Goals contested] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Multipolar_trap removed] a couple of times (for being low-quality and clearly LLM-generated), highlighting the need for an actual policy to be implemented here on Wikiversity. I would like to ping {{ping|Juandev}} and {{ping|Jtneill}} for their thoughts as well, since I'd like this to be implemented as soon as possible. 

Wikiversity has a significant issue with implementing anti-disruptive measures, hence why we have received numerous complaints as a community about our quality. I originally was reverting the removal of the templates, but realized that this is still a proposed policy, which it shouldn't be anymore. It should be a recognized Wikiversity policy. 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] '''I agree''' that the draft, should become official policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:00, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:I provided a detailed response at: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI]]
:I will appreaciate it if you consder that carefully. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 22:49, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:Agree it should become official Wikiversity policy on the condition &lt;u&gt;that point point 5 is about [significant/substantial] LLM-generated text specifically&lt;/u&gt;. Not a good idea to overuse it, it should be added when there is substantial AI-generated text on the page, not for other cases. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:What policy is being debated? Is it the text on this page, which is pointed to by the general banner, or the text at:   [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence,]]   which is pointed to by the specific banner? Let's begin with coherence on the text being debated. Thanks!  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 11:49, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] This is a call for approval of the new Wikiversity policy. You expressed your opinion [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI|on the talk page of the proposal]], I replied to you and await your response.When creating policies, it is necessary to propose specific solutions. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:12, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Toward a Justified and Parsimonious AI Policy 
:::As we collaborate to develop a consensus policy on the use of Large Language Models, it is wise to begin by considering the needs of the various stakeholders to the policy.
:::The stakeholders are:
:::1)     The users, 
:::2)     The source providers, and
:::3)     The editors
:::There may also be others with a minor stake in this policy, including the population at large.
:::The many needs of the users are currently addressed by long-standing [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policies]], so we can focus on what, if any, additional needs arise as LLMs are deployed. 
:::As always, users need assurance that propositional statements are accurate. This is covered by the existing policy on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiably]]. In addition, it is expected by both the users and those that provide materials used as sources for the text are [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|accurately attributed]]. This is also covered by [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|existing policies]].
:::To respect the time and effort of editors, a parsimonious policy will unburden editors from costly requirements that exceed benefits to the users.
:::Finally, it is important to recognize that because attention is our most valuable seizing attention unnecessarily is a form of theft. 
:::The following proposed policy statement results from these considerations:
:::Recommended Policy statement:
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verify the accuracy]] of propositional statements, regardless of the source.
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|attribute the source]] of propositional statements. In the case of LLM, cite the LLM model and the prompt used.
:::·       Use of various available templates to mark the use of LLM are optional. Templates that are flexible in noting the type and extend of LLM usage are preferred. Templates that avoid unduly distracting or alarming the user are preferred. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:56, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::::Do we discuss here or there? I have replied you there as your proposal is about that policy so it is tradition to discuss it at the affected talk page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:59, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{support}} Thanks for the proposed policy development and discussion; also note proposed policy talk page discussion: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:05, 24 March 2026 (UTC)
::I think the Wikiversity AI policy shall be official. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:11, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== New titles for user right nominations ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikiversity talk:Candidates for Custodianship#New titles for user right nominations]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;

I would like to propose the following retitles should a user be nominated for any of the following user rights:
* Curator: Candidates for Curatorship
* Bureaucrat: Candidates for Bureaucratship
The reason is that many curator (and probably bureaucrat) requests have run solely under {{tq|Candidates for Custodianship}}, but that title might sound misleading (especially in regards to the permission a user is requesting). CheckUser and Oversight (suppressor) are not included above since no user was nominated for these sensitive permissions, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:30, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

:And it's not that when someone at the beginning misplaced the request, no one thought to move it and the others copied it. Even today, it would be possible to simply take it all and move it. Otherwise, for me, the more fundamental problem is that there is [[Wikiversity:Curators|no approved policy for curators]] than where the requests are based. Curators then operate in a certain vacuum and if one of them &quot;breaks out of the chain&quot;, the average user doesn't have many transparent tools to deal with it, because there is no policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:02, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::I am not talking about the curator page (policy proposal). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:08, 21 March 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] I'll see if I can do an overhaul of [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]], just like I recently did with the Requests for adminship page on English Wikiquote. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:17, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, great idea - ideally there will be separate &quot;Candidates for ...&quot; pages for each user right group. The most important for now is to separate curator and custodian pages as CN suggests. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:So maybe I previously misunderstood. Are you proposing separated pages for nominations (i.e. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]])? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:33, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I see, then I am fine with that @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Sorry for misunderstanding. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

I've split the user rights nomination pages into:
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for CheckUser]]
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]]
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]
* [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]]

Please review. There are likely several links to update, text to adjust, categories to manage, short-cuts to fix etc. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:22, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks, great job @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. I am wondering if we need to move archived nominations too, or if we are OK with the actual state. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:08, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yes, I think that would be helpful. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:46, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I can do it @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I am just looking what system is there. I can see [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archive of nominations for full custodianship]] which is a good complementary overview to the subpages with full history. The name of the pages is probably stably, but I would consider to create more specific redirect like [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Overview of staff nominations]], which would link to the above one. Then there is a [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archived]], which are probably incomplete nominations, right? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Tx @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]. Yes, this makes sense. And maybe we move:
::::* archived '''curator''' nominations from [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archive of nominations for full custodianship]] to e.g., [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship/Archive of nominations]]
::::* archived '''bureaucrat''' nominations from [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship/Archive of nominations for full custodianship ]] to e.g., [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship/Archive of nominations]]
::::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:12, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::OK. That sounds good. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:25, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
:An svg icon for [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|curators]] would also be helpful. We have them for other user rights: [[c:Category:Wikiversity user rights icons]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:54, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Done: [[Wikiversity:Curators]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:44, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Technical Request:  Courtesy link.. ==

[[Template_talk:Information#Background_must_have_color_defined_as_well]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
: I can't edit the template directly as it need an sysop/interface admin to do it. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
:: Also if the Template field of - https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/night-mode-unaware-background-color is examined, there is poential for an admin to clear a substantial proportion of these by implmenting a simmilar fix to the indciated templates (and underlying stylesheets). It would be nice to clear things like Project box and others, as many other templates (and thus pages depend on them.) :)
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

:I think it would be best to grant you interface admin rights for a short period of time to make these changes. However, I still have doubts about the suitability of this solution, which may cause other problems and no one has explained to me why dark mode has to be implemented this way @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

: I would have reservations about holding such rights, which is why I was trying to do what I could without needing them. However if it is the only way to get the required changes made, I would suggest asking on Wikipedia to find technical editors, willing to undertake the changes needed. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:32, 21 March 2026 (UTC)

== WikiEducator has closed ==

Some of you may know of a similar project to Wikiversity, called [https://wikieducator.org/Main_Page WikiEducator], championed by [https://oerfoundation.org/about/staff/wayne-mackintosh/ Wayne Mackintosh][https://www.linkedin.com/posts/waynemackintosh_important-notice-about-the-oer-foundation-activity-7405113051688931329-Nhm9/][https://openeducation.nz/killed-not-starved/].

It seems [https://openeducation.nz/terminating-oer-foundation their foundation has closed] and they are no longer operating.

They had done quite a bit of outreach (e.g., in the Pacific and Africa) to get educators using wiki.

The WikiEducator content is still available in MediaWiki - and potentially could be imported to Wikiversity ([https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:Copyrights CC-BY-SA] is the default license).

The closing of WikiEducator arguably makes the nurturing of Wikiversity even more important.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:I was never active there. If anyone has an account or is otherwise in contact, we may want to copy relevant information here or even at [[:outreach:]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:46, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:: I reached out to [[User:Mackiwg~enwikiversity|Wayne]] in January, and he responded briefly but positively (while travelling).  I wrote to the low-traffic wikieducator mailing list today and got a nice [https://groups.google.com/g/wikieducator/c/r_yIyUw6ZIA reply] from [[user:SteveFoerster|Steve Foerster]] who's interested in helping. If we can figure out a migration path it would be great to adopt at least the main namespace pages here.  
:: A few questions that come to mind: 
:: - would people want to create matching user accounts
:: - are there any namespaces (user/talk?) that should not be moved over
:: We could look at how this was done for the [[m:Wikivoyage/Migration]] wikivoyage migration. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 2px 0 2px;background-color:white;color:#bbb;&quot;&gt;&amp;ndash;[[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff9900;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 04:27, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:::That's fantastic, SJ, that you've reached out and that Wayne, Steve, and Jim are receptive—and that you can help! -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:52, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews is ending ==

Apparently mainly due to low editorial activity, low public interest, but also failure to achieve the goals from the proposal for the creation of the project, the Wikinews project is ending after years of discussions ([[Meta:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|some reading]]).

And I would be interested to see how Wikiversity is doing in the monitored metrics. We probably have more editors than Wikinews had, but what about consumers and achieving the goals? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:14, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:Wikiversity's biggest issue in recent times was the hosting of low-quality, trash content. Thankfully we've done a great job in removing pseudoscience and other embarrassingly trash content (Wikidebates, for example), but the biggest concern moving forward is proper maintenance IMO. I've caught several pseudoscience pages being created within the last few months that could easily have flown under the radar (ex, [[The Kelemen Dilemma: Causal Collapse and Axiomatic Instability]]), so I'd urge our custodians/curators to be on the lookout for this type of content. Usually an AI-overview can point this type of content out relatively well.
:In terms of visibility, I believe Wikiversity is a high-traffic project. I remember my [[Mathematical Properties]] showing up on the first page of Google when searching up &quot;math properties&quot; for the longest time (and is still showing up in the first page 'till this day!). Besides, Wikinews hosted a lot of short-term content (the nature of news articles), while Wikiversity hosts content that can still be useful a decade later (ex, [[A Reader's Guide to Annotation]]). 
:I think we are on a better path than we were a few months ago, and I do want to thank everyone here who has been helping out with maintaining our website! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:For what it's worth, the group that did that study has since disbanded, so no one is monitoring the other sister projects in the same way. Additionally, Wikinews had some catastrophic server issues due to the maintenance of [[:m:Extension:DynamicPageList]] which don't apply here. Your questions are still worth addressing, but I just wanted to cut off any concern at the pass about Wikiversity being in the same precarious situation. Wikiversity is definitely the biggest &quot;lagging behind&quot; or &quot;failure&quot; project now that Wikinews is being shuttered, but I don't see any near- or medium-term pathway to closing Wikiversity. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]] (Wikipedia Signpost) -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:03, 11 April 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29941252 --&gt;
:I didnt find such properties, so we are probably fine. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:00, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
:: +1 (agreed). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC)

== Enable the abuse filter block action? ==

In light of [[Special:AbuseLog/80178]] (coupon spam), I would like to propose enabling the block action for the abuse filter. Only custodians will be able to enable and disable that action on an abuse filter, and it is useful to block ongoing vandalism. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:12, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

:Seems like a good idea, almost all of the users which create such pages are spambots so this shouldn’t be a problem. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:Can you explain some more (I am new to abuse filters)? It looks like the attempted edit was prevented? Which abuse filter?
:Note on your suggestion, have also reactivated Antispam Filter 12 - see [[WV:RCA]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:45, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I am proposing that we activate the abuse filter block action, which if a user triggers an abuse filter, it would actually block the user in question - the same mechanism that a custodian would use to block users. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:11, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, thankyou, that makes sense. And, reviewing the abuse filter 12 log, it would be helpful because it would prevent the need for manual blocking. But I don't see a setting for autoblocking? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:14, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::: I think it probably adds an autoblock. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:43, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
: [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], given that a little bit more than a week has passed and there is minimal consensus to activate the abuse filter block action, I filed [[phab:T424053]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank-you for doing this. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:03, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Advice needed: A Neurodiversity-inspired Idea/observation ==

If I want the greatest participation of others to &quot;provide constructive criticism to my idea&quot; or to &quot;shoot down my idea&quot; or &quot;idea&quot;.

What I've called it so far is &quot;The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea&quot;. At other times I used more sensationalist wording but here on Wikiversity I don't dare do that. I actually woke up with thinking about putting this into my userspace draft: &quot;Personal Observations Made By Meeting Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults&quot;.

My ultimate goal is to stop blathering about my &quot;idea&quot; to friend and family without feeling my &quot;methodology&quot; is going into any progressive direction whatsoever. My latest encounter was somewhat constructive though. A friend of a friend who worked with people presenting ideas in attempting to getting grants. I don't want a grant. I just want to figure out how I can express my &quot;idea&quot; in a way so that I can more clearly figure out what flaws it got.

At the same time I tend to overthink. If anyone thinks etherpad might be a good place and considering Wikimedia already got an etherpad at https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/ if anyone feels like they know me better in the future feel free to suggest a &quot;session&quot; on etherpad.

'''If I don't receive a reply to this in 1 week's time I will begin to explore this &quot;idea&quot; into my userspace''' unless you replied and refrained me from doing so, of course. Then maybe after &quot;developing it there&quot; I might reference it to you another future time here in the Colloquium, with my &quot;idea&quot; still in my userspace draft. This &quot;idea&quot; is sort of a burden, I'm happy I've made the choice to get rid of it and hopefully move on with my life, unless there is something to this &quot;idea&quot;. 

My failure is probably evident: I feel I haven't told you anything. Same happened to when I talked to friends and family. In danger of overthinking it further I'll publish this right now. I need to &quot;keep it together&quot; [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:36, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

:Good on you putting it out there ... and hitting publish :). I'd say go for it (no need to wait), give birth to your idea and share about it here and elsewhere. Let it take shape and see where it might go. In many ways, this is exactly what an open collaborative learning community should be doing. Others might not know well how to respond, so perhaps consider creating some questions to accompany the idea. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:21, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for encouraging me in developing the idea.
::I have created a &quot;questions&quot; section in the draft which is visible in the table of contents now. My brain was &quot;frozen&quot; today metaphorically speaking in that I felt I had like a &quot;writer's block&quot; so the draft has more &quot;AI/LLM&quot; content than before. I used the LLM for generating questions. The answers are so far human-only.
::I've also created a subsection where I could add the prompts that made the LLM generate the questions. That could help people make better prompts perhaps. I've described what it is about inside of it and there are some chaotically written notes.
::[[Draft:The_Neurodiversity-inspired_Idea#Questions_that_might_encourage_the_development_of_this_idea_and_its_methodology]]
::My draft is missing stuff. Any questions that you contribute to my draft will probably help me and if I don't understand the questions I'll probably notify you and also at the same time &quot;feed them&quot; to an LLM and ask in my input like &quot;explain in simple words what this question means, what is it searching for?&quot; etc. while I wait for an answer. If you have any more feedback please give it to me here or on the Draft page, its talk page or my user talk page. Thank you for helping me! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 21:20, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::Today I woke up with not only thinking about supplying questions along with the &quot;idea&quot; but also answers. ie. Is it possible to &quot;test&quot; this idea? Is it possible to create one or multiple hypotheses based on this &quot;idea&quot;?(etc.) I've thought about this before in this &quot;idea&quot; but since I'm beginning to add to Wikiversity what was previously 'locked in my mind' it's also easier for me to see what I've done so far. Thank you for this comment! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 09:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC)
:May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish. Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet. Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible. Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents. --  [[User:Eric.LEWIN|Eric.LEWIN]] ([[User talk:Eric.LEWIN|discussion]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eric.LEWIN|contributions]]) 10:06, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sorry about the false positive on the profanity filter - I've fixed it. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:26, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish.&quot;
::Thank you Eric for this comment. Trust in time is how I interpret it. I should not feel like I need to be in a hurry. I'll try to give this time. Thank you!
:::&quot;Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet.&quot;
::A central place for developing or making &quot;project notes&quot; regarding the Neurodiversity idea on my userspace, I might need that, like a diary or &quot;project notes&quot; of the Neurodiversity idea similar to my course notes regarding my experience with Coursera.
::Any actions I take are going to be related to my Userspace from now on but I'll also update the draft when necessary. Now in the beginning I might be working daily to once every 3 days on both the draft and the daily notes I plan to make.
:::&quot;Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible.&quot;
::Thank you for the advice. I was brainstorming yesterday about it. I concluded that since I've not yet developed a methodology that adheres to &quot;Do no harm&quot; and this is my first time working my &quot;idea&quot; into a way that is compatible with how projects develop on English Wikiversity this is new to me. My methodology isn't developed and therefore trying to get attention to my project through a name can wait. Yesterday I figured out a silly title that has nothing to do with the project: &quot;Planetary Awareness Potato Cabbage Rolls&quot; or something like that. Google output read that no such thing exists so I wanted it mainly to be unique. I don't want to raise attention that I'm unsure whether I'll actually be capable of developing a methodology for but project notes is my best bet so far in tracking my progress. Every day I think about this &quot;idea&quot; but I need to improve the important parts.
:::&quot;Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents.&quot;
::You added great points and I felt that I was helped by you! I encourage you to post again and I can understand that interacting with any kind of automated filter can be discouraging and can be for me too! Thank you for giving me feedback! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 16:01, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

== Add some user rights to the curator user group? ==

By default, only custodians have the ability to mark new pages as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;) and have their own page creations automatically marked as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;). I am proposing both of the following:
* Curators can mark new pages as patrolled, helping on reducing the backlog of new, unpatrolled pages.
* New pages made by curators will be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software.
Before we implement this, I would suggest implementing a proposed guideline for marking new pages as patrolled for curators and custodians.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

:Agree, &lt;s&gt;also can we also allow curators to undelete pages since they already have the rights to delete them?&lt;/s&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::I think the requirement that undelete NOT be included came from above (meta / stewards / central office). Having access to the undelete page gives access to information that is restricted by their policies to admins (custodians and bureaucrats). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:12, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], unless if requests for curator and custodian should be RfA-like processes (that is, including voting and comments), then I have to agree with Dave above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:03, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Oh, I didn’t realise that. Withdrawing my comment.. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} Seems reasonable and would reduce overhead. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:'''Agree''', implement it also to [[Wikiversity:Curators]] proposal please. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:11, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: I went ahead and filed [[phab:T424445]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:39, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Curators|Curators and curators policy]] ==
{{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:15, 9 May 2026 (UTC)}}
How does it come, that Wikiversity has curators, but Curators policy is still being proposed? How do the curators exists and act if the policy about them havent been approved yet? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

:It looks as if it is not just curators. The policy on Bureaucratship is still being proposed as well. See [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:33, 27 October 2025 (UTC)

:I think its just the nature of a small WMF sister project in that there are lots of drafts, gaps, and potential improvements. In this case, these community would need to vote on those proposed Wikiversity staff policies if we think they're ready. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:08, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
:What? I thought you were getting it approved, Juandev... :) [[User:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris]] ([[User talk:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|contribs]]) 14:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah I think this one is important too and we need to aprove it too @[[User:I'm Mr. Chris|I'm Mr. Chris]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:56, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I thinks its ready to made into a policy, it seems to be complete and informative about what the rights does and how to get it. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:08, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Agree -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:00, 27 March 2026 (UTC)

Let's make this the official discussion about adopting the [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators policy]] policy. Your comments are invited and welcome. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: There were two similar Colloquium threads in separate places about the proposed curators policy. So I've moved them to be adjacent. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Wikiversity:Curators to become a policy ==
{{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:16, 9 May 2026 (UTC)}}
I've looked at the discussions about the Curators policy, I've looked at the practices, and it seems to me that there is no dispute about the wording of the policy, and what's more, the community has been using this proposal as if it were an offical policy for several years. Therefore, I propose that [[Wikiversity:Curators]] become a policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{support|Yes, please}}. Especially after when I and PieWriter proposed above, I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:27, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]; as of now, curators now have the user rights &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;. Perhaps we should also include that in [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:07, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::You meant [[Wikiversity:Curators]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:15, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: I agree that we must develop what rules curators should follow when marking new pages as patrolled; the same can be added for custodians since they can also mark new pages as patrolled. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:37, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::I see, well I think you can just add this to the policy. It is not major change and it probably reflects actual practice or actual technical possibilities for those flags. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:20, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}} per nom. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 13:32, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
{{Archive bottom}}

== Inactive curators ==

Hello, even though [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is not a policy yet, there are curators listed here that have been inactive for two years or more:
* {{user|Cody naccarato}} (last edit on 13 Dec 2022, last logged action on 10 Dec 2022)
* {{user|Praxidicae}} (last edit on 10 Sep 2022, last logged action on 12 Sep 2022)
[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:14, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I would remove the rights. To get the rights back if theyll come back should not be a big deal. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:08, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: When they don't reply by May 19, feel free (or any custodian) to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:28, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? ==

Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? Is there anyone here who is interested for Neurodiversity to be &quot;something more&quot; than it already is? Does anyone here consider Neurodiversity one of the &quot;harder topics&quot; to work on or discuss? Does anyone here have an opinion about the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]? So these questions don't appear like &quot;out of a vacuum&quot; I can tell you a bit about my background:

Many years ago I got a psychiatric diagnosis &quot;Asperger's&quot;. After I stepped out of the office and my Äsperger's was 'concluded', I stepped out into the street and thought my first negative thought(but the positive thought followed after). The thought was about concentration camps in the second world war and that the world seemed to be going into the direction of &quot;labeling others&quot;. I was unsure whether this was &quot;real science&quot; and sort of &quot;challenged myself&quot; to make up my own mind after meeting people that had been given this diagnosis. The more adults with this diagnosis I met the more I started seeing &quot;patterns&quot;.

Was it a coincidence that the first person with Asperger's I met reminded me about my father later after I had plenty of times of experience with interacting with him? None of the people I interacted with online through IRC text chat...I felt I got any clue about how &quot;their brains work&quot;. Only when I met one person from the Asperger's chat community in person we both realized that whatever we experienced was akin to the &quot;chaos theory&quot;. He told me about &quot;chaos theory&quot; while I didn't know even what that term meant but I guess I 'read between the lines'. My question that I linger on still today is &quot;did he understand about me what I think I understood about him?&quot;? That our brains had the same configuration? Most autistic adults who meet other autistic adults usually get disappointed. They think the diagnosis will help them meet somebody like themselves and then they realize the great diversity in the autistic spectrum created by Psychiatry.

I later stopped interacting with autistic communities that much, I felt that it did not benefit me. Also Neurodiversity's &quot;neurotypes&quot; interested me for a while until I realized I had &quot;misunderstood everything&quot; about them and how they are used in the Neurodiversity Movement or &quot;Neurodiversity community&quot; if that even can precisely be defined? I doubt it but if you want to contribute to the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]. My previous attempts failed as I got more and more confused. I think a community project needs a community. With a lack of that I don't think it is worth my time. If any of you would like to work on that project let me know on my talk page.

So I was kinda lost and was talking to my friend and psychologist and I realized if I never talk about my idea to anyone in a &quot;comprehensive way&quot; or show that it matters to me nothing is going to ever happen. So I started talking about my &quot;idea&quot; more. Nobody could understand the &quot;idea&quot; because I had not developed my skills regarding where to start...although the process had already started &quot;automatically&quot; and that's why I often think of &quot;well my brain sort of activated me&quot;. I don't feel like I did have a plan and this idea happened. It happened &quot;by itself&quot;. My brain reacted to what I was seeing in a video or stream.

I value interaction highly in this idea. I think it would be helpful to make a community of people who are not paranoid about stuff that can express itself like &quot;don't analyze me!&quot;, &quot;don't compare me to anyone!&quot;. 

On the contrary, more often than not those adults who were diagnosed were actually openly comparing themselves with each other and I think that is healthy in a &quot;science&quot; way if done the &quot;right way&quot; which probably means &quot;Do no harm&quot;.

I found video material is important but I'm very unsure if uploading own video material to Wikimedia Commons would constitute a &quot;reasonable&quot; use of the resources there. Maybe somebody here needs to ask more questions to me that I should answer before that happens. I also know the '''be bold''' so I could just do what I think might be ok. Though I work better in a group as long as I know what &quot;group configurations&quot; help me. This is in a non-profit way. Since the state supported me this might be a way I am trying to &quot;give back&quot; to the state and &quot;the world&quot;. May seem overly ambitious and crazy but this thing gives me energy. It gives me hope when trying to develop this idea. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:47, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for sharing. There is plenty of room for neurodiversity community learning. However, the challenge I think is that the intersection of those interested in (a) ND, and (b) English Wikiversity might be very small (e.g., 1!) at this point in time.
:But don't give up hope. For example, Wikipedia has many more ND-interested editors; maybe consider reaching out to see who might be interested:
:[[w:Category:Wikipedians interested in neurodiversity]]
:You could also start an equivalent category here:
:[[:Category:Wikiversitarians interested in neurodiversity]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:46, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== Coming over From wikinews ==

Any chance someone could help me if you are allowed to write news articles here since wikinews is going read only mode soon, thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:43, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

:The scope of Wikiversity is very broad and is basically about more-or-less any learning material. We have made it a point to not have duplicative content of other WMF projects, but since Wikinews is being shuttered, I personally am fine with writing news articles here. One thing that is not controversial at all is a learning resource &lt;em&gt;about&lt;/em&gt; how to write news: that could be hugely useful here and could involve the process of writing news stories to learn and to share back and forth with an editor or fact-checker. In fact, I'd support an entire namespace dedicated to keeping the notion of Wikinews alive here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:38, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you so much! How do I start? Cheers! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:07, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I think it's premature to start just making news articles en masse, but if you want to start discussing the topic of citizen journalism, you can do that now. [[:Category:Journalism]] already has some material, so you can start by seeing what we already have, how you can refine that, etc. You can definitely have learning resources with collaborators who want to learn about journalism ASAP. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:38, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::If I could try and start one News Article could you please tell me how to go about it? Like what style of writing like Wikinews or something else? Thank you Justin! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:48, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::Honestly, there are very few policies and guidelines here. I think the best way to write a news story would be in a manner that is obvious and instructive. So, for instance, it's common to use the &quot;pyramid style&quot; when you're writing news, so if you were to write a story that makes it very clear that you are using that approach, that would be helpful. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:08, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::cool thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 02:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC)

== Language learning  ==

toki! I am trying to add or see what the toki pona language learning stuff on here is but I don't see anything that is language learning for anything. [[User:Jan Imon|Jan Imon]] ([[User talk:Jan Imon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan Imon|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:29, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

:We have language materials ([[:Category:Languages]], [[World Languages]], [[Portal:Foreign Language Learning]], [[Portal:Multilingual Studies]]). They are not as developed as I think we would all like and there's not any coverage of Toki Pona, but in principle, we could and would like that. You can also see [[:b:Subject:Languages]] at our sister project Wikibooks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:33, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== Timeline format? ==

I’ve been working on the World War II articles, including the [[World War II/Timeline|timeline]], and is there a specific timeline format that should be used? Right now it’s just a table, and there’s no separation between different periods/phases of the war.

I don’t want to use [[mw:Extension:EasyTimeline]] because this will be displaying dates and not time periods. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 01:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

:I dont think we have a policy or guideline, how to format a timeline. But you may try to browes wikiversity by Google if someone was dealing with this in the past somewhow @[[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:23, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::+1 - there's no specific guideline on how to format a timeline, it's really up to you. In my opinion I think the timeline is good. I'd personally bold the dates just to make it easier to separate it from the event description, but that's my personal 2 cents. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:18, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I’ll probably remove links to the dates/years, they’re just Wikipedia pages that shouldn’t be over linked to. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 00:39, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator for Codename Noreste ==

Hello, everyone. I am requesting interface administrator access on this wiki.

The main reasoning is that I would benefit from having the user right &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;, which would allow me to make dark mode changes to pages in the MediaWiki namespace, add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to some interface pages using templates, handle interface-protected edit requests, and similar stuff. Additionally, I have some knowledge of CSS, and I would like to assist with modifying CSS pages whenever necessary, such as moving MediaWiki common.css code to TemplateStyles CSS pages.

I am requesting the maximum time that is allowed per the [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|policy]], and I have 2FA enabled on my account. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:55, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

*{{support}} Globally trusted user. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:07, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} Trusted and knowledgeable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:35, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} WV would benefit from this. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 08:32, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:13, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Comment}} Could @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]], which was requested to be deleted @[[User:Koavf|Justin]], @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]? I dont think we need it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:40, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yes - clearly no longer used -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:18, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::: I can't delete it because I don't have the required permissions to do so.
::: On a side note, if this project has a need for permanent interface administrators, I would suggest that we have a minimum of two IAs, similar to how there must be two CUs and/or suppressors (or none). Maybe Koavf can be a good candidate if I am elected for permanent interface adminship, and I believe that permission shouldn't be removed from someone's own account. Instead, a bureaucrat should do it. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:20, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I am willing and happy to do it, unfortunately, we do not have an appetite for indef IAs and just had a discussion that resulted in a [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Interface_administrators&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2807543 consensus that we can have IAs that have the user rights for 14 to 120 days]. So once you have the rights, please make sure to gopher it. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:54, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] give it time. Look at me, I was in favor of shorter time, now I am looking back to times, when custodians could do it without the need of extra flag. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::Here's hoping. I think it would reduce administrative overhead, but that's just me and I'm not a bureaucrat here. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:33, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Complicated. Where are the times, admins could do everything! [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:27, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]] to become a policy ==

Following the recent approval of [[Wikiversity:Curators]] as a policy, I think [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]] may also be ready for policy status.

Please share your views about whether bureaucratship is ready to become a policy, or whether further revisions are needed.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 13:58, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
: I added a logo about that user group, but other than that, it looks good to me. {{support}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think that the consensus on this policy is proven by years of using it without further changes. But I I have to say weather I agree with this to become a policy, than of course {{support}}. It works and there were no major issues with it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:45, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} no issues. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:51, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 06:51, 12 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1ur5frisibh05avu8w9dxlb7ll0v0wa</sha1>
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      <comment>/* Need of IAs */ reply to Juandev ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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{| style=&quot;border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
|class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width: 55%; border:1px solid #084080; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top;color:#000000;font-size: 85%&quot;|
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background-color:#F5FFFA&quot;
! &lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; background-color:#CEF2E0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #084080; text-align:left; color:#082840; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;&quot;&gt; '''Hello Koavf! [[Wikiversity:Welcome, newcomers|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?|Wikiversity]]!''' If you decide that you need help, check out [[Wikiversity:Help desk]], ask the [[Wikiversity:Support staff|support staff]], or ask me on my talk page. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (~&amp;#126;~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. Below are some recommended guidelines to facilitate your involvement. Happy Editing! -- [[User:Trevor MacInnis|Trevor MacInnis]] 22:28, 4 September 2006 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
|}
{| style=&quot;border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
|class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width: 55%; border:1px solid #FFFFFF; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top&quot;|
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background-color:#F5FFFA&quot;
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|-
|style=&quot;color:#000&quot;|
* [[Wikiversity:Guided tour|Take a guided tour]]
* [[Help:Editing|How to edit a page]]
* [[Wikiversity:Be bold|Be bold in editing]]
* [[Portal:Learning Projects|Learning Projects]]
* [[Wikiversity:What Wikiversity is not|What Wikiversity is not]]
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; background:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #cef2e0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;&quot;&gt;Getting your info out there&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;color:#000&quot;|
* [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|Cite your sources]]
* [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|Neutral Point of View]]
* [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|Verifiability]]
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; background:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #cef2e0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;&quot;&gt;Getting more Wikiversity rules&lt;/div&gt;
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| style=&quot;color:#000&quot;|
* [[Wikiversity:Policies|Policy Library]]
|-
|}
|class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width: 55%; border:1px solid #FFFFFF; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top&quot;|
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background-color:#F5FFFA&quot;
! &lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; background-color:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #CEF2E0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;&quot;&gt;Getting Help&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;color:#000&quot;|
* [[Wikiversity:Research|Research guidelines]]
* [[Wikiversity:Help desk|Help Desk]]
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; background-color:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #cef2e0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;&quot;&gt;Getting along&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;color:#000&quot;|
* [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]]
* [[Wikiversity:Sign your posts on talk pages|Sign your posts]]
* [[Wikiversity:Scholarly ethics|Scholarly ethics]]
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; background-color:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #cef2e0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;&quot;&gt;Getting technical&lt;/div&gt;
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|style=&quot;color:#000&quot;|
[[Image:Wikimedia Foundation RGB logo with text.svg|60px|right]]
* [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]]
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== wikitravel ==

Hi. You removed links to Wikitravel. Why? --[[User:Abd|Abd]] ([[User talk:Abd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Abd|contribs]]) 12:44, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
:'''Wikitravel links''' Per discussion at [[w:Template:Wikitravel|en.wp]] as well as [[m:Interwiki map|Meta]] to remove links at those projects. If you want to keep links and references here at en.v, I guess that's fine. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:28, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

== Thanks. ==

I see you got it before I explained. Wikiversity is disconcerting to those familiar with the encyclopedia projects, and the other content-oriented projects. While we do have a content mission, we ''also'' have a &quot;learning by doing&quot; mission, which is about ''people.'' Our product is not just content, it is education, and there is no education without users who are educated, and sophisticated education is always about process and people skills and the rest. I would argue that the encyclopedia projects also need to be welcoming, if the full mission is to be fulfilled, but ... they developed with a very narrow focus and absent the realization that an environment that was easily seen as hostile would damage the mission.

The 20th century saw the development of systems and skills and process for maximizing consensus, and the only reliable measure of neutrality is level of consensus. (I.e., if everyone involved agrees, 100% consensus, while what they agree upon only might possibly turn out, in the end, to be defective or invalid, there is no better measure!). So to the extent that there is exclusion, to that extent, the assessment of neutrality can be warped.

Obviously, compromises are necessary, but &quot;compromise&quot; requires tolerating a level of damage, and that is easily forgotten. When the importance of consensus being as broad as possible is realized, a community will find ways to keep conversation open, on some level, in some place, otherwise the community becomes locked into what I call the &quot;tyranny of the past.&quot; There is a children's song that was part of a therapeutic response to Reactive Attachment Disorder:
:'''There is always something you can do, do, do'''
:'''When you're getting in a stew, stew, stew.'''

Mostly, it involves simmering down, dropping upset and reactive response, and, when calm, communicating.

While this kind of work has been done on Wikipedia, often in user space -- it's what I did, successfully mediating disputes, such that users at each other's throats became cooperative ''with each other'' -- this was mumbo-jumbo nonsense to too many on Wikipedia. For example, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Abd_user_pages], which included many pages of historical function, including evidence presented to ArbCom. I found it very strange that ArbCom did not care that evidence used in a case was being deleted, but ArbCom consists of too many elevated beyond their competence by popularity (as well as many other highly-experienced and thoughtful user; but the system tends to burn them out and they become less attentive.)

[[w:User:Abd/Dispute over thermoeconomics]] was particularly educational. In that mediation, a professor was revert warring with Randy from Boise, so to speak, and one or both were about to be blocked. It took very little to develop cooperation, mostly just sitting them down together with some support. Hmmm... I'm thinking of asking that these pages be transwikied to Wikiversity, precisely for historical study.

Looking for the link to that, I came across [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/User:UBX/Esperanza_returns this]. It shows a quick and major clue to what happened on en.wiki. Two three-letter users with a conflict. One was an administrator taken to ArbCom by the other, and the administrator was trout-slapped by ArbCom and then, it is obvious, revenge was exacted, by the admin and his friends. This was long-continued and, while not unnoticed, never sanctioned. Admins can be hostile, this one was more than hostile, he was highly insulting at times, using obscene language, and using tools while involved, was reprimanded, made small adjustments to his behavior, but continued pretty much unimpeded. And, as you know, this is not uncommon. He is even a likeable Guy. I consider this all the responsibility ''of the community.'' Blaming people for what comes naturally for them is not productive. Such people generally will modify behavior in a functional community.

Notice the irony. The userbox was &quot;Esperanza returns,&quot; referring to the project designed to foster civility and welcome and cooperation. Esperanza, of course, means Hope. So the nominator was saying, &quot;Hope will never return.&quot; Esperanza was crushed when it temporarily was inactive. Instead of improving the governance, which was easily possible, it was crushed with ''vehemence,'' see the [[w:Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Wikipedia:Esperanza|MfD]]. Why?

To any serious student of human organizational structure, it's obvious.

Wikiversity is the slim thread of hope, and if it is not protected and defended, hope will break.

Thanks again. --[[User:Abd|Abd]] ([[User talk:Abd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Abd|contribs]]) 15:17, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

== Curator ==

Hi! I've noticed and appreciated your recent efforts on behalf of Wikiversity. Do you have any interest in becoming a [[Wikiversity:Curators|Wikiversity curator]]? It would give you additional tools to make some clean-up easier. I'd be happy to nominate/support you if you are interested. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 17:11, 19 October 2016 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Dave Braunschweig}} I'd be delited and honored. I started editing here as soon as it was founded and I've always wanted to collaborate more on philosophy. If I had some more tools here, I think I'd be more active as well. Thanks for the invitation. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:16, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

::Thanks! And thanks for creating the nomination page. I was in the process, but you beat me to it. :-) -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 18:01, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

:::Congratulations! Let me know if you have any questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 02:47, 21 October 2016 (UTC)
::::{{Ping|Dave Braunschweig}} Definitely. Thank you again. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 03:19, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

== Welcome ==

There's also {{tlx|welcomeip}}. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:25, 24 February 2017 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Dave Braunschweig}} Brilliant. Thanks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:44, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

== Deletion request ==

Hey Justin,

I was wondering if you could delete [[Module:Color contrast‎]], a page I've created accidentally. I was switching between tabs with the intention of creating the page at Beta Wikiversity, and you know the rest. :) Thanks in advance.

Best,

[[User:Vito Genovese|{{font|color=#008000|'''Vito Genovese'''}}]] 23:10, 12 March 2017 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Vito Genovese}} No problem--accidents happen. Happy to help, Vito. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:13, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

== Do humans have free will? ==

Hi Koavf!

The Wikidebate [[Do humans have free will?]] appears to be well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 16:12, 4 July 2017 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Marshallsumter}} It's certainly a good start. Go for it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:14, 4 July 2017 (UTC)

== Does everything happen for a sufficient reason? ==

Hi Koavf!

[[Does everything happen for a sufficient reason?]] also appears well-developed! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 16:32, 4 July 2017 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Marshallsumter}} Go for it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:26, 4 July 2017 (UTC)

== New wikidebate syntax ==

Hi Justin! Just wanted to let you know that I made a new improvement to the software and syntax. It's now even cleaner and more compatible with the visual editor. Hope you like it, cheers! --[[User:Sophivorus|Felipe]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 23:58, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

== Learning bass guitar with Joseph Patrick Moore ==

Hi Koavf!

Your course [[Learning bass guitar with Joseph Patrick Moore]] appears well-developed and ready for learners! Would you like to have it announced on our Main Page News? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 00:18, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Marshallsumter}} Not yet, please. I'm still uploading videos and fleshing out the text portion. I'd be delighted for it to be featured soon, tho. I'll ping you when I'm done-ish. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:30, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

== User:Beogradbulevar ==

Most posts relating to boxing or chess are from globally banned user George Reeves Person. Typical attacks come when he gets off work between 2 and 5 p.m. CST, and occasionally later, particularly on Fridays or Saturdays. He uses public libraries for Internet access, and typically doesn't post after 9 p.m. CST. It's unfortunate, but we really have to watch who posts what in the mid-to-late afternoons and be vigilant in blocking the content and not welcoming the user. See [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Marshallsumter]] for the damage it causes. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:25, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Dave Braunschweig}} Wow. Thanks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:54, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

== CU ==

I closed the CU nomination due to the low number of recent additions to the discussion. It just seemed like we wouldn't meet the criteria in a reasonable time. Thanks for offering to help with this and perhaps we can try again in the future. We appreciate your contributions. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:45, 29 January 2020 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Mu301}} For sure. Thanks yourself. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:21, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

== history of covid in the usa ==

Hi {{PAGENAME}}

I was idly surfing the wsj and suddenly realized all articles I was looking at had a video posted right at the top.(example:https://www.wsj.com/articles/some-covid-19-patients-show-signs-of-heart-damage-months-later-11600866000). The video section is 8:06 minutes long and is a short version of the history of pandemic in the usa.

I don't know how to get the url of the video itself. Can you help? Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:57, 2 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Ottawahitech}} Load the page in your browser and use the networking console--you can usually get this to display by pressing F12. You'll find that this video is served up as a playlist of several bits with the URI https://oms.dowjoneson.com/b/ss/djglobal/1/JS-2.17.0/s04078897862906?AQB=1&amp;ndh=1&amp;pf=1&amp;t=2%2F10%2F2020%2013%3A6%3A8%201%20300&amp;mid=71630168209780702446627362471898499848&amp;ce=UTF-8&amp;pageName=WSJLive_Video_How%20Coronavirus%20Spread%20Across%20the%20U.S.%20to%20Reach%20200%2C000%20Deaths_372&amp;g=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsome-covid-19-patients-show-signs-of-heart-damage-months-later-11600866000&amp;c.&amp;a.&amp;media.&amp;friendlyName=How%20Coronavirus%20Spread%20Across%20the%20U.S.%20to%20Reach%20200%2C000%20Deaths&amp;length=486&amp;name=AE28508C-C7DF-406E-814F-69C8FAAD1A86&amp;playerName=Web&amp;channel=WSJ&amp;show=Feature%20Explainer&amp;originator=cmccall&amp;genre=WSJ_News_U.S.%20News&amp;digitalDate=original_2020-09-22%2011%3A58_current_2020-09-22%2011%3A58&amp;feed=video&amp;network=115&amp;format=user%20initiated&amp;streamType=video&amp;view=true&amp;vsid=160434036774097779839&amp;.media&amp;contentType=vod&amp;.a&amp;page.&amp;content.&amp;type=Article&amp;.content&amp;full.&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsome-covid-19-patients-show-signs-of-heart-damage-months-later-11600866000&amp;.full&amp;site=Online%20Journal&amp;.page&amp;video.&amp;player.&amp;type=Web&amp;technology=html%203.41.2.205&amp;.player&amp;keywords=CORONAVIRUS%20RESPONSE%7CCORONAVIRUS%20TESTING%7CCOVID-19%20TESTING%7CDANIELA%20HERNANDEZ%7CPANDEMIC%7CTESTING%20SITES&amp;base.&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsome-covid-19-patients-show-signs-of-heart-damage-months-later-11600866000&amp;.base&amp;.video&amp;article.&amp;id=SB11126288623532913915004586647794135594296&amp;author=Sarah%20Toy&amp;publish=2020-09-23%2013%3A00&amp;publish.&amp;orig=2020-09-23%2013%3A00&amp;.publish&amp;.article&amp;ad.&amp;blank.&amp;start=false&amp;.blank&amp;disabled=true&amp;catastrophic.&amp;blocker=false&amp;.catastrophic&amp;.ad&amp;.c&amp;pe=ms_s&amp;pev3=video&amp;s=1600x900&amp;c=24&amp;j=1.6&amp;v=N&amp;k=Y&amp;bw=781&amp;bh=776&amp;mcorgid=CB68E4BA55144CAA0A4C98A5%40AdobeOrg&amp;AQE=1 or somesuch (it may not be identical for you). If you open this in VLC Player, you can save playlists as videos. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:09, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Custodianship==
Welcome to en.wv custodianship [[User:Koavf]]. Thanks for helping. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:04, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

:Merci, James. I hope I'm an asset to the community. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:50, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

== Bowling article ==

Hey there Koavf! I've created that [[Bowling Fundamentals|bowling article]] we discussed at the Colloquium. Do you have any advice on how I can further improve it? [[User:Contributor 118,784|Contributor 118,784]] ([[User talk:Contributor 118,784|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Contributor 118,784|contribs]]) 01:20, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

:Nice. I don't have any particular feedback other than what I mentioned there. I'm pretty ignorant about bowling. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:26, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
::Fair, thank you! [[User:Contributor 118,784|Contributor 118,784]] ([[User talk:Contributor 118,784|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Contributor 118,784|contribs]]) 09:18, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

== RCA talkback (January 2024) ==

{{talkback|WV:RCA|User:50.118.222.66 has been flooding our abuse filter log with spam}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:31, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

== Invitation to discuss page deletion policy ==

A discussion that might interest you has been started at [[Wikiversity:Requests_for_Deletion#Wikiversity:Deletion_Convention_2024]]. -- [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 17:54, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

== RCA talkback ==

{{tb|Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action#Induced_stem_cells_copyright_issues}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:02, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

== Report ==

Hello, I would like to report this user, who has a COI: [[Special:Contributions/Oluwadarasimi Morayo]]

Thank you. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:51, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks. It's best to leave these at a board like [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]], but this was obvious spam. Cheers. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:19, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

== Files ==
Hello! Thank you for deleting files once again!

You made a comment about &quot;all local uploads&quot;. 

Fair-use is not allowed on Commons so the 2,712 files in [[:Category:All non-free media]] can't go to Commons. But as I understand [[Wikiversity:Requests_for_Deletion#Deleting_ALL_non-free_uploads_by_User:Marshallsumter]] the files uploaded by Marshallsumter could be deleted. That would eliminate 1,126 files. Since [[Wikiversity:Uploading_files#Exemption_Doctrine_Policy]] allow fair use it would require a vote/discussion to change that. 

Young1lim uploads many pdf-files and as far as I know Commons generally do not like pdf-files. Except when it is scans of old books etc. So I do not think those files should go to Commons right now.

There are still many files in [[Special:UnusedFiles]]. Right now 1,422 but some are uploaded by Young1lim. But the latest deletion request ended with delete so I think there is concensus to delete files. But some were also found good and moved to Commons. So the question is if we need another discussion about the files or if someone (you?) could just go through the files when you have a little time and either move to Commons or delete. If you think we could make one final discussion about all the files and ask for a go to the &quot;any admin that want to can check the files and either move to Commons or delete&quot;. Then noone can come later and complain that you or another admin just deleted a file without warning.

If there are 40k files in total. Perhaps 22k are pdf uploaded by Young1lim. 3k are non-free. 1.5k are unused. That would leave around 13.5k free files in use. That is a lot of files to check. I do not think there are many users that are willing to spend much time checking those files. 

But it would help if no more free files are uploaded (except pdf). There is allready a text on the top of [[Special:Upload]] suggesting commons. But it could perhaps be made more clear. And perhaps some of the options on [[MediaWiki:Licenses]] could be removed. --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 18:01, 27 July 2024 (UTC)

:Yeah, to be clear, I appreciate that sister projects like e.g. Wikibooks allow a lot of free-use files because they allow video game strategy guides and there is substantial value in screenshots or Wikipedia allows album covers and film posters as identifying media. I'm not proposing any change to policy and I accept that there are reasons for fair use, so I apologize for that sloppy wording. That said, I definitely think we should have minimal fair use if any at all.
:As for PDFs, there are plenty at Commons: I have uploaded dozens and dozens of books, scientific articles, etc. It's not a problem, but it's just not optimal for many kinds of files, such as maps or something.
:I'm happy to help and slog thru the uplaods if you start a conversation. Just ping me. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:49, 27 July 2024 (UTC)
:: Yes fair use have some benefits. But If we/someone is going to make a cleanup it could perhaps be a good idea to first have a discussion about it. So I will start a post about fair use on wikiversity.
:: And about unused files I will start a deletion discussion (again) just to be sure.
:: If you feel like deleting files you could kill the files uploaded by Marshallsumter. :-) --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 09:25, 29 July 2024 (UTC)
::: I started a discussion at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Fair_use_on_Wikiversity]]. Lets see what happens. --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 21:23, 29 July 2024 (UTC)
:::: With the files of Marshallsumter gone that really helped a lot! Lets see what everyone thinks about the rest of the files. It will probably take weeks the get enough comments. But thats okay. It is summer and vacation time and if the files have been around for years they can easily wait a little longer. --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 19:20, 31 July 2024 (UTC)
Hello! Some files have been moved to Commons if you would like to have. Look 😊 --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 19:35, 3 March 2025 (UTC)

:1,587&lt;2,712, that's for sure. I'll try to keep chipping away at these. Thanks for the reminder. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:06, 3 March 2025 (UTC)

== Revert? ==

Why did you revert this argument?  I wanted (humorously) to make the observation that the guilty party at the end of a suicide is dead but is the only one that can be punished.  Attempted and assisted suicide wasn't included.  [[Special:Contributions/176.0.152.191|176.0.152.191]] ([[User talk:176.0.152.191|discuss]]) 22:27, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:It's not really a venue for hilarious jokes about killing. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:44, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
::but I remember there was really some law along that line. With a similar explanation. Some king (could be from a fairy tale, but I don't believe so) wanted to outlaw suicide and his advisers had this idea. The judge (or the king himself) would speak the verdict and justice was already done.  So the king was famous for his his fair and swift justice.  You see I don't remember too clearly,  therefore I wanted to compress the essence of this into an argument. I didn't think it was that hilarious, so sorry for injured sensitivity.  Now that you know what I wanted to do,  could you please formulate an accordingly compressed argument,  in the appropriate tone? [[Special:Contributions/176.0.152.191|176.0.152.191]] ([[User talk:176.0.152.191|discuss]]) 00:52, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:::I think you can. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:56, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I'm not a native speaker. And that you found it hilarious, where I targeted a slightly levied tone shows me that I can't really do it.  [[Special:Contributions/176.0.152.191|176.0.152.191]] ([[User talk:176.0.152.191|discuss]]) 01:05, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::I believe in you. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:10, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Wrong import ==

Hi, template:Languages does not work properly and I think its because even you states that you have importated Module which this template use from BetaWikiversity, you actually imported it from Commons, so the template is than calling non-existent function subpates. Compare:

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Module:Languages|en.wv module Languages]]

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[commons:Module:Languages]]

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[betawikiversity:Module:Languages|betaversity]]


So I dont know if removing incorect revisions and importing corect ones will fix it, but the error message is probably delivered because of this mismatch. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 13:25, 19 August 2025 (UTC)

:Weird, I thought I reverted that. Let me delete that rev. So sorry. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:10, 19 August 2025 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; | [[File:Resilient Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Silver Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |  Thanks for contributing to Wikiversity for a very long time. You are the best. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:55, 9 September 2025 (UTC)
|}
:How kind. I'm appreciate of your additions and ideas as well. Thanks so much. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:29, 9 September 2025 (UTC)

== Deleting all unused templates ==
You seem to have been deleting many templates with the summary &quot;unused template&quot;. One qualm I have with this is that, in general, deleting all unused templates is likely to lead to some revision histories (those that used the templates) becoming illegible. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:21, 19 September 2025 (UTC)

:Yeah, maybe. Probably not a big deal, tho. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:22, 19 September 2025 (UTC)
:: In the English Wikiversity, that is plausible enough. On the other hand, in the English Wiktionary, deleting the once widely used [[wikt: T: term]] as unused would cause massive harm as for legibility, for no appreciable benefit. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:24, 19 September 2025 (UTC)
:::Any examples that really matter can be undeleted or something if really necessary. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:25, 19 September 2025 (UTC)
:::: I have not been long enough around the English Wikiversity to know which of the many (over 100?) deleted templates were once widely used.
:::: Background: In the English Wiktionary, I noticed that someone made the thesarus revision histories completely illegible. There is too much disregard for legibility of revision histories going around. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:33, 19 September 2025 (UTC)
:::::It is a concern of some regard, granted. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:44, 19 September 2025 (UTC)
::::Hi Koavf; as follow-up for this issue, I wanted to mention the [[Template:Convert links]]. This is far from being unused, since it's a fundamental tool in importing Wikipedia articles to Wikiversity, e.g. for all the Wikijournals - see step 4 of [[WikiJournal_User_Group/Editorial_guidelines#Importing_from_Wikipedia]]. 
::::I just bumped into this issue myself, and I presume it will be relevant for several other users in the future. As far as I know, there are no other ways to convert those links (beside doing it manually one by one). Could you therefore please undelete that template? [[User:Francesco Cattafi|Francesco Cattafi]] ([[User talk:Francesco Cattafi|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Francesco Cattafi|contribs]]) 07:56, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
:::::Of course. My apologies for causing problems. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:01, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
::::::Perfect, thanks a lot! [[User:Francesco Cattafi|Francesco Cattafi]] ([[User talk:Francesco Cattafi|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Francesco Cattafi|contribs]]) 08:04, 22 September 2025 (UTC)

I was not aware, that unused templates can be deleted without any notice. I think nothing (except obvious spam and vandalism) should be deleted without warning and time to respond.&lt;br&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Requests_for_Deletion#Please_restore_my_templates|Please restore 61 of them.]] --[[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 15:00, 7 October 2025 (UTC)
:I undeleted two templates that you asked for above, but one of them is [[Template:Studies of Euler diagrams/tamino NP table]], which is just unused. Why do these need to be here? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:01, 7 October 2025 (UTC)

== Restoring Template:Copyrighted ==
Can you please restore [[:Template:Copyrighted]]? It is clear why this template would be unused: it is only used when some page is tagged as a possible copyright violation.

I guess there should be a way to tag templates as unused-but-needed, and this would be one of then. These would then be excluded from a clean-up action like yours.

On the other hand, the template is linked from [[:Wikiversity:Copyright issues]], so while it is perhaps unused in the sense of ''not invoked'', it is ''linked to''. And a clean-up should ideally not delete pages that are linked to, or consider them on a careful case-to-case basis, no? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:06, 8 October 2025 (UTC)

:{{Done}} and agreed that if they have links that aren't from an old talk archive or a userspace or something more trivial, then there should at least be some appropriate action to not leave a redlink. The goal was to go back over those reports the next week or two once they've refreshed to also see wanted templates or wanted pages and try to clear those, so that two-pass system &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; catch errors like this, but not always. Thanks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:46, 8 October 2025 (UTC)

== Manual numbering ==
My use of manual numbering in the discussion that you modified (RFD) was intentional. One can find documents using such an approach, I think. I would therefore prefer that you leave it as is next time. I am not going to revert it this time; it's not really a big deal. And thank you for correcting my misspeling of suspition to suspicion; my being a non-native speaker showed here. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:13, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

:Good deal. Thanks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:15, 9 October 2025 (UTC)

== Draft namespace move ==

Hello Justin,
Do you think it is alright to move [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025/Basic Scratch Coding]] and subpages to Draft namespace&lt;s&gt;.&lt;/s&gt;? Because I &lt;s&gt;H&lt;/s&gt;haven't fully completed it and would appreciate it if other contributors in the community would like to help out.
Thanks,
RE
—[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:27, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

:I certainly think so, but honestly, I think the draft namespace is kind of a joke anyway. But I totally support you doing it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:39, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

== Article Info - Related item ==

In the Lints was [[:User:Octfx/sandbox2]].

This was throwing a stripped Small , which I can't currently trace, Suggesting the earlier fix whilst mostly stable, has a very specfic interaction. Perhaps you can take a look and resolve this for robustness? [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 23:33, 31 October 2025 (UTC)

:Diagnosing it would be optimal, but to resolve the issue, I just [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User%3AOctfx%2Fsandbox2&amp;diff=2765037&amp;oldid=2425963 commented it out]. The page hasn't been edited in years, nor has that editor edited in years, so I just don't have the bandwidth to investigate. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:39, 31 October 2025 (UTC)

== Possible copyvio ==
Can you please look at [[User:Harold Foppele/sandbox-2]] to see whether there is a copyvio, and if there is one, delete the page? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 18:45, 6 November 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Since you are a custodian, can you please put a stop to this? To me it seems like a personal vendetta that should not belong here. As for the page [[User:Harold Foppele/sandbox-2]] i asked [[user:Jtneill|Jtneill]] for advice some 12 hours ago. Since he is in Australia there is minimum a 12 hour delay in response. Would you maybe willing to help me? Kind regards, [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 18:58, 6 November 2025 (UTC)
::I don't know what the deal is between you and Dan, but I saw the earlier post he made to the curator's noticeboard and haven't had time to investigate. Since it seems that the two of you have some kind of friction, it may be best for you two to just generally avoid interaction in the immediate term. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:03, 6 November 2025 (UTC)
:This [https://archive.org/details/Caltech-ES23.5.1960/page/2/mode/2up was published in the United States with a copyright notice, all rights reserved], so if it's in the public domain is a question of [[:c:Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States|if the registration was renewed in a timely manner]]. Unfortunately, there is no single database of all renewals, so we can't know for sure if it &lt;em&gt;wasn't/t&lt;/em&gt; renewed. We should probably err on the side of assuming that it's a copyright violation. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:02, 6 November 2025 (UTC)
::I made a request, just to make sure to:: cmgworldwide.com to obtain a license to use it in Wikiversity. As it looks for now i can get the license and will know that end next week. Thanks [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 23:23, 6 November 2025 (UTC)
:::I am going to delete it for now. It can be undeleted as necessary. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:49, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
::::👍 [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 09:07, 7 November 2025 (UTC)

== Chess by Wikiversitans ==

I made a short setup for the page [[Chess/Play with other Wikiversitans]]. Is that the way you would like it to go? Do you by anychance play chess yoursef? [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:21, 6 November 2025 (UTC)

:Great questions. I made that page years ago and [[User:Mu301]] erroneously deleted it. I restored the old revs. As for how it should look, it's all wide open, so I have no objections. I think the notion of somehow playing here on site is actually intriguing. Maybe we could make that work... —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:05, 6 November 2025 (UTC)
::Help is needed from a specialist in the heart of Wiki. If you look at or know Lichess.org its very complex. However starting a Wikiversitans team there is a piece of cake. Just how do we invite our &quot;members&quot; here? Ideas welcome :) [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 23:49, 6 November 2025 (UTC)
:::Would love to play chess with you. Find me at [[Chess/Play with other Wikiversitans]] in Lichess.org or Chess.com. Leave a message or email if you want to play. Cheers [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:46, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
::::Thanks. I saw your invite in my inbox, but I'm a little distracted now and recently started a new job, so I didn't want to agree until I had time to actually play. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 11:48, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::No problem. just say &quot;When&quot; :) [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 11:51, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::[[Chess/Board Configurations]] I think you'll like it. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 13:56, 7 November 2025 (UTC)
:::::::There is also a Wikiversity chess team &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #aaffaa;&quot;&gt;created at [https://lichess.org/team/wikiversity Lichess.org].&lt;/span&gt; [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 12:58, 8 November 2025 (UTC)
::::::::Oh dip. Thanks for the heads up. I'm glad to see you taking initiative about this. If only I had more time myself. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:22, 8 November 2025 (UTC)

== Importing template ==

{{Ping|Koavf}} I would like to change the [[Template:Quantum mechanics]] to look more like [[W:Template:Quantum mechanics]] since the template at WV has almost no contence I could edit that, but better ask you instead of doing it. Btw we should play chess sometime :) Cheers [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 10:54, 14 November 2025 (UTC)

== Night mode unaware lint.. ==

Thanks for the edits to self. 

Do you plan to proceed on updating other high-use templates? like {{tl|information}}, and {{tl|article info}}, where I should ideally have resolved the Night mode unaware lint as the same time as the other fixes in the sandbox version you swapped in :(. 
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 08:42, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

Please also check my contributions on talk pages for {{tl|edit protected}} requests. 
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 08:42, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

:In principle, yes, I do. When will I find the time??? Note that a lot of those edit request were up for months or a year+. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 08:43, 18 November 2025 (UTC)

: An obvious group to update would be {{tl|Projectbox}} and {{tl|Robelbox}} families, although I would strongly suggest migrating these to use template styles over the current inline approach. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 08:49, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
::These are good ideas, but I just don't know when I'll have time to implement them. :/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 12:40, 19 November 2025 (UTC)

== Wikidebate form ==

Hi, hope you're doing good! I just noticed some months ago you deleted [[Template:Form/wikidebate]]. The template was indeed unused (and probably undocumented too) but it did serve a purpose, namely to be ''substituted'' when creating a new wikidebate via [[Wikidebate/New]]. As a consequence, [[Is hate is an ineffective and or selfish emotion?|this happened]] and could happen again. Could you restore it, please? If you can do that, I'll document it properly and tag it with &lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__&lt;/nowiki&gt; to avoid further confusion. Thanks! [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discusión]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs.]]) 14:39, 23 December 2025 (UTC)

:Of course. Thanks for your understanding. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:34, 23 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[:Category:Wikiversity fully protected templates]] ==

I am creating semi/full protection categories for various namespace pages, so can you undelete [[:Category:Wikiversity fully protected templates]]? Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:57, 14 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:09, 14 April 2026 (UTC)

== Different way to display talk pages for easier reading? ==

On [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]] when many people reply to the same thing all their posts are jumbled together into one big paragraph.

Is this a well known problem? Is there a gadget I could use/activate to make readability/accessibility greater on Wikiversity or are we still working on that?

Can I do anything obvious in order to help in this regard? ie. manually editing talk pages and adding proper wikitext or edit my own common.js? With the recent activation of a javascript that got up on the news...is there a way I can safely test my own common.js code that I ask an LLM to generate for me? I have a Qubes OS computer where I have access to disposable VMs which I can also turn off the internet on so even if the code goes haywire it won't affect my computer or the internet connection. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 11:45, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:It's kind of surprising that you would write that, since this wiki has CSS with pretty bold background colors to differentiate comments based on how they are indented. Which skin are you using? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:23, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Need of IAs ==

I am reading at [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]], that &quot;Wikiversity does not have a need for permanent or long term interface administrators&quot;. So why you think otherwice? What task should be done? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:12, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:I don't know that we need them as such, I just think that if we had &lt;var&gt;x&lt;/var&gt; IAs then when things come up (which is inevitable), someone can request or fix it directly instead of having a discussion, then getting a bureaucrat to give someone the rights, and then fix it. I'm just concerned about the overhead. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:43, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Well, yeah. But custodians/curators can just request. No need or discussion. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:59, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::: That's why I suggested we either keep the current policy, allow custodians to request temporary IA permissions (to amend it), or to have a minimum of 2 permanent interface administrators. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:27, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jpb0k2niw906k79qkdglc3y6lypw3j7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Jtneill/Wikiversity</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>56061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2808497</id>
      <parentid>2808043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T11:09:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Statistics */</comment>
      <origin>2808497</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16863" sha1="p16vr2u723gijvoi8xamag3zjzyhbs0" xml:space="preserve">{{TOCright}}
''A loose, personal (i.e., somewhat idiosynchratic) organisation of Wikiversity-related how-tos and links.''
==To sort==
{|style=&quot;background:transparent;&quot;
|valign=top|
* [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/commonshelper.php commonshelper]
* [[User:Jtneill/Wikification|Wikification]]
* [[w:Help:Interwiki_linking#Project_titles_and_shortcuts|Interwiki linking]]
* [[Wikiversity:Activity bars]]
* [[Wikiversity:Percent complete]]
|valign=top|
* [[Wikiversity:Import|import]]
* [[Wikiversity:Interactive whiteboard]]
* [[Wikiversity:Maintenance]]
* [[Wikiversity:Namespaces]]
* [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions]]
|valign=top|
* [[Wikiversity:Participants]]
* [[Wikiversity:Peer review]]
* [[Wikiversity:Review board]]
* [[Wikiversity:Searching]]
* [[How to be a Wikimedia sysop]]
|}

==Anchor==
* [[Template:Anchor]], e.g., [[#test]] will go to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{anchor|test}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{anchor|anchor=test}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (should go to end of page)

==Archiving==
* Example of autoarchiving: [[User talk:Terra]]

==Blogging==
* [[Wikiversity Blog howto]]

==Boxes==
[[User:Jtneill/Sandbox/Tables and boxes]]

The simplest of boxes

{| class=&quot;messagebox&quot;
|-
| ABC
XYZ
|}

&lt;blockquote style=&quot;padding-left:1.0em; padding-right:1.0em; background-color:#eaf8f4;&quot;&gt;
Its good that it works in practice, because it certainly doesn’t work in theory[https://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr/2007/10/14/the-thing-about-wikipedia-is-that-it-only-works-in-practice-in-theory-it-can-never-work/] 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Categories==
It is possible to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480]

Using titleparts
&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

==[[/Centering/]]==
{{User:Jtneill/Wikiversity/Centering}}

==Chat==
* [[irc:wikiversity-en|#wikiversity-en]]

==Citations and referencing==
* [[w:Help:Citation tools|Citation tools]]
* [[:Category:Citation templates]]
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]
* [[Template:Citation]]
* [[WV:REF]]
* Example: Outward Bound Process Model&lt;ref&gt;Walsh, V., &amp; Golins, G. L. (1976). ''[http://wilderdom.com/theory/OutwardBoundProcessModel.html The exploration of the Outward Bound process]''.  Denver, CO: Colorado Outward Bound School.&lt;/ref&gt;

;References
{{reflist|1}}

==Collapse boxes==
{{collapse top|Mary had a little lamb}}
Mary had a little lamb,
Little lamb, little lamb,
Mary had a little lamb,
Its fleece was white as snow

And everywhere that Mary went,
Mary went, Mary went,
Everywhere that Mary went
The lamb was sure to go

It followed her to school one day
School one day, school one day
It followed her to school one day
Which was against the rules.

It made the children laugh and play,
Laugh and play, laugh and play,
It made the children laugh and play
To see a lamb at school

And so the teacher turned it out,
Turned it out, turned it out,
And so the teacher turned it out,
But still it lingered near

And waited patiently about,
Patiently about, patiently about,
And waited patiently about
Till Mary did appear

&quot;Why does the lamb love Mary so?&quot;
Love Mary so? Love Mary so?
&quot;Why does the lamb love Mary so?&quot;
The eager children cry

&quot;Why, Mary loves the lamb, you know.&quot;
Loves the lamb, you know, loves the lamb, you know
&quot;Why, Mary loves the lamb, you know.&quot;
The teacher did reply
{{collapse bottom}}

==Colour==
* [[Wikiversity web page colors|Color tables]] | [[Wikiversity:Color names|Color names]]
* e.g., Font: {{font|color=green|Green}}, Background: &lt;span style=&quot;background:hotpink; color:white;&quot;&gt;Pink&lt;/span&gt;

==Columns==
===Column breaks===
{|
|-
| Works on all browsers (col-begin/break/end):
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Col1
{{col-break}}
* Col2
{{col-break}}
* Col3
{{col-end}}

Works on all browsers (col/break/colend):
{{col}}
{{break}}
* Col1
{{break}}
* Col2
{{break}}
* Col3
{{col/end}}
|}

===Moz-column===
Easier to use, but doesn't work on all browsers:
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3&quot;&gt;
* Ant
* Bee
* Buzzard
* Cat
* Dog
* Egret
* Elephant
* Tiger
* Whale
* Worm
&lt;/div&gt;

==Conversions==
===HTML===
* [[w:Wikipedia:Tools/Editing_tools#From_HTML]]
* [http://www.ebruni.it/en/software/os/i_love_wiki/index.mpl i love wiki]
* {{tick}} [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/html2wiki/index.html HTML::WikiConverter]
* {{tick}} [http://openfacts2.berlios.de/html2wiki/index.php HTML::WikiConverter]] Add URL

==CSS==
* [[MediaWiki:Common.css]]

==Custodianship==
* [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]
** [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]
** [[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians]]
** [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]]
** [[:Category:Wikiversity custodians]]

==Edit page==
Create an internal link to the edit source page using:
[[Special:EditPage/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Edit source]]

&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{edit page}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

gives:
{{edit page}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{edit page box}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

gives:
{{edit page box}}

==Extensions==
* [[Special:Version#Extensions]]
* [[/CategoryTree|CategoryTree]]
* [http://www.sandboxserver.org/wiki/index.php?title=Testing_Mediawiki_extensions Sandbox server - testing extensions]
* [[User:Jtneill/WYSIWIG|WYSIWIG]]

==Font==
&lt;p&gt;{{font|face=&quot;courier&quot;|size=medium|courier size 3}}&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;{{font|face=&quot;verdana&quot;|size=large|verdana size 4}}&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;{{font|face=&quot;arial&quot;|size=x-large|arial size 5}}&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;{{font|face=&quot;times new roman&quot;|size=xx-large|times new roman size 6}}&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;{{font|face=&quot;verdana&quot;|size=xx-large|verdana bold size 6}}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;{{font|face=&quot;lucida calligraphy&quot;|size=xx-large|lucida calligraphy size 7}}&lt;/p&gt;

==Formatting==
===Justification===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt; This text is right justified (but it doesn't look like unless the paragraph is long enough to go over one line on the page, so this is intentionally a particularly and unnecessarily long sentence in order to demonstrate right justification using &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;...&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;
==Line height==
{{center top}}&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 36px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;This uses a&lt;br&gt;line height of 36px&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 36px;&quot;&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
{{center bottom}}
===Mouse-over===
* [[Help:Mouse-over]]
* [[Template:H:title]]

==Getting started==
* [[Wikiversity:Guided tour|Guided tour]]
* [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction]] (Wikiversity)
* [[/Introduction|Introduction]] (Jtneill)
* [[/Welcome|Welcome]] (Jtneill)
* [[Introduction to Wiki]] - [[Wiki 101]]
* [[How to use wiki technology as a free learner]]
* [[:Image:Short.ogg|Wikiversity - short intro]] (10 sec. video)
* [[:Image:Editing_tutorial-large.ogg|Wikiversity editing tutorial]] (2 min video)
* [[Wikiversity:Community Portal]]
* [[Wikiversity:Content development]]
* [[Help:Edit summary]]
* [[Making links]]

==Good design==
* [[User:Jtneill/Good design]]

==Icons==
* [[Help:Icons]]
* [[User:McCormack/icons]]

==Images==
===[[Template:Gallery|Gallery]]===
{{Gallery
|title=Gallery of images
|footer=Uses this [[Template:Gallery|template]]
|width=150
|lines=2
||Comment
|File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg|[[Help:Contents/Links|Links]] can be put in captions.
|File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg|Full [[MediaWiki]]&lt;br /&gt;[[syntax]] may be used…
|File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg|
}}

&lt;!-- Fixed image in bottom right which is linked --&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;template-navbar&quot; style=&quot;position: fixed; left:1; right:0; bottom:0; padding:0; font-size:122%;&quot;&gt;[[Image:Happy.png|right|50px|link=en:Happiness|Happiness]]&lt;/div&gt;

===ImageMap===
* [[mw:Extension:ImageMap|Extension ImageMap]] e.g.,
{{center top}}
&lt;imagemap&gt;File:Treasurchest.svg|center|80px
default [[Special:Random/|Random Wikiversity mainspace page]]
desc none&lt;/imagemap&gt;Click the treasure box to go to a random [[Wikiversity]] page{{center bottom}}

;Explanation

The ImageMap extension allows, among other things, an image to link directly to a page e.g., as an internal link:
&lt;imagemap&gt;
File:Treasurchest.svg|center|150px|alt=Alt text
default [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015|Motivation and emotion Book - 2015]]
&lt;/imagemap&gt;

The syntax is:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto&quot;&gt;
&lt;imagemap&gt;
File:Treasurchest.svg|center|150px|alt=Alt text
default [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015|Motivation and emotion Book - 2015]]
&lt;/imagemap&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

or as an external link:
&lt;imagemap&gt;
File:Treasurchest.svg|center|150px|alt=Alt text
default [https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/motivation Motivation (Psychology Today)]
&lt;/imagemap&gt;

The syntax is:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto&quot;&gt;
&lt;imagemap&gt;
File:Treasurchest.svg|center|150px|alt=Alt text
default [https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/motivation Motivation (Psychology Today)]
&lt;/imagemap&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

==Integrations==
I'm interested to explore possible connections between WV and:
* [http://archive.org Archive.org]
* [[w:Citizendium|Citizendium]]
* [[w:Google Groups]]
* [[Moodle]]
* [[Open University]]
* [http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/view.php?name=Cohere Cohere]
* [[WikiMedia Sister Projects]], particularly:
** [[Wikibooks]]
** [[Wikipedia]]
** [[Simple Wikipedia]]

==Licensing==
* My teaching materials are licensed under [[Wikiversity:License tags#Free licenses|creative commons attribution 2.5]] and hosted either on http://wilderdom.com or http://ucspace.canberra.edu.au. I am thinking I should be dual licensing, but am still coming to grips with trying to understand the licensing similarities, differences, and issues. 
* I plan to gradually transfer most of my teaching materials to the various [[w:WikiMedia Foundation|WikiMedia Foundation]] wiki projects, particularly wikiversity. [[m:Polls|Let's just hope Jimbo doesn't put adds on these sites]], otherwise I will be transferring the materials somewhere else (again).
* [http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:IRC_meeting:New_licence_for_Wikiversity_Beta New_licence_for_Wikiversity_Beta]
* {{tl|db-copyvio}}
* {{tl|hangon}}
* [[:Category:Astronomy Images]]

==Links==
* Plain links: e.g., &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://archive.org http://archive.org]&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;br&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt; ... &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* [[mw:Manual:Opening external links in a new window]]

==Long page warning==
* [[MediaWiki:Longpagewarning]]

==[[Main page]]==
* [[:Category:Main page templates]]
* [[Main Page/Layout 0.5]]
* &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Main_Page&amp;oldid=209253 Main page]&lt;/span&gt; (old)

==Map==
&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;-28.420391&quot; longitude=&quot;136.757813&quot; zoom=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;109&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;{
  &quot;type&quot;: &quot;FeatureCollection&quot;,
  &quot;features&quot;: [
    {
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,
      &quot;properties&quot;: {},
      &quot;geometry&quot;: {
        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;,
        &quot;coordinates&quot;: [
          149.12419,
          -35.308275
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}&lt;/mapframe&gt; 
==Namespaces==
* [[Special:NamespaceInfo]]

==Navigation==
{{nav|User:Jtneill}}
* [[Template:nav]]

==Notes==
Small e.g.,
{{attention}} &lt;small&gt;For calendar due dates, see unit outline.&lt;/small&gt;

Notice templates

{{Notice|{{tl|Notice}}}}
{{Note|{{tl|Note}}}}

==Notifications==
* [[Help:Notifications]]

==[[Project:Participants|Participants]]==
===Custodians===
{{user|Adambro}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|CQ}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|Cormaggio}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|Draicone}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|Erkan Yilmaz}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|Gbaor}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|Leighblackall}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|McCormack}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|Mike.lifeguard}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|Mu301}}&lt;br&gt;
{{user|SB_Johnny}}

===Users===
*{{Participant|CQ}} - see Person of the Hour script

*{{Participant|Donek}}
*{{Participant|Dan Polansky}}

==Pedagogy==
* [[Learning by doing]]
* [[Wikiversity:Project incubator]]

==Policy==
* [[w:Wikipedia:Contributing_FAQ#Is_there_a_minimum_age_requirement_to_contribute_or_register.3F|Is there a minimum age requirement?]]
{{Official policies}}
{{Proposed policies}}

==Project boxes==
* [[Help:Resource attribution]]

==Purge==
To purge the cache for a given page, append this to the URL:
?action=purge

[[mw:Manual:Purge]]

==Quotes==
* [[Template:Quote]]
*

==[[Quizzes]]==
* [[Help:Quiz-Simple]]
* [http://www.qedoc.org/en/index.php?title=User:Jtneill My Qedoc user page]
** [http://eduforge.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=1138 Qedoc now exports quizzes to Wikiversity]

==Referencing==
* [[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing]]

==Sandbox==
* http://www.sandboxserver.org/
* [[Wikiversity:Sandbox Server]]
* [[Topic:Sandbox Server 0.5]]
* [http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Scratchpad_Wiki_Labs Scratchpad]
* [[../Sandbox]]

==Searching==
* [[Help:Google]]
* [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/April 2008#Google search|Google search]] - &lt;nowiki&gt;[[google:wikiversity]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[google:wikiversity]]
* Use a + instead of a space

==Search multiple categories==
;Dual category search including one category with subcategories
Search for chapters which [[Template:Clarification templates|need clarification]]:
&lt;inputbox&gt;	
type=search
width=33
default=incategory:&quot;Resources needing clarification&quot;
namespaces=Main**
prefix=Motivation and emotion/Book
searchbuttonlabel=Search book chapters
bgcolor=transparent
break=no
&lt;/inputbox&gt;

==Sitenotice==
* [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]
* [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice id]]

==Size==

===Big/small===
* Use &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;big&gt;...&lt;/big&gt; - could be also &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;...&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt; etc. and also &lt;small&gt;...&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

===CSS===
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 200%&quot;&gt;200% text&lt;/div&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 200%&quot;&gt;200% text&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 150%&quot;&gt;150% text&lt;/div&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 150%&quot;&gt;150% text&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

==Special==
* [[Special:SpecialPages]]
* Abuse
** [[Special:AbuseFilter]]
** [[Special:AbuseLog]]
* [[Special:Allpages]]
* [https://auth.wikimedia.org/enwikiversity/wiki/Special:CreateAccount Create account]
* [[Special:ListGroupRights]]
* [[Random]] - [[Special:Random]] - [[Wikiversity:Random]]
* [[Special:Version#Installed extensions]]

==Strategy==
* [[Wikiversity:Publicity]]
* [[Wikiversity:Vision]]
* [[Wikiversity:Vision 2009]]

==Statistics==
* [[Wikiversity:Statistics]]
* [[Google Search and Wikiversity]]
* [http://wikistics.falsikon.de/latest/wikiversity/en/ Monthly page hits for wikiversity.en]
* [http://gtools.org/tool/wikipedia-edit-counter/?str=jtneill&amp;project=en.wikiversity Jtneill edit count]
* https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/
* [[Special:Impact]] - [[w:Special:Impact]]

==Sub-pages==
* [[Special:Prefixindex/User:Jtneill]]
* Transclude:
** &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Special:Prefixindex/User:Jtneill}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
** &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Special:Prefixindex/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

==Stubs==
* [[:Category:Stub templates]]

==Structure==
* [[Wikiversity:Browse/Concept]]

==Symbols==
🟨🟡⭐💛🟥⭕️❌🟦🔵🟩🟢✅
* [[User:VeronicaJeanAnderson]]

==System messages==
* [[Special:AllMessages]]
* [[#Sitenotice|Site notice]]

==Style==
* [[MoS]]
* [[MediaWiki:Common.css]]

==Tables==
* [[Help:Table]]
* [[User:Jtneill/Sandbox/Tables and boxes]]

==Tagging/notification==
* &lt;nowiki&gt;@[[User:UserName|UserName]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|UserName}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

==Templates==
===Page development===
* {{tl|welcome and expand}} - {{tl|we}}
* {{tl|main welcome}}
* {{tl|search}}
* {{tl|draft}}
* {{tl|underconstruction}}
* {{tl|Learning project boilerplate}}
* {{tl|info}}
* {{tl|note}}
* {{tl|notice}}
* {{tl|Nutshell}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notice|{{findsources}}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

===Page navigation===
* [[Template:EasyNavBar]]
* [[Template:Recovery psychology]] (example)
* [[Workshop for Australian education policy]] (example)

===Sister projects===
* [[Template:Sisterprojectsearch]]
* [[Template:Wikibooks]]
* [[Template:Wikipedia]]
* [[Template:Wikiversity]]

===User talk===
* {{tl|Welcomeip}}
* {{tl|Welcome}}
* {{tl|Talk header}}
* [[:Category:User warning templates]]

===Administrative===
* [[Template:Category redirect]]
* [[Template:Warning]]

==Theory==
* [[Learning by engagement]]
* [[User:JWSchmidt/Wiki Scholar]]

==Thoughts==
* [[Red link]]s are doorways to the infinite library ([[w:The Library of Babel|Library of Babel]])

==Tooltips==
{{Tooltip|Tooltips allow additional text to be displayed when cursor hovers over|Pretty cool, eh?}}

==User==
* [[w:Special:GlobalRenameRequest]]
* [[Special:UserGroupRights]]
* [[Special:UserRights]]

==Usability==
* [[Wikiversity:Usability]]
* http://usability.wikimedia.org - [http://usability.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jtneill Jtneill]

==Video==
* .ogg files can be uploaded and embedded
* See [[/Video]] for examples

==wikEd==
* [[w:User_talk:Cacycle/wikEd]]

==Wiki2Reveal==
* [[Wiki2Reveal]] (slides on the fly from MediaWiki page)

==x Test anchor==
&lt;!-- Test anchor - don't delete! --&gt;
{{anchor|test}}

==See also==
* [[User:Jade Knight/Tools]]</text>
      <sha1>p16vr2u723gijvoi8xamag3zjzyhbs0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity:Nominations for checkuser</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>60178</id>
    <redirect title="Wikiversity:Candidates for CheckUser" />
    <revision>
      <id>2808422</id>
      <parentid>275112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T20:32:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>2969951</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed redirect target from [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship#Nominations for CheckUser]] to [[Wikiversity:Candidates for CheckUser]]</comment>
      <origin>2808422</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50" sha1="s9yiy472rr7w3cqr06tf10e3u5tlcpg" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wikiversity:Candidates for CheckUser]]</text>
      <sha1>s9yiy472rr7w3cqr06tf10e3u5tlcpg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity:Request custodian action</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>75745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2808329</id>
      <parentid>2808326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T12:55:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Call for custodians and bureaucrats */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>2808329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42471" sha1="3yzfthzyxbdzipoaphru0tse4pnyvpu" xml:space="preserve">{{/Header}}
== Dan Polansky ==

I would like to ask you to assess the behavior of Dan Polansky, who in my opinion continues to violate [[Wikiversity:Etiquette|Etiquette]], calls users who disagree with him trolls, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Harold_Foppele&amp;oldid=2760143#Your_qualification questions their expertise], tests them, etc. This is most evident in [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]], where he has already indicated that two discussion opponents are trolls. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:05, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
: The coddling of overt disruptor Harold Foppele (substantiation is in RCA above) and proven provocateur and disruptor Juandev (substantiation in CR above) must stop. The English Wikiversity must start to properly curate its content and discipline disruptive editors. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] is underway; outcome pending. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:03, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::It has been closed with consensus to ban him indefinitely from this project, I believe there is nothing else to do here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:06, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

== Sidewide count.js ==

i would like something like: [[Template:User contrib count/count.js]]. i created [[Template:User contrib count]] and a user/common.js. {{User contrib count}}.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; so a &quot;count.js&quot; would complete it. See [[User:Harold Foppele/common.js]].
If an Administrator could help please. Cheers [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

== need to add my profile ==

im trying to add new profile content  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:03, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

:You can edit it now. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:05, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::where can create a new one [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
:::i have created and its in sandbox. i would like to know when it will be approved  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 19:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Please don’t create [[wv:spam|spam]] pages as it will be deleted. Please also read [[WV:Scope]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 04:01, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Im trying to add new profile while add content its shows not alowed ==

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Exceeded New Page Limit

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

== New User: cannot create talk page ==

Hi, I am a new user of Wikiversity and I wanted to create a talk page for the article [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing]]. As a new user, I was barred from performing this action. The text that I wanted to add to the talk page is:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I have doubts as to to the reliability of this essay. Take for rexample the sentence:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Due to its efficiency, AI has saved 380,000-403,000 lives per year in European healthcare as reported in a recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report&lt;ref&gt;Dantas, C., Mackiewicz, K., Tageo, V., Jacucci, G., Guardado, D., Ortet, S., Varlamis, I., Maniadakis, M., De Lera, E., Quintas, J., Kocsis, O., &amp; Vassiliou, C. (2021). Benefits and hurdles of AI in the workplace – what comes next? ''International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 10'', 9-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351993615_Benefits_and_Hurdles_of_AI_In_The_Workplace_-What_Comes_Next&lt;/ref&gt;.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Reading the reference (freely available on ResearchGate), one notes:

# that the reference is from 2021 (predating the widespread use of LLMs such as ChatGPT and the associated 'AI' boom), and
# that the reference factually contradicts this essay.

Quoting from the reference:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
There are enormous benefits of applying AI-based solutions to monitor workers’ health and prevent accidents or, currently, COVID-19 infections, and those benefits are reported with enormous potential. According to the recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report [11], implementing AI in European healthcare systems could save up 380,000 to 403,000 lives annually or €170.9 to 212.4 billion per year.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Not that the reference says ''could save'', not ''saves'' as in the essay.

This calls into question the reliability of the essay.

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Could an administrator make this addition for me? Thank you! 
{{reflist}}
[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 06:53, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] I have added it for you, you can change the header and sign it now. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:05, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 12:43, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Disallowed to add a page on a course ==

I'm trying to populate a newly created course on Wikiversity, but it blocks me from creating more pages with &quot;New User Exceeded New Page Limit&quot;. Could this be lifted please? [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 13:21, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Sorry! Never mind. I was trying to create a new article instead of a new page. All good now. [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 14:03, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

== Harold Foppele adding LLM-generated nonsense and personal fiction ==

I became aware of [[User:Harold Foppele]]'s editing after I deleted some of his uploads on Commons. He appears to be adding a large amount of text and images that are some combination of personal fiction and LLM-generated nonsense. This includes:
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers#Future thought experiment|Personal speculative fiction]] in an otherwise &quot;nonfiction&quot; article
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg|diagrams]] and [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg|renders]] for nonexistent lab equipment, with fake source (on Commons, he indicated these files as having been created by him using an LLM)
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created images of equations with obvious artifacts. These images, such as [[:File:Redfield equation (non-Markovian).png]] and [[:File:Lindblad equation (Markovian).png]], don't even match the text he puts them with.
Much of his writing is also of extremely poor quality, to the point where it's not clear whether it's written by him or an LLM. I'm not an active editor on this project, so I'm not as familiar with the standards here, but I believe this is worth custodian attention. [[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] ([[User talk:Pi.1415926535|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi.1415926535|contribs]]) 03:06, 23 February 2026 (UTC)

:Fake source ''and'' contradictory copyright info, claiming both public domain and CC license. Moreover, if they are indeed nearly-direct LLM output, depending on jurisdiction they may not even be eligible for copyright.
:I've put speedy deletion marks for the equations, because they're obviously not coherent mathematical equations (the parentheses don't match, the symbols merge into each other the way text in image models often do, etc) [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:50, 7 March 2026 (UTC)

== Repeated removal of RFD notices by Harold Foppele ==

{{User|Harold Foppele }}

This editor is appearing in multiple noticeboards for behaviour which is contentious. Ther latest adventure is the repeated removal of tye RFD notice at [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]]. You will see from their contributions record the number of times. I have warned Tham on their user tag page that this is tantaomunt to volunteering to be blocked here. They have a track record of achieving blocks on enWiki and Commons already.

They have all the appearance of shooting not to understand when given direct information about their behaviour, whichever project they are editing, and are fast becoming a time sink. Their behaviour across multiple WMF sites may well lead to a Global Lock, but I do not believe they have quite reached the threshold for that.

I believe that what is required is a preventative block to seek to ensure thatchy understand the seriousness of their behaviour, and the need to be collegial. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:03, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:45, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Blocks for sockpuppet ==

Please block [[User:Harold Foppele]] and [[User:Johnwilliamsiii]] for sockpuppetry based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Harold_Foppele en wiki] CU and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1177465640 commons] CU investigations. The user has also violated copyright, see the above discussion. A block is necessary to prevent further abuse. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:30, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]&lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:31, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:44, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:CC. @[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]], @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]], @[[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:33, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the ping. I concur based on [[w:en:WP:DUCK|behaviour]]. CUs appear divided. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 11:41, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Problem when trying to start a discussion with authors of the Plurilingual education portal ==

The authors I wanted to discuss with are called &quot;Project PEP&quot; and my name is Franch Chandler. How can I be allowed to do so ? [[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] ([[User talk:French Chandler|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/French Chandler|contribs]]) 18:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] place your qestion [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Projet_PEP&amp;action=edit into the dialog box] on this link and hit Publish page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

== Please publish my post ==

My post is about &quot;Every child grows and develops at their own pace, but some may experience challenges that affect their ability to perform everyday tasks. These challenges can include difficulties with fine motor skills, sensory processing, handwriting, feeding, and self-regulation. When these issues are not addressed early, they can impact a child’s confidence, academic performance, and independence.

With the rise of digital healthcare services, '''online physical therapy''' has emerged as a powerful and accessible solution for parents seeking support for their children. This modern approach provides structured, personalized therapy programs that can be accessed from the comfort of home, making it easier for families to ensure consistent care.&quot; [[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] ([[User talk:Skyabovetherapy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Skyabovetherapy|contribs]]) 12:28, 28 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] Well, you can publish it yourself, Wikiversity is a free environement, where everybody can create educational resources. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:11, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
::They actually triggered some abuse filters. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
:I looked at your attempts to add this text and I see a link to one website repeated many times, which reminds me of the misuse of Wikiversity for self-promotion or to increase the importance of the website. It is necessary to remind you here that Wikiversity is not a place for promotion, but a place for education. So if you want to educate, it will not be a problem to create the page without external links with a clearly defined procedure for how people should use it and what to expect from it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:07, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

== New user limit ==

Hi, I am creating an AIPA Method learning resource page. 

I am the author of the linked research, and I hit the “new user limit” and “new page with external link” filters while publishing. 

Here is the link to the page in creation: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=AIPA_Method&amp;veaction=edit] 

Thank you for your help. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:19, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:30, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you, you are very kind. 
::I will wait a day, and try again (without links, too). 
::Today, I already created About Me info page, and maybe that is enough for the filters for one day.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:53, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:56, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work. 
::::There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that. 
::::There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
::::Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies. 
::::Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):    [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:47, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::For the unknown reasons, the form didn't publish my second part of the message: 
:::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
:::::Best Regards, 
:::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::And the third try: 
:::::: == Introduction ==
::::::The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
::::::The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:::::: == Theoretical foundations ==
::::::The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
::::::* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
::::::* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
::::::* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
::::::Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:::::: == Experiential empiricism ==
::::::The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
::::::* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
::::::* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
::::::* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
::::::* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
::::::All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
::::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
::::::Best regards, 
::::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:54, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Unable to publish pages  ==

Whenever I try to publish a page with linked sources it gets flagged and says I'm a new user attempting to publish content with outside links. Those outside links are my sources. [[User:Soboyed|Soboyed]] ([[User talk:Soboyed|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Soboyed|contribs]]) 04:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:This restriction is automatically lifted after you have edited for a certain time (I don't recall that time off-hand, but it is not long). This is designed to stop spam. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:53, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Showing error to publish a Post ==

My  action was constructive, not destructive, please allow to publish it. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|&amp;#126;2026-20906-18]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|talk]]) 08:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:Maybe you got caught in a filter. Consider [[Special:CreateAccount|creating an account]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Your edits, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2026-20906-18 these ones], seems to have tripped a filter when you tried to create a page on [[Create]] which external links. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:58, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Have you read my [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2802219 previous reply] to you @[[User:~2026-20906-18|~2026-20906-18]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:02, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Abuse filters which should be deleted ==

Hi, there are some abuse filters which should probably be deleted.
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023)
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive)
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:51, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:Why do these need to be deleted rather than inactivated? Do inactive abuse filters cause a server strain? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:39, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Deleted filters do not cause strain to the servers. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:These sounds like sensible suggestions but, yes, would inactivation perhaps make more sense than deletion for at least some  filters? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:35, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:I would keep them @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Alternatively, I would turn off the ones that haven't caught anything for a long time, but I would leave them enabled in case they need to be turned on or improved. If someone has already written the code and we don't have hundreds of free man-hours of programmers on Wikiversity, the server load seems secondary to me, and is negligible compared to other things. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I know how to write abuse filter code and regex, but I would recommend disabling filters that have never caught anything in a long time ''and'' those who made lots of false positives. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:09, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Of course @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]], there are people here today who are capable of changing the code. But the question is what it will be like in a few years, the question is what will happen if those two are busy for a long time, etc. That's why I would leave it so that those who don't know much about code can be inspired by it and will need to do something with it someday - plus, more code for different types of filtering is actually great educational material on how those filters work. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:41, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

Here's the updated list of abuse filters under review with actions I've taken (several disabled, one basic code improvement, and some actions changed) - none have been deleted so they can all be edited and reactivayed - please suggest any further changes:
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore) - One time account spam bot - 4 hits over 10 years ago - Disabled in 2024 - May be useful in future
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018) - Userspace spamming - 778 hits; none since 2018 likely due to global filters - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched) - Specific user page spam - 1,101 hits most recent 7 March 2026 - Still active - Kept enabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives) - Questionable Language (profanity) - 6,055 hits including very recently - However it was logging hits without taking any actions - Edited to reduce likelihood of false positives by only applying filter to users with low (&lt; 20) edit count and applied weak actions to tag and warn but not prevent publishing the content
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023) - Blocked Solicitation Links - 95 hits; none since 2023 - blocks specific historical spam sites - Non-active - Now disabled
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore) - Not reviewed - They are currently disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022) - Fundamental Physics Edits - 347 hits; none since 2022 - Non-active and very specific for a historical issue - Now disabled 
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019) - Page Creation - 20 hits; none since 2019 - Retained for historical reference and possible future updates - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive) - Globally Banned Editor (renamed to Low-edit Spam Monitor) - 2,829 hits including very recent - Only applies to users with less than 5 edits and takes no actions / monitoring only - Reviewing the details of the hits I don't see many false positives and have strengthened its actions to add a tag and warning

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:57, 9 April 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Please block ~2026-20985-80/~2026-21079-90/~2026-21223-88. Reason: Vandalism. [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] ([[User talk:Àncilu|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Àncilu|contribs]]) 23:24, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:All edits should be deleted and the first is blocked by Atcovi. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:33, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Antispam - Filter 12 ==
{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Thanks for contacting me with a suggested [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] for the coupon spam we've been getting. A very much appreciated time saver. Per your suggestion, abuse filter 12 has been reactivated with your updated regex. It should tag and prevent page creation actions for coupon promo etc. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:33, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Please do the following to filter 12:
:# Enable the block action (temporary for unregistered users, indefinite for registered users)
:# Disable both the disallow and tag actions, since that filter will be set to block
: Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:42, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::Excellent. Done:
::* Block duration for non-registered users = 1 week
::* Block duration for registered users = indefinite
::* Disallow and tagging disabled
::Thankyou. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:24, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== Urgent! error message This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed ==

While submitting the post this error was coming &quot;This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please inform an administrator of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link&quot; How to resolve it?

Here is the content:

{{note|marketing material removed}}

[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: That's because Wikiversity doesn't accept advertising. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::So this is fine
::'''Online Internship and Digital Learning for Students'''
::Online learning has become an important part of modern education. With the help of the internet and digital tools, students can now study, practice, and gain experience without being physically present in a classroom. One key part of this system is the online internship, which helps students learn real-world skills along with their studies.
::An online internship allows students to work on tasks and projects through digital platforms. This makes learning more practical and useful, especially for those who want to understand how real work environments function.
::'''Background'''
::The concept of online learning developed from distance education, where students learned from remote locations. Over time, with the growth of digital technology, learning has become more interactive and flexible.
::The introduction of the online internship has added another important layer to digital education. It combines theoretical learning with practical experience, helping students prepare for future careers.
::During global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, online education and online internship programs became essential. They helped students continue learning and gaining experience despite restrictions on physical movement.
::'''Importance of Online Internship'''
::An online internship plays an important role in student development. It helps bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills.
::'''Some key points include:'''
::Students understand how real work is done
::They develop basic professional skills
::It supports career readiness
::It allows learning without location limits
::By participating in an online internship, students can improve their confidence and gain early exposure to different fields.
::'''Features of Online Internship-Based Learning'''
::Modern education platforms often include online internship opportunities as part of their learning system. These usually offer:
::Flexible schedules for students
::Access to learning from home
::Beginner-friendly tasks and projects
::A combination of theory and practice
::Such features make online internship programs suitable for a wide range of learners, including beginners.
::'''Learning Tasks'''
::Explore how online internship programs support student learning in digital environments.
::Identify how students can gain practical experience through an online internship
::Analyze the role of flexible learning in improving student engagement
::Understand how online education and internships work together
::'''References'''
::[https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/E-Learning_Hanaaya-Navaneeth.pdf The Past, Present and Future of E-Learning: Hanaaya Varyani and Navaneeth M S]
::[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9788102 Current Trends and Future Perspectives of e-Learning in India]
::'''See Also'''
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/internship Online Internship]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/ Online Courses]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/kids-learning Kids Learning]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/career_helper/ Career Guidance] [[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] Wikiversity is a resource for education, or a space for education. However, your intention to link to another website is obvious, and such content does not belong here, as it contradicts the purpose of Wikiversity. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

==AI-generated images==
Seeking your advice.

Myself and students use some AI-generated images in the [[Motivation and emotion]] project.

[[User:Dronebogus]] has been removing some of these images from Wikiversity pages and nominating them for deletion at Commons. As a result, some have been deleted and some have been kept.

Dronebogus has made some useful edits and image suggestions for [[Motivation and emotion]] which I've appreciated and  incorporated. However, there are other edits to remove an AI image by Dronebogus that I've reverted where I think the image is more educational than no image or an alternative image suggested by Dronebogus.

There are a couple of pages where Dronebogus has reverted my reversion, so we are at risk of edit warring. We have briefly discussed and warned each other on our user talk pages, but it seems to come down to a difference in perception about the educational usefulness of the AI images.

So, I'm asking here for others to please review the recent edit histories for these pages:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Stockholm syndrome emotion]]

and let us know what you think about the AI image suitability vs. using no image or alternative images suggested by Dronebogus.

Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think Jtneill needs to try harder to find non-AI alternatives both on Commons and the web. I’m not reiterating the well known problems with generative AI— you can read about those on Wikipedia and the broader Internet. Needless to say it’s kind of just inherently toxic. If you use it, it should be the last resort of last resorts. Just my stance, which I consider perfectly valid and reasonable. [[User:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[User talk:Dronebogus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dronebogus|contribs]]) 04:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request for Page Creation Approval - Research on Dr. Ian Stevenson ==


'''Hello Administrators,'''

I am a digital archivist and researcher attempting to create an educational page regarding Dr. Ian Stevenson's scientific work, specifically titled &quot;Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect&quot; and its official Vietnamese edition.

My edits are purely constructive, aimed at integrating local research context with global structured data (including '''Wikidata Q139548587'''). The automated filter is currently preventing publication due to &quot;new user external link limits.&quot;

I have ensured that all citations, references, and images (sourced from Wikimedia Commons) are strictly academic and non-promotional. Could you please review my contributions and consider whitelisting my account or approving this specific page creation?

Thank you for your assistance in preserving this research '''legacy''' within the open knowledge ecosystem.

'''Best regards,''' [[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] ([[User talk:Ian Stevenson777|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ian Stevenson777|contribs]]) 07:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
: The page title should probably be in English, as this is English Wikiversity. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:19, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] I looked at the text and it seems to me that it is informative, but the user cannot learn anything from it because they would have to buy the book. In this regard, it seems to me that it is enough [[:w:Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect|to have that article on Wikipedia]] and there is no need to duplicate it here on Wikiversity. If you are particularly interested with its Vietnamese translation, I would focus on Vietnamese Wikipedia, but it seems to me, that the article there [https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C6%A1i_lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i_v%C3%A0_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_giao_nhau&amp;oldid=75029095 have some problems at the moment]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:51, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Call for custodians and bureaucrats ==

Can I encourage currently active [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]] to consider putting themselves forward for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship]] and/or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucrat|bureaucratship]]. We have a productive, capable group of [[Wikiversity:Staff|staff]] at the moment who should probably have more rights to better support the project and we are light on for active custodians and bureaucrats. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:34, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
: I'm willing to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 11:48, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Awesome. Could you self-nominate at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:I'm also willing to run for bureaucratship as I imagine my activity levels should remain sufficient. I could put in a nomination within the next week or so. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:55, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator flag request ==

@[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Mu301|Mu301]] I am requesting IA flag to delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]]. It was requested for deletion by [[User:Sophivorus|a trusted user]] and I think it can be deleted. Once I delete it, I will notify you and you can remove the flag. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:24, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Can you enable two-factor authentication? 
:Policy: [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:27, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Done @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:::You are an interface administrator for 24 hours. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:57, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thx @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I have just deleted the page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Hi. Please block @[[User:Skibidi Titan 5.0|Skibidi Titan 5.0]]. Reason : Vandalism.

Thanks, [[User:Locpac|Locpac]] ([[User talk:Locpac|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locpac|contribs]]) 15:10, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Thankyou. Done. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 15:25, 10 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3yzfthzyxbdzipoaphru0tse4pnyvpu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808383</id>
      <parentid>2808329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T17:02:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenshi Hinanawi</username>
        <id>3010108</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>~2026-28496-53</comment>
      <origin>2808383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42723" sha1="hfz2dv76ouv40mqh24xkcdodbejvdv7" xml:space="preserve">{{/Header}}
== Dan Polansky ==

I would like to ask you to assess the behavior of Dan Polansky, who in my opinion continues to violate [[Wikiversity:Etiquette|Etiquette]], calls users who disagree with him trolls, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Harold_Foppele&amp;oldid=2760143#Your_qualification questions their expertise], tests them, etc. This is most evident in [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]], where he has already indicated that two discussion opponents are trolls. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:05, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
: The coddling of overt disruptor Harold Foppele (substantiation is in RCA above) and proven provocateur and disruptor Juandev (substantiation in CR above) must stop. The English Wikiversity must start to properly curate its content and discipline disruptive editors. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] is underway; outcome pending. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:03, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::It has been closed with consensus to ban him indefinitely from this project, I believe there is nothing else to do here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:06, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

== Sidewide count.js ==

i would like something like: [[Template:User contrib count/count.js]]. i created [[Template:User contrib count]] and a user/common.js. {{User contrib count}}.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; so a &quot;count.js&quot; would complete it. See [[User:Harold Foppele/common.js]].
If an Administrator could help please. Cheers [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

== need to add my profile ==

im trying to add new profile content  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:03, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

:You can edit it now. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:05, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::where can create a new one [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
:::i have created and its in sandbox. i would like to know when it will be approved  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 19:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Please don’t create [[wv:spam|spam]] pages as it will be deleted. Please also read [[WV:Scope]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 04:01, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Im trying to add new profile while add content its shows not alowed ==

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Exceeded New Page Limit

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

== New User: cannot create talk page ==

Hi, I am a new user of Wikiversity and I wanted to create a talk page for the article [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing]]. As a new user, I was barred from performing this action. The text that I wanted to add to the talk page is:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I have doubts as to to the reliability of this essay. Take for rexample the sentence:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Due to its efficiency, AI has saved 380,000-403,000 lives per year in European healthcare as reported in a recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report&lt;ref&gt;Dantas, C., Mackiewicz, K., Tageo, V., Jacucci, G., Guardado, D., Ortet, S., Varlamis, I., Maniadakis, M., De Lera, E., Quintas, J., Kocsis, O., &amp; Vassiliou, C. (2021). Benefits and hurdles of AI in the workplace – what comes next? ''International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 10'', 9-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351993615_Benefits_and_Hurdles_of_AI_In_The_Workplace_-What_Comes_Next&lt;/ref&gt;.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Reading the reference (freely available on ResearchGate), one notes:

# that the reference is from 2021 (predating the widespread use of LLMs such as ChatGPT and the associated 'AI' boom), and
# that the reference factually contradicts this essay.

Quoting from the reference:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
There are enormous benefits of applying AI-based solutions to monitor workers’ health and prevent accidents or, currently, COVID-19 infections, and those benefits are reported with enormous potential. According to the recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report [11], implementing AI in European healthcare systems could save up 380,000 to 403,000 lives annually or €170.9 to 212.4 billion per year.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Not that the reference says ''could save'', not ''saves'' as in the essay.

This calls into question the reliability of the essay.

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Could an administrator make this addition for me? Thank you! 
{{reflist}}
[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 06:53, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] I have added it for you, you can change the header and sign it now. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:05, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 12:43, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Disallowed to add a page on a course ==

I'm trying to populate a newly created course on Wikiversity, but it blocks me from creating more pages with &quot;New User Exceeded New Page Limit&quot;. Could this be lifted please? [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 13:21, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Sorry! Never mind. I was trying to create a new article instead of a new page. All good now. [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 14:03, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

== Harold Foppele adding LLM-generated nonsense and personal fiction ==

I became aware of [[User:Harold Foppele]]'s editing after I deleted some of his uploads on Commons. He appears to be adding a large amount of text and images that are some combination of personal fiction and LLM-generated nonsense. This includes:
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers#Future thought experiment|Personal speculative fiction]] in an otherwise &quot;nonfiction&quot; article
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg|diagrams]] and [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg|renders]] for nonexistent lab equipment, with fake source (on Commons, he indicated these files as having been created by him using an LLM)
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created images of equations with obvious artifacts. These images, such as [[:File:Redfield equation (non-Markovian).png]] and [[:File:Lindblad equation (Markovian).png]], don't even match the text he puts them with.
Much of his writing is also of extremely poor quality, to the point where it's not clear whether it's written by him or an LLM. I'm not an active editor on this project, so I'm not as familiar with the standards here, but I believe this is worth custodian attention. [[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] ([[User talk:Pi.1415926535|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi.1415926535|contribs]]) 03:06, 23 February 2026 (UTC)

:Fake source ''and'' contradictory copyright info, claiming both public domain and CC license. Moreover, if they are indeed nearly-direct LLM output, depending on jurisdiction they may not even be eligible for copyright.
:I've put speedy deletion marks for the equations, because they're obviously not coherent mathematical equations (the parentheses don't match, the symbols merge into each other the way text in image models often do, etc) [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:50, 7 March 2026 (UTC)

== Repeated removal of RFD notices by Harold Foppele ==

{{User|Harold Foppele }}

This editor is appearing in multiple noticeboards for behaviour which is contentious. Ther latest adventure is the repeated removal of tye RFD notice at [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]]. You will see from their contributions record the number of times. I have warned Tham on their user tag page that this is tantaomunt to volunteering to be blocked here. They have a track record of achieving blocks on enWiki and Commons already.

They have all the appearance of shooting not to understand when given direct information about their behaviour, whichever project they are editing, and are fast becoming a time sink. Their behaviour across multiple WMF sites may well lead to a Global Lock, but I do not believe they have quite reached the threshold for that.

I believe that what is required is a preventative block to seek to ensure thatchy understand the seriousness of their behaviour, and the need to be collegial. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:03, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:45, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Blocks for sockpuppet ==

Please block [[User:Harold Foppele]] and [[User:Johnwilliamsiii]] for sockpuppetry based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Harold_Foppele en wiki] CU and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1177465640 commons] CU investigations. The user has also violated copyright, see the above discussion. A block is necessary to prevent further abuse. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:30, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]&lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:31, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:44, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:CC. @[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]], @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]], @[[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:33, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the ping. I concur based on [[w:en:WP:DUCK|behaviour]]. CUs appear divided. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 11:41, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Problem when trying to start a discussion with authors of the Plurilingual education portal ==

The authors I wanted to discuss with are called &quot;Project PEP&quot; and my name is Franch Chandler. How can I be allowed to do so ? [[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] ([[User talk:French Chandler|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/French Chandler|contribs]]) 18:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] place your qestion [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Projet_PEP&amp;action=edit into the dialog box] on this link and hit Publish page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

== Please publish my post ==

My post is about &quot;Every child grows and develops at their own pace, but some may experience challenges that affect their ability to perform everyday tasks. These challenges can include difficulties with fine motor skills, sensory processing, handwriting, feeding, and self-regulation. When these issues are not addressed early, they can impact a child’s confidence, academic performance, and independence.

With the rise of digital healthcare services, '''online physical therapy''' has emerged as a powerful and accessible solution for parents seeking support for their children. This modern approach provides structured, personalized therapy programs that can be accessed from the comfort of home, making it easier for families to ensure consistent care.&quot; [[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] ([[User talk:Skyabovetherapy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Skyabovetherapy|contribs]]) 12:28, 28 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] Well, you can publish it yourself, Wikiversity is a free environement, where everybody can create educational resources. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:11, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
::They actually triggered some abuse filters. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
:I looked at your attempts to add this text and I see a link to one website repeated many times, which reminds me of the misuse of Wikiversity for self-promotion or to increase the importance of the website. It is necessary to remind you here that Wikiversity is not a place for promotion, but a place for education. So if you want to educate, it will not be a problem to create the page without external links with a clearly defined procedure for how people should use it and what to expect from it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:07, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

== New user limit ==

Hi, I am creating an AIPA Method learning resource page. 

I am the author of the linked research, and I hit the “new user limit” and “new page with external link” filters while publishing. 

Here is the link to the page in creation: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=AIPA_Method&amp;veaction=edit] 

Thank you for your help. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:19, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:30, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you, you are very kind. 
::I will wait a day, and try again (without links, too). 
::Today, I already created About Me info page, and maybe that is enough for the filters for one day.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:53, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:56, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work. 
::::There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that. 
::::There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
::::Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies. 
::::Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):    [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:47, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::For the unknown reasons, the form didn't publish my second part of the message: 
:::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
:::::Best Regards, 
:::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::And the third try: 
:::::: == Introduction ==
::::::The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
::::::The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:::::: == Theoretical foundations ==
::::::The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
::::::* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
::::::* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
::::::* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
::::::Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:::::: == Experiential empiricism ==
::::::The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
::::::* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
::::::* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
::::::* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
::::::* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
::::::All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
::::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
::::::Best regards, 
::::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:54, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Unable to publish pages  ==

Whenever I try to publish a page with linked sources it gets flagged and says I'm a new user attempting to publish content with outside links. Those outside links are my sources. [[User:Soboyed|Soboyed]] ([[User talk:Soboyed|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Soboyed|contribs]]) 04:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:This restriction is automatically lifted after you have edited for a certain time (I don't recall that time off-hand, but it is not long). This is designed to stop spam. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:53, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Showing error to publish a Post ==

My  action was constructive, not destructive, please allow to publish it. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|&amp;#126;2026-20906-18]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|talk]]) 08:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:Maybe you got caught in a filter. Consider [[Special:CreateAccount|creating an account]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Your edits, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2026-20906-18 these ones], seems to have tripped a filter when you tried to create a page on [[Create]] which external links. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:58, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Have you read my [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2802219 previous reply] to you @[[User:~2026-20906-18|~2026-20906-18]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:02, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Abuse filters which should be deleted ==

Hi, there are some abuse filters which should probably be deleted.
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023)
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive)
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:51, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:Why do these need to be deleted rather than inactivated? Do inactive abuse filters cause a server strain? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:39, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Deleted filters do not cause strain to the servers. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:These sounds like sensible suggestions but, yes, would inactivation perhaps make more sense than deletion for at least some  filters? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:35, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:I would keep them @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Alternatively, I would turn off the ones that haven't caught anything for a long time, but I would leave them enabled in case they need to be turned on or improved. If someone has already written the code and we don't have hundreds of free man-hours of programmers on Wikiversity, the server load seems secondary to me, and is negligible compared to other things. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I know how to write abuse filter code and regex, but I would recommend disabling filters that have never caught anything in a long time ''and'' those who made lots of false positives. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:09, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Of course @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]], there are people here today who are capable of changing the code. But the question is what it will be like in a few years, the question is what will happen if those two are busy for a long time, etc. That's why I would leave it so that those who don't know much about code can be inspired by it and will need to do something with it someday - plus, more code for different types of filtering is actually great educational material on how those filters work. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:41, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

Here's the updated list of abuse filters under review with actions I've taken (several disabled, one basic code improvement, and some actions changed) - none have been deleted so they can all be edited and reactivayed - please suggest any further changes:
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore) - One time account spam bot - 4 hits over 10 years ago - Disabled in 2024 - May be useful in future
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018) - Userspace spamming - 778 hits; none since 2018 likely due to global filters - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched) - Specific user page spam - 1,101 hits most recent 7 March 2026 - Still active - Kept enabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives) - Questionable Language (profanity) - 6,055 hits including very recently - However it was logging hits without taking any actions - Edited to reduce likelihood of false positives by only applying filter to users with low (&lt; 20) edit count and applied weak actions to tag and warn but not prevent publishing the content
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023) - Blocked Solicitation Links - 95 hits; none since 2023 - blocks specific historical spam sites - Non-active - Now disabled
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore) - Not reviewed - They are currently disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022) - Fundamental Physics Edits - 347 hits; none since 2022 - Non-active and very specific for a historical issue - Now disabled 
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019) - Page Creation - 20 hits; none since 2019 - Retained for historical reference and possible future updates - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive) - Globally Banned Editor (renamed to Low-edit Spam Monitor) - 2,829 hits including very recent - Only applies to users with less than 5 edits and takes no actions / monitoring only - Reviewing the details of the hits I don't see many false positives and have strengthened its actions to add a tag and warning

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:57, 9 April 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Please block ~2026-20985-80/~2026-21079-90/~2026-21223-88. Reason: Vandalism. [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] ([[User talk:Àncilu|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Àncilu|contribs]]) 23:24, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:All edits should be deleted and the first is blocked by Atcovi. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:33, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Antispam - Filter 12 ==
{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Thanks for contacting me with a suggested [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] for the coupon spam we've been getting. A very much appreciated time saver. Per your suggestion, abuse filter 12 has been reactivated with your updated regex. It should tag and prevent page creation actions for coupon promo etc. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:33, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Please do the following to filter 12:
:# Enable the block action (temporary for unregistered users, indefinite for registered users)
:# Disable both the disallow and tag actions, since that filter will be set to block
: Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:42, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::Excellent. Done:
::* Block duration for non-registered users = 1 week
::* Block duration for registered users = indefinite
::* Disallow and tagging disabled
::Thankyou. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:24, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== Urgent! error message This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed ==

While submitting the post this error was coming &quot;This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please inform an administrator of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link&quot; How to resolve it?

Here is the content:

{{note|marketing material removed}}

[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: That's because Wikiversity doesn't accept advertising. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::So this is fine
::'''Online Internship and Digital Learning for Students'''
::Online learning has become an important part of modern education. With the help of the internet and digital tools, students can now study, practice, and gain experience without being physically present in a classroom. One key part of this system is the online internship, which helps students learn real-world skills along with their studies.
::An online internship allows students to work on tasks and projects through digital platforms. This makes learning more practical and useful, especially for those who want to understand how real work environments function.
::'''Background'''
::The concept of online learning developed from distance education, where students learned from remote locations. Over time, with the growth of digital technology, learning has become more interactive and flexible.
::The introduction of the online internship has added another important layer to digital education. It combines theoretical learning with practical experience, helping students prepare for future careers.
::During global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, online education and online internship programs became essential. They helped students continue learning and gaining experience despite restrictions on physical movement.
::'''Importance of Online Internship'''
::An online internship plays an important role in student development. It helps bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills.
::'''Some key points include:'''
::Students understand how real work is done
::They develop basic professional skills
::It supports career readiness
::It allows learning without location limits
::By participating in an online internship, students can improve their confidence and gain early exposure to different fields.
::'''Features of Online Internship-Based Learning'''
::Modern education platforms often include online internship opportunities as part of their learning system. These usually offer:
::Flexible schedules for students
::Access to learning from home
::Beginner-friendly tasks and projects
::A combination of theory and practice
::Such features make online internship programs suitable for a wide range of learners, including beginners.
::'''Learning Tasks'''
::Explore how online internship programs support student learning in digital environments.
::Identify how students can gain practical experience through an online internship
::Analyze the role of flexible learning in improving student engagement
::Understand how online education and internships work together
::'''References'''
::[https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/E-Learning_Hanaaya-Navaneeth.pdf The Past, Present and Future of E-Learning: Hanaaya Varyani and Navaneeth M S]
::[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9788102 Current Trends and Future Perspectives of e-Learning in India]
::'''See Also'''
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/internship Online Internship]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/ Online Courses]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/kids-learning Kids Learning]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/career_helper/ Career Guidance] [[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] Wikiversity is a resource for education, or a space for education. However, your intention to link to another website is obvious, and such content does not belong here, as it contradicts the purpose of Wikiversity. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

==AI-generated images==
Seeking your advice.

Myself and students use some AI-generated images in the [[Motivation and emotion]] project.

[[User:Dronebogus]] has been removing some of these images from Wikiversity pages and nominating them for deletion at Commons. As a result, some have been deleted and some have been kept.

Dronebogus has made some useful edits and image suggestions for [[Motivation and emotion]] which I've appreciated and  incorporated. However, there are other edits to remove an AI image by Dronebogus that I've reverted where I think the image is more educational than no image or an alternative image suggested by Dronebogus.

There are a couple of pages where Dronebogus has reverted my reversion, so we are at risk of edit warring. We have briefly discussed and warned each other on our user talk pages, but it seems to come down to a difference in perception about the educational usefulness of the AI images.

So, I'm asking here for others to please review the recent edit histories for these pages:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Stockholm syndrome emotion]]

and let us know what you think about the AI image suitability vs. using no image or alternative images suggested by Dronebogus.

Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think Jtneill needs to try harder to find non-AI alternatives both on Commons and the web. I’m not reiterating the well known problems with generative AI— you can read about those on Wikipedia and the broader Internet. Needless to say it’s kind of just inherently toxic. If you use it, it should be the last resort of last resorts. Just my stance, which I consider perfectly valid and reasonable. [[User:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[User talk:Dronebogus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dronebogus|contribs]]) 04:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request for Page Creation Approval - Research on Dr. Ian Stevenson ==


'''Hello Administrators,'''

I am a digital archivist and researcher attempting to create an educational page regarding Dr. Ian Stevenson's scientific work, specifically titled &quot;Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect&quot; and its official Vietnamese edition.

My edits are purely constructive, aimed at integrating local research context with global structured data (including '''Wikidata Q139548587'''). The automated filter is currently preventing publication due to &quot;new user external link limits.&quot;

I have ensured that all citations, references, and images (sourced from Wikimedia Commons) are strictly academic and non-promotional. Could you please review my contributions and consider whitelisting my account or approving this specific page creation?

Thank you for your assistance in preserving this research '''legacy''' within the open knowledge ecosystem.

'''Best regards,''' [[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] ([[User talk:Ian Stevenson777|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ian Stevenson777|contribs]]) 07:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
: The page title should probably be in English, as this is English Wikiversity. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:19, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] I looked at the text and it seems to me that it is informative, but the user cannot learn anything from it because they would have to buy the book. In this regard, it seems to me that it is enough [[:w:Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect|to have that article on Wikipedia]] and there is no need to duplicate it here on Wikiversity. If you are particularly interested with its Vietnamese translation, I would focus on Vietnamese Wikipedia, but it seems to me, that the article there [https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C6%A1i_lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i_v%C3%A0_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_giao_nhau&amp;oldid=75029095 have some problems at the moment]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:51, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Call for custodians and bureaucrats ==

Can I encourage currently active [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]] to consider putting themselves forward for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship]] and/or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucrat|bureaucratship]]. We have a productive, capable group of [[Wikiversity:Staff|staff]] at the moment who should probably have more rights to better support the project and we are light on for active custodians and bureaucrats. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:34, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
: I'm willing to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 11:48, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Awesome. Could you self-nominate at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:I'm also willing to run for bureaucratship as I imagine my activity levels should remain sufficient. I could put in a nomination within the next week or so. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:55, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator flag request ==

@[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Mu301|Mu301]] I am requesting IA flag to delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]]. It was requested for deletion by [[User:Sophivorus|a trusted user]] and I think it can be deleted. Once I delete it, I will notify you and you can remove the flag. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:24, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Can you enable two-factor authentication? 
:Policy: [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:27, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Done @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:::You are an interface administrator for 24 hours. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:57, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thx @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I have just deleted the page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Hi. Please block @[[User:Skibidi Titan 5.0|Skibidi Titan 5.0]]. Reason : Vandalism.

Thanks, [[User:Locpac|Locpac]] ([[User talk:Locpac|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locpac|contribs]]) 15:10, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Thankyou. Done. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 15:25, 10 May 2026 (UTC)


== ~2026-28496-53 ==

Please block [[Special:Contribs/~2026-28496-53]], vandalism. [[User:Tenshi Hinanawi|Tenshi Hinanawi]] ([[User talk:Tenshi Hinanawi|トーク]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tenshi Hinanawi|投稿記録]]) 17:02, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hfz2dv76ouv40mqh24xkcdodbejvdv7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808403</id>
      <parentid>2808383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T17:14:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ~2026-28496-53 */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>2808403</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42868" sha1="hehr6n62gakkzxvy0mdw7sn178lwyn1" xml:space="preserve">{{/Header}}
== Dan Polansky ==

I would like to ask you to assess the behavior of Dan Polansky, who in my opinion continues to violate [[Wikiversity:Etiquette|Etiquette]], calls users who disagree with him trolls, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Harold_Foppele&amp;oldid=2760143#Your_qualification questions their expertise], tests them, etc. This is most evident in [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]], where he has already indicated that two discussion opponents are trolls. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:05, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
: The coddling of overt disruptor Harold Foppele (substantiation is in RCA above) and proven provocateur and disruptor Juandev (substantiation in CR above) must stop. The English Wikiversity must start to properly curate its content and discipline disruptive editors. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] is underway; outcome pending. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:03, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::It has been closed with consensus to ban him indefinitely from this project, I believe there is nothing else to do here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:06, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

== Sidewide count.js ==

i would like something like: [[Template:User contrib count/count.js]]. i created [[Template:User contrib count]] and a user/common.js. {{User contrib count}}.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; so a &quot;count.js&quot; would complete it. See [[User:Harold Foppele/common.js]].
If an Administrator could help please. Cheers [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

== need to add my profile ==

im trying to add new profile content  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:03, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

:You can edit it now. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:05, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::where can create a new one [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
:::i have created and its in sandbox. i would like to know when it will be approved  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 19:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Please don’t create [[wv:spam|spam]] pages as it will be deleted. Please also read [[WV:Scope]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 04:01, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Im trying to add new profile while add content its shows not alowed ==

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Exceeded New Page Limit

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

== New User: cannot create talk page ==

Hi, I am a new user of Wikiversity and I wanted to create a talk page for the article [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing]]. As a new user, I was barred from performing this action. The text that I wanted to add to the talk page is:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I have doubts as to to the reliability of this essay. Take for rexample the sentence:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Due to its efficiency, AI has saved 380,000-403,000 lives per year in European healthcare as reported in a recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report&lt;ref&gt;Dantas, C., Mackiewicz, K., Tageo, V., Jacucci, G., Guardado, D., Ortet, S., Varlamis, I., Maniadakis, M., De Lera, E., Quintas, J., Kocsis, O., &amp; Vassiliou, C. (2021). Benefits and hurdles of AI in the workplace – what comes next? ''International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 10'', 9-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351993615_Benefits_and_Hurdles_of_AI_In_The_Workplace_-What_Comes_Next&lt;/ref&gt;.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Reading the reference (freely available on ResearchGate), one notes:

# that the reference is from 2021 (predating the widespread use of LLMs such as ChatGPT and the associated 'AI' boom), and
# that the reference factually contradicts this essay.

Quoting from the reference:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
There are enormous benefits of applying AI-based solutions to monitor workers’ health and prevent accidents or, currently, COVID-19 infections, and those benefits are reported with enormous potential. According to the recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report [11], implementing AI in European healthcare systems could save up 380,000 to 403,000 lives annually or €170.9 to 212.4 billion per year.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Not that the reference says ''could save'', not ''saves'' as in the essay.

This calls into question the reliability of the essay.

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Could an administrator make this addition for me? Thank you! 
{{reflist}}
[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 06:53, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] I have added it for you, you can change the header and sign it now. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:05, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 12:43, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Disallowed to add a page on a course ==

I'm trying to populate a newly created course on Wikiversity, but it blocks me from creating more pages with &quot;New User Exceeded New Page Limit&quot;. Could this be lifted please? [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 13:21, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Sorry! Never mind. I was trying to create a new article instead of a new page. All good now. [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 14:03, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

== Harold Foppele adding LLM-generated nonsense and personal fiction ==

I became aware of [[User:Harold Foppele]]'s editing after I deleted some of his uploads on Commons. He appears to be adding a large amount of text and images that are some combination of personal fiction and LLM-generated nonsense. This includes:
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers#Future thought experiment|Personal speculative fiction]] in an otherwise &quot;nonfiction&quot; article
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg|diagrams]] and [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg|renders]] for nonexistent lab equipment, with fake source (on Commons, he indicated these files as having been created by him using an LLM)
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created images of equations with obvious artifacts. These images, such as [[:File:Redfield equation (non-Markovian).png]] and [[:File:Lindblad equation (Markovian).png]], don't even match the text he puts them with.
Much of his writing is also of extremely poor quality, to the point where it's not clear whether it's written by him or an LLM. I'm not an active editor on this project, so I'm not as familiar with the standards here, but I believe this is worth custodian attention. [[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] ([[User talk:Pi.1415926535|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi.1415926535|contribs]]) 03:06, 23 February 2026 (UTC)

:Fake source ''and'' contradictory copyright info, claiming both public domain and CC license. Moreover, if they are indeed nearly-direct LLM output, depending on jurisdiction they may not even be eligible for copyright.
:I've put speedy deletion marks for the equations, because they're obviously not coherent mathematical equations (the parentheses don't match, the symbols merge into each other the way text in image models often do, etc) [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:50, 7 March 2026 (UTC)

== Repeated removal of RFD notices by Harold Foppele ==

{{User|Harold Foppele }}

This editor is appearing in multiple noticeboards for behaviour which is contentious. Ther latest adventure is the repeated removal of tye RFD notice at [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]]. You will see from their contributions record the number of times. I have warned Tham on their user tag page that this is tantaomunt to volunteering to be blocked here. They have a track record of achieving blocks on enWiki and Commons already.

They have all the appearance of shooting not to understand when given direct information about their behaviour, whichever project they are editing, and are fast becoming a time sink. Their behaviour across multiple WMF sites may well lead to a Global Lock, but I do not believe they have quite reached the threshold for that.

I believe that what is required is a preventative block to seek to ensure thatchy understand the seriousness of their behaviour, and the need to be collegial. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:03, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:45, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Blocks for sockpuppet ==

Please block [[User:Harold Foppele]] and [[User:Johnwilliamsiii]] for sockpuppetry based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Harold_Foppele en wiki] CU and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1177465640 commons] CU investigations. The user has also violated copyright, see the above discussion. A block is necessary to prevent further abuse. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:30, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]&lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:31, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:44, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:CC. @[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]], @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]], @[[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:33, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the ping. I concur based on [[w:en:WP:DUCK|behaviour]]. CUs appear divided. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 11:41, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Problem when trying to start a discussion with authors of the Plurilingual education portal ==

The authors I wanted to discuss with are called &quot;Project PEP&quot; and my name is Franch Chandler. How can I be allowed to do so ? [[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] ([[User talk:French Chandler|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/French Chandler|contribs]]) 18:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] place your qestion [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Projet_PEP&amp;action=edit into the dialog box] on this link and hit Publish page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

== Please publish my post ==

My post is about &quot;Every child grows and develops at their own pace, but some may experience challenges that affect their ability to perform everyday tasks. These challenges can include difficulties with fine motor skills, sensory processing, handwriting, feeding, and self-regulation. When these issues are not addressed early, they can impact a child’s confidence, academic performance, and independence.

With the rise of digital healthcare services, '''online physical therapy''' has emerged as a powerful and accessible solution for parents seeking support for their children. This modern approach provides structured, personalized therapy programs that can be accessed from the comfort of home, making it easier for families to ensure consistent care.&quot; [[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] ([[User talk:Skyabovetherapy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Skyabovetherapy|contribs]]) 12:28, 28 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] Well, you can publish it yourself, Wikiversity is a free environement, where everybody can create educational resources. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:11, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
::They actually triggered some abuse filters. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
:I looked at your attempts to add this text and I see a link to one website repeated many times, which reminds me of the misuse of Wikiversity for self-promotion or to increase the importance of the website. It is necessary to remind you here that Wikiversity is not a place for promotion, but a place for education. So if you want to educate, it will not be a problem to create the page without external links with a clearly defined procedure for how people should use it and what to expect from it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:07, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

== New user limit ==

Hi, I am creating an AIPA Method learning resource page. 

I am the author of the linked research, and I hit the “new user limit” and “new page with external link” filters while publishing. 

Here is the link to the page in creation: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=AIPA_Method&amp;veaction=edit] 

Thank you for your help. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:19, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:30, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you, you are very kind. 
::I will wait a day, and try again (without links, too). 
::Today, I already created About Me info page, and maybe that is enough for the filters for one day.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:53, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:56, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work. 
::::There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that. 
::::There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
::::Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies. 
::::Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):    [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:47, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::For the unknown reasons, the form didn't publish my second part of the message: 
:::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
:::::Best Regards, 
:::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::And the third try: 
:::::: == Introduction ==
::::::The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
::::::The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:::::: == Theoretical foundations ==
::::::The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
::::::* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
::::::* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
::::::* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
::::::Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:::::: == Experiential empiricism ==
::::::The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
::::::* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
::::::* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
::::::* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
::::::* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
::::::All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
::::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
::::::Best regards, 
::::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:54, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Unable to publish pages  ==

Whenever I try to publish a page with linked sources it gets flagged and says I'm a new user attempting to publish content with outside links. Those outside links are my sources. [[User:Soboyed|Soboyed]] ([[User talk:Soboyed|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Soboyed|contribs]]) 04:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:This restriction is automatically lifted after you have edited for a certain time (I don't recall that time off-hand, but it is not long). This is designed to stop spam. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:53, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Showing error to publish a Post ==

My  action was constructive, not destructive, please allow to publish it. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|&amp;#126;2026-20906-18]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|talk]]) 08:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:Maybe you got caught in a filter. Consider [[Special:CreateAccount|creating an account]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Your edits, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2026-20906-18 these ones], seems to have tripped a filter when you tried to create a page on [[Create]] which external links. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:58, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Have you read my [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2802219 previous reply] to you @[[User:~2026-20906-18|~2026-20906-18]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:02, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Abuse filters which should be deleted ==

Hi, there are some abuse filters which should probably be deleted.
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023)
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive)
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:51, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:Why do these need to be deleted rather than inactivated? Do inactive abuse filters cause a server strain? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:39, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Deleted filters do not cause strain to the servers. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:These sounds like sensible suggestions but, yes, would inactivation perhaps make more sense than deletion for at least some  filters? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:35, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:I would keep them @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Alternatively, I would turn off the ones that haven't caught anything for a long time, but I would leave them enabled in case they need to be turned on or improved. If someone has already written the code and we don't have hundreds of free man-hours of programmers on Wikiversity, the server load seems secondary to me, and is negligible compared to other things. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I know how to write abuse filter code and regex, but I would recommend disabling filters that have never caught anything in a long time ''and'' those who made lots of false positives. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:09, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Of course @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]], there are people here today who are capable of changing the code. But the question is what it will be like in a few years, the question is what will happen if those two are busy for a long time, etc. That's why I would leave it so that those who don't know much about code can be inspired by it and will need to do something with it someday - plus, more code for different types of filtering is actually great educational material on how those filters work. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:41, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

Here's the updated list of abuse filters under review with actions I've taken (several disabled, one basic code improvement, and some actions changed) - none have been deleted so they can all be edited and reactivayed - please suggest any further changes:
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore) - One time account spam bot - 4 hits over 10 years ago - Disabled in 2024 - May be useful in future
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018) - Userspace spamming - 778 hits; none since 2018 likely due to global filters - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched) - Specific user page spam - 1,101 hits most recent 7 March 2026 - Still active - Kept enabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives) - Questionable Language (profanity) - 6,055 hits including very recently - However it was logging hits without taking any actions - Edited to reduce likelihood of false positives by only applying filter to users with low (&lt; 20) edit count and applied weak actions to tag and warn but not prevent publishing the content
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023) - Blocked Solicitation Links - 95 hits; none since 2023 - blocks specific historical spam sites - Non-active - Now disabled
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore) - Not reviewed - They are currently disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022) - Fundamental Physics Edits - 347 hits; none since 2022 - Non-active and very specific for a historical issue - Now disabled 
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019) - Page Creation - 20 hits; none since 2019 - Retained for historical reference and possible future updates - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive) - Globally Banned Editor (renamed to Low-edit Spam Monitor) - 2,829 hits including very recent - Only applies to users with less than 5 edits and takes no actions / monitoring only - Reviewing the details of the hits I don't see many false positives and have strengthened its actions to add a tag and warning

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:57, 9 April 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Please block ~2026-20985-80/~2026-21079-90/~2026-21223-88. Reason: Vandalism. [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] ([[User talk:Àncilu|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Àncilu|contribs]]) 23:24, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:All edits should be deleted and the first is blocked by Atcovi. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:33, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Antispam - Filter 12 ==
{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Thanks for contacting me with a suggested [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] for the coupon spam we've been getting. A very much appreciated time saver. Per your suggestion, abuse filter 12 has been reactivated with your updated regex. It should tag and prevent page creation actions for coupon promo etc. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:33, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Please do the following to filter 12:
:# Enable the block action (temporary for unregistered users, indefinite for registered users)
:# Disable both the disallow and tag actions, since that filter will be set to block
: Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:42, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::Excellent. Done:
::* Block duration for non-registered users = 1 week
::* Block duration for registered users = indefinite
::* Disallow and tagging disabled
::Thankyou. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:24, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== Urgent! error message This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed ==

While submitting the post this error was coming &quot;This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please inform an administrator of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link&quot; How to resolve it?

Here is the content:

{{note|marketing material removed}}

[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: That's because Wikiversity doesn't accept advertising. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::So this is fine
::'''Online Internship and Digital Learning for Students'''
::Online learning has become an important part of modern education. With the help of the internet and digital tools, students can now study, practice, and gain experience without being physically present in a classroom. One key part of this system is the online internship, which helps students learn real-world skills along with their studies.
::An online internship allows students to work on tasks and projects through digital platforms. This makes learning more practical and useful, especially for those who want to understand how real work environments function.
::'''Background'''
::The concept of online learning developed from distance education, where students learned from remote locations. Over time, with the growth of digital technology, learning has become more interactive and flexible.
::The introduction of the online internship has added another important layer to digital education. It combines theoretical learning with practical experience, helping students prepare for future careers.
::During global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, online education and online internship programs became essential. They helped students continue learning and gaining experience despite restrictions on physical movement.
::'''Importance of Online Internship'''
::An online internship plays an important role in student development. It helps bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills.
::'''Some key points include:'''
::Students understand how real work is done
::They develop basic professional skills
::It supports career readiness
::It allows learning without location limits
::By participating in an online internship, students can improve their confidence and gain early exposure to different fields.
::'''Features of Online Internship-Based Learning'''
::Modern education platforms often include online internship opportunities as part of their learning system. These usually offer:
::Flexible schedules for students
::Access to learning from home
::Beginner-friendly tasks and projects
::A combination of theory and practice
::Such features make online internship programs suitable for a wide range of learners, including beginners.
::'''Learning Tasks'''
::Explore how online internship programs support student learning in digital environments.
::Identify how students can gain practical experience through an online internship
::Analyze the role of flexible learning in improving student engagement
::Understand how online education and internships work together
::'''References'''
::[https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/E-Learning_Hanaaya-Navaneeth.pdf The Past, Present and Future of E-Learning: Hanaaya Varyani and Navaneeth M S]
::[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9788102 Current Trends and Future Perspectives of e-Learning in India]
::'''See Also'''
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/internship Online Internship]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/ Online Courses]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/kids-learning Kids Learning]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/career_helper/ Career Guidance] [[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] Wikiversity is a resource for education, or a space for education. However, your intention to link to another website is obvious, and such content does not belong here, as it contradicts the purpose of Wikiversity. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

==AI-generated images==
Seeking your advice.

Myself and students use some AI-generated images in the [[Motivation and emotion]] project.

[[User:Dronebogus]] has been removing some of these images from Wikiversity pages and nominating them for deletion at Commons. As a result, some have been deleted and some have been kept.

Dronebogus has made some useful edits and image suggestions for [[Motivation and emotion]] which I've appreciated and  incorporated. However, there are other edits to remove an AI image by Dronebogus that I've reverted where I think the image is more educational than no image or an alternative image suggested by Dronebogus.

There are a couple of pages where Dronebogus has reverted my reversion, so we are at risk of edit warring. We have briefly discussed and warned each other on our user talk pages, but it seems to come down to a difference in perception about the educational usefulness of the AI images.

So, I'm asking here for others to please review the recent edit histories for these pages:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Stockholm syndrome emotion]]

and let us know what you think about the AI image suitability vs. using no image or alternative images suggested by Dronebogus.

Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think Jtneill needs to try harder to find non-AI alternatives both on Commons and the web. I’m not reiterating the well known problems with generative AI— you can read about those on Wikipedia and the broader Internet. Needless to say it’s kind of just inherently toxic. If you use it, it should be the last resort of last resorts. Just my stance, which I consider perfectly valid and reasonable. [[User:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[User talk:Dronebogus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dronebogus|contribs]]) 04:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request for Page Creation Approval - Research on Dr. Ian Stevenson ==


'''Hello Administrators,'''

I am a digital archivist and researcher attempting to create an educational page regarding Dr. Ian Stevenson's scientific work, specifically titled &quot;Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect&quot; and its official Vietnamese edition.

My edits are purely constructive, aimed at integrating local research context with global structured data (including '''Wikidata Q139548587'''). The automated filter is currently preventing publication due to &quot;new user external link limits.&quot;

I have ensured that all citations, references, and images (sourced from Wikimedia Commons) are strictly academic and non-promotional. Could you please review my contributions and consider whitelisting my account or approving this specific page creation?

Thank you for your assistance in preserving this research '''legacy''' within the open knowledge ecosystem.

'''Best regards,''' [[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] ([[User talk:Ian Stevenson777|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ian Stevenson777|contribs]]) 07:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
: The page title should probably be in English, as this is English Wikiversity. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:19, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] I looked at the text and it seems to me that it is informative, but the user cannot learn anything from it because they would have to buy the book. In this regard, it seems to me that it is enough [[:w:Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect|to have that article on Wikipedia]] and there is no need to duplicate it here on Wikiversity. If you are particularly interested with its Vietnamese translation, I would focus on Vietnamese Wikipedia, but it seems to me, that the article there [https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C6%A1i_lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i_v%C3%A0_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_giao_nhau&amp;oldid=75029095 have some problems at the moment]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:51, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Call for custodians and bureaucrats ==

Can I encourage currently active [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]] to consider putting themselves forward for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship]] and/or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucrat|bureaucratship]]. We have a productive, capable group of [[Wikiversity:Staff|staff]] at the moment who should probably have more rights to better support the project and we are light on for active custodians and bureaucrats. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:34, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
: I'm willing to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 11:48, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Awesome. Could you self-nominate at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:I'm also willing to run for bureaucratship as I imagine my activity levels should remain sufficient. I could put in a nomination within the next week or so. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:55, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator flag request ==

@[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Mu301|Mu301]] I am requesting IA flag to delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]]. It was requested for deletion by [[User:Sophivorus|a trusted user]] and I think it can be deleted. Once I delete it, I will notify you and you can remove the flag. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:24, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Can you enable two-factor authentication? 
:Policy: [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:27, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Done @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:::You are an interface administrator for 24 hours. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:57, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thx @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I have just deleted the page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Hi. Please block @[[User:Skibidi Titan 5.0|Skibidi Titan 5.0]]. Reason : Vandalism.

Thanks, [[User:Locpac|Locpac]] ([[User talk:Locpac|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locpac|contribs]]) 15:10, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Thankyou. Done. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 15:25, 10 May 2026 (UTC)


== ~2026-28496-53 ==

Please block [[Special:Contribs/~2026-28496-53]], vandalism. [[User:Tenshi Hinanawi|Tenshi Hinanawi]] ([[User talk:Tenshi Hinanawi|トーク]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tenshi Hinanawi|投稿記録]]) 17:02, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} Thank you! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:14, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hehr6n62gakkzxvy0mdw7sn178lwyn1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808455</id>
      <parentid>2808403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T00:09:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Call for custodians and bureaucrats */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>2808455</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43063" sha1="4pvw30z3ai8sdrrimj1emcmx29clhcl" xml:space="preserve">{{/Header}}
== Dan Polansky ==

I would like to ask you to assess the behavior of Dan Polansky, who in my opinion continues to violate [[Wikiversity:Etiquette|Etiquette]], calls users who disagree with him trolls, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Harold_Foppele&amp;oldid=2760143#Your_qualification questions their expertise], tests them, etc. This is most evident in [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]], where he has already indicated that two discussion opponents are trolls. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:05, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
: The coddling of overt disruptor Harold Foppele (substantiation is in RCA above) and proven provocateur and disruptor Juandev (substantiation in CR above) must stop. The English Wikiversity must start to properly curate its content and discipline disruptive editors. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] is underway; outcome pending. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:03, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::It has been closed with consensus to ban him indefinitely from this project, I believe there is nothing else to do here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:06, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

== Sidewide count.js ==

i would like something like: [[Template:User contrib count/count.js]]. i created [[Template:User contrib count]] and a user/common.js. {{User contrib count}}.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; so a &quot;count.js&quot; would complete it. See [[User:Harold Foppele/common.js]].
If an Administrator could help please. Cheers [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

== need to add my profile ==

im trying to add new profile content  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:03, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

:You can edit it now. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:05, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::where can create a new one [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
:::i have created and its in sandbox. i would like to know when it will be approved  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 19:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Please don’t create [[wv:spam|spam]] pages as it will be deleted. Please also read [[WV:Scope]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 04:01, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Im trying to add new profile while add content its shows not alowed ==

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Exceeded New Page Limit

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

== New User: cannot create talk page ==

Hi, I am a new user of Wikiversity and I wanted to create a talk page for the article [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing]]. As a new user, I was barred from performing this action. The text that I wanted to add to the talk page is:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I have doubts as to to the reliability of this essay. Take for rexample the sentence:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Due to its efficiency, AI has saved 380,000-403,000 lives per year in European healthcare as reported in a recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report&lt;ref&gt;Dantas, C., Mackiewicz, K., Tageo, V., Jacucci, G., Guardado, D., Ortet, S., Varlamis, I., Maniadakis, M., De Lera, E., Quintas, J., Kocsis, O., &amp; Vassiliou, C. (2021). Benefits and hurdles of AI in the workplace – what comes next? ''International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 10'', 9-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351993615_Benefits_and_Hurdles_of_AI_In_The_Workplace_-What_Comes_Next&lt;/ref&gt;.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Reading the reference (freely available on ResearchGate), one notes:

# that the reference is from 2021 (predating the widespread use of LLMs such as ChatGPT and the associated 'AI' boom), and
# that the reference factually contradicts this essay.

Quoting from the reference:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
There are enormous benefits of applying AI-based solutions to monitor workers’ health and prevent accidents or, currently, COVID-19 infections, and those benefits are reported with enormous potential. According to the recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report [11], implementing AI in European healthcare systems could save up 380,000 to 403,000 lives annually or €170.9 to 212.4 billion per year.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Not that the reference says ''could save'', not ''saves'' as in the essay.

This calls into question the reliability of the essay.

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Could an administrator make this addition for me? Thank you! 
{{reflist}}
[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 06:53, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] I have added it for you, you can change the header and sign it now. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:05, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 12:43, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Disallowed to add a page on a course ==

I'm trying to populate a newly created course on Wikiversity, but it blocks me from creating more pages with &quot;New User Exceeded New Page Limit&quot;. Could this be lifted please? [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 13:21, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Sorry! Never mind. I was trying to create a new article instead of a new page. All good now. [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 14:03, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

== Harold Foppele adding LLM-generated nonsense and personal fiction ==

I became aware of [[User:Harold Foppele]]'s editing after I deleted some of his uploads on Commons. He appears to be adding a large amount of text and images that are some combination of personal fiction and LLM-generated nonsense. This includes:
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers#Future thought experiment|Personal speculative fiction]] in an otherwise &quot;nonfiction&quot; article
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg|diagrams]] and [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg|renders]] for nonexistent lab equipment, with fake source (on Commons, he indicated these files as having been created by him using an LLM)
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created images of equations with obvious artifacts. These images, such as [[:File:Redfield equation (non-Markovian).png]] and [[:File:Lindblad equation (Markovian).png]], don't even match the text he puts them with.
Much of his writing is also of extremely poor quality, to the point where it's not clear whether it's written by him or an LLM. I'm not an active editor on this project, so I'm not as familiar with the standards here, but I believe this is worth custodian attention. [[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] ([[User talk:Pi.1415926535|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi.1415926535|contribs]]) 03:06, 23 February 2026 (UTC)

:Fake source ''and'' contradictory copyright info, claiming both public domain and CC license. Moreover, if they are indeed nearly-direct LLM output, depending on jurisdiction they may not even be eligible for copyright.
:I've put speedy deletion marks for the equations, because they're obviously not coherent mathematical equations (the parentheses don't match, the symbols merge into each other the way text in image models often do, etc) [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:50, 7 March 2026 (UTC)

== Repeated removal of RFD notices by Harold Foppele ==

{{User|Harold Foppele }}

This editor is appearing in multiple noticeboards for behaviour which is contentious. Ther latest adventure is the repeated removal of tye RFD notice at [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]]. You will see from their contributions record the number of times. I have warned Tham on their user tag page that this is tantaomunt to volunteering to be blocked here. They have a track record of achieving blocks on enWiki and Commons already.

They have all the appearance of shooting not to understand when given direct information about their behaviour, whichever project they are editing, and are fast becoming a time sink. Their behaviour across multiple WMF sites may well lead to a Global Lock, but I do not believe they have quite reached the threshold for that.

I believe that what is required is a preventative block to seek to ensure thatchy understand the seriousness of their behaviour, and the need to be collegial. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:03, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:45, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Blocks for sockpuppet ==

Please block [[User:Harold Foppele]] and [[User:Johnwilliamsiii]] for sockpuppetry based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Harold_Foppele en wiki] CU and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1177465640 commons] CU investigations. The user has also violated copyright, see the above discussion. A block is necessary to prevent further abuse. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:30, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]&lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:31, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:44, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:CC. @[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]], @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]], @[[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:33, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the ping. I concur based on [[w:en:WP:DUCK|behaviour]]. CUs appear divided. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 11:41, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Problem when trying to start a discussion with authors of the Plurilingual education portal ==

The authors I wanted to discuss with are called &quot;Project PEP&quot; and my name is Franch Chandler. How can I be allowed to do so ? [[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] ([[User talk:French Chandler|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/French Chandler|contribs]]) 18:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] place your qestion [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Projet_PEP&amp;action=edit into the dialog box] on this link and hit Publish page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

== Please publish my post ==

My post is about &quot;Every child grows and develops at their own pace, but some may experience challenges that affect their ability to perform everyday tasks. These challenges can include difficulties with fine motor skills, sensory processing, handwriting, feeding, and self-regulation. When these issues are not addressed early, they can impact a child’s confidence, academic performance, and independence.

With the rise of digital healthcare services, '''online physical therapy''' has emerged as a powerful and accessible solution for parents seeking support for their children. This modern approach provides structured, personalized therapy programs that can be accessed from the comfort of home, making it easier for families to ensure consistent care.&quot; [[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] ([[User talk:Skyabovetherapy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Skyabovetherapy|contribs]]) 12:28, 28 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] Well, you can publish it yourself, Wikiversity is a free environement, where everybody can create educational resources. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:11, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
::They actually triggered some abuse filters. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
:I looked at your attempts to add this text and I see a link to one website repeated many times, which reminds me of the misuse of Wikiversity for self-promotion or to increase the importance of the website. It is necessary to remind you here that Wikiversity is not a place for promotion, but a place for education. So if you want to educate, it will not be a problem to create the page without external links with a clearly defined procedure for how people should use it and what to expect from it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:07, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

== New user limit ==

Hi, I am creating an AIPA Method learning resource page. 

I am the author of the linked research, and I hit the “new user limit” and “new page with external link” filters while publishing. 

Here is the link to the page in creation: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=AIPA_Method&amp;veaction=edit] 

Thank you for your help. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:19, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:30, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you, you are very kind. 
::I will wait a day, and try again (without links, too). 
::Today, I already created About Me info page, and maybe that is enough for the filters for one day.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:53, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:56, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work. 
::::There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that. 
::::There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
::::Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies. 
::::Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):    [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:47, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::For the unknown reasons, the form didn't publish my second part of the message: 
:::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
:::::Best Regards, 
:::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::And the third try: 
:::::: == Introduction ==
::::::The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
::::::The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:::::: == Theoretical foundations ==
::::::The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
::::::* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
::::::* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
::::::* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
::::::Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:::::: == Experiential empiricism ==
::::::The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
::::::* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
::::::* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
::::::* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
::::::* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
::::::All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
::::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
::::::Best regards, 
::::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:54, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Unable to publish pages  ==

Whenever I try to publish a page with linked sources it gets flagged and says I'm a new user attempting to publish content with outside links. Those outside links are my sources. [[User:Soboyed|Soboyed]] ([[User talk:Soboyed|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Soboyed|contribs]]) 04:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:This restriction is automatically lifted after you have edited for a certain time (I don't recall that time off-hand, but it is not long). This is designed to stop spam. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:53, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Showing error to publish a Post ==

My  action was constructive, not destructive, please allow to publish it. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|&amp;#126;2026-20906-18]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|talk]]) 08:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:Maybe you got caught in a filter. Consider [[Special:CreateAccount|creating an account]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Your edits, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2026-20906-18 these ones], seems to have tripped a filter when you tried to create a page on [[Create]] which external links. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:58, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Have you read my [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2802219 previous reply] to you @[[User:~2026-20906-18|~2026-20906-18]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:02, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Abuse filters which should be deleted ==

Hi, there are some abuse filters which should probably be deleted.
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023)
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive)
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:51, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:Why do these need to be deleted rather than inactivated? Do inactive abuse filters cause a server strain? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:39, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Deleted filters do not cause strain to the servers. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:These sounds like sensible suggestions but, yes, would inactivation perhaps make more sense than deletion for at least some  filters? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:35, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:I would keep them @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Alternatively, I would turn off the ones that haven't caught anything for a long time, but I would leave them enabled in case they need to be turned on or improved. If someone has already written the code and we don't have hundreds of free man-hours of programmers on Wikiversity, the server load seems secondary to me, and is negligible compared to other things. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I know how to write abuse filter code and regex, but I would recommend disabling filters that have never caught anything in a long time ''and'' those who made lots of false positives. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:09, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Of course @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]], there are people here today who are capable of changing the code. But the question is what it will be like in a few years, the question is what will happen if those two are busy for a long time, etc. That's why I would leave it so that those who don't know much about code can be inspired by it and will need to do something with it someday - plus, more code for different types of filtering is actually great educational material on how those filters work. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:41, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

Here's the updated list of abuse filters under review with actions I've taken (several disabled, one basic code improvement, and some actions changed) - none have been deleted so they can all be edited and reactivayed - please suggest any further changes:
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore) - One time account spam bot - 4 hits over 10 years ago - Disabled in 2024 - May be useful in future
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018) - Userspace spamming - 778 hits; none since 2018 likely due to global filters - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched) - Specific user page spam - 1,101 hits most recent 7 March 2026 - Still active - Kept enabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives) - Questionable Language (profanity) - 6,055 hits including very recently - However it was logging hits without taking any actions - Edited to reduce likelihood of false positives by only applying filter to users with low (&lt; 20) edit count and applied weak actions to tag and warn but not prevent publishing the content
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023) - Blocked Solicitation Links - 95 hits; none since 2023 - blocks specific historical spam sites - Non-active - Now disabled
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore) - Not reviewed - They are currently disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022) - Fundamental Physics Edits - 347 hits; none since 2022 - Non-active and very specific for a historical issue - Now disabled 
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019) - Page Creation - 20 hits; none since 2019 - Retained for historical reference and possible future updates - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive) - Globally Banned Editor (renamed to Low-edit Spam Monitor) - 2,829 hits including very recent - Only applies to users with less than 5 edits and takes no actions / monitoring only - Reviewing the details of the hits I don't see many false positives and have strengthened its actions to add a tag and warning

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:57, 9 April 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Please block ~2026-20985-80/~2026-21079-90/~2026-21223-88. Reason: Vandalism. [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] ([[User talk:Àncilu|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Àncilu|contribs]]) 23:24, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:All edits should be deleted and the first is blocked by Atcovi. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:33, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Antispam - Filter 12 ==
{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Thanks for contacting me with a suggested [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] for the coupon spam we've been getting. A very much appreciated time saver. Per your suggestion, abuse filter 12 has been reactivated with your updated regex. It should tag and prevent page creation actions for coupon promo etc. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:33, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Please do the following to filter 12:
:# Enable the block action (temporary for unregistered users, indefinite for registered users)
:# Disable both the disallow and tag actions, since that filter will be set to block
: Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:42, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::Excellent. Done:
::* Block duration for non-registered users = 1 week
::* Block duration for registered users = indefinite
::* Disallow and tagging disabled
::Thankyou. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:24, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== Urgent! error message This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed ==

While submitting the post this error was coming &quot;This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please inform an administrator of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link&quot; How to resolve it?

Here is the content:

{{note|marketing material removed}}

[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: That's because Wikiversity doesn't accept advertising. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::So this is fine
::'''Online Internship and Digital Learning for Students'''
::Online learning has become an important part of modern education. With the help of the internet and digital tools, students can now study, practice, and gain experience without being physically present in a classroom. One key part of this system is the online internship, which helps students learn real-world skills along with their studies.
::An online internship allows students to work on tasks and projects through digital platforms. This makes learning more practical and useful, especially for those who want to understand how real work environments function.
::'''Background'''
::The concept of online learning developed from distance education, where students learned from remote locations. Over time, with the growth of digital technology, learning has become more interactive and flexible.
::The introduction of the online internship has added another important layer to digital education. It combines theoretical learning with practical experience, helping students prepare for future careers.
::During global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, online education and online internship programs became essential. They helped students continue learning and gaining experience despite restrictions on physical movement.
::'''Importance of Online Internship'''
::An online internship plays an important role in student development. It helps bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills.
::'''Some key points include:'''
::Students understand how real work is done
::They develop basic professional skills
::It supports career readiness
::It allows learning without location limits
::By participating in an online internship, students can improve their confidence and gain early exposure to different fields.
::'''Features of Online Internship-Based Learning'''
::Modern education platforms often include online internship opportunities as part of their learning system. These usually offer:
::Flexible schedules for students
::Access to learning from home
::Beginner-friendly tasks and projects
::A combination of theory and practice
::Such features make online internship programs suitable for a wide range of learners, including beginners.
::'''Learning Tasks'''
::Explore how online internship programs support student learning in digital environments.
::Identify how students can gain practical experience through an online internship
::Analyze the role of flexible learning in improving student engagement
::Understand how online education and internships work together
::'''References'''
::[https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/E-Learning_Hanaaya-Navaneeth.pdf The Past, Present and Future of E-Learning: Hanaaya Varyani and Navaneeth M S]
::[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9788102 Current Trends and Future Perspectives of e-Learning in India]
::'''See Also'''
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/internship Online Internship]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/ Online Courses]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/kids-learning Kids Learning]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/career_helper/ Career Guidance] [[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] Wikiversity is a resource for education, or a space for education. However, your intention to link to another website is obvious, and such content does not belong here, as it contradicts the purpose of Wikiversity. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

==AI-generated images==
Seeking your advice.

Myself and students use some AI-generated images in the [[Motivation and emotion]] project.

[[User:Dronebogus]] has been removing some of these images from Wikiversity pages and nominating them for deletion at Commons. As a result, some have been deleted and some have been kept.

Dronebogus has made some useful edits and image suggestions for [[Motivation and emotion]] which I've appreciated and  incorporated. However, there are other edits to remove an AI image by Dronebogus that I've reverted where I think the image is more educational than no image or an alternative image suggested by Dronebogus.

There are a couple of pages where Dronebogus has reverted my reversion, so we are at risk of edit warring. We have briefly discussed and warned each other on our user talk pages, but it seems to come down to a difference in perception about the educational usefulness of the AI images.

So, I'm asking here for others to please review the recent edit histories for these pages:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Stockholm syndrome emotion]]

and let us know what you think about the AI image suitability vs. using no image or alternative images suggested by Dronebogus.

Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think Jtneill needs to try harder to find non-AI alternatives both on Commons and the web. I’m not reiterating the well known problems with generative AI— you can read about those on Wikipedia and the broader Internet. Needless to say it’s kind of just inherently toxic. If you use it, it should be the last resort of last resorts. Just my stance, which I consider perfectly valid and reasonable. [[User:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[User talk:Dronebogus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dronebogus|contribs]]) 04:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request for Page Creation Approval - Research on Dr. Ian Stevenson ==


'''Hello Administrators,'''

I am a digital archivist and researcher attempting to create an educational page regarding Dr. Ian Stevenson's scientific work, specifically titled &quot;Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect&quot; and its official Vietnamese edition.

My edits are purely constructive, aimed at integrating local research context with global structured data (including '''Wikidata Q139548587'''). The automated filter is currently preventing publication due to &quot;new user external link limits.&quot;

I have ensured that all citations, references, and images (sourced from Wikimedia Commons) are strictly academic and non-promotional. Could you please review my contributions and consider whitelisting my account or approving this specific page creation?

Thank you for your assistance in preserving this research '''legacy''' within the open knowledge ecosystem.

'''Best regards,''' [[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] ([[User talk:Ian Stevenson777|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ian Stevenson777|contribs]]) 07:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
: The page title should probably be in English, as this is English Wikiversity. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:19, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] I looked at the text and it seems to me that it is informative, but the user cannot learn anything from it because they would have to buy the book. In this regard, it seems to me that it is enough [[:w:Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect|to have that article on Wikipedia]] and there is no need to duplicate it here on Wikiversity. If you are particularly interested with its Vietnamese translation, I would focus on Vietnamese Wikipedia, but it seems to me, that the article there [https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C6%A1i_lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i_v%C3%A0_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_giao_nhau&amp;oldid=75029095 have some problems at the moment]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:51, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Call for custodians and bureaucrats ==

Can I encourage currently active [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]] to consider putting themselves forward for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship]] and/or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucrat|bureaucratship]]. We have a productive, capable group of [[Wikiversity:Staff|staff]] at the moment who should probably have more rights to better support the project and we are light on for active custodians and bureaucrats. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:34, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
: I'm willing to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 11:48, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Awesome. Could you self-nominate at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:I'm also willing to run for bureaucratship as I imagine my activity levels should remain sufficient. I could put in a nomination within the next week or so. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:55, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::Wonderful. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 00:09, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator flag request ==

@[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Mu301|Mu301]] I am requesting IA flag to delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]]. It was requested for deletion by [[User:Sophivorus|a trusted user]] and I think it can be deleted. Once I delete it, I will notify you and you can remove the flag. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:24, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Can you enable two-factor authentication? 
:Policy: [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:27, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::Done @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:::You are an interface administrator for 24 hours. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:57, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thx @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], I have just deleted the page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Hi. Please block @[[User:Skibidi Titan 5.0|Skibidi Titan 5.0]]. Reason : Vandalism.

Thanks, [[User:Locpac|Locpac]] ([[User talk:Locpac|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locpac|contribs]]) 15:10, 10 May 2026 (UTC)

:Thankyou. Done. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 15:25, 10 May 2026 (UTC)


== ~2026-28496-53 ==

Please block [[Special:Contribs/~2026-28496-53]], vandalism. [[User:Tenshi Hinanawi|Tenshi Hinanawi]] ([[User talk:Tenshi Hinanawi|トーク]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tenshi Hinanawi|投稿記録]]) 17:02, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} Thank you! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:14, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Theology as Seen in Prophets and Psalms/Shape of Prophetic Corpus</title>
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      <text bytes="528" sha1="nr48u7fc83oe7ow01f3eshy587714pl" xml:space="preserve">Be firm and steadfast, so that I may give this people what I promised.  Josh 1:6 is the core and whole of the old and the new testaments.  It is what the bible is about.  There is information on how it all started.  &quot;This is the world and it was created.&quot;  A history of how the covanant began and with whom.  The Old Testament is History, Law and Correction. The New is History Teachings and Promice.  All of these are set to hold up the simple idea that God wants to reward his people and bring them to know Him.

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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    <title>Understanding Arithmetic Circuits</title>
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      <comment>/* Adder */</comment>
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== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20260109.pdf|org]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260511.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20260507.pdf|B]] ||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Digital Circuit Design]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
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== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20260109.pdf|org]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260511.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20260511.pdf|B]] ||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Digital Circuit Design]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>US States</title>
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      <text bytes="2240" sha1="rho7f7dqm0buc0ycym9nbhtksoc3d5h" xml:space="preserve">Learning all of the states by heart is not an easy task, since there are fifty of them. However, a visitor to the United States will have quite an advantage by being familiar with at least most of these, because each state has its own government that sets taxes and maintains roads as a federal government also does. States are not simply arbitrary provincial divisions, but instead divisions of the country that are familiar to residents.

This &quot;course&quot; is intended for those who are not familiar with the states (such as those who are not from the U.S.), but anyone can use it. It is an optional course in the [[Geography]] course series.

==List of states==
Currently, not every state has its own article, but generally the most important ones do.

* [[/Alabama/]]
* [[/Alaska/]]
* [[/Arizona/]]
* [[/Arkansas/]] &amp;mdash; the final &quot;s&quot; is pronounced like a &quot;w&quot;
* [[/California/]]
* [[/Colorado/]]
* [[/Connecticut/]] &amp;mdash; the second &quot;c&quot; is not pronounced
* [[/Delaware/]]
* [[/Florida/]]
* [[/Georgia/]]
* [[Greenland]]
* [[/Hawaii/]]
* [[/Idaho/]]
* [[/Illinois/]] &amp;mdash; the &quot;s&quot; is not pronounced
* [[/Indiana/]]
* [[/Iowa/]]
* [[/Kentucky/]]
* [[/Kansas/]]
* [[/Louisiana/]]
* [[/Maine/]]
* [[/Maryland/]] &amp;mdash; the first syllable is emphasized, the final one is not
* [[/Massachusetts/]]
* [[/Michigan/]]
* [[/Minnesota/]]
* [[/Mississippi/]]
* [[/Missouri/]]
* [[/Montana/]]
* [[/Nevada/]]
* [[/Nebraska/]]
* [[/New Hampshire/]]
* [[/New Jersey/]]
* [[/New Mexico/]]
* [[/New York/]] &amp;mdash; the main city, New York City, is the largest city in the U.S.
* [[/North Carolina/]]
* [[/North Dakota/]]
* [[/Ohio/]]
* [[/Oklahoma/]]
* [[/Oregon/]]
* [[/Pennsylvania/]]
* [[/Rhode Island/]]
* [[/South Carolina/]]
* [[/South Dakota/]]
* [[/Tennessee/]] 
* [[/Texas/]]
* [[/Utah/]]
* [[/Vermont/]]
* [[/Virginia/]]
* [[/Washington/]] &amp;mdash; not to be confused with Washington, D.C., on the other side of the country
* [[/West Virginia/]]
* [[/Wisconsin/]]
* [[/Wyoming/]]

==Quiz==
When you feel like you know the states well and you are familiar with the information about the states, feel free to take the [[/Quiz/]].

[[Category:US States| ]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Geography of the United States]]</text>
      <sha1>rho7f7dqm0buc0ycym9nbhtksoc3d5h</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Atcovi</username>
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      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-28621-49|~2026-28621-49]] ([[User_talk:~2026-28621-49|talk]]) to last version by [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2224" sha1="o5fck92mg0bxpgvwsofa507ezxzhq52" xml:space="preserve">Learning all of the states by heart is not an easy task, since there are fifty of them. However, a visitor to the United States will have quite an advantage by being familiar with at least most of these, because each state has its own government that sets taxes and maintains roads as a federal government also does. States are not simply arbitrary provincial divisions, but instead divisions of the country that are familiar to residents.

This &quot;course&quot; is intended for those who are not familiar with the states (such as those who are not from the U.S.), but anyone can use it. It is an optional course in the [[Geography]] course series.

==List of states==
Currently, not every state has its own article, but generally the most important ones do.

* [[/Alabama/]]
* [[/Alaska/]]
* [[/Arizona/]]
* [[/Arkansas/]] &amp;mdash; the final &quot;s&quot; is pronounced like a &quot;w&quot;
* [[/California/]]
* [[/Colorado/]]
* [[/Connecticut/]] &amp;mdash; the second &quot;c&quot; is not pronounced
* [[/Delaware/]]
* [[/Florida/]]
* [[/Georgia/]]
* [[/Hawaii/]]
* [[/Idaho/]]
* [[/Illinois/]] &amp;mdash; the &quot;s&quot; is not pronounced
* [[/Indiana/]]
* [[/Iowa/]]
* [[/Kentucky/]]
* [[/Kansas/]]
* [[/Louisiana/]]
* [[/Maine/]]
* [[/Maryland/]] &amp;mdash; the first syllable is emphasized, the final one is not
* [[/Massachusetts/]]
* [[/Michigan/]]
* [[/Minnesota/]]
* [[/Mississippi/]]
* [[/Missouri/]]
* [[/Montana/]]
* [[/Nevada/]]
* [[/Nebraska/]]
* [[/New Hampshire/]]
* [[/New Jersey/]]
* [[/New Mexico/]]
* [[/New York/]] &amp;mdash; the main city, New York City, is the largest city in the U.S.
* [[/North Carolina/]]
* [[/North Dakota/]]
* [[/Ohio/]]
* [[/Oklahoma/]]
* [[/Oregon/]]
* [[/Pennsylvania/]]
* [[/Rhode Island/]]
* [[/South Carolina/]]
* [[/South Dakota/]]
* [[/Tennessee/]] 
* [[/Texas/]]
* [[/Utah/]]
* [[/Vermont/]]
* [[/Virginia/]]
* [[/Washington/]] &amp;mdash; not to be confused with Washington, D.C., on the other side of the country
* [[/West Virginia/]]
* [[/Wisconsin/]]
* [[/Wyoming/]]

==Quiz==
When you feel like you know the states well and you are familiar with the information about the states, feel free to take the [[/Quiz/]].

[[Category:US States| ]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Geography of the United States]]</text>
      <sha1>o5fck92mg0bxpgvwsofa507ezxzhq52</sha1>
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    <title>Wikiversity:Newsletters/GLAM</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>983498</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* This Month in GLAM: April 2026 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>2808342</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="69811" sha1="lq70mqox5bfcgmro1krd6dv4e7ba0pl" xml:space="preserve">== Archives ==
* [[Outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives]]

== ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue I, January 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Africa report|Africa report]]: Guinea-Bissau Heritage from Commons to the World
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at the Qemal Baholli Public Library in Elbasan (October - December 2024)
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba project has officially begun!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Maranhão
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Exploring Wikidata &amp; Building Community for Cultural Heritage Professionals
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Celebrating Public Domain Day 2025 in Indonesia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: New Wikimedia Italia Grant for GLAMs
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: 3 Million Dutch Cultural Heritage Images in Commons &amp; 400,000 RCE images now in higher resolution &amp; Usage of DBNL in Dutch Wikipedia articles
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Student led Edit-a-thon
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki 2024 in Poland: Achievements, Collaborations, and Impact
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikimedia Serbia: Advancing GLAM collaborations and digital heritage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Cairo Geniza
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikipedia Day
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group January monthly highlights
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Join the Global GLAM Call – Tuesday, February 11th, 13:30 UTC!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: To the front page!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata at WikiLibCon 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 23:23, 9 February 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=28125057 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue II, February 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Celebrating the English Wikipedia’s Birthday in Albania!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium Public Domain Day and Dance Heritage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki and COP30 in the Amazon rainforest
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAM digital and seminar on Jewish life 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: GLAM call and Progetto cultura
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: [GLAM metrics] Usage of Delpher in Dutch Wikipedia articles
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikipedia podcast episode, Trilepidea newsletter article, and the Wikipedian at Large 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD GLAM program for 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Islamic and Jewish history
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: GLAM news from Ukraine – events for libraries, #1Lib1Ref, launch of a larger GLAM product 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: February meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group February monthly highlights
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Connecting Media Art Archives
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 5.1 million image views
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata event: Data Reuse Days 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Wikisource Conference 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Wikimedia + Libraries International Convention 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:51, 10 March 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=28357408 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue III, March 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiGap in Albania 2025, and essential initiatives for free knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Archives and Human Rights activities
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: International Women's Day, Wikipedia officially recognised as Digital Public Good and invitation for the General Assembly
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Every Book Its Reader is coming
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: New Horizons of Czech GLAM Partnerships in 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/France report|France report]]: Archivist Forum 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ten winners of Wikimedia Italia 2025 GLAM call
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: International Womensday; New Wikimedian in Residence at Maastricht University
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: What's on at Auckland Museum, and International Women's Day at University of Otago 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: GLAM in Africa, a Nigerian narrative in knowledge decolonization a case study of Benin City
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Switzerland report
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Gold in Bengali and Diversity in Arabic
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History month
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group March monthly highlights
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts of Mali
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Creating an OpenRefine Wikimedia Group
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 09:00, 9 April 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=28408819 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2025 ==

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&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue IV, April 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Event for International Roma Day 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Highlighting Feminist and women's histories and a Wiki Day at the South Australian Museum
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: Campaign to document the 2025 Falla monuments in Valencia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wikidata and Research
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Open Collection Highlights
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Architecture, BHL, and the Commons Workflow
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Strengthening Cultural Heritage through Partnerships and Knowledge Sharing: Insights from World Heritage Day in Nigeria
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's new GLAM collaborations and activities 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Scholarships and Call for Sessions Proposals for GLAM Wiki 2025 will open soon: Stay tuned!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM Highlights from Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: FemNetzCon 2025; GLAM Meeting Biel/Bienne; Digi Archive
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Mapping Museums / Art in Arabic
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: April meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group April monthly highlights
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Surging forward in Spanish and Arabic
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
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| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Single|Single-page]]
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To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 20:53, 11 May 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2025 ==

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{| align=&quot;center&quot;
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| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue V, May 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
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| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Enhancing the LGBTQ+ content in Albanian Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium Public Domain Day and Dance Heritage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Video resource on Wikimedia Brasil and Casa de Oswaldo Cruz Partnership Released
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: SPRINGing back activities
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library of the CR events and important guests
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Europe report|Europe report]]: DARIAH DHwiki WG coming activity 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: GLAM project starts with Nanda Talukdar Foundation at Jorhat, Assam
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Wiki Month 2025 in Indonesia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From charts to concrete
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Traditional Albanian Food Photography Competition 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Update from Auckland Museum; Let the Wikifying Commence; Listful Thinking 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Architectural Folklore Campaign Series
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Celebrating Museums and strengthening #1Lib1Ref connections
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Some news from Spain
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Museum Day 2025; CoCreation PTT-Archive; Scoring Girls
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: The 18th language
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring GLAM news from Ukraine – first major survey for GLAM institutions &amp; yet another successful #1Lib1Ref
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: May meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group May monthly highlights
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Preparing the data upload
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:00, 10 June 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=28809506 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2025 ==

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| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating Communication History and Women Artists through Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day in Europe 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Data on Maranhão's Heritage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: First call of Science Month at Wikipedia in the Czech Republic wrapped-up
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/France report|France report]]: WiR and science&amp;GLAM tour in France
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Another publication from Grant for GLAM Indonesia program &amp; Minangkabau Wikisource Competition upadates 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Isoseismals &amp; Icons
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Celebrating Albanian Cuisine Through Photography: Winners of the 2025 Contest Announced!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open Cultural Data Hackathon in Puebla
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikifying the International Congress of History of Science and Technology; Librarians and Wikipedia; NZ species edit-a-thons
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Mapping Heritage Buildings on Wikidata and Wiki Heritage Fellowship
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD Strengthens Ties with Academic Institutions: A Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Institute of Macedonian Literature 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Registration is now open for GLAM WikiCon 2025!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: June highlights from Wikimedia Serbia and beginning of new accredited seminar
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Archives Week 2025; SAPA Performing Arts; GLAM Meeting Biel/Bienne
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New Featured Pictures
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: June meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL Transition update, LivingData2025 and Women Genera paper
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Data upload achieved
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Wiki Knowledge Park report|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 report]]: Celebrating Heritage and Faith: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:34, 12 July 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2025 ==

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| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VII, July 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: 10 years of Wikimedians of Albanian Language User Group
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba – From Island to Archive: Aruba’s Journey on Wikimedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: De Standaard Solidarity Prize and How to Upload Artwork
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Expanding Access to Heritage Knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Program Highlights &amp; Volunteer Call
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: July in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Poster Exhibition, Screening Public Viewing, Women Memorials 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese art in Arabic
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikinics &amp; Edit-a-thons
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL blog by Tiago Lubiana, BHL Wikimedian in Residence, and news on the BHL transition
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Introducing Oulu Löyly – we want to hear your thoughts!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Getting the message out
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Culture &amp; Heritage team transitioning to broader Content Enablement team
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:58, 11 August 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=29083949 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2025 ==

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| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VIII, August 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025 in Albania and Kosovo 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Cultural Heritage in Brazil: School communities, Wikisource course, GLAM-Wiki Impact and Wiki Takes Alcântara
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization starts at two more libraries in West Bengal
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Grant for GLAM Indonesia is open!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From food festivals to PhD courses: Wikimedia in Italian academia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: NZ species edit-a-thons, a scholarly article, a course, and Auckland Museum editors at Wikimania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Highlights from Wiki Heritage Fellowship and Policy Advocacy in Nigeria
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wiki Loves Film – Collaboration with MakeDox Film Festival
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: When Wikipedia Becomes a Guide in the Museum
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: BAM Hackathon, 3D for Cultural Heritage, Wiki Cite 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Working towards more image sharing
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiknics
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: News on BHL transition and updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Steps towards a sustainable cultural commons
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: A pivotal month
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Wikisource Reader app released on Google Play Store
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:24, 11 September 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=29253474 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2025 ==

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&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue IX, September 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
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|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
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* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia edit-a-thon at the Skampa Theater in Elbasan, Albania 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba Initiative: Building Knowledge and Visibility 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: State Library Victoria WikiFest
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Make cultural heritage freely accessible, Hasselt's collections shine online &amp; Let's give women a voice on Wikipedia!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Hidden heritage unveiled: science, history and nature on Wikimedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikimedia Commons birthday content donation
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at the Bioeconomy Science Institute &amp; Wikiproject NZ Women in Architecture
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Expanding Access to Culture and Knowledge through Key Partnerships
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: the Special Guided Tour at the National Museum in Krakow
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Join the Conference Online and Explore Lisbon’s Culture
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: LibreABC, Feminist Voices, Grade Conference
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: September edit-a-thons &amp; meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: The Memory of the World wiki challenge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
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| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Single|Single-page]]
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To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue X, October 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

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* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: From a small language to Wikipedia's Biggest, Share Your Story with the Industry Museum and War Diaries
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Autumn activities
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: WikiCommon community meet-ups, Wikisource trainings, and the announcement of Grant for GLAM Indonesia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open culture on stage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: How Wikimedia México is training cultural and government institutions as wikimedians.
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Open Topstukken project concludes; Network Archives Design and Digital Culture
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Granny's Wonderful Chair, Preparing for Auckland Museum Wiki Summer Students and an the ASBS Introductory Wiki Webinar
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Report on Participation at the 12th International Youth Conference
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Promoting Open Data and Digital Commons in Culture and Research
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki Conference 2025 Wrap-Up
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: October in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: DaSCHcon, 3D, Wiki GLAM conference
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A look at Grokipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: October edit-a-thons &amp; meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: LivingData 2025, GLAMWiki and a &quot;collector&quot; Wikidata property proposal
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: International outreach
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Sustainable CultureConnect Project report|Sustainable CultureConnect Project report]]: Sustainable CultureConnect: Empowering Youth and Preserving Heritage through Open Knowledge and Leadership
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
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| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Single|Single-page]]
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To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:28, 10 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XI, November 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
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* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Call for volunteers, Computer's Day and upcoming events
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Czech Radio and Wikimedia CZ launched cooperation
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Our Activities in November
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wrap up of the 2025 GLAM call
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference, a NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence update &amp; Auckland Museum Summer Students 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD and Cultural Institutions: A Year of Growth, Content, and Collaboration
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025 conference, WiR Meeting and the First National Institute of Museums Training on GLAM–Wiki
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: IT Wikicon, Faces and Masks, Matrimoine @ Genève
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season- again!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: November edit-a-thons &amp; meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Here to Help: The Next Stage of the Content Partnerships Hub
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Enriching the data set
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:21, 11 December 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=29692345 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XII, December 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
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* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Global GLAM Calls Continue in 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence, 2025, in Elbasan Albania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Resume of the year
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: AMaGA partnership, signing the Open Heritage Statement and South Australian Museum Partner Project 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day 2026, Circus Heritage and Fosdem
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Preparándonos para celebrar el día del dominio público - Getting ready for the Public Domain Day celebration
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Exploring Italy and Unlocking Its Heritage: Touring Club Italiano and GLAM Call 2026–2028
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference follow-up Wiki webinar &amp; Auckland Museum student update
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Public Domain, Conferences, and Conversations on Open Culture
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM on Tour Bellinzona, Xmas Event, GLAM Wiki Group
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2025 in review
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: December meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Public Domain Day report|Public Domain Day report]]: Public Domain Day 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 2025 in review
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:57, 12 January 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2026 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue I, January 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
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* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Wikipedia at 25
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Pap-Wikipedia Turns 20: A Milestone for Papiamento/u Knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Celebrando el día del dominio público 2026/Celebrating the public domain day 2026 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikipedia's Birthday in France
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Gifted by our friends: Loads of presents for Wikipedia25 by German and Austrian GLAMs
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Activities in December-January
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Knowledge in action: Barindelli collection and Wikipedia 25
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Image donation Dutch Book History
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum Student Edit-a-thon, the NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence project, and other residencies
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: GLAM Program of Wikimedia MKD – 2026 Overview
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Explore Historic Portraits from the Museum of Photography in Kraków
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: January in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum in Chiasso, Alpine Museum, Women Monuments
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sharing more of the Enamels of the World
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Map the GLAM report|Map the GLAM report]]: Wiki and GLAM: Harnessing Knowledge to Foster Gender Equality
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts on Arabic Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Two key Wikidata Requests for Comments, relevant for future GLAM-Wiki work
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:34, 11 February 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=30055818 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2026 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue II, February 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
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* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in 2026 is calling to action!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: A photo safari through Wiki Loves Fashion &amp; a rescue mission with Mission Gourmande!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library overview of 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Cultural Heritage and Memory: 2026 GLAM Call and Executed Renaissance Edit-a-thon
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students and an update on the NZBSI WiR
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedia in Cultural Marketing at Crash Mondays Warsaw
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: February in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wikidata in the GLAM context II
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Neocomensia, SAPA, Atelier Winterthur, GLAM-on-Tour Disentis
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New content in African and Asian languages
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Focus on Indigenous issues
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events
&lt;/div&gt;
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| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Single|Single-page]]
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To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 00:52, 12 March 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=30232291 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue III, March 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in Equinox
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikigap 2026 in Tirana, Albania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Celebrating 20 Years of Papiamentu/o Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Bolivia report|Bolivia report]]: The Family Treasures Project Returns, with New GLAM Partners
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Folklore Brazil defines six categories to represent Brazilian culture on Commons 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Architecture in the public domain in libraries in Nariño/Arquitectura en dominio público en bibliotecas nariñenses
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Main Wikimedian in Residence report for 2025 is here
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Art History Loves Wiki 2026 – digital/local. collection loves wiki
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration resumes with the British Library for Bangla Wikisource
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: 2026 winners projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence update, a letter published in Nature &amp; Architecture + Women NZ
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's GLAM Highlights: Botany and Beyond 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: March in Portugal
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: March in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Looking for similar images
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM Wiki Group, Donna, CoCreation PTT-Archive
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: CILIP MDG 2026 Conference, Library meetups and the World's Enamels
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring 2026 news from Ukraine – Wiki Loves Folklore &amp; more #1Lib1Ref
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: MoMA's International Traveling Exhibitions and Wikidata on the LD4 Arts Affinity Group April Community Call 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Oulu Löyly
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Indigenous languages on the Main Page
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:19, 9 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=30344683 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue IV, April 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: How the GLAM Community Can Shine in the 2026–27 Annual Plan
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day 2026 in Tirana, Albania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: WikiConf Argentina and GLAM projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Asia report|Asia report]]: Documenting and citing oral knowledge in audio and video
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiCon Australia, ICIP, Orphan works and Trans-Tasman partnerships
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikimedia Brasil publishes book on the power and challenges of free knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We celebrate Public Domain Day with an expert panel / Celebramos el día del dominio público con un Panel de expertas
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ongoing and New GLAM-Wiki Projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime event at Auckland Museum &amp; an update for WiR NZBSI
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaign
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD in Action: Digitization, Wikisource and Educational Workshops
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki Developments: Residencies, Partnerships and Audiovisual Heritage
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: April in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Le Donne di Villa Massimo
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A tenth-century Quran and Islamic Art in Urdu
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki MIT launches and US meetups
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Update on the BHL Annual Meeting 27 April - 1 May &amp; BHL Day
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Eight new articles on MoW inscriptions
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:50, 11 May 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=30513880 --&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="98274" sha1="n1u7f6g9no28oap4ndms4kc5znnncpt" xml:space="preserve">{{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]] · [[/2023/]] · [[/2024/]] · [[/2025/]]}}
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{{Clear}}

== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29907192 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29943403 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29969530 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30498077 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30524429 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>n1u7f6g9no28oap4ndms4kc5znnncpt</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808418</id>
      <parentid>2808413</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T19:46:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>2969951</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-03 */ move to [[Wikiversity:Newsletters/Tech News/2026#Tech News: 2026-03]]: Archived. ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="94265" sha1="nosnk5g67w5nbfm6qsca7r5uj6k7xjq" xml:space="preserve">{{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]] · [[/2023/]] · [[/2024/]] · [[/2025/]]}}
__TOC__
{{Clear}}

== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30362761 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30380527 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30498077 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30524429 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nosnk5g67w5nbfm6qsca7r5uj6k7xjq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Complex analysis in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808339</id>
      <parentid>2807876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T13:20:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Geometric Series Examples */</comment>
      <origin>2808339</origin>
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      <text bytes="5296" sha1="ejnkyg1hx4az170ccfjd6dpbl7pc973" xml:space="preserve">Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers &lt;math&gt;x+iy&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;i=\sqrt{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other &lt;math&gt;L&lt;/math&gt;-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. &lt;blockquote&gt;The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain.  — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}}

==''' Complex Functions '''== 
* Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]])

* Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]])

* Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]])

'''Complex Function Note'''
: 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]])

: 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]])

: 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]])

==''' Complex Integrals '''== 
* Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]])

==''' Complex Series '''== 
* Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]])

==''' Residue Integrals '''==
* Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) 

==='''Residue Integrals Note'''===
* Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]])
* Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]])
* Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]])
* Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]])

=== Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === 
* Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]])

====Geometric Series Examples====

* Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

* Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20251225.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20260511.pdf|C.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|D.pdf]]) 

* Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) 

* Double Pole Case

:- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) 

:- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]])

====The Case Examples====
* Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]])
* Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]])
* Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]])
* Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]])
* Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]])
* Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]])

==''' Conformal Mapping '''== 
* Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]])

go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Complex analysis]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maritime Medical Colloquia Programs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>208803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2808410</id>
      <parentid>1560418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T19:15:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saltrabook</username>
        <id>1417466</id>
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      <text bytes="1293" sha1="obg2xni48nmo0c9zusea85x6fys59n6" xml:space="preserve">
==Meetings in the John Snow institute==

Time: Saturdays from 7:30-9 
Start: 5th March 2016 

Participants: all staff taking care of seafarers and passenger patients

Agenda:

# Moderator and approval/changes of the agenda
# Is the title CEMCP good or should it be changed ?
# Responsible person for Minutes and call for the next colloquia 
# Vision and mission for the program
# Report and discussion of a clinical case 
# Discussion of a selected scientific article of the week 
# Selection of item for clinical guideline - responsible persons
# Collaboration with other clinics 
# Electronic pt. record system for seafarers and passengers (Epi-Data)
# Evidence based medicine 
# Ongoing research 
# Stearing committee
# Internal Homepage and/or Dropbox
# Scheme for registration of participation 
# Scheme for decisions and responsable persons 
# Regular evaluation and revision of the program
# Presentation of the program´s experiences: IMH/IMHA-News
# Proposal of an IMHA-Research Clinical Quality Network later
# Next colloquium
# Other issuses

Definition of colloquium 
plural col·lo·qui·ums or -quia \-kw?-?\
1. a usually academic meeting at which specialists deliver addresses on a topic or on related topics and then answer questions relating to them

[[Category:Colloquiums]]</text>
      <sha1>obg2xni48nmo0c9zusea85x6fys59n6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Bnhassin</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>250786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2808414</id>
      <parentid>2807580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T19:20:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>983498</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-20 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>2808414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1050384" sha1="4tfsqkt2i6xasj5kwd7p8gkl02nvhwc" xml:space="preserve">== First Message Posting ==

Update Talk on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 21:04, 29 June 2019 (UTC)

== Update Sandbox User ==

==  Posting to sandbox == 

Update Sandbox on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin/sandbox]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]])[[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 11:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W50&quot;/&gt; 16:15, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W51&quot;/&gt; 21:34, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{citation needed}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.

'''Future changes'''
* You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things.
* Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;langconvert&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082]
*  Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W52&quot;/&gt; 20:54, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729]
* You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761]
* Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week:
** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686]
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904]
** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is &quot;throttled&quot;. The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this &quot;throttle&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the &lt;code&gt;watchlist&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;watch&lt;/code&gt; will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W02&quot;/&gt; 15:42, 11 January 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=ext-growthexperiments&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translating the interface].
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W03&quot;/&gt; 16:10, 18 January 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt; 18:31, 25 January 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332]
* Often editors use a &quot;non-breaking space&quot; to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like &lt;code&gt;1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55&lt;/code&gt; as well as the &lt;code&gt;1.2.3.4/27&lt;/code&gt; syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be &lt;code&gt;185.15.56.1&lt;/code&gt;. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W05&quot;/&gt; 22:38, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792]
* Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W06&quot;/&gt; 17:42, 8 February 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21082948 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki.  Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html]
* Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W07&quot;/&gt; 17:56, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741]

'''Problems'''
* Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;

----

00:17, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes.
* A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437]
* Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;

----

19:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21161722 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293]
* When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185]

'''Problems'''
* Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257]

'''Future changes'''
* There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]].
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]
* New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W10&quot;/&gt; 17:51, 8 March 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&amp;orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296]

'''Problems'''
* Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322]
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database &lt;code&gt;JOINS&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W11&quot;/&gt; 23:22, 15 March 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting]

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like &quot;tone&quot; or &quot;depth&quot;. It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;wg*&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.config&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;wg*&lt;/code&gt; will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W12&quot;/&gt; 16:53, 22 March 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21244806 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to &lt;code&gt;irc.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579]

'''Problems'''
* When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350]
* Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

17:30, 29 March 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21267131 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example &lt;code&gt;2010-12-XX&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;2010-12&lt;/code&gt; for dates with a month but no days. This is because &lt;code&gt;2010-12&lt;/code&gt; could be confused with &lt;code&gt;2010-2012&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;December 2010&lt;/code&gt;. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database &lt;code&gt;JOINS&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

19:41, 5 April 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294]
* If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use &lt;code&gt;mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')&lt;/code&gt; to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898]
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week.

'''Changes later this week'''
*  There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* The user group &lt;code&gt;oversight&lt;/code&gt; will be renamed &lt;code&gt;suppress&lt;/code&gt;. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

16:48, 19 April 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21356080 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

21:24, 26 April 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346]
* Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.error&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.warning&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.success&lt;/code&gt; do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

15:43, 3 May 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21418010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

15:10, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21428676 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021]
* Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from &lt;code&gt;[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;utf8mb3&lt;/code&gt;. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist&lt;/code&gt; will be renamed &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist&lt;/code&gt;. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

13:49, 17 May 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

17:07, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21477606 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

17:05, 31 May 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21516076 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980]
* Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for &lt;code&gt;Bedusz&lt;/code&gt; doesn't find &lt;code&gt;Będusz&lt;/code&gt; on German Wikipedia. The character &lt;code&gt;ę&lt;/code&gt; isn't used in German so many would write &lt;code&gt;e&lt;/code&gt; instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

20:02, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21551759 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763]
* Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work.
* German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

20:26, 14 June 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21587625 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The &lt;code&gt;otrs-member&lt;/code&gt; group name is now &lt;code&gt;vrt-permissions&lt;/code&gt;. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615]

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

15:49, 21 June 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21593987 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page &lt;code&gt;Special:EditGrowthConfig&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423]
* Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the &quot;extract text&quot; button on Wikisource you can add &lt;code&gt;.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311]

'''Problems'''
*You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* &lt;code&gt;Threshold for stub link formatting&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;thumbnail size&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;auto-number headings&lt;/code&gt; can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]].
* A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

16:32, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21653312 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage&lt;/code&gt; has moved to &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version&lt;/code&gt; has moved to &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON&lt;/code&gt;. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from &lt;code&gt;archive.is&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;web.archive.org&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

17:33, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21694636 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553]
* [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

15:31, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21755027 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If &lt;code&gt;{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}&lt;/code&gt; is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] &lt;code&gt;{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}&lt;/code&gt;. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

21:11, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21771634 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-rtl&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; without the required &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;dir&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-rtl&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;he&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as &lt;code&gt;span&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;code&lt;/code&gt;. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]].
* Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList]

'''Changes later this week'''
* When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this.
* The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks.  You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis.  You can test this now by adding &lt;code&gt;?dtenable=1&lt;/code&gt; to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

20:47, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21818289 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;visualClear&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

16:21, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21856726 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719]

'''Changes later this week'''
* A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549]
*Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for &quot;Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition&quot;|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions.
* In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

19:27, 16 August 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;score&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in &quot;safe mode&quot;. The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]].

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

21:58, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
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== Read-only reminder ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;MassMessage&quot;/&gt;
A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes.

This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. 

Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes).

For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]].

A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation.

Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}&lt;section end=&quot;MassMessage&quot;/&gt;

20:35, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors.

'''Problems'''
* Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance.
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

16:01, 30 August 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/]
* Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

15:20, 6 September 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more.

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664]
* You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;golang&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;output&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

15:35, 13 September 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021.
* MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which &quot;stubs&quot; would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917]
* A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;piprop&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter has been renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prpiprop&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks.  It is currently part of &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

18:32, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752]
* A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]].
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W39&quot;/&gt;

22:23, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hidden&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property will no longer say an entry is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;implicit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718]
* A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]].

'''Future changes'''
* You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgExtraSignatureNamespaces&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgLegalTitleChars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgIllegalFileChars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will soon be removed from &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. These are not part of the &quot;stable&quot; variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookiePrefix&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookieDomain&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookiePath&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookieExpiration&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; from the &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;

16:32, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

* The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|&quot;auto-number headings&quot; preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering.

'''Meetings'''
* You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W41&quot;/&gt;

15:30, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development.
* 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=22&amp;month=10&amp;year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W42&quot;/&gt;

20:53, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22176877 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526]
* The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W43&quot;/&gt;

20:08, 25 October 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22232718 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W44&quot;/&gt;

20:28, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22269406 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W45&quot;/&gt;

20:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22311003 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;stashfailed&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; or &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;DBQueryError&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available.

'''Problems'''
* Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525]
* There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W46&quot;/&gt;

22:06, 15 November 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22338097 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
*The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W47&quot;/&gt;

20:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22366010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W48&quot;/&gt;

21:15, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22375666 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MentorDashboard&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=ajax&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;jquery.jStorage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.storage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W49&quot;/&gt;

21:59, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the &quot;Project:&quot; namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[WB:]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will go to the local language default for the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Project:]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W50&quot;/&gt;

22:27, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022.

'''Recent changes'''
* Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;DynamicPageList&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.

'''Future changes'''
* The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W51&quot;/&gt;

22:05, 20 December 2021 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;oauth_consumer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|actions=edit,history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;withgadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;withJS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;withCSS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966]
* The heading on the main page can now be configured using &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]&lt;/span&gt; for logged-in users and &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]&lt;/span&gt; for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715]
* Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W02&quot;/&gt;

01:23, 11 January 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages.  If you click &quot;{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}&quot; in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item.
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]].  You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies.  This is available at most wikis.  Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819]
* When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|&quot;preloaded&quot; with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W03&quot;/&gt;

19:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO.
* You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619]

'''Events'''
* You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year.
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W04&quot;/&gt;

21:38, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?withgadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;supportsUrlLoad&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead:
** The user group &lt;code&gt;oversight&lt;/code&gt; will be renamed &lt;code&gt;suppress&lt;/code&gt;. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki.

'''Events'''
* You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W05&quot;/&gt;

17:42, 31 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22721804 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]).
* Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823]

'''Problems'''
* A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;vector&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; should be updated to also check for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;vector-2022&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W06&quot;/&gt;

21:15, 7 February 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; function has been updated so that it does not remove the &quot;space&quot; character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmwhitespace()&lt;/code&gt; wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W07&quot;/&gt;

19:18, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020]
* At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820]
* You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. For example, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator.

'''Events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system.  There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/]
* Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated &quot;talk&quot; page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W08&quot;/&gt;

19:12, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909]
* Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group &lt;code&gt;oversight&lt;/code&gt; was renamed &lt;code&gt;suppress&lt;/code&gt;. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]].

'''Problems'''
* The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features.
* If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox&lt;/code&gt;), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W09&quot;/&gt;

22:59, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W10&quot;/&gt;

21:16, 7 March 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]].
* There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;uselang=qqx&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as &quot;{{int:vector-view-history}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;deletelogentry&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;deletedhistory&lt;/code&gt; rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;deleterevision&lt;/code&gt; right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928]
* On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114]

'''Future changes'''
*  The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617]

'''Events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W11&quot;/&gt;

22:07, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available.

'''New code release schedule for this week'''
* There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]].

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043]

'''Future changes'''
* Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W12&quot;/&gt;

16:01, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W13&quot;/&gt;

19:54, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future changes'''
* Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Tech News: 2022-14&lt;/code&gt; anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920]
* Over the next few months, the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where &quot;Link recommendation&quot; is already available]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W14&quot;/&gt;

21:01, 4 April 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new public status page at &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]&lt;/span&gt;. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project].
* On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W15&quot;/&gt;

19:44, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated &quot;Talk&quot; page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;successbox&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;errorbox&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;warningbox&lt;/code&gt;. The styles for those classes and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;messagebox&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W16&quot;/&gt;

23:11, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W17&quot;/&gt;

22:56, 25 April 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese.
* [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967]
* If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;#mw-anon-edit-warning&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;#mw-undelete-revision&lt;/code&gt; and 3 others.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W18&quot;/&gt;

19:33, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586]
* Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966]
*  [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022).

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W19&quot;/&gt;

15:22, 9 May 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W20&quot;/&gt;

18:58, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341]
* The &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]&lt;/span&gt; portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629]

'''Problems'''
* The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915]
* Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W21&quot;/&gt;

00:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ip_in_ranges()&lt;/code&gt; function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ip_in_range()&lt;/code&gt; expressions joined by &lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt; into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the &lt;code&gt;uciprange&lt;/code&gt; parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150]
* A new parser function will be introduced: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{=}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. It will replace existing templates named &quot;=&quot;. It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W22&quot;/&gt;

20:28, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;str_replace_regexp()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W23&quot;/&gt;

02:46, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23366979 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804]

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July.

'''Future changes'''
* By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W24&quot;/&gt;

16:58, 13 June 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;site_stats&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;user_global_editcount&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]&lt;/span&gt; to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910]

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;typeof&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute values, and instead use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:File&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:Image&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:Audio&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:Video&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W25&quot;/&gt;

20:18, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps &amp; Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033]
*  Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472]
* Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340]

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W26&quot;/&gt;

20:02, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;proofreadpage_source_href&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be removed from &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and be replaced with the variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpSourceIndexPage&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W27&quot;/&gt;

19:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&amp;compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932]
*The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W28&quot;/&gt;

19:24, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;TDFSupport@wikimedia.org&lt;/span&gt; before 12 August.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W29&quot;/&gt;

22:59, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]&lt;/span&gt; portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179]

'''Problems'''
*  Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391]
* Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for &quot;{{int:changeblockip}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:unblockip}}&quot; instead of just &quot;{{int:blockip}}&quot; if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570]

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W30&quot;/&gt;

19:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Phantom&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].

'''Future meetings'''
* This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W31&quot;/&gt;

21:21, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future meetings'''
* The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W32&quot;/&gt;

19:50, 8 August 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W33&quot;/&gt;

21:08, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778]

'''Future changes'''
* The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]].  The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere.  You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W34&quot;/&gt;

00:12, 23 August 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets.

'''Problems'''
* In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]].  If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]&lt;/span&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W35&quot;/&gt;

23:05, 29 August 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; should be updated to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#p-associated-pages&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W36&quot;/&gt;

23:22, 5 September 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W37&quot;/&gt;

01:50, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;templatelinks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table are now being dropped: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tl_namespace&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tl_title&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tl_target_id&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T299417|T299417]]&lt;/span&gt; for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available.  Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons]

'''Future changes'''
* In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/span&gt; 22:16, 19 September 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23826293 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;rel&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute of links. Further details are in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T315209|T315209]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.  They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile]
* In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.json&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:30, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23860085 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.  They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;scribunto-console&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:23, 4 October 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23885489 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W41&quot;/&gt;

14:08, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2022-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements]
* A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( &quot;strict&quot; )]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces &quot;[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]&quot; on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The &quot;{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}&quot; button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:46, 17 October 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23943992 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]].
* On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]].

'''Problems'''
* Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] 
* Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list]
* Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]].
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 24 October 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23975411 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997]
* In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for &quot;{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818]
* It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817]
* It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815]
* It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:15, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23977539 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592]

'''Problems'''
* Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:32, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24001035 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962]
* The &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]&lt;/span&gt;, and &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]&lt;/span&gt; portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* There will be a new link to directly &quot;Edit template data&quot; on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&amp;oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309]
* Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:54, 14 November 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24071290 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:22, 21 November 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24071290 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327]
* On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:03, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24114342 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:41, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24151590 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]].  Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961]
* The character &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714]

'''Events'''
* The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:34, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24216570 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2022-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023.

'''Recent changes'''
* On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
* The word &quot;{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; is very short in some languages, such as Arabic (&quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;ردّ&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537]

'''Future changes'''
* Edits can be automatically &quot;tagged&quot; by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063]
* The Trust &amp; Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. 
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021.

'''Events'''
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:00, 20 December 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24258101 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-02 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349]
* [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]].
* You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541]
* A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use &lt;code&gt;matrix:&lt;/code&gt; to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021]
* You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W02&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:07, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24342971 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in &quot;{{int:last}}&quot; links on page history now contain &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=prev&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in place of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=[revision ID]&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on &lt;code&gt;{{ns:1}}:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{ns:3}}:&lt;/code&gt; namespaces.  These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as &lt;code&gt;{{ns:5}}:&lt;/code&gt;.  They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including &lt;code&gt;{{ns:4}}:&lt;/code&gt; pages (e.g., at the Village Pump).  You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417]
*On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841]
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:10, 17 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24381020 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907]
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24418874 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:05, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24455949 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433]
* Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as &quot;What links here&quot; in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692]
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins=…&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24491749 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site.  You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:48, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24540832 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February.

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:57, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24570514 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24634242 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023.
* On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:25, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609]
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521]
* Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:13, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.hoverIntent&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hover()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;on()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194]
* Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242]
* You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__ARCHIVEDTALK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word.  There will also be a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mw-archivedtalk&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221]

'''Future changes'''
* The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:39, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the &quot;{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}&quot; option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24851886 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature &quot;{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}&quot;. Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for &quot;{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}&quot; for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246]

'''Problems'''
* At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:54, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316]

'''Problems'''
* Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940]
* For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794]

'''Changes later this week'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:03, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits]
* The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wikitext&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;moin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html+handlebars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;preload=MediaWiki:July&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337]

'''Problems'''
* Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;de&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[:de:Modul:Graph]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&amp;action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750]

'''Future changes'''
* During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805]
* There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;jquery.tipsy&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with &lt;code&gt;.tipsy(&lt;/code&gt; can be commented out. &lt;code&gt;OO.ui.PopupWidget&lt;/code&gt; can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] 

'''Future changes'''
* There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The &quot;recent edits&quot; time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250]

'''Changes later this week'''
* An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;

16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has &quot;{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}&quot; options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - &quot;check all&quot; checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252]	

'''Problems'''
* For a few days earlier this month, the &quot;Add interlanguage link&quot; item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:03, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25079963 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750]
* Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for &quot;{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}&quot;. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081]

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25114640 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341]
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937]
* The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064]

'''Problems'''
* For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__TOC__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101]
* Currently, the &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason &gt; input&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&amp;diff=22859956&amp;oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''Future changes'''
* From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:51, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25133779 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; or pressing &lt;code&gt;ctrl + shift + p&lt;/code&gt;. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:08, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25159510 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to all &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prop=extlinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the &lt;code&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mbox-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|targets=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|skins=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition&lt;/bdi&gt;) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268]
* All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126]
* The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25202311 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25231546 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles.
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159]
* [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431]
* The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&amp;messages=&amp;x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the &quot;Completion&quot; for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810]
* [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218]

'''Future changes'''
* There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]
* There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25278797 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-ca&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-gb&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthsetmentorstatus&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthmanagementorlist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25289122 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]   On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates.
* The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338]
* The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open &quot;office hours&quot;|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]

'''Problems'''
* It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on &quot;{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}&quot; in your settings and use the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; button in the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:20, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25420038 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] &lt;!-- TODO replace wiki codes --&gt;

'''Future changes'''
* A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:59, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25428668 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868]
* From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages.
** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created:
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:blk:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540]
*** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|&lt;code&gt;s:su:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539]
** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are:
*** Wikifunctions ([[f:|&lt;code&gt;f:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|&lt;code&gt;w:gpe:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969]
*** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|&lt;code&gt;n:guw:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kbd:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|&lt;code&gt;w:fat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;

15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25497111 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166]
* Wikisource users can now use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpbengalicurrency&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;pagelist&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tag.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932]
* Two preferences have been relocated. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}&quot; is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|&quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab at some wikis. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}&quot; is now also shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab at all wikis, instead of the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]].
* All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;=&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]].
* A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294]
* One new wiki has been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|&lt;code&gt;w:tly:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166]
'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:33, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}&quot;), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115]
* When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called &quot;[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]&quot;. Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely &quot;newsworthy&quot; topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:07, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25589064 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:19, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25623533 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there.
* Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;namespaces&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces.

'''Future changes'''
* New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_groups&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_editcount&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25655264 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for &quot;{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}&quot;. This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;&lt;var&gt;contentModels&lt;/var&gt;&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;wikitext&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;css&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:26, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25686930 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|&lt;code&gt;w:fon:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139]
* At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under &quot;Images recommendations&quot; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#page-actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-views&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click &quot;Log in&quot; or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the &quot;Discussion&quot; tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:16, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]).
* The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] 
* Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]].
* The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:05, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Four new wikis have been created:
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;w:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|&lt;code&gt;w:dga:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|&lt;code&gt;w:bbc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320]
** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|&lt;code&gt;q:bjn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695]
* Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;meta.domain == &quot;canary&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25884616 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499]
* The deployment of &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]&quot; announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:08, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25906379 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754]
* The &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot; will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/]
* Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]].

'''Events'''
* Registration &amp; Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25914435 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the &quot;choosing own vs not own work&quot; step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the &quot;impact module&quot; and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:12, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25945501 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The &quot;Move Page&quot; feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]].
* The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:17, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25959059 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-02 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:19, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26026251 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as &quot;ES2015&quot;) and ES7 (&quot;ES2016&quot;). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;requiresES6&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957]
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388]
* An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module was deprecated and replaced with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966]

'''Future changes'''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26074460 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:03, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26096197 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].&lt;!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011]
* There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the &quot;Tools&quot; menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;targets&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26137870 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]].
*On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about &quot;action blocks&quot;]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199]

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26180971 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation]

'''Problems'''
*There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed.  

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:48, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26223994 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you have the &quot;{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}&quot; option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984]
* There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively.
*Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]].
*The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid.
* The CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property can now be used in HTML &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;style&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:36, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26254282 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value &lt;code&gt;wgGlobalGroups&lt;/code&gt; now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get(&quot;wgGlobalGroups&quot;)))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;changetags&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26294125 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Special:Book&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; page (as well as the associated &quot;Create a book&quot; functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437]
* [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace.  Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details.
* Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget_definition&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespaces and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gadgets-definition-edit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272]
* A usability improvement to the &quot;Add a citation&quot; in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
*  All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233]
* The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?useparsoid=1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]).
*

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26329807 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498]
*The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26374013 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The notice &quot;Language links are at the top of the page&quot; that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/]
* Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:39, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26410165 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:56, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26446209 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26462933 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey.
* Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727]
* Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:37, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26564838 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the &quot;{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435]
* A new variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;page_last_edit_age&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769]

'''Future changes'''
* Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26564838 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086]
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26647188 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''

[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491]
* Seven new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|&lt;code&gt;w:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|&lt;code&gt;w:kus:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|&lt;code&gt;w:igl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kaa:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|&lt;code&gt;s:my:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|&lt;code&gt;s:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|&lt;code&gt;s:ka:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085]
* You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501]
* Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]].

'''Problems'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mapstyle=&quot;osm&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:33, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the &lt;code&gt;SiteAdminHelper&lt;/code&gt;. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled &quot;All public logs&quot;, but it only shows some logs. This label will now say &quot;Main public logs&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729]

'''Future changes'''
* A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension.
* Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot;. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:44, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214]
* If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] &quot;{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}&quot;, then the template-page feature &quot;{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}&quot; will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907]
* [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute. This is identical in usage to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137]
* The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]&quot; feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295]

'''Future changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; database table (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table instead (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). In your existing SQL queries:
*# Replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN linktarget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ON&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; statement
*# Below that add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
** See &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T222224]]&lt;/bdi&gt; for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:58, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26762074 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351]
* New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]  The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26786311 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.collapsible&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.multicol&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.reflist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.coordinates&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.topicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26832205 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086]
* The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; to &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|&lt;code&gt;w:dtp:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26844397 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class, Parsoid now also adds the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705]

'''Problems'''
* There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] 
* On multilingual wikis that use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;translate&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751]
* The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954]
* The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370]

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph]
* Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]&lt;!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:48, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717]
* The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515]

'''Problems'''
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:32, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364]
* Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] 
* If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode]
* Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458]
* Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|&lt;code&gt;w:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] 

'''Problems'''
* Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119]

'''Future changes'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27038456 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. 
* Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia.
* Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects.

'''Problems'''
* A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. 

'''Future changes'''
* The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:31, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27080357 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page.
* The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]].
* Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]].
* Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895]
* Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature News'''
* Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public.
* Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]
*  Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329]
* Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. 
* Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/]

'''Project Updates'''
*  Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language.

'''Learn more'''
* Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. 
* How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:04, 23 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]].

'''Bugs status'''
* Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing.
* Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week.

'''Project updates'''
* There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]].
* There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|&lt;code&gt;voy:cs:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] 

'''Learn more'''
* There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times.
* There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images.
* Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:10, 29 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. These will reduce the need for &lt;code&gt;Template:Dir&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Template:BCP47&lt;/code&gt; on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the &quot;what links here&quot; database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623]
* Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces.
* The tracking category &quot;Pages using Timeline&quot; has been renamed to &quot;Pages using the EasyTimeline extension&quot; [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match.

'''Project updates'''
* Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]].

'''Learn more'''
* There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]].
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available.
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:43, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses.

'''Project updates'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|&lt;code&gt;w:bdr:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 12 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]].
* Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&amp;namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&amp;namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;categories&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; property of &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372]

'''Bugs status'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with &lt;code&gt;Talk:WP:&lt;/code&gt; so that their titles start with &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia talk:&lt;/code&gt;), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]].
* Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee.

'''Learn more'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers.
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]].
* Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Bugs status'''
* Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization.
* Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013.

'''Learn more'''
* If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]].
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:33, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633]
* Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243]
* Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]].

'''Project updates'''
* A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded.

'''Learn more'''
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:07, 3 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;entity:getSitelink()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356]

'''Project updates'''
*  Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]
* Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:52, 9 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Improvements and Maintenance'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]].
* The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag &quot;Edit Check (references) activated&quot; was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692]
* It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-message-box&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=&amp;title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;cdx-message&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499]

'''Technical project updates'''
* Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]

'''Tech in depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: 
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task.
** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]]
* Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]&quot;. Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]].
* The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166]
* Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223]
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: 
** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too.
** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content.

'''In depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the &quot;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]&quot; and &quot;[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]&quot; subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:36, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month.
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;?veaction=editsource&lt;/code&gt; to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796]
* For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the &quot;donate&quot; link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to &quot;Create an account&quot;. This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585]
* The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]].
* View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis.

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/]

'''Meetings and events'''
* October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa
* November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:20, 30 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new &quot;Revert Risk&quot; machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422]
* View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* It is now possible for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; code blocks to offer readers a &quot;Copy&quot; button if the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;copy=1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932]
* Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]].
* Five new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|&lt;code&gt;w:kge:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|&lt;code&gt;m:mos:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|&lt;code&gt;q:gor:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|&lt;code&gt;n:shn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:42, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722]
* WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''hastemplate''&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''incategory''&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29]
* View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the &quot;search engine&quot; option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975]

'''In depth'''
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:21, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27597254 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the &quot;Donate&quot; button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years.
[[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]].
* Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]].
* View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556]
* It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}&lt;/code&gt; parser function. For example, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will show as &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. Previously, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#time:…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timef&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timefl&lt;/code&gt; for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{USERLANGUAGE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; instead of using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{int:lang}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects.
* The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content.

'''Meetings and events'''
* 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel.
* 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:52, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia].
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set &lt;code&gt;emitTransitionOnStep&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag &lt;code&gt;allowAutomaticBack&lt;/code&gt; to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528]
*  Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the &quot;Nuke&quot; tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:56, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27668811 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949]
* Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help.
* The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446]
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/]

'''In depth'''
* Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance.
*  The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available.  It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:50, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27693917 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463]
* View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]&lt;/code&gt;, the logic of Wikibase function &lt;code&gt;getAllStatements&lt;/code&gt; changed to behave like &lt;code&gt;getBestStatements&lt;/code&gt;. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]].

'''In depth'''
* Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488]

'''Meetings and events'''
* 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] &amp; [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:07, 12 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057]
* View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380]

'''In depth'''
* There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas.
* Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''.
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:00, 19 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]].
* The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for bold and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928]
* Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;bswiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;elwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;euwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiquote&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiversity&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikivoyage&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;idwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;lvwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;plwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;ptwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;urwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;viwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. 
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to &quot;protected&quot; [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;,&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and un-selecting &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Live Autocompletion&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Two new parser functions were added this week. The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt; language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]].
* Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/]
* Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;arwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;cawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;mediawikiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;orwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiktionary&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wikidatawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910]
* This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the &quot;Download as PDF&quot; system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:22, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27873992 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#wikimedia-techdocs&lt;/bdi&gt; IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted.
* The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the &quot;[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=specialcx&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=collections&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=es&amp;to=en All collection]&quot; category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;page-collection&gt; &lt;/page-collection&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion.
* The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365]
* The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveUrl&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveDate&lt;/code&gt;, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1261320172&amp;oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&amp;q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&amp;regex=1&amp;title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|&lt;code&gt;voy:id:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726]
* Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system.
* The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history.
* Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information.
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:24, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;inproject:&lt;/code&gt; keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|&lt;code&gt;w:tig:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise.
* Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its &lt;code&gt;sub&lt;/code&gt; field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139]
* Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt; until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846]
* On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as &quot;manually patrolled&quot; instead of &quot;autopatrolled&quot;, which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's &quot;Insert link&quot; feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912]
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:36, 21 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year.

'''Updates for editors'''
* iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145]
* Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki_user_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dump, the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; field will be renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;is_anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:14, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use the &quot;Special characters&quot; editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722]
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements.
* Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki.
** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json&lt;/code&gt; to include entries for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;preprint&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;standard&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;dataset&lt;/code&gt;; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1189164774&amp;oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1270832208&amp;oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset'].
** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270829051&amp;oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270831369&amp;oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveID&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;identifier&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repository&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;organization&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repositoryLocation&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;committee&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;versionNumber&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|&lt;code&gt;w:knc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''

* The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;Special pages&quot; portlet link will be moved from the &quot;Toolbox&quot; into the &quot;Navigation&quot; section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211]
* As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]&lt;/code&gt;). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a &quot;default for all languages&quot;]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511]
* The function &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;getDescription&lt;/code&gt; was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660]
* As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/related&lt;/code&gt; endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;morelike&lt;/code&gt;&quot; action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/]

'''In depth'''

* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the &quot;Contribute&quot; menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. 
* The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the &lt;code&gt;{{#special:Homepage}}&lt;/code&gt; for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at &lt;code&gt;{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}&lt;/code&gt;. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]]
* Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102]
* You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324]
* When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like &quot;1.23&quot; or localized alphabetic markers like &quot;a b c&quot; in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed.  As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like &quot;1.23&quot; once the alphabetic markers are all used.
* The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements.
* A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488]
* Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640]
* Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; is deprecated. Tools requiring &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; must explicitly declare &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.Uri&lt;/code&gt; as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;URL&lt;/code&gt; API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:16, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:sat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&amp;A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:41, 25 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; link is accessible from the &quot;{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180]
* Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw-ref&lt;/code&gt;&quot; from their local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=8&amp;title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&amp;oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw:referencedBy&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you.
* When editors embed a file (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:MediaWiki.png]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109]
* When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010]
* When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline.
* Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|&lt;code&gt;w:syl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:30, 4 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844]
* The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline &amp; Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;aramadan@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;!
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors.
* An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:09, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC].

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=ig&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as &quot;Collections&quot;, from wiki-projects and campaigns.
* On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard.
* The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]].
* Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation.
* The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag).
* Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time.
* Administrators at wikis that have a customized &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]&lt;/bdi&gt; should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;* specialpages-url|specialpages&lt;/code&gt;. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927]
* The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]].
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Api&lt;/code&gt; JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;userAgent&lt;/code&gt; parameter: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );&lt;/code&gt;. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:42, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:05, 1 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;font-size&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;line-height&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;size-icon&lt;/code&gt;.
* The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:52, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]
* File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for.
* To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662]
* &quot;Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?&quot; This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies.
* On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]].
* The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:24, 15 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16]
* A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Following its publication on HuggingFace, the &quot;Structured Contents&quot; dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect &quot;peacock&quot; or &quot;overly-promotional&quot; or &quot;non-neutral&quot; language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:00, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28578245 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]].
* Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_ipindex&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_compat&lt;/code&gt; are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on &quot;Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects&quot;. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28585685 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May.

'''Updates for editors'''
* For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released:
** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities.
** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Intl&lt;/code&gt; library or the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.DateFormatter&lt;/code&gt; library. The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]].
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (&lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;wbt_*&lt;/code&gt;) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:14, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|&quot;Get shortened URL&quot;]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]].
* Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]].
* The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|&lt;code&gt;w:nup:&lt;/code&gt;]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references.
* The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/data-parsoid&lt;/code&gt; REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:37, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test.

'''Updates for editors'''

* From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]]  [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]].
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template.
* Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.title&lt;/code&gt; object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;isDisambiguationPage&lt;/code&gt;. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.loader.load&lt;/code&gt;. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;gitlab.wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt; without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:12, 19 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]&lt;/code&gt; parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019]
* This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future.
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The previously deprecated &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]&lt;/code&gt; views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; views instead.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:04, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;_default&lt;/code&gt; key in the local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]&lt;/bdi&gt; page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=clientlogin&lt;/code&gt; will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205]
* From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716]
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121]
* Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492]
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]].
* Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageImage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageAssessments&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:16, 10 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:38, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001]
* Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519]
* A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;all_links&lt;/code&gt; variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;new_links&lt;/code&gt; for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the &quot;Add a Link&quot; Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599]
* Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's &quot;Find in page&quot; function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special &quot;favourite list&quot;. The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:40, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28917415 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]].
* Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22]
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]].
* Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]].
* It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of &quot;Connecting People through Linked Open Data&quot;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:05, 8 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28930584 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the &quot;featured&quot; tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now!
* [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:09, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28980963 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the &quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=fi#/ ... More]&quot; category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new &quot;{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}&quot; filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257]
* Administrators can now limit &quot;Add a Link&quot; to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot;]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test &amp; &quot;Add a Link&quot; Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 &amp; 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmcloud.org&lt;/code&gt;. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:42, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29005283 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598]
* On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:26, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29051727 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439]
* Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035]
* Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account&lt;/code&gt; and use a value defined in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipboptions&lt;/code&gt;. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets can now include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.vue&lt;/code&gt; files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099]
* Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918]
* Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task.
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:40, 5 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]].
* The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an &quot;X&quot; to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other &quot;X&quot; button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944]
* Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for &quot;Group results by page&quot; on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of &quot;One common data source, multiple local wikis&quot;. Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons]
* Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.addWarning()&lt;/code&gt; function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to &quot;Thank&quot; individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849]
* An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716]
* An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227]
* Five new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|&lt;code&gt;s:tl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|&lt;code&gt;s:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|&lt;code&gt;w:rki:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|&lt;code&gt;b:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:38, 19 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: &lt;code&gt;width: fit-content&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;ruby-align&lt;/code&gt;; relative units such as &lt;code&gt;lh&lt;/code&gt;; and custom strings in &lt;code&gt;list-style-type&lt;/code&gt;. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619]
* On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455]
* Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240]
* Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. &lt;code&gt;rc_new&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rc_type&lt;/code&gt; are being removed in favor of &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt;. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt; instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:12, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki]
* The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as &quot;Templates used on this page,&quot; will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066]
* On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the &lt;code&gt;Special:RecentChanges&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Special:Watchlist&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Special:RelatedChanges&lt;/code&gt; pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions now has a new capability called &quot;lightweight enumeration types&quot;, an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more.
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions:
** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&amp;t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these].
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:50, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] 
* Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698]
* Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:14, 9 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29238161 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* References lists that are made using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941]
* Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]].
* Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including:
** for the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and end-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599]
** for both &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;insource:&lt;/code&gt; keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\d&lt;/code&gt;), whitespace (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\s&lt;/code&gt;), and word characters (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\w&lt;/code&gt;); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\r&lt;/code&gt;), newline (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\n&lt;/code&gt;), tab (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\t&lt;/code&gt;), and unicode (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\uHHHH&lt;/code&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212]
* When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]].
* Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288]
* The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets.
* Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. 
* A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:07, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29263921 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ &quot;Listen to Wikipedia&quot;] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator.
* A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#contentmodel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254]
* Adding or editing a &lt;code&gt;DISPLAYTITLE&lt;/code&gt; for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would no longer have the literal text &quot;DISPLAYTITLE&quot; or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. 
* Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:55, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29305556 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]].
* As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]].
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]].
* On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563]
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test.
* The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with &lt;code&gt;sp-contributions-blocked-notice&lt;/code&gt;] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with &lt;code&gt;blocked-notice-logextract&lt;/code&gt;] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed.
* There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[ ] |&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; after the fragment identifier (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|&lt;code&gt;q:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]&lt;/code&gt; function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once.
* A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:52, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29355230 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects.
'''Updates for editors'''
* Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), instead of via a redirect to an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;creationdate:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;lasteditdate:&lt;/code&gt;, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&gt;2024&lt;/code&gt;) and relative dates (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;today-1d&lt;/code&gt;), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593]
* [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402]
* An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The field &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rev_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the revision database table is being removed in favor of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;content_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the &lt;code&gt;rest.php&lt;/code&gt; path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:23, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. 

'''Updates for editors'''

* Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579]
* This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095]
* Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:59, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;rest.php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]].
* Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:36, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]].
* Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]].
* The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/]
* Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures.
* A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]].
* Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958]
* For users with &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools &quot;{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778]
* Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861]
* Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as &quot;Get shortened URL&quot;. There are 30 wikis that also install an older &quot;ShortUrl&quot; extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;class=&quot;title-shortlink&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188]
* On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board.
* MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:34, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264]
* MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347]
* Using the &quot;{{int:showpreview}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:showdiff}}&quot; buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097]
* Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454]
* The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment]
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called &quot;Image browsing&quot; to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28.
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://meta.wikimedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from &lt;code&gt;&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;mw:&lt;identity type&gt;:&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&lt;identity type&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is typically &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;CentralAuth:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;local:&lt;wiki id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the &lt;code&gt;sessionJwt&lt;/code&gt; cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or emailing other users &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;10&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612]
* A &lt;code&gt;REL1_45&lt;/code&gt; branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/]
* The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November.
* Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]].
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|&lt;code&gt;s:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''&quot;Report Visual Bug&quot;'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
* Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;hackathon@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:26, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the &quot;DWIM&quot; (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;und&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;cxfcnmt&lt;/span&gt;'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;ru&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;счастье&lt;/span&gt;'' (&quot;happiness&quot;) that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734]
* Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}&quot; preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
*  Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;format=xml'''&amp;xlst={stylesheet}'''&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/]
* The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Main graph or &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:56, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]].
* The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476]
* Two new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|&lt;code&gt;w:tok:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|&lt;code&gt;q:pcm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:57, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Latn&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''bedniereba''&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Cyrl&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''бедниереба''&lt;/bdi&gt; will now suggest the existing article about &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ბედნიერება&lt;/bdi&gt; (&quot;happiness&quot;). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development.
* Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project.
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025.
* A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711]
* Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:45, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-52 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324]
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping &quot;First Steps&quot; in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, to avoid potential conflicts with other &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw&lt;/code&gt; attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:45, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;

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== Tech News: 2026-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>4tfsqkt2i6xasj5kwd7p8gkl02nvhwc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson</title>
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        <username>Scogdill</username>
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      <text bytes="19567" sha1="f2zzpy1vibx1v4uu828cvma9qdkydnj" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==
== Organizations ==

=== Lady Sarah Wilson ===
*&quot;[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|aristocratic lady journalist]]&quot;
*Lady Sarah Wilson, journalist for the ''Daily Mail''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=Sarah Wilson (war correspondent)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Wilson_(war_correspondent)&amp;oldid=966295858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gordon Wilson ===
*Gordon Wilson, Royal Horse Guards
*Gordon Wilson, Robert Baden-Powell's aide de camp at Mafeking

=== Wilfred Wilson ===

* 5th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry

== Timeline ==
'''1861''', Sir Samuel Wilson and Jeanne Campbell married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Sir Samuel Wilson.&quot; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ|title=Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority|last=Fox-Davies|first=Arthur Charles|date=1895|publisher=Jack|language=en}} 1047, Col. 1a.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1891 November 21''', Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill and Gordon Chesney Wilson married.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106326|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892 June 11''', Adeline Constance Wilson and Right Hon. the Earl of Huntingdon married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did Mr. Wilfred Wilson, Mr. Clarence Wilson, and Mr. Herbert Wilson.
[[File:Madame de Pompadour.jpg|alt=Old painting of a woman in a very ornate dress with an open book|thumb|Madame de Pompadour, 1756, ]]

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
=== Lady Sarah Wilson ===
[[File:Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a dog|Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Lady Sarah Wilson went as Madame de Pompadour.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} 

John Thomson's portrait (left) of &quot;Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Wilson (née Spencer-Churchill) as Madame de Pompadour&quot; in costume is photogravure #157 in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs#The Album of Photographs|album]] presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158520/Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.&lt;/ref&gt; 

If Lady Sarah Wilson's dress is indeed blue, as the descriptions say, then this portrait is an excellent example of how difficult it can be to guess the colors of things in black-and-white photographs. In some ways, the portrait of Lady Sarah from the album looks more like a painting than a photograph, although the album (and the National Portrait Gallery, London) give credit to photographer John Thomson. Perhaps it was retouched to make it look less photographic and more painterly. 

Surprisingly, two portraits of Lady Sarah appear in the Lafayette Archive, suggesting that she had her photograph taken by the Lafayette firm, perhaps at the ball itself. The Lafayette Archive lists 2 photographs but provides only one: 

* http://lafayette.org.uk/wil1366.html

This image is a higher resolution and more clear, and it is not retouched to appear more like a painted portrait. Not all particulars of her costume are identical in the Lafayette and Thomson portraits. 

François Boucher's portrait of Madame de Pompadour (above right) shows Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Madame de Pompadour at about 35 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&amp;oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour.&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Sarah Wilson was nearly 32 years old at the time of the ball. Politically active, Madame de Pompadour was Louis XV's official chief mistress until 1751 and lady in waiting to the Queen, Polish Marie Leszczyńska.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (The color of her dress in this image may not be true to the painting; another copy shows it looking bluer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&amp;oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour#/media/File:Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;) 
[[File:François Boucher - Portrait of Marquise de Pompadour - WGA02909.jpg|thumb|Madame de Pompadour, Boucher, 1759, with Friendship's consolation of Love behind her]]
Another Boucher portrait of Madame de Pompadour (right), painted in 1759 when she was 38,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; shows her in a very similar dress, though pink and yellow rather than blue or blue-green. We can see how the skirt falls when she is standing. 

Another image of Lady Sarah Wilson in costume appeared in the ''Queen'' (bottom middle of the page, the numeral 17 below the line drawing, seated, facing slightly to her right, the line drawing shows a dress similar to her costume in her photograph, bows and ruffles emphasized; the drawing apparently signed by “Rook”).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 78 on printed page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/174/0052.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} 

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
Two descriptions of Lady Sarah Wilson's costume exist, the first from ''The Gentlewoman'' and the other from ''The Queen''.
* &quot;(Mme. de Pompadour), blue and magenta, silk, lace, and pink roses; bunch of wild hyacinths, yellow daisies, and pink roses on left shoulder.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 2b}}
* The description accompanying the line drawing in the ''Queen'' says the original was '''owned by Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild''', suggesting that neither of the two Bouchers is the original:&lt;blockquote&gt;Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. …   No. 17. L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;ARAH&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILSON&lt;/small&gt;, Madame de Pompadour (copied from the picture of “La Pompadour” of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild). — Rich / blue satin, with ruchings of satin and white blonde lace, with wreath of roses; Alençon lace ruffles; headdress, small wreath of roses, with high aigrette.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2–3c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]

==== Commentary on Lady Sarah's Costume ====

* Lady Sarah is holding her skirt in her left hand oddly, making the layers of the skirt too confusing to analyze.
* The dresses in the Boucher portraits are very similar to each other and may be one of the originals for Lady Sarah's dress, which was blue according to the newspapers.
* The skirts in the Boucher portraits are voluminous, unlike the skirt Lady Sarah is wearing, which may be influenced by 1890s style, whose close-fitted skirts had a smooth, bell-shaped flare.&lt;ref&gt;Matthews, Mimi. A Victorian Lady's Guide to Fashion and Beauty. Pen &amp; Sword History, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; (73) She may be wearing panniers (or a bum-roll), but like the skirt they are more modest than might be expected. Or perhaps Lady Sarah was saving money?
* In some respects, this costume is an 18th-century design: the graduated bows in the bodice, the multiple layers of ruffled lace in the sleeves, the overskirt and petticoat construction, the v-point below the waist of the bodice, the double-ruffle and flower trim on the skirt and bodice and the piled-up powdered hair with ringlets. The design has 18th-century elements, but the line of the skirt is not 18th or 19th century.

=== Captain Gordon Wilson ===
According to the typographical visualization of the quadrilles and processions in the ''Morning Post'', Captain Gordon Wilson was one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Louis XV and Louis XVI Quadrille, along with Sir Samuel Scott.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 6b}} The newspapers, however, say he was in costume as a member of the Royal Horse Guard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-03|title=John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough&amp;oldid=1188192102|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.&lt;/ref&gt;).

Lafayette's portrait of &quot;Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680&quot; in costume is photogravure #158 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues temp 1680.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158521/Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Blues were the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, part of the Household Cavalry: the coat was blue, with red facings, collar and plumes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-11|title=Royal Horse Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Horse_Guards&amp;oldid=1054735721|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Descriptions of His Costume ====
*He wore a &quot;Costume of his own regiment at the time of the Duke of Marlborough, blue with red facings, embroidered gold crimson sash, and embroidered baldric, large velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}
*&quot;Sir Samuel Scott and Captain Gordon Wilson [wore] uniforms of the R.H.G. in the great Duke of Marlborough's time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|42, Col. 2b}}
*&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson and Sir Samuel Scott (costume of their own regiments at the time of the Duke of Marlborough), blue with red facings; velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

=== Wilfred Wilson ===
Wilfred Wilson was among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Messrs [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon,&quot; wearing &quot;green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdresses, swords.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} No photograph of him in costume can be found at this time.

=== Clarence Wilson ===
Mr. Clarence Wilson, likely Chesney Clarence Wilson?, was dressed as Buffone in the Venetians procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

* &quot;Mr. Clarence Wilson (jester), in satin, with gold thread embroidery.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print p. 50, Col. 3a.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}}

=== Herbert Wilson ===
Mr. Herbert Wilson was dressed as Antonio Priali&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (misspelled as Briali&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}) in the Venetians procession.

* &quot;Mr. Herbert Wilson (Venetian noble), vieux rose brocaded velvet.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}}

=== Wilsons Who Attended by Family ===

==== Lady Sarah and Captain Gordon Wilson Family ====

* Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson
* Mr. Wilfred Wilson
* Mr. Clarence Wilson
* Mr. Herbert Wilson

==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley and Mary Wilson Family]] ====

* Arthur and Mary Wilson
* Clive Wilson
* Tottie (Susannah West) Wilson Menzies and Jack Graham Menzies
* [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]
* Mr. and Mrs. Charles Henry Wilson
* Enid Wilson

==== Unknown Family ====

* Mr. T.W. Wilson

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: she, English&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;; he, Australian
*Samuel Wilson, born in Ireland, his wife and many of children born in Australia&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-15|title=Samuel Wilson (Portsmouth MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wilson_(Portsmouth_MP)&amp;oldid=945720739|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Residences ===

==== Sir Samuel Wilson ====

* After returning from Australia
* 9 Grosvenor Square, London (March 1895 – 11 June 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Hughenden Manor, High Wycombe, Bucks (1881– September 1893?)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Family ==
=== Gordon Chesney Wilson's Family ===

* Sir Samuel Wilson (7&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; or 17&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; February 1832 – 11 June 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* Jeanne Campbell, Lady Wilson (8 May 1841 – 8 February 1925)&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
*# '''Gordon Chesney Wilson''' (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)
*# Mary Wilson (c. 1870 –&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''199''; Page: ''49''.&lt;/ref&gt; )
*# '''Wilfred Wilson''' (3 March 1872 – February 1901&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Man and Matters.&quot; ''Globe'' 26 February 1901 Tuesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/19010226/030/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;)
*# '''Clarence Chesney Wilson''' (2 March 1873 – )
*# Bertie (Herbert Hayden) Wilson (4 February 1875 – )
*# Adeline Constance Wilson Lloyd (c. 1867&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''198''; Page: ''48''.&lt;/ref&gt;– 24 October 1933&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;)
*# Maud Margaret Wilson (1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891''; Class: ''RG12''; Piece: ''68''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''38''; GSU roll: ''6095178''.&lt;/ref&gt;– ) [Maud, Countess Huntington?&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;]
*# Florence Mabel Wilson ()
*# Herbert H. Wilson (1878&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;–) [see Bertie, above]


*Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] Wilson (4 July 1865 – 22 October 1929)
*Gordon Chesney Wilson (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lt.-Col. Gordon Chesney Wilson.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106327|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Randolph Gordon Wilson (1893–1956)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Relations ===

* Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill's brothers were [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lord Randolph Churchill]] and Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|9th Duke of Marlborough]] (9 November 1892 – 30 June 1934).

== Also Known As ==
*Family name: Wilson
*Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]]
*Captain Gordon Wilson, M.V.O.
*Lady Sarah Wilson
*The family of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]]

== Questions and Notes ==
#Lady Sarah Wilson is the 11th child and 6th daughter of John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duke of Marlborough]] and Frances Anne Emily Vane Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duchess of Marlborough]].
#Lady Sarah Wilson is one of the &quot;aristocratic lady journalists&quot; and was at Mafeking with her husband, Capt. Gordon Wilson.
#Gordon Chesney Wilson died in at the first battle of Ypres, 6ths November 1914.
#For the Samuel Wilson family, any Miss Wilson after 1892 has to have been Florence Mabel Wilson.
#Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]], Wilfred Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts; the Hon. Algernon Bourke is not difficult to identify at all; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#There is a problem with Herbert Hayden Wilson and Herbert H. Wilson's birth dates.
#Captain Gordon Wilson is #96 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]] the[[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House; Lady Sarah Wilson is #392; Wilfred Wilson is #232; Mr. Clarence Wilson is #300; Mr. Herbert Wilson is #307.

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Business Analytics</title>
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      <text bytes="13565" sha1="3j26q9prnlo4djeormuruc0sknoe9ev" xml:space="preserve">'''Business analytics''' ('''BA''') refers to the skills, technologies, practices for continuous iterative exploration and investigation of past [[w:en:business|business]] performance to gain insight and drive business planning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title= Next Generation Business Analytics
 |url= http://www.docstoc.com/docs/7486045/Next-Generation-Business-Analytics-Presentation
 |last= Beller
 |first= Michael J.
 |author2=Alan Barnett
 |date= 2009-06-18
 |publisher= Lightship Partners LLC
 |accessdate=2009-06-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Business analytics focuses on developing new insights and understanding of business performance based on [[w:en:data|data]] and [[w:en:Statistics|statistical methods]]. In contrast, [[w:en:business intelligence|business intelligence]] traditionally focuses on using a consistent set of metrics to both measure past performance and guide business planning, which is also based on data and statistical methods.{{citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the two sentences|date=October 2017}}

Business [[w:en:analytics|analytics]] makes extensive use of analytical modeling and numerical analysis, including explanatory and [[w:en:predictive modeling|predictive modeling]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.citi.uconn.edu/cist07/5c.pdf | title=Predictive vs. Explanatory Modeling in IS Research | author=Galit Schmueli and Otto Koppius | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011082717/http://www.citi.uconn.edu/cist07/5c.pdf | archivedate=2010-10-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and fact-based management to drive [[w:en:decision making|decision making]]. It is therefore closely related to [[w:en:management science|management science]]. Analytics may be used as input for human decisions or may drive fully automated decisions. Business intelligence is [[w:en:Information retrieval|querying]], [[w:en:report|report]]ing, [[w:en:online analytical processing|online analytical processing]] (OLAP), and &quot;alerts.&quot;

In other words, querying, reporting, OLAP, it is alert tools can answer questions such as what happened, how many, how often, where the problem is, and what actions are needed. Business analytics can answer questions like why is this happening, what if these trends continue, what will happen next (predict), and what is the best outcome that can happen (optimize).&lt;ref name=Davenport2007&gt;{{Cite book
 | last1 = Davenport
 | first1 = Thomas H.
 | authorlink1 = Thomas H. Davenport
 | last2 = Harris
 | first2 = Jeanne G.
 | year = 2007
 | title = Competing on analytics : the new science of winning
 | isbn = 978-1-4221-0332-6
 | publisher = Harvard Business School Press
 | location = Boston, Mass.
 | url-access = registration
 | url = https://archive.org/details/competingonanaly00thom
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''([[Commercial Data Harvesting]])''' Explain which area of business analytics is dependent on [[Commercial Data Harvesting]]! What kind of information can be aggregated by the collection of distributed activities in companies organisations for decision making. Who benefits from the analysis? Could business analytics and its methods make institutions and/or companies more vulnerable? 
* '''(Deep Learning)''' What does the concept &quot;Deep Learning&quot; mean in the context of &quot;Big Data&quot;? Business Analytics tries to identify patterns and trends in the available data and derive business strategies from the data! Explore the available numerical and statistical methods and play a bit with demo data understand the basic principles!

==Examples of application==

In healthcare, business analysis can be used to operate and manage clinical information systems. It can transform medical data from a bewildering array of analytical methods into useful information. Data analysis can also be used to generate contemporary reporting systems which include the patient's latest key indicators, historical trends and reference values.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=Michael J.|last2=Marsolo|first2=Keith A.|last3=Froehle|first3=Craig M.|date=2014-09-01|title=Applications of business analytics in healthcare|journal=Business Horizons|volume=57|issue=5|pages=571–582|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2014.06.003|pmid=25429161|pmc=4242091|issn=0007-6813}}&lt;/ref&gt;\

== Business Analytics Process ==
Business analytics typically follows a structured process that transforms raw data into concrete conclusions:

* '''Data collection''' – Gathering data from internal systems (e.g., sales, operations) and external sources (e.g., market data, customer behavior).
* '''Data cleaning and preparation''' – Ensuring data accuracy, consistency, and completeness before analysis. **Make sure to keep a copy of the raw data file (original data file) before moving onto this step**
* '''Data analysis''' – Applying statistical methods, machine learning models, or visualization techniques to identify patterns and relationships.
* '''Interpretation''' – Translating analytical results into meaningful business insights.
* '''Decision-making''' – Using insights to support strategic or operational decisions.

This iterative process allows organizations to continuously refine their strategies based on new data and insights.

==Types of analytics==
&lt;!-- Need to expand descriptions in this section --&gt;
* [[Spatial Decision Support System|Decision analytics]]: supports human decisions with visual analytics that the user models to reflect reasoning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Analytics List|url=http://www.rhbs.me/about-rh/|accessdate=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407015839/http://www.rhbs.me/about-rh/|archive-date=7 April 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Descriptive analytics: gains insight from historical data with [[w:en:reporting (disambiguation)|reporting]], scorecards, [[w:en:Cluster analysis|clustering]] etc.
* [[w:en:Predictive analytics|Predictive analytics]]: employs [[w:en:predictive modelling|predictive modelling]] using statistical and [[w:en:machine learning|machine learning]] techniques
* [[w:en:Prescriptive analytics|Prescriptive analytics]]: recommends decisions using optimization, simulation, etc.

==Basic domains within analytics==
&lt;!-- Need to expand descriptions in this section --&gt;
* [[w:en:Behavioral analytics|Behavioral analytics]]
* [[w:en:Cohort analysis|Cohort analysis]]
* Collections analytics
* Contextual data modeling - supports the human reasoning that occurs after viewing &quot;executive dashboards&quot; or any other visual analytics
* Cyber analytics
* [[w:en:Enterprise optimization|Enterprise optimization]]
* [[w:en:Financial service|Financial service]]s analytics
* [[w:en:Fraud|Fraud]] analytics
* [[w:en:Health care analytics|Health care analytics]]
* [[w:en:Marketing|Marketing]] analytics
* [[w:en:Pricing|Pricing]] analytics
* [[w:en:Retail sales|Retail sales]] analytics
* [[w:en:Credit risk|Risk &amp; Credit]] analytics
* [[w:en:Supply chain|Supply chain]] analytics
* [[w:en:Aptitude|Talent]] analytics
* [[w:en:Telecommunications|Telecommunications]]
* [[w:en:Transportation|Transportation]] analytics
* [[w:en:Customer journey|Customer Journey]] Analytics
* [[w:en:Market Basket Analysis|Market Basket Analysis]]

==History==
Analytics have been used in business since the management exercises were put into place by [[w:en:Frederick Winslow Taylor|Frederick Winslow Taylor]] in the late 19th century. [[w:en:Henry Ford|Henry Ford]] measured the time of each component in his newly established assembly line. But analytics began to command more attention in the late 1960s when computers were used in [[w:en:decision support systems|decision support systems]]. Since then, analytics have changed and formed with the development of [[w:en:enterprise resource planning|enterprise resource planning]] (ERP) systems, [[w:en:data warehouses|data warehouses]], and a large number of other software tools and processes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davenport2007&quot;/&gt;

In later years the business analytics have exploded with the introduction to computers. This change has brought analytics to a whole new level and has brought about endless possibilities. As far as analytics has come in history, and what the current field of analytics is today, many people would never think that analytics started in the early 1900s with Mr. Ford himself.

==Challenges==
Business analytics depends on sufficient volumes of high quality data. The difficulty in ensuring data quality is integrating and reconciling data across different systems, and then deciding what subsets of data to make available.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davenport2007&quot;/&gt;

Previously, analytics was considered a type of after-the-fact method of [[w:en:forecasting|forecasting]] [[w:en:consumer behavior|consumer behavior]] by examining the number of units sold in the last quarter or the last year. This type of data warehousing required a lot more storage space than it did speed. Now business analytics is becoming a tool that can influence the outcome of customer interactions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/d/large-business/best-storage-business-analytic.aspx |title= Choosing the Best Storage for Business Analytics |publisher= Dell.com |accessdate= 2012-06-25 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120718204914/http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/d/large-business/best-storage-business-analytic.aspx |archivedate= 2012-07-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; When a specific customer type is considering a purchase, an analytics-enabled enterprise can modify the sales pitch to appeal to that consumer. This means the storage space for all that data must react extremely fast to provide the necessary data in real-time.

==Competing on analytics==
[[w:en:Thomas H. Davenport|Thomas Davenport]], professor of information technology and management at [[w:en:Babson College|Babson College]] argues that businesses can optimize a distinct business capability via analytics and thus better compete. He identifies these characteristics of an organization that are apt to compete on analytics:&lt;ref name=&quot;Davenport2007&quot;/&gt;
* One or more senior executives who strongly advocate fact-based decision making and, specifically, analytics
* Widespread use of not only [[w:en:descriptive statistics|descriptive statistics]], but also predictive modeling and complex [[w:en:optimization (mathematics)|optimization]] techniques
* Substantial use of analytics across multiple business functions or processes
* Movement toward an enterprise level approach to managing analytical tools, data, and organizational skills and capabilities

== Tools and Technologies ==
Business analytics relies on a variety of tools and technologies to process and analyze data. Common tools include:

* Spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel
* Data visualization tools such as Tableau and Power BI
* Programming languages such as Python and R
* Database systems such as SQL-based platforms
* Big data technologies such as Hadoop and Spark

These tools enable analysts to manage large datasets, perform statistical analysis, and communicate insights effectively through visualizations and reports.

== Applications of Business Analytics ==
Business analytics is widely used across industries:

* '''Finance''' – risk analysis, portfolio management, and fraud detection
* '''Marketing''' – customer segmentation, campaign performance analysis, and personalization
* '''Operations''' – supply chain optimization and demand forecasting
* '''Retail''' – inventory management and pricing strategies
* '''Human resources''' – talent analytics and employee performance evaluation

These applications help organizations improve efficiency, reduce costs, and make more informed decisions.

== Advantages and Limitations ==

=== Advantages ===

* Improves data-driven decision-making
* Enhances operational efficiency
* Identifies trends and patterns not easily visible
* Supports forecasting and strategic planning

=== Limitations ===

* Depends on data quality and availability
* Can be costly to implement and maintain
* Requires skilled analysts and technical expertise
* May lead to incorrect conclusions if models are poorly designed

==See also==
* [[w:en:Business analysis|Business analysis]]
* [[w:en:Business analyst|Business analyst]]
* [[w:en:Business process discovery|Business process discovery]]
* [[w:en:Customer dynamics|Customer dynamics]]
* [[w:en:Test and learn|Test and learn]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Davenport |first=Thomas H. |authorlink=w:en:Thomas H. Davenport |author2=Jeanne G. Harris |title=Competing on Analytics: The New Science of Winning |url=https://archive.org/details/competingonanaly00thom |url-access=registration |date=March 2007 |publisher=Harvard Business School Press |location= |isbn= }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Business Analytics}}
[[Category:Business terms]]
[[Category:Data warehousing]]
[[Category:Applied data mining]]
[[Category:Business intelligence]]
[[Category:Management science]]
[[Category:Big Data|analytics]]

[[de:Business Analytics]]

== Page Information ==
This page was based on the following [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Business%20analytics Wikipedia source page]:
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Business%20analytics  Business analytics] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Business%20analytics
* Date: 7/14/2020 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&amp;title=%20Business%20analytics Source History Wikipedia]
* [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity?lang=en&amp;domain=wikipedia&amp;title=%20Business%20analytics Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity</text>
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      <text bytes="13603" sha1="1tcvgo13sudhae30n4ak92bty28t356" xml:space="preserve">'''Business analytics''' ('''BA''') refers to the skills, technologies, practices for continuous iterative exploration and investigation of past [[w:en:business|business]] performance to gain insight and drive business planning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title= Next Generation Business Analytics
 |url= http://www.docstoc.com/docs/7486045/Next-Generation-Business-Analytics-Presentation
 |last= Beller
 |first= Michael J.
 |author2=Alan Barnett
 |date= 2009-06-18
 |publisher= Lightship Partners LLC
 |accessdate=2009-06-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Business analytics focuses on developing new insights and understanding of business performance based on [[w:en:data|data]] and [[w:en:Statistics|statistical methods]]. In contrast, [[w:en:business intelligence|business intelligence]] traditionally focuses on using a consistent set of metrics to both measure past performance and guide business planning, which is also based on data and statistical methods.{{citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the two sentences|date=October 2017}}

Business [[w:en:analytics|analytics]] makes extensive use of analytical modeling and numerical analysis, including explanatory and [[w:en:predictive modeling|predictive modeling]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.citi.uconn.edu/cist07/5c.pdf | title=Predictive vs. Explanatory Modeling in IS Research | author=Galit Schmueli and Otto Koppius | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011082717/http://www.citi.uconn.edu/cist07/5c.pdf | archivedate=2010-10-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and fact-based management to drive [[w:en:decision making|decision making]]. It is therefore closely related to [[w:en:management science|management science]]. Analytics may be used as input for human decisions or may drive fully automated decisions. Business intelligence is [[w:en:Information retrieval|querying]], [[w:en:report|report]]ing, [[w:en:online analytical processing|online analytical processing]] (OLAP), and &quot;alerts.&quot;

In other words, querying, reporting, OLAP, it is alert tools can answer questions such as what happened, how many, how often, where the problem is, and what actions are needed. Business analytics can answer questions like why is this happening, what if these trends continue, what will happen next (predict), and what is the best outcome that can happen (optimize).&lt;ref name=Davenport2007&gt;{{Cite book
 | last1 = Davenport
 | first1 = Thomas H.
 | authorlink1 = Thomas H. Davenport
 | last2 = Harris
 | first2 = Jeanne G.
 | year = 2007
 | title = Competing on analytics : the new science of winning
 | isbn = 978-1-4221-0332-6
 | publisher = Harvard Business School Press
 | location = Boston, Mass.
 | url-access = registration
 | url = https://archive.org/details/competingonanaly00thom
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''([[Commercial Data Harvesting]])''' Explain which area of business analytics is dependent on [[Commercial Data Harvesting]]! What kind of information can be aggregated by the collection of distributed activities in companies organisations for decision making. Who benefits from the analysis? Could business analytics and its methods make institutions and/or companies more vulnerable? 
* '''(Deep Learning)''' What does the concept &quot;Deep Learning&quot; mean in the context of &quot;Big Data&quot;? Business Analytics tries to identify patterns and trends in the available data and derive business strategies from the data! Explore the available numerical and statistical methods and play a bit with demo data understand the basic principles!

==Examples of application==

In healthcare, business analysis can be used to operate and manage clinical information systems. It can transform medical data from a bewildering array of analytical methods into useful information. Data analysis can also be used to generate contemporary reporting systems which include the patient's latest key indicators, historical trends and reference values.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=Michael J.|last2=Marsolo|first2=Keith A.|last3=Froehle|first3=Craig M.|date=2014-09-01|title=Applications of business analytics in healthcare|journal=Business Horizons|volume=57|issue=5|pages=571–582|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2014.06.003|pmid=25429161|pmc=4242091|issn=0007-6813}}&lt;/ref&gt;\

== Business Analytics Process ==
Business analytics typically follows a structured process that transforms raw data into concrete conclusions:

* '''Data collection''' – Gathering data from internal systems (e.g., sales, operations) and external sources (e.g., market data, customer behavior).
* '''Data cleaning and preparation''' – Ensuring data accuracy, consistency, and completeness before analysis. **Make sure to keep a copy of the raw data file (original data file) before moving onto this step**
* '''Data analysis''' – Applying statistical methods, machine learning models, or visualization techniques to identify patterns and relationships.
* '''Interpretation''' – Translating analytical results into meaningful business insights.
* '''Decision-making''' – Using insights to support strategic or operational decisions.

This iterative process allows organizations to continuously refine their strategies based on new data and insights.

==Types of analytics==
&lt;!-- Need to expand descriptions in this section --&gt;
* [[Spatial Decision Support System|Decision analytics]]: supports human decisions with visual analytics that the user models to reflect reasoning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Analytics List|url=http://www.rhbs.me/about-rh/|accessdate=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407015839/http://www.rhbs.me/about-rh/|archive-date=7 April 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Descriptive analytics: gains insight from historical data with [[w:en:reporting (disambiguation)|reporting]], scorecards, [[w:en:Cluster analysis|clustering]] etc.
* [[w:en:Predictive analytics|Predictive analytics]]: employs [[w:en:predictive modelling|predictive modelling]] using statistical and [[w:en:machine learning|machine learning]] techniques
* [[w:en:Prescriptive analytics|Prescriptive analytics]]: recommends decisions using optimization, simulation, etc.

==Basic domains within analytics==
&lt;!-- Need to expand descriptions in this section --&gt;
* [[w:en:Behavioral analytics|Behavioral analytics]]
* [[w:en:Cohort analysis|Cohort analysis]]
* Collections analytics
* Contextual data modeling - supports the human reasoning that occurs after viewing &quot;executive dashboards&quot; or any other visual analytics
* Cyber analytics
* [[w:en:Enterprise optimization|Enterprise optimization]]
* [[w:en:Financial service|Financial service]]s analytics
* [[w:en:Fraud|Fraud]] analytics
* [[w:en:Health care analytics|Health care analytics]]
* [[w:en:Marketing|Marketing]] analytics
* [[w:en:Pricing|Pricing]] analytics
* [[w:en:Retail sales|Retail sales]] analytics
* [[w:en:Credit risk|Risk &amp; Credit]] analytics
* [[w:en:Supply chain|Supply chain]] analytics
* [[w:en:Aptitude|Talent]] analytics
* [[w:en:Telecommunications|Telecommunications]]
* [[w:en:Transportation|Transportation]] analytics
* [[w:en:Customer journey|Customer Journey]] Analytics
* [[w:en:Market Basket Analysis|Market Basket Analysis]]

==History==
Analytics have been used in business since the management exercises were put into place by [[w:en:Frederick Winslow Taylor|Frederick Winslow Taylor]] in the late 19th century. [[w:en:Henry Ford|Henry Ford]] measured the time of each component in his newly established assembly line. But analytics began to command more attention in the late 1960s when computers were used in [[w:en:decision support systems|decision support systems]]. Since then, analytics have changed and formed with the development of [[w:en:enterprise resource planning|enterprise resource planning]] (ERP) systems, [[w:en:data warehouses|data warehouses]], and a large number of other software tools and processes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davenport2007&quot;/&gt;

In later years the business analytics have exploded with the introduction to computers. This change has brought analytics to a whole new level and has brought about endless possibilities. As far as analytics has come in history, and what the current field of analytics is today, many people would never think that analytics started in the early 1900s with Mr. Ford himself.

==Challenges==
Business analytics depends on sufficient volumes of high quality data. The difficulty in ensuring data quality is integrating and reconciling data across different systems, and then deciding what subsets of data to make available.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davenport2007&quot;/&gt;

Previously, analytics was considered a type of after-the-fact method of [[w:en:forecasting|forecasting]] [[w:en:consumer behavior|consumer behavior]] by examining the number of units sold in the last quarter or the last year. This type of data warehousing required a lot more storage space than it did speed. Now business analytics is becoming a tool that can influence the outcome of customer interactions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/d/large-business/best-storage-business-analytic.aspx |title= Choosing the Best Storage for Business Analytics |publisher= Dell.com |accessdate= 2012-06-25 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120718204914/http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/d/large-business/best-storage-business-analytic.aspx |archivedate= 2012-07-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; When a specific customer type is considering a purchase, an analytics-enabled enterprise can modify the sales pitch to appeal to that consumer. This means the storage space for all that data must react extremely fast to provide the necessary data in real-time.

==Competing on analytics==
[[w:en:Thomas H. Davenport|Thomas Davenport]], professor of information technology and management at [[w:en:Babson College|Babson College]] argues that businesses can optimize a distinct business capability via analytics and thus better compete. He identifies these characteristics of an organization that are apt to compete on analytics:&lt;ref name=&quot;Davenport2007&quot;/&gt;
* One or more senior executives who strongly advocate fact-based decision making and, specifically, analytics
* Widespread use of not only [[w:en:descriptive statistics|descriptive statistics]], but also predictive modeling and complex [[w:en:optimization (mathematics)|optimization]] techniques
* Substantial use of analytics across multiple business functions or processes
* Movement toward an enterprise level approach to managing analytical tools, data, and organizational skills and capabilities

== Tools and Technologies ==
Business analytics relies on a variety of tools and technologies to process and analyze data. Common tools include:

* Spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel
* Data visualization tools such as Tableau and Power BI
* Programming languages such as Python and R
* Database systems such as SQL-based platforms
* Big data technologies such as Hadoop and Spark

These tools enable analysts to manage large datasets, perform statistical analysis, and communicate insights effectively through visualizations and reports.

== Applications of Business Analytics ==
Business analytics is widely used across industries:

* '''Finance''' – risk analysis, portfolio management, and fraud detection
* '''Marketing''' – customer segmentation, campaign performance analysis, and personalization
* '''Operations''' – supply chain optimization and demand forecasting
* '''Retail''' – inventory management and pricing strategies
* '''Human resources''' – talent analytics and employee performance evaluation

These applications help organizations improve efficiency, reduce costs, and make more informed decisions.

== Advantages and Limitations ==

=== Advantages ===

* Improves data-driven decision-making
* Enhances operational efficiency
* Identifies trends and patterns not easily visible
* Supports forecasting and strategic planning

=== Limitations ===

* Depends on data quality and availability
* Can be costly to implement and maintain
* Requires skilled analysts and technical expertise
* May lead to incorrect conclusions if models are poorly designed

==See also==
* [[w:en:Business analysis|Business analysis]]
* [[w:en:Business analyst|Business analyst]]
* [[w:en:Business process discovery|Business process discovery]]
* [[w:en:Customer dynamics|Customer dynamics]]
* [[Spatial Decision Support System]]
* [[w:en:Test and learn|Test and learn]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Davenport |first=Thomas H. |authorlink=w:en:Thomas H. Davenport |author2=Jeanne G. Harris |title=Competing on Analytics: The New Science of Winning |url=https://archive.org/details/competingonanaly00thom |url-access=registration |date=March 2007 |publisher=Harvard Business School Press |location= |isbn= }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Business Analytics}}
[[Category:Business terms]]
[[Category:Data warehousing]]
[[Category:Applied data mining]]
[[Category:Business intelligence]]
[[Category:Management science]]
[[Category:Big Data|analytics]]

[[de:Business Analytics]]

== Page Information ==
This page was based on the following [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Business%20analytics Wikipedia source page]:
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Business%20analytics  Business analytics] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%20Business%20analytics
* Date: 7/14/2020 - [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&amp;title=%20Business%20analytics Source History Wikipedia]
* [https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity?lang=en&amp;domain=wikipedia&amp;title=%20Business%20analytics Wikipedia2Wikiversity-Converter]: https://niebert.github.com/Wikipedia2Wikiversity</text>
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= '''' The John Snow Research Institute -2026'''' =
Billions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight. All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (Body Mass Index) and the fasting blood sugar in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools.(not blood sugar).The 16-weeks '''intervention studies''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer, and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity.[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|300px|right|The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars.]]
[[File:John Snow.jpg|thumb|John Snow in the early nineteenth century]]
[[File:Cholera in London 1866.gif|thumb|250px|Map of a later cholera outbreak in London, in 1866]] [[File:Choleramaplondon1866.png|thumb|right|250px|Legend for the map above]]

1. '&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''Prevalence studies''''

1.1 The-International-Maritime-Health-Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/z3cq5ciiev06y8v9duw7u/A-International-Maritime-Health-Database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=pt0kdesvmagcxaa2wez3tmza3 &lt;/ref&gt;

1.2 Nursing Students Health Database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk &lt;/ref&gt;

1.3. Medical student's Health Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n &lt;/ref&gt;

1.4. School childrens Health database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 &lt;/ref&gt;

2. '''Intervention studies''' Englsh 
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx &lt;/ref&gt; Danish
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv &lt;/ref&gt; Spanish &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv &lt;/ref&gt;

- General research protocol draft
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s &lt;/ref&gt;

- Health Promoting Schools &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh &lt;/ref&gt; 

- John Snow Institute bylaws &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/lccr7jtnga1u0x75117zn/John-Snow-revision-2-March-11.doc?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=lz2gi7mslcoay5dzygg8h6n6r &lt;/ref&gt;

3. '''Publications and pptx''' 2016-2026 &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/The_International_Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus_and_Hypertension_Research_Group#The_John_Snow_Institute &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf &lt;/ref&gt;

4. '''Strategies for research and implementation''' 
For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (Body Mass Index) and the fasting blood sugar in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools.(no FPG).
A practical strategy for prediabetes remission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) must assume that laboratory capacity, workforce, and financing are constrained:
https://www.dropbox.com/t/jOgRZQWEEzMTNiBR     

'''5. Minutes from meetings''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;


'''Prediabetes-Remission Research Network:'''
&lt;small&gt;Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado; Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD, o147248@gmail.com; MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali (SDU); MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Prof Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Dr. Maite, Vacamonte, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Antonio Roberto Abaya MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona/Cadiz, Spain; MBA Christian Acheampong, Turkey; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MPH, Costa Rica; Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark,&lt;/small&gt;

==References==
[[Category:Prediabetes ]]
&lt;references /&gt;Education 1: Research Methodology &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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= '''' The John Snow Research Institute -2026'''' =
Billions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight. All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (Body Mass Index) and the fasting blood sugar in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools.(not blood sugar).The 16-weeks '''intervention studies''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer, and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity.[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|300px|right|The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars.]]
[[File:John Snow.jpg|thumb|John Snow in the early nineteenth century]]
[[File:Cholera in London 1866.gif|thumb|250px|Map of a later cholera outbreak in London, in 1866]] [[File:Choleramaplondon1866.png|thumb|right|250px|Legend for the map above]]

1. '&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''Prevalence studies''''

1.1 The-International-Maritime-Health-Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/z3cq5ciiev06y8v9duw7u/A-International-Maritime-Health-Database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=pt0kdesvmagcxaa2wez3tmza3 &lt;/ref&gt;

1.2 Nursing Students Health Database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk &lt;/ref&gt;

1.3. Medical student's Health Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n &lt;/ref&gt;

1.4. School childrens Health database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 &lt;/ref&gt;

2. '''Intervention studies''' Englsh 
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx &lt;/ref&gt; Danish
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv &lt;/ref&gt; Spanish &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv &lt;/ref&gt;

- General research protocol draft
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s &lt;/ref&gt;

- Health Promoting Schools &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh &lt;/ref&gt; 

- John Snow Institute bylaws &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/lccr7jtnga1u0x75117zn/John-Snow-revision-2-March-11.doc?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=lz2gi7mslcoay5dzygg8h6n6r &lt;/ref&gt;

3. '''Publications and pptx''' 2016-2026 &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/The_International_Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus_and_Hypertension_Research_Group#The_John_Snow_Institute &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf &lt;/ref&gt;

4. '''Strategies for research and implementation''' 
For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (Body Mass Index) and the fasting blood sugar in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools.(no FPG).
A practical strategy for prediabetes remission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) must assume that laboratory capacity, workforce, and financing are constrained:
https://www.dropbox.com/t/jOgRZQWEEzMTNiBR     

'''5. Minutes from meetings''' &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/t/3ZfLGngkS3pSlAQ3  &lt;/ref&gt;


'''Prediabetes-Remission Research Network:'''
&lt;small&gt;Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado; Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD, o147248@gmail.com; MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali (SDU); MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Prof Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Dr. Maite, Vacamonte, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Antonio Roberto Abaya MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona/Cadiz, Spain; MBA Christian Acheampong, Turkey; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MPH, Costa Rica; Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark,&lt;/small&gt;

==References==
[[Category:Prediabetes ]]
&lt;references /&gt;Education 1: Research Methodology &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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= '''' The John Snow Research Institute -2026'''' =
Billions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight. All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (Body Mass Index) and the fasting blood sugar in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools.(not blood sugar).The 16-weeks '''intervention studies''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer, and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity.[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|300px|right|The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars.]]
[[File:John Snow.jpg|thumb|John Snow in the early nineteenth century]]
[[File:Cholera in London 1866.gif|thumb|250px|Map of a later cholera outbreak in London, in 1866]] [[File:Choleramaplondon1866.png|thumb|right|250px|Legend for the map above]]

1. '&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''Prevalence studies''''

1.1 The-International-Maritime-Health-Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/z3cq5ciiev06y8v9duw7u/A-International-Maritime-Health-Database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=pt0kdesvmagcxaa2wez3tmza3 &lt;/ref&gt;

1.2 Nursing Students Health Database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk &lt;/ref&gt;

1.3. Medical student's Health Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n &lt;/ref&gt;

1.4. School childrens Health database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 &lt;/ref&gt;

2. '''Intervention studies''' Englsh 
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx &lt;/ref&gt; Danish
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv &lt;/ref&gt; Spanish &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv &lt;/ref&gt;

- General research protocol draft
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s &lt;/ref&gt;

- Health Promoting Schools &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh &lt;/ref&gt; 

- John Snow Institute bylaws &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/lccr7jtnga1u0x75117zn/John-Snow-revision-2-March-11.doc?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=lz2gi7mslcoay5dzygg8h6n6r &lt;/ref&gt;

3. '''Publications and pptx''' 2016-2026 &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/The_International_Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus_and_Hypertension_Research_Group#The_John_Snow_Institute &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf &lt;/ref&gt;

4. '''Strategies for research and implementation''' 
For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (Body Mass Index) and the fasting blood sugar in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools.(no FPG).
A practical strategy for prediabetes remission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) must assume that laboratory capacity, workforce, and financing are constrained:
https://www.dropbox.com/t/jOgRZQWEEzMTNiBR     

'''5. Minutes from meetings''' &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/t/3ZfLGngkS3pSlAQ3 &lt;/ref&gt;


'''Prediabetes-Remission Research Network:'''
&lt;small&gt;Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado; Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD, o147248@gmail.com; MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali (SDU); MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Prof Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Dr. Maite, Vacamonte, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Antonio Roberto Abaya MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona/Cadiz, Spain; MBA Christian Acheampong, Turkey; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MPH, Costa Rica; Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark,&lt;/small&gt;

==References==
[[Category:Prediabetes ]]
&lt;references /&gt;Education 1: Research Methodology &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>C language in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>285380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2808337</id>
      <parentid>2807874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T13:15:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Applications */</comment>
      <origin>2808337</origin>
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      <text bytes="9878" sha1="mxsc1wvymq510h56i4rlsivbjtfvyrz" xml:space="preserve">=== Introduction ===
* Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])

=== Handling Repetition ===
* Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling a Big Work ===
* Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Series of Data ===

==== Background ==== 
* Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]])
 
==== Basics ====
* Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples ==== 
* Spreadsheet Example Programs
:: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]])

==== Applications ==== 
* Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20260511.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]])

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
* Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Low Level Operations ===
* Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Declarations ===
* Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]])
* Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]])
* Scope 


=== Class Notes ===

* TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]])
* Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library
* Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements
* Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers
* Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts
* Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops
* Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control
* Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions
* Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope
* Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion
* Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions
* Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications
* Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions
* Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications
* Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) 
* Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2)
* Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO
* Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions
* Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications
* Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum
* Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List 
* Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing
* Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/

== '''Old Materials '''==

until 201201
* Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
 
&lt;br&gt;

until 201107
* Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]])
* Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]])
* Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]

&lt;/br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mxsc1wvymq510h56i4rlsivbjtfvyrz</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>One man's look at concept</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2808351</id>
      <parentid>2808244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T16:49:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-28496-53</username>
        <id>3072741</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>2808351</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19965" sha1="pvyd70msh955drn64t8lkz1cnk1m61r" xml:space="preserve">{{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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      <comment>/* FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift */ /fill ~~~~~~ flowing_waterЯ поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик![[File:Dick.jpg]]Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!https://yandex.ru/video/touch/preview/15902142284546092228?parent-reqid=1777389442755504-3614980278004072946-balancer-l7leveler-kubr-yp-k...</comment>
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      <text bytes="19076" sha1="miauyp5oe84qzt8orn7wzzk4qrdw6fx" xml:space="preserve">{{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Complexity of бибика! */ 🚘🚘🚙🛻🚗🚗🛻🚙🚙🚘</comment>
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This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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      <text bytes="19535" sha1="nty9n6hf0x5hwtdg5hzzhkv5mi4ih1z" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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      <text bytes="19551" sha1="iztqibd0wjeq9cbpde7l11acxn01q1p" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
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''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу

Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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      <text bytes="20616" sha1="tw3fr9bcnk0zim6yxf9q9s615vvn57g" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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      <text bytes="20684" sha1="gm7t1swe9m0nb2ru3t6sruo3kf31o0p" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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      <text bytes="20694" sha1="bai7ptofowqot3k6tl42ipwz9nykr10" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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        <username>~2026-28496-53</username>
        <id>3072741</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Фак негра🖕🏿 */ Окак</comment>
      <origin>2808391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20706" sha1="hasj71oqh6g7maxt3nv5r3e6fqxh0dh" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein.
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening Негры сосут! started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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      <text bytes="20721" sha1="849iihw8binsh522un0l9dje4p2o4ve" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein. Skibidi toilet
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening Негры сосут! started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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      <text bytes="20198" sha1="0ifx7y6zpcigrt1173hjy9b21dqj7uo" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein. Skibidi toilet
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening Негры сосут! started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==🚗🚙==

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="20285" sha1="qm8r0u79m6fkdbdbs8n65sqmlez6mkm" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein. Skibidi toilet
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening Негры сосут! started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==🚗🚙==

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org
Ыыыыыыыыыыыыыы
*Заходи на Dygers!
*Ip:Dygers.fun
*порт:19132

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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      <comment>/* FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift */ 💩💩💩💩💩💩💩</comment>
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      <text bytes="20343" sha1="epy6dmirvaa69euk2gx0faf93km3fmu" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein. Skibidi toilet
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening Негры сосут! started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==🚗🚙==

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift ==
[[File:Shit.svg]]💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org
Ыыыыыыыыыыыыыы
*Заходи на Dygers!
*Ip:Dygers.fun
*порт:19132

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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      <text bytes="20348" sha1="ki30u7pf8m9jd0514dvdsrecpe1q87q" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein. Skibidi toilet
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening Негры сосут! started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==🚗🚙==

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift 💩 ==
[[File:Shit.svg]]💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org
Ыыыыыыыыыыыыыы
*Заходи на Dygers!
*Ip:Dygers.fun
*порт:19132

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808397</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-11T17:08:24Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="20343" sha1="pk5ujnlfnb1yffl929b6i5xrcjnkhll" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein. Skibidi toilet
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening Негры сосут! started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==🚗🚙==

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift 💩 ==
[[File:Shit.svg]]💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org
Ыыыыыыыыыыыыыы
*Заходи на Dygers!
*Ip:Dygers.fun
*порт:19132

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Penis obossalsya]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
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      <text bytes="20301" sha1="dv3sylsvfg6f6utfspx9p61mru5rmjz" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein. Skibidi toilet
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening Негры сосут! started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==🚗🚙==

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Типыч 676767 СИКС СЕВЕН SIX SEVEN ⁶⁷67

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift 💩 ==
[[File:Shit.svg]]💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org
Ыыыыыыыыыыыыыы
*Заходи на Dygers!
*Ip:Dygers.fun
*порт:19132

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Penis obossalsya]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

[[Category:Philosophy]]</text>
      <sha1>dv3sylsvfg6f6utfspx9p61mru5rmjz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808400</id>
      <parentid>2808399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T17:09:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-28496-53</username>
        <id>3072741</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Names in Бибика languages */ Six Seven 67⁶⁷⁶⁷67</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20322" sha1="76jn49nuh310avucicpl83qgzt74elm" xml:space="preserve">Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!

{original research}}
This article by Dick Pizdansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)Тамбовский дед
[[File:Dick.jpg|thumb|Dick Pizdansky]]

==Ыыыыы==

A Попка большая is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple worррррпds. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the п &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of крспнеепр-domestic-animal but alsoненсесе-=÷=!#!=@^=!@^!=@_=!@_%÷!/!÷ cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Дурка приехала!🏥🚑==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Sinc🛻🤬🚘⬛️⬛️e, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is 🧱🤓🐗🐗😈an individual instance.

One may be less rea🖕🏿🤢🚘dy to consider concepts🚘🚙💦🚘⬛️⬛️⬛️ for concrete individual entities, i🐗🚗🚙🚗😈🤮ncluding individual people or trees. It is unclear🐗🐖🚙🚙 what qua🐖🤤🚙🚘🤣💀🚙🚗🐗🤢lities a conce😈🐗🤓🐖🤢🤮☠️🐙🐙🍞pt for, s🍞💦🍎👿😀🛻🛻🤬🛻😾🐽🐷🍏ay, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seem😈🐗🤤🤓🐖s that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП ==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of бибика!==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?🚗🚗🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it 🚙🚙🚙🚙🚙in technical ter🛻🛻🚗🚗🚗🛻🛻🛻🛻ms, given a part🚗🚗🚗🚙🚙icular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousn🛻🛻🛻🚙🚙🚙🚘🚘🚘ess.

==Phenomenal п==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, weКп4ны4рв would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itseксрркч4ракlf as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing онаньвнввноссеречркчпthe dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced ki3пиев5ао5вопвnd of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Ноги кирюши переехал трамвай. Теперь у него нет ног и он вынужден редактировать вики
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity desНоги кирюши гармаша переехал каЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132ток. Теперь он прикован к инвалидной коляске и вынужден редактировать вики.cribed by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeingБРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific toilets==
The БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП  of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, счаФВаcombined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:очсннsrhztg
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograpспппh) has about Albert Einstein. Skibidi toilet
The aboverrs4 would imply the existence of many detailedGtztd very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!

==ОКАК==
67 ОКАК

==БИБИКА!!!==
[[File:Car.jpeg|right|thumb|Бибика]]

==Фак негра🖕🏿==
The opening Негры сосут! started with the first approximation that concepts are wordconcepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound wю or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept oic spais 
НЕГРЫ НЕ ЛЮДИ! ПАШУТ РАБОТАЮТ ХОРОШО ЕЩЁ И СОСУТ КЛАССНО!
 to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Типыч==

==🚗🚙==

==Жопа==
The concept of concept can be used to study humквпквмan and animal behavior. The term &quot;Бибика&quot; is used in Bibikatura for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format!

==Camera vs. Toilet==
It ркыечр🚘🤣🤮🐷🤮🐽🐽💀🐽🐖 that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.
БРРР СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДОП ДОП ДОП ЕС ЕС СКИБИДИ ДАБУДУ ДИП ДИП 
One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess./fill 17:03, 11 May 2026 (UTC)~ flowing_water
Я поехал на динамо, я футбольный мячик!Тамбовский дедБи-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!Би-би би-би бибика!
Поехали кататься!
Би-би би-би бибика!
За нами не угнаться
Покрашу я бибику
В любимый красный цвет
Би-би би-бибибика!
Машины лучше нет!
''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/refЗаходи на Dygers!Ip:Dygers.funпорт:19132
One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Типыч 676767 СИКС СЕВЕН SIX SEVEN ⁶⁷67

== Names in Бибика languages ==
Let us have a look at the memes of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Бибика ''begreb''
* Czech ''Six Seven'', Russian Бибика, Polish ''pojęcie 6767⁶⁷⁶⁷

== FrewderrdesddffБибика's Begriffsschrift 💩 ==
[[File:Shit.svg]]💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩💩
Хз мем ннвечречвноуовочу
ХАХАХА МЕНЯ НЕ ОСТАНОВИТЬ!
Further reading:Жопка
* {{W|Dick}}, govnopedia.org
Ыыыыыыыыыыыыыы
*Заходи на Dygers!
*Ip:Dygers.fun
*порт:19132

==Кто прочитал тот сосал пенис==
* [[Penis]]
* [[Penis obossalsya]]

==Toilets==
[[File:Toilet.jpg]]
Хрен знает

==Ты лох!==
* {{W|Jopa}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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This article by Dan Polansky is about the concept of concept. It gives a first idea, raises some questions, and collects interesting further reading publicly available online. (The article may later be moved to &quot;One man's look at concept&quot; since it occupies the Concept head that others could also want to use.)

==Introduction==

A concept is to be distinguished from a word or phrase. As a first approximation, a concept is a word meaning. Thus, a single word covers multiple concepts, and a single concept is named by multiple words. By means of example, the concept of cat-domestical-animal is named by word &quot;cat&quot; but also by word &quot;grimalkin&quot;. And the other way around, the word &quot;cat&quot; covers the concept of cat-domestic-animal but also cat-felid-feline. We use the hyphenated names to unambiguously identify the concepts, hoping that listing a set of synonyms will serve to disambigute. Thus, each WordNet's synset is intended to match a single concept.

However, there are multiple reasons to think a concept does not have to be a word meaning. One reason is that at least some concepts seem to exist without words. Thus, pre-linguistic humans were probably able to rank observed individuals, e.g. individual trees, under a single mental category. The same is probably true of other primates. Such a sophisticated animal as a chimpanzee cannot operate in their environment without this kind of conceptual ability, the ability to rank individual observed objects into classes, and to interconnect classes by meaningful relationships. Thus, concepts would be some kind of mental objects different from word meaning. It would still be true that words point to concepts, but not each concept would need to be a word meaning.

Sum of parts concepts are also concepts. Thus, white-cat is also a concept, even if it is just cat that is white. Thus, it would seem any noun phrase ambiguously identifies a concept. Indeed, noun-phrase-that-ambiguously-identified-a-concept is also a concept.

As was pointed above, there is no unique way to name concepts. Thus, we can say cat-domestical-animal or cat-animal-in-the-narrow-sense. The former seems much better.

==Concepts for individual entities==

Concepts may also correspond to individual instances, at least to abstract instances. Since, &quot;blueness&quot; is a name of concept, a quality, and that is an individual instance.

One may be less ready to consider concepts for concrete individual entities, including individual people or trees. It is unclear what qualities a concept for, say, Albert Einstein contains: it rather seems that the Kripkean view is of import, that &quot;Albert Einstein&quot; is a rigid designator rather than a package of properties to select by. If one accepts the Russelian theory of names as descriptions, there are also concepts for individual instances, having a certain selection of properties as uniquely identifying these instances. One may object that these concepts are not really belonging to the individuals since they would not belong to them across possible worlds. This needs clarification and discussion.

The idea of concepts corresponding to concrete individual entities via descriptions suggests that different descriptions uniquely identifying an individual entity in this world could correspond to difference concepts, Fregean senses. Thus, Hesperus would pick the individual entity via a different concept than Phosphorus: one has the appearance in the morning sky as part of the concept whereas the other one in the evening sky.

We may wonder whether the idea of Kripkean rigid designation can inspire us to construct a concept that applies across possible worlds without the selecting description so applying:
* The person, in this world or a possible world, who is in this world named Albert Einstein and who in this world has discovered special theory of relativity, regardless whether he did so in the particular world under consideration.
Here, the description would be used to pick the individual entity in this world, and the connection to possible worlds would be via the idea of trans-world numerical identity that disregards which parts of the selecting description are necessary and which merely contingent.

==Disjunctive concepts==

Literature also talks about concepts that are disjunctive, using OR to connect criteria. This raises questions about whether any OR combination is a concept, including the following:
* Multi-genus: A star or a house.
* Multi-genus: A star or a house or a mineral or an inflected form or a computable function.
* A person who is tall or is Albert Einstein or has ever been to Canada.

==Complexity of concepts==
Possible complexity of concepts points to one set of questions that are to be answered. For a start, does each of the following descriptions correspond to a concept?
* A cat that is white, weighs at least 10 kg and has not broken a vase.
* The concept of metric space in mathematics, that is, a structure that meets all of certain axioms.
Is there any limit to a complexity of description or a specification of a concept? To put it in technical terms, given a particular language of first order logic, does any formula with one free variable correspond to a concept? If it does, it seems impossible for each concept to fit into human consciousness.

==Phenomenal concepts==
A concept can probably be expressed in terms of the manner in which it is observed without knowledge of or differentiation of the underlying kind of entity. Thus, we would have the concept of a star as that which reveals itself as bright dot in the sky, without knowing whether the entity causing the dot is a ball of matter or a hole through which something shines or whether we are talking about a single kind of underlying entity rather than a single produced kind of observation. We can classify such stars into fixed stars, slowly moving stars and falling stars. Without deeper knowledge, we could think that some bright dots in the sky are a result of shining balls of matter whereas other bright dots are a results of fires shining through holes.

An example of a concept perhaps less phenomenal but still rather phenomenal is zebra, which can informally defined as striped horse-like animal. There are multiple species of zebra. What makes it phenomenal is that the selection of animals into the concept in part does not depend on underlying genetic affinities only but rather on external appearance. The underlying genetic affinities can be thought of as hidden essences, as if truer or deeper natural joints into which the natural world is cut, sliced or articulated.

==Name-based concepts==
A concept can be probably constructed based on words referring to things only. Thus, the following would be concepts:
* Any person named Peter.
* Any entity called cat in whatever sense of the word. (Generally multiple disparate genera.)
* Any entity called by the German word &quot;Katze&quot; in any sense of the word. (Allows embedding of foreign language.)
* Any entity described by the German phrase &quot;schwarze Katze&quot; in any senses of the component words. (Embedding of whole phrases.)
The above may seems strange, but it is often that which is cognitively given in a situation. Thus, if one hears unknown people talk in another room without seeing them, and if one hears &quot;Peter, come here please&quot;, a valid even if uncertain inference is that there is someone named Peter, which is not a proper noun manner of reference but rather a common noun manner and thus much more of a candidate to be or correspond to a concept. And &quot;someone named Peter&quot; is as much as one can validly think about that individual entity represented in some way in the mind, together with the inferred &quot;human&quot; and &quot;male&quot;. Peter has not spoken so there is not even a way to associate particular voice with that entity.

==Very specific concepts==
The possibility of great specificity of concepts needs to be analyzed. Thus, it is to be clarified whether the following are concepts:
* A person shown on the photograph so and so.
* A person with fingerprint so and so.
This question, combined with the one about complexity, leads to the question whether the following defines a concept:
* A person that corresponds to the knowledge that person X (who has seen a photograph) has about Albert Einstein.
The above would imply the existence of many detailed very specific concepts corresponding to individual entities, where different people would have a different concept about the individual entity based on what they know, and the concept would keep on being enlarged with more knowledge gained. There is something implausible about this idea. If one further combines the idea with the idea of arbitrarily combining concepts via OR, we could construct a concept corresponding to knowledge of, say, 50 individual people a certain person has. This construction seems to be at odds with the reason why the concept of concept was introduced in the first place, to correspond to something like relatively general categories under which observed things and other things fall, where &quot;relatively general&quot; is left unspecified.

==Equivalent definitions of the same class==
For individual entities, we have seen that Hesperus and Phosphorus could correspond to different concepts even if the same individual entity. There could be a similar situation with classes, for instance of ellipse. An ellipse can be defined as a set of points with a particular constant sum of distances from the focal points or as a set of points generated by applying sine and cosine function to a parameter. These two equivalent definitions identify the same class, but in a different manner, and if two different ways of accessing Hesperus correspond to different concepts, so could the two different ways of accessing the class of ellipses.

==Nativism of concepts==
One can ask whether some or all concepts are innate or rather learned. It seems implausible that complex concepts are innate. At the same time, it seems hard to believe that no concept at all is innate.

If we take natural kinds such as biological species or minerals as corresponding to concepts, it seems hard to believe they would be innate. There is not enough environmental information and adaptive survival/reproduction advantage for an organism to have them all innate. For instance, assuming that humans evolved in Africa, it is unclear how the evolutionary analogue of learning consisting in generic and phenotypic variation and elimination would learn about Americas-only species. Similar puzzle applies to learning about species living only deep in the ocean or the concept of bacteria.

By contrast, it is superficially plausible to think that e.g. the concepts of animal (excluding humans), tree and river could be innate, driven by applications relating to survival and reproduction, or more accurately genetic fitness, and based on environmental information readily available to humans no less than chimpanzees. 

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

==Coupling to language==
The opening paragraphs started with the first approximation that concepts are word meanings. This raises the questions:
* Are there any concepts without words?
* Does language enhance one's work with concepts?
* Does it cognitively matter whether a concept is bound to a word, even if a compound word, or rather a phrase?
We have answered the first question in the affirmative. The answer to the second question seems true as well. Thus, for a mathematical example, the concept of metric space is easier to work with and arrive at if the concept has a name (&quot;metric space&quot;) and if it is linked to other concept's names via axioms. Moreover, the use of new words and phrases forces one to create a classification or conceptual scheme that ranks individual objects under the word or phrase, forcing concept formation.

An interesting window on the concept-language coupling is offered by German (and similar languages), a language with a tendency to form long compounds. Does the existence of ready-made long German compounds enhance one's capacity to think and work with concepts?

The subject is covered in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Further reading:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#ConNatLan 4. Concepts and natural language] in Concepts, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Definitions of concepts==
In so far as concepts are or correspond to word and phrase senses, they can be defined. One can define a concept using words, but that is ambiguous. One can less ambiguously define concepts using concepts, provided one finds a way to unambiguously identify concepts using words or their groups. Thus, one can define cat-domestic-animal as domestic-animal that meows. Here we use a hyphen convention reminiscent of the programming language LISP to identify concepts less ambiguously than single words can.

==Adjectival and verbal concepts==
Further to be clarified is whether there are adjectival concepts and verbal concepts; there are such word senses. Since, instead of saying X is blue, we may say X has the quality or state of blueness, and thus we do not need any concept for adjective &quot;blue&quot;. Similarly, instead of saying that X operates, we may say that X is in the process of operation. If concepts are by definition nominal (corresponding to nouns and noun phrases), here would be another difference between concept and word sense.

==Applications==
The concept of concept can be used to study human and animal behavior. The term &quot;concept&quot; is used in standards for thesauri for information retrieval and in a related interchange data format.

==Concept vs. notion==
It seems that some literature has some uses of the word ''notion'' that are synonymous with ''concept''. Uses of the form &quot;the notion of X&quot; where X is a noun or a noun phrase are suggestive of this kind of use. Narrower uses suggestive of synonymy are &quot;define the notion of X&quot;. An example of this apparent use is the publication ''What is a Word? About the Notion of Word'' from GRIN Verlag, apparently written by German native speaker or speakers.

One way to shed some light on this question is to use a German-English dictionary to translate the German word ''Begriff''. If we use Cambridge dictionary, we get two different translations as different senses, one notion and one concept.&lt;ref&gt;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/begriff?q=Begriff&lt;/ref&gt;. Langenscheidt features both notion and concept as possible translations.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.langenscheidt.com/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt; Collins mentions concept but not notion.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/begriff&lt;/ref&gt;

A similar way is to start with Czech ''pojem''. Lingea gives both concept and notion as possible translations, as different senses.&lt;ref&gt;https://slovniky.lingea.cz/anglicko-cesky/pojem&lt;/ref&gt;

The above exercise could be expanded with coverage of other languages. Starting with the two languages picked and the results, it would seem possible that native English speakers do not usually use the word ''notion'' as a synonym of ''concept'' whereas non-native speakers could do so under influence of translation dictionaries, by picking the wrong translation for the sought sense. But this is just a guess.

''Notion'' being a synonym of ''concept'' is suggested by the definition of ''concept'' in Meriam-Webster 1913: &quot;An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.websters1913.com/words/Concept&lt;/ref&gt;

One possible terminological deliberation and choice could be this. Even if ''notion'' is sometimes used synonymously with ''concept'', it is ''concept'' that is the headword of Britannica 1911 article, modern Britannica online and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; and thus, ''concept'' would be the preferred name and ''notion'' the dispreferred name (that's an if).

To support the above terminological choice, we can consider the rates in Google Ngram Viewer (GNV) of ''narrower concept'' vs. ''narrower notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=narrower+notion%2C+narrower+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt; and ''broader concept'' vs. ''broader notion''&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=broader+notion%2Cbroader+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. In both comparisons, the variant with ''concept'' comfortably wins but the variant with ''notion'' sees significant use.

Let us look at the NGV rates of ''undefined concepts'' and ''undefined notions''.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+concepts%2Cundefined+notions&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;. The picture is remarkable: in 19th century, ''undefined concepts'' sees almost no use, unlike ''undefined notions''; in 20th century, ''undefined concepts'' takes a lead while ''undefined notions'' still sees wide use. But it is above all ''terms'' that are undefined.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=undefined+*_NOUN&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Further reading:
* [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notion notion], merriam-webster.com

== Names in other languages ==
Let us have a look at the names of the concept of concept in other languages. These can be meaningfully groupped by language family.
* English ''concept'', Italian ''concetto'', French ''concept''
* German ''Begriff'' but also ''Konzept'', Danish ''begreb''
* Czech ''pojem'', Russian понятие, Polish ''pojęcie''

== Frege's Begriffsschrift ==
Frege's Begriffsschrift can be translated as concept/conceptual script (collection of letters). From what I understand, in the formalism developed in Begriffsschrift, there is a one-to-one correspondence between concept letters and concepts; there remains no ambiguity.

Further reading:
* {{W|Begriffsschrift}}, wikipedia.org

==See also==
* [[Operationalization]]
* [[Concept clarification]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
* {{W|Concept}}, wikipedia.org
* [[S:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concept]], wikisource.org
* [https://philpapers.org/browse/Concepts Concept] at PhilPapers
* &quot;[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/ Concepts]&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/concepts/ Concept]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/theory-theory-of-concepts/ Theory–Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* &quot;[https://iep.utm.edu/classical-theory-of-concepts/ Classical Theory of Concepts]&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept concept], britannica.com
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/concept concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/disjunctive-concept disjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://dictionary.apa.org/conjunctive-concept conjunctive concept] in APA Dictionary of Psychology
* [https://www.semanticarts.com/the-importance-of-distinguishing-between-terms-and-concepts/ The Importance of Distinguishing between Terms and Concepts] by Michael Uschold, 2013
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330146725_Concept_vs_Notion_and_Lexical_Meaning_What_is_the_Difference Concept vs Notion and Lexical Meaning: What is the Difference?] by Dinara Khairullina, 2018
* [https://www.margolisphilosophy.com/uploads/1/1/0/7/11073530/learningmatters.pdf Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition] by Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence, margolisphilosophy.com
* [https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~slr/Medieval_signification.pdf Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy] by Stephen Read, st-andrews.ac.uk
* [http://www.gap5.de/proceedings/pdf/419-434_newen.pdf Die ungeklärte Natur der Begriffe Eine Analyse der ontologischen Diskussion] by Albert Newen, gap5.de

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    <title>The Nuclear Quantum Gravity + Superconducting Field Theory (ToE)</title>
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== Link ==

Last updateː

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371896737

https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213

== Introduction ==

A Grand Unified Theory is any model of physics that explains and connects all fundamental forces (strong force, electromagnetism, weak force, and gravity) into a single force. The framework described here calculates the '''exact point''' at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics.

The basic concepts we’ll use are:

* The '''strong nuclear force''' which has always been a controversial force, has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. It was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by  one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration into space.

* The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, could be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, being perceived as a kind of material medium as demonstrated by the Michelson-Morley experiment attempting to probe the transmission of light in a vacuum, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topology has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots, in an attempt to explain spin interactions, and it could be the guilty party for all vibrational states of particle.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 1.png|center|450x450px|'''From quantum dynamics to general relativity''']]{{center top}}'''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.'''{{center bottom}}This physics branch only uses the 3 spatial dimensions and time, with the strong nuclear force as two-dimensional strings and the quantum vacuum as a multistable motion system, being compatible with the Standard Model.

== Principles ==

===Strong nuclear force===
The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10&lt;sup&gt;-15&lt;/sup&gt; meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 2.png|375x375px|'''QCD color charge'''|center]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).'''
{{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''.

In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a quark's color can take one of three values or charges: red, green, and blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, called antired, antigreen, and antiblue. Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The &quot;color charge&quot; of quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and charge, but is related to its hidden internal degree of freedom.

=== Quantum vacuum ===
We can note two important qualities of the quantum vacuum:

* Particles superconductor. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings is more than 30 billion light years, which means there are photons that are able to travel that distance without decreasing their speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum has a resistance equivalent to 0.

* A tension. In order to allow waves, it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and under extreme repulsive forces to allow the universe expansion.

These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s.

[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|alt=QCD vacuum|center]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.'''
{{center bottom}}This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS).

== Strong nuclear force unification ==

=== Fundamentals ===
This new framework consists of a quantum vacuum helping to transport matter without any friction (quarks joined and interacting through the strong nuclear force holding matter together, traveling into space as if it were a superconductor)p.

As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of a single proton (the basic constituent of matter), where it exerts its nuclear force, which is in turn composed of two up-quarks and a down-quark bound by the gluon interaction.

With these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', we’ll calculate its '''average interaction''' to create a '''contraction''' force in the vacuum. For this purpose, we can think about an elastic band (it would simulate the proton strong force with a size of 10&lt;sup&gt;-15&lt;/sup&gt; meters) compressing two V-shaped sticks on its broadest side; if the sticks are sufficiently slippery and tense, the elastic band will slide to the narrower side. The more elastic bands, the more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them; equally, the more matter at the narrow end of the sticks, the more attraction at the top. We talk about unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 4: Involved forces.'''
{{center bottom}}This scheme would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, affecting each nucleon (protons and neutrons) in isolation. 

=== Calculations ===
'''** ''Fig. 5''''' ''is the most important figure in the document;, it must be understood in order to continue. It has been positioned horizontally to be more intuitivee.''

The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' generated at one point on the Earth’s surface to create its gravitational acceleration (the space deformation), applying the formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law) with the following values:
*The proton strong force is matched with the vertical force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;).

* The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; kg (m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;).

* The gravitational acceleration on our planet is matched with the acceleration down the plane, 9,8 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (a).

* The friction is zero, 0.
These variables are the average values from quantum dynamics interactions collected through classical physics[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}}
'''** Fig. 5: Equivalences in the inclined plane.'''
{{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions.

Convert variables to metric system considering a proton. 

1.  Variables set considering a proton.  &lt;blockquote&gt;''m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; kg''

''a = 9,8 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;''

''F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a = 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-26&lt;/sup&gt; N''

''F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; / F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,6395 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt; N''&lt;/blockquote&gt;2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables.  &lt;blockquote&gt;''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)''

''F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = m × g = 10.000 N''

''F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × sin(''θ'') = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a = F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''

θ ''= arcsin(F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; / F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;)    ''&lt;/blockquote&gt;3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.&lt;blockquote&gt;θ ''= 9,393 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-29&lt;/sup&gt; °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework.

=== Quantum vacuum density ===
Dark matter could have its origins due '''to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An extension between quarks could turn mass (m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;) into tension energy (F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;), so some places in the universe can have lower or higher accelerations because of this effect; this means that  dark matter doesn’t really exist, which is estimated at 27% of the mass in the observable universe.

The most important related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', which is a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) where interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.'''
{{center bottom}}We don’t really know the relation between the vacuum density and the strong nuclear force, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more vacuum concentration could expand quarks and modify all the relations

1.  Variables set.&lt;blockquote&gt;''m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; kg''

''F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a = 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; × a''

''F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; / F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = (1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-31&lt;/sup&gt; × a)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.&lt;blockquote&gt;''F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × sin(''θ'') = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a = F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;                                                                                                                                   (2.1)''

θ ''= arcsin(F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; / F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;)''

θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-31&lt;/sup&gt; × a)'' 

θ ''= (1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-31&lt;/sup&gt; × a) °''&lt;/blockquote&gt;3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.&lt;blockquote&gt;''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-31&lt;/sup&gt;) m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;                                                                                                                               (2.2)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; ''= 7.000N''&lt;blockquote&gt;''a = F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × sin(''θ'') / m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;                                                                                                                                            (3.1)''

''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt;) / 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt;''

''a = 6,85 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;''&lt;/blockquote&gt;The strong force has a positive correlation when transforming its force; increasing F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; or m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; implies more acceleration. It acts as a spring to generate different tensions in space. In addition to historical reasons of rivalry between Newton and Hooke, Hooke’s law (elasticity constant) is the best and easiest approach to explain it, since this calculation is just at '''one point in space'''. The force (F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;) is proportional to the distance needed to extend or compress the spring.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.'''
{{center bottom}}

But in reality, the space deforms not proportionally, creating more acceleration near the accumulation of matter, behaving like an elastic material. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus or Young’s modulus, which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) depends on the force exerted by matter (σ) and the deformation at each point of the resulting vector (Ɛ). &lt;blockquote&gt;

''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''

''∆F''θ ''&gt; ∆F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; / ∆m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;                                                    (4.1)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;The force exerted by the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;) and its relation to mass (m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 8: The angle exerts force over large distances.'''
{{center bottom}}
This relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces their approach because of the electromagnetic extraction and its dispersion; therefore, we can speak of the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on the pressure changes (p) and volume (V).&lt;blockquote&gt;''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;We only know this relation for Earth calculations, but it must be associated with actual physics like general relativity (GR) or Einstein field equations (EFE), where matter bends space using an unknown tensor, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter over intricated energy density fields. Also, we can find other physics connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis, which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for observed properties of galaxies, having multiple observational evidences.

Other properties such as volume viscosity, also called bulk viscosity, can be applied.

===Funcamental forces===

This is the new fundamental forces grouping:  

* The strong force and gravity have been unified. 

* Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction.

* The quantum vacuum is a new fundamental force because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.'''
{{center bottom}}

== Quantum vacuum unification ==

=== Structure ===
We need a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of quantum fields and their different behaviors, like the constant motion of '''matter''', the travel of '''subatomic particles,''' and the '''electromagnetic field''' generation. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model proposed are polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, where each element is in continuous repulsion.

Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which make up each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is made up of 3 quarks. The vacuum asymmetry maintains the speed of nucleons stable because repulsions and attractions from the whole part are equilibrated in the 3 spatial directions (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets); the average sum of all vector velocity forces (V&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;) in each spatial direction is 0. For this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability prevents it.

Fz + Fy + Fz  = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                       ''(5.1)''

This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) colors and anticolors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the outward vacuum forces, being the only thing bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Even the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a motion system between triplets, more similar to how matter works.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium.'''
{{center bottom}}Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this frame can be easily dispersed in all directions.

Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity are originated from the quantum vacuum magnetization and polarization in order to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb    energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles.

All the elements in the periodic table have a mass or nucleon number related to their number of electrons, so nucleons should be able to extract and recover this energy as electromagnetism from each polarized container, helping to create electromagnetic bonds like the hydrogen bond to conform the chemical compounds (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, but only in a residual way. 
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction.'''
{{center bottom}}Light has its own inertia; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second in water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium it’s embedded in), recovering its speed when leaving it.

Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this basic frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spin speed (S&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated, but its stability prevents it.

F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''

These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 12: Subatomic particles transportation.'''
{{center bottom}}The particles’ escape angles are needed to conform the net, taking into account all the different containers’ positions in space (two different positions on each axis and its conjugates). Thus, we have the following groups per axis conformed by their unitary vectors (U):

''U&lt;sub&gt;X&lt;/sub&gt; ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)''

''U&lt;sub&gt;Y&lt;/sub&gt; ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''}

''U&lt;sub&gt;Z&lt;/sub&gt; ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''}

These structures can help to build the Standard Model internal symmetries, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)'''; the Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the SU(3) group, where quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the SU(2) group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, U(1). This solution can '''accommodate the main types of motion''', being the first time that a nonlinear structure is theorized, solving the technical problems of '''renormalization''' in order to yield sensible answers to the strange behavior of quantum physics, such as the production of shapes related to the 4 dimensions (mainly tesseract shapes or hypercubes). Anyway, this is considered a hypothetical structure because the complete mathematical matrix has not been built, taking into account that any real section can be reconstructed in a stand-alone way.

It's compatible with behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; ice rules in molecules with internal spins and geometric constraints that generate a periodic lattice; emerging patterns like fractals or crystal structures based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells…

=== Fundamental forces (Theory of Everything) ===
Considering the electromagnetic field as a flux extracted from the vacuum, it’s easy to guess that the final component between the strong force and the quantum vacuum is '''motion'''.

The resulting scheme can be reduced to matter and energy in perpetual motion. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, creating all the energy necessary to provide motion to the whole matter, and everything begins to interact, provided by the &quot;infinite&quot; inertia that the quantum vacuum supplied.
[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.'''
{{center bottom}}Its properties, also determined by thermal radiation and pressure, could create the first conditions for life by helping to compact structures like the double helix in the chromosomes, considered to be the origin of biological homochirality (probably gained by the quantum superposition), giving rise to more complex structures like worms, with which we can share up to 70% of our DNA, being considered the evolutionary forerunner of most animals. Within this quantum vacuum structure, we even have some mathematical curiosities, such as having 5 faces per prism (5 + 5, decimal-handedness).

But wondering about the future, if the scientific method is based on determinism and hidden variables don’t exist, we could consider an absolute determinism (neither chaos nor free will exists, being all pre-calculated) and overcome the resulting frustration by thinking of ways to break it, such as through overmuch information in the universe (all the photons from all the stars can’t be predetermined); this is the first cycle in the universe (so we start from a blank canvas); God (if we are an expression from the vacuum, there is something that can feel inside it); or we are a tool capable of breaking such determinism (the universe needs it). From now on, I only hope I have raised your consciousness level, offering you a better understanding of your environment…

== Conclusions ==
In philosophy, '''Occam's razor''' (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts because they provide better results than more complex ones.

This theory can explain behaviors such as:

* Unification theory between the strong nuclear force and gravity, quarks motion, and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory.

* Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions).

* Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container implies a spin-based repulsion helping to its expansion, strong enough to avoid getting closer and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. In fact, the latest research on the expansion of more than 1.500 supernovas indicate that this expansion is also not uniform and changes with time, also calling into question the gravitational constant.

* Black holes as a density break. The vacuum concentration becomes so strong that its repulsion can break the strong force bonds, generating their rupture and explosion, and leading to new internal concentrations (a black hole can vary from a nuclear density inside the Schwarzschild radius of 4 × 10&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). Photons, depending on the new container size, could be attracted because their field can interact with the vacuum. Neutrinos, regardless of whether it is a black hole, can escape if the container size is bigger than itself.

* Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. It can correspond to the current theories about the false vacuum decay (a not so stable vacuum); also, the neutron decay can be seen as a small dominant space polarization that tends to create protons.

* Gravitational time dilation. Each container is connected with spacetime; a bigger frame implies minor energy concentration, and the displacements in space imply less frames to pass through, which means less time.

* These frames can be considered as the smallest units of time. This size has been attempted to be explained since Zenon's paradoxes (430 BC), dedicated mainly to the problem of the continuum and the relations between space, time, and motion, until nowadays with infinitesimal calculus, where a mathematical curve can be analyzed as if it were constituted by homogeneous separable points.

* Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space with spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies. Applying this conservation during the Big Bang, antimatter is not necessary to create it and could lead to less antimatter than 50% in the universe as expected (a small portion could have been generated during the explosion).

* The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10&lt;sup&gt;−11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;s&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;), vacuum permittivity (ε&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 8,8541878128(13) × 10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,25663706212(19) × 10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; N⋅A&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;).

* Variations in E = mc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to set the rest energy of matter, for example, we could obtain E = AF&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; where A is the nucleons number.

* Compatibility with light and matter interaction (QED), and the fact that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state or light refraction; as well as the wave function and Schrödinger and Dirac equations, describing how the state of a quantum system changes with time.

* Planck length (ℓ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,616255(38) × 10&lt;sup&gt;-35&lt;/sup&gt; m) and Planck time (t&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 5,391247(60) × 10&lt;sup&gt;−44&lt;/sup&gt; s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck referred to relativistic values, which may not be so accurate; for example, gamma rays which generally arise from the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, have one of the smallest wavelengths, shorter than 10&lt;sup&gt;-11&lt;/sup&gt; meters.

* The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the (real) strong force, has a correlation between quarks up and down that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as it was originally considered. 

* Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law or Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations for the electric field. 

* The unidirectional arrow of time…

[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 14: These variables help to shape galaxies (like the golden spiral φ = 1,6180).'''
{{center bottom}}

== Considerations ==
Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. Here we will create a relativistic relation to extract the magnetic moment and check its behavior, independently of GEM equations.

We can accelerate matter using a chamber with magnetic coils to transform as much matter as possible into energy as. We need a material with as much permeability in high magnetic fields as possible; pure iron can be a good reference, but we can consider some other materials with high permeability. The centripetal force will force matter outwards, so we need a magnetic field to keep its dimensions. We need sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and study how the vacuum is bent; it’s complex to concentrate kinetic energy at one point to obtain its potential energy.

As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of one disk in motion, taking the radius and a height of 50 cm, using iron with density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, with the following mass:

''V = π × r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; × h = 392.700 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;                                                                                                               (7.1)''

''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' 

Considering a maximum speed reached, we’ll compare its kinetic energy with the maximum energy that could be generated using a relativistic approximation.

''v = 3 × 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)''

''E&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; = ½mv&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;                                                                                  E = mc&lt;sup&gt;2        &lt;/sup&gt;'' 

''E&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10&lt;sup&gt;14                                                          &lt;/sup&gt;      E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;''

''E&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; = 13.914,535 × 10&lt;sup&gt;14                                                                           &lt;/sup&gt;   E = 27.829,071 × 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;''

The energy calculated at the disk periphery can have a magnetic relation with its motion. Its charge (q) and magnetic field (B) are linked with its velocity, where v = qBr / m, so the energy generated can be calculated when a speed is reached in a relativistic approximation.

''E = ½mv&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;B&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; / 2m''
[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]]

{{center top}}
'''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.'''
{{center bottom}}
Other variations at QCD have been observed, like at baryon resonances.

Anyway, more studies are needed to check the real correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction / extraction / insertion, should be related to a change in density, but we don’t know the possible proton size variations in space to perform new calculations (we are dealing with very complex dynamic scales). It can be considered a highly problematic system.

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}Hooke, R. (1678). ''Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies.'' Carnegie Mellon University''.'' &lt;nowiki&gt;http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Newton, I. (1687). ''The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''. Smithsonian Libraries. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Euler, L. (1755)''. Foundations of Differential Calculus.'' Springer Link. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
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== Link ==

Last updateː

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371896737

https://caip.co-ac.com/index.php/materialsanddevices/article/view/213

== Introduction ==

A Grand Unified Theory is any model of physics that explains and connects all fundamental forces (strong force, electromagnetism, weak force, and gravity) into a single force. The framework described here calculates the '''exact point''' at which quantum dynamics transforms into classical physics.

The basic concepts we’ll use are:

* The '''strong nuclear force''' which has always been a controversial force, has been underestimated due to its extremely small field of action in the search for a possible interaction with the gravitational force, but if we turn our attention to its internal interaction instead of its external one, we can create a basic piece for a somewhat more complex and extremely important model. It was responsible for the origin of string theory with the S-matrix, a physical system in which the point-like particles are replaced by  one-dimensional objects called strings, although it later drifted towards any type of vibration into space.

* The '''quantum vacuum''' or aether, which has been ignored to a certain extent, could be responsible for the most important interactions over long distances, being perceived as a kind of material medium as demonstrated by the Michelson-Morley experiment attempting to probe the transmission of light in a vacuum, or as an energetic field as demonstrated by the Casimir effect as well as the Lamb shift. Its topology has been another source of discussion, developing branches like twistor theory, spinors, or knots, in an attempt to explain spin interactions, and it could be the guilty party for all vibrational states of particle.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 1.png|center|450x450px|'''From quantum dynamics to general relativity''']]{{center top}}'''Fig. 1: From quantum dynamics to general relativity.'''{{center bottom}}This physics branch only uses the 3 spatial dimensions and time, with the strong nuclear force as two-dimensional strings and the quantum vacuum as a multistable motion system, being compatible with the Standard Model.

== Principles ==

===Strong nuclear force===
The atomic nucleus is the fundamental constituent of matter at the center of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, each one conformed by 3 quarks. These '''quarks remain bound together due to the strong nuclear force''', which is the strongest of the fundamental forces with a scope not greater than 10&lt;sup&gt;-15&lt;/sup&gt; meters. It has been determined that more than 99% of the proton mass is concentrated in the atomic nucleus, and less than 1% comes from residual forces.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 2.png|375x375px|'''QCD color charge'''|center]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 2: Color charge (QCD).'''
{{center bottom}}Gluons act as the exchange particle for the strong force between quarks, preventing them from separating by a constant force of attraction with a '''theoretical''' '''maximum of 10.000 N (≈ 1.000 Kg)'''.

In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a quark's color can take one of three values or charges: red, green, and blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors, called antired, antigreen, and antiblue. Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitute their color charge. The &quot;color charge&quot; of quarks and gluons is not related to the everyday meanings of color and charge, but is related to its hidden internal degree of freedom.

=== Quantum vacuum ===
We can note two important qualities of the quantum vacuum:

* Particles superconductor. The distance to the most distant galaxy detected by human beings is more than 30 billion light years, which means there are photons that are able to travel that distance without decreasing their speed, modifying only their wavelength. Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it, so we can determine that the vacuum has a resistance equivalent to 0.

* A tension. In order to allow waves, it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves could behave like ocean waves, which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as a unitary set of points tenser than any known structure and under extreme repulsive forces to allow the universe expansion.

These qualities would treat the quantum vacuum as a '''superfluid''' with zero viscosity and any loss of kinetic energy, having a practically infinite conductive capacity for particles and being extremely dense. Remember, we are moving through the universe at an estimated speed of 600 km/s.

[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 3.gif|alt=QCD vacuum|center]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 3: QCD vacuum.'''
{{center bottom}}This real picture illustrates the three-dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties where quarks are popping in and out constantly. The volume of the box is 2,4 x 2,4 x 3,6 fm, inducing chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate in this real example is billions of billions of frames per second (FPS).

== Strong nuclear force unification ==

=== Fundamentals ===
This new framework consists of a quantum vacuum helping to transport matter without any friction (quarks joined and interacting through the strong nuclear force holding matter together, traveling into space as if it were a superconductor)p.

As an example, I’ve chosen the smallest and most abundant chemical element in the universe, the hydrogen atom, with an estimated '''mass of 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; kg''', which contains a single electron and a single nucleus. This nucleus consists of a single proton (the basic constituent of matter), where it exerts its nuclear force, which is in turn composed of two up-quarks and a down-quark bound by the gluon interaction.

With these data about '''the hydrogen nucleus''', we’ll calculate its '''average interaction''' to create a '''contraction''' force in the vacuum. For this purpose, we can think about an elastic band (it would simulate the proton strong force with a size of 10&lt;sup&gt;-15&lt;/sup&gt; meters) compressing two V-shaped sticks on its broadest side; if the sticks are sufficiently slippery and tense, the elastic band will slide to the narrower side. The more elastic bands, the more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them; equally, the more matter at the narrow end of the sticks, the more attraction at the top. We talk about unknown limits, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 4.png|center|722x722px|'''Involved forces''']]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 4: Involved forces.'''
{{center bottom}}This scheme would correspond to what is known as quantum gravity (QG), which aims to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, erasing gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and turning the strong force into its generator, affecting each nucleon (protons and neutrons) in isolation. 

=== Calculations ===
'''** ''Fig. 5''''' ''is the most important figure in the document;, it must be understood in order to continue. It has been positioned horizontally to be more intuitivee.''

The calculation corresponds to the '''angle''' generated at one point on the Earth’s surface to create its gravitational acceleration (the space deformation), applying the formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law) with the following values:
*The proton strong force is matched with the vertical force, having an estimated strength of 10.000 N (F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;).

* The proton mass has an estimated value of 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; kg (m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;).

* The gravitational acceleration on our planet is matched with the acceleration down the plane, 9,8 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (a).

* The friction is zero, 0.
These variables are the average values from quantum dynamics interactions collected through classical physics[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 5.png|465x465px|'''Inclined plane forces'''|center|frameless]]{{center top}}
'''** Fig. 5: Equivalences in the inclined plane.'''
{{center bottom}}These variables should be the average values collected through classical mechanics, from quantum physics interactions.

Convert variables to metric system considering a proton. 

1.  Variables set considering a proton.  &lt;blockquote&gt;''m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; kg''

''a = 9,8 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;''

''F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a = 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; × 9,8 = 1,6395 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-26&lt;/sup&gt; N''

''F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; / F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,6395 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt; N''&lt;/blockquote&gt;2.   Apply the laws of inclined planes to the previous variables.  &lt;blockquote&gt;''m × g × sin(''θ'') = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a                                                                                                                                     (1.1)''

''F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = m × g = 10.000 N''

''F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × sin(''θ'') = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a = F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''

θ ''= arcsin(F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; / F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;)    ''&lt;/blockquote&gt;3.  Planet Earth’s angle is shared by 3 quarks, creating 9,8 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; acceleration. This deviation occurs at the proton size.&lt;blockquote&gt;θ ''= 9,393 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-29&lt;/sup&gt; °                                                                                                                                             (1.2)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;The definition of mass says that it is a quantity that represents the amount of matter in a particle or an object. Its calculation has many variations, like weight / acceleration (due to gravity); force / acceleration; or density × volume, all of these associated with our framework.

=== Quantum vacuum density ===
Dark matter could have its origins due '''to variations in the quantum vacuum density'''. An extension between quarks could turn mass (m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;) into tension energy (F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;), so some places in the universe can have lower or higher accelerations because of this effect; this means that  dark matter doesn’t really exist, which is estimated at 27% of the mass in the observable universe.

The most important related discovery might be the '''asymptotic freedom''', which is a property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) where interactions between quarks become weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. The fact that couplings depend on the momentum (or length) scale is the central idea behind the renormalization group.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 7.png|500x500px|'''The strong force behaves like an elastic band'''|center]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 6: The strong force behaves like an elastic band.'''
{{center bottom}}We don’t really know the relation between the vacuum density and the strong nuclear force, so this is just an estimation, but it’s expected that more vacuum concentration could expand quarks and modify all the relations

1.  Variables set.&lt;blockquote&gt;''m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; kg''

''F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a = 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; × a''

''F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; / F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; = (1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt; × a) / 10.000 = (1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-31&lt;/sup&gt; × a)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;2.  Calculate the relation between the angle and the acceleration.&lt;blockquote&gt;''F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × sin(''θ'') = m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × a = F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;                                                                                                                                   (2.1)''

θ ''= arcsin(F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; / F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;)''

θ ''= arcsin(1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-31&lt;/sup&gt; × a)'' 

θ ''= (1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-31&lt;/sup&gt; × a) °''&lt;/blockquote&gt;3.  A bigger angle generates more acceleration.&lt;blockquote&gt;''a = (''θ ''/ 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-31&lt;/sup&gt;) m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;                                                                                                                               (2.2)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Another example can be created using a smaller force, like F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; ''= 7.000N''&lt;blockquote&gt;''a = F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; × sin(''θ'') / m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;                                                                                                                                            (3.1)''

''a = 7.000 × sin(1,6395 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt;) / 1,673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt;''

''a = 6,85 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;''&lt;/blockquote&gt;The strong force has a positive correlation when transforming its force; increasing F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; or m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; implies more acceleration. It acts as a spring to generate different tensions in space. In addition to historical reasons of rivalry between Newton and Hooke, Hooke’s law (elasticity constant) is the best and easiest approach to explain it, since this calculation is just at '''one point in space'''. The force (F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;) is proportional to the distance needed to extend or compress the spring.[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 8.png|700x700px|'''The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor'''|center]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 7: The strong force becomes the fundamental tensor.'''
{{center bottom}}

But in reality, the space deforms not proportionally, creating more acceleration near the accumulation of matter, behaving like an elastic material. This behavior can be quantified by the elastic modulus or Young’s modulus, which represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law in non-linear systems. The Young’s modulus (E) depends on the force exerted by matter (σ) and the deformation at each point of the resulting vector (Ɛ). &lt;blockquote&gt;

''E = ∆σ / ∆Ɛ''

''∆F''θ ''&gt; ∆F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; / ∆m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;                                                    (4.1)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;The force exerted by the angle (θ) increases (∆) faster than the strong force (F&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;) and its relation to mass (m&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;); the greater the distance, the weaker the force.[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorygraph.png|border|center|frameless|370x370px|'''The angle exerts force over large distances''']]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 8: The angle exerts force over large distances.'''
{{center bottom}}
This relation between the strong force and the quantum vacuum modifies the space density since it induces their approach because of the electromagnetic extraction and its dispersion; therefore, we can speak of the existence of a bulk modulus (K), which depends on the pressure changes (p) and volume (V).&lt;blockquote&gt;''K = -V (∆p / ∆V)''&lt;/blockquote&gt;We only know this relation for Earth calculations, but it must be associated with actual physics like general relativity (GR) or Einstein field equations (EFE), where matter bends space using an unknown tensor, determining the geometry of space depending on the distribution of matter over intricated energy density fields. Also, we can find other physics connections, like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) hypothesis, which proposes a modification of Newton's law of universal gravitation to account for observed properties of galaxies, having multiple observational evidences.

Other properties such as volume viscosity, also called bulk viscosity, can be applied.

===Funcamental forces===

This is the new fundamental forces grouping:  

* The strong force and gravity have been unified. 

* Electromagnetic and weak force are actually unified by the electroweak interaction.

* The quantum vacuum is a new fundamental force because of its strength and the fact that it isn’t reducible to more basic forces.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 10.png|center|461x461px|'''Fundamental interactions''']]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 9: Fundamental interactions.'''
{{center bottom}}

== Quantum vacuum unification ==

=== Structure ===
We need a quantum vacuum structure that allows us to unify the different types of quantum fields and their different behaviors, like the constant motion of '''matter''', the travel of '''subatomic particles,''' and the '''electromagnetic field''' generation. One solution would be a metastable system with different balances; the topological model proposed are polarized triplets, rotated in a static balance (a symmetric group), differentiated in the 3 spatial axes, where each element is in continuous repulsion.

Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which make up each element of the periodic table; at the same time, each nucleon is made up of 3 quarks. The vacuum asymmetry maintains the speed of nucleons stable because repulsions and attractions from the whole part are equilibrated in the 3 spatial directions (quarks triplets against vacuum triplets); the average sum of all vector velocity forces (V&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;) in each spatial direction is 0. For this reason, matter is not accelerated to the speed of light, the asymmetrical multistability prevents it.

Fz + Fy + Fz  = ''F net = 0''                                                                                                       ''(5.1)''

This asymmetry is the cause of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) colors and anticolors (3 types of each) and their transformations, where the nucleon structure doesn’t collapse inward due to the outward vacuum forces, being the only thing bigger than each individual frame capable of surviving it. Even the different types or flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, and tau) can be studied as a motion system between triplets, more similar to how matter works.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 11.png|center|frameless|577x577px|su(3)]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 10: Motion of matter in equilibrium.'''
{{center bottom}}Its ±½ polarization shapes fermions, having an internal force trying to expand with a spherical distribution as is theorized for U(1) gauge, so particles smaller than this frame can be easily dispersed in all directions.

Both the vacuum permeability and permittivity are originated from the quantum vacuum magnetization and polarization in order to create virtual electrons, having as their greatest quality to emit or absorb    energy. The collective alignment of each magnetic moment creates magnetic domains, where temperature and atomic structure play crucial roles.

All the elements in the periodic table have a mass or nucleon number related to their number of electrons, so nucleons should be able to extract and recover this energy as electromagnetism from each polarized container, helping to create electromagnetic bonds like the hydrogen bond to conform the chemical compounds (under normal conditions, it is impossible for a proton not to possess an electron). These electromagnetic attractions can affect the gravitational force, but only in a residual way. 
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 12.png|center|frameless|407x407px|su(2)]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 11: Electromagnetic field extraction.'''
{{center bottom}}Light has its own inertia; it travels at approximately 300.000 kilometers per second, but it slows down to about 225.000 kilometers per second in water (it depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium it’s embedded in), recovering its speed when leaving it.

Subatomic particles (photons or neutrinos) are smaller than this basic frame, so they can be transported by the vacuum; their infinite amount of accumulated inertia comes from the spin speed (S&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;) of this energetic vacuum, where quarks are trying to be accelerated, but its stability prevents it.

F1 = c                                                                                                                                          ''(5.3)''

These basic frames can be seen as the smallest units of time, where other behaviors can be studied, such as the photon generation through a monopole interaction.
[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 13.png|center|frameless|200x200px|su(1)]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 12: Subatomic particles transportation.'''
{{center bottom}}The particles’ escape angles are needed to conform the net, taking into account all the different containers’ positions in space (two different positions on each axis and its conjugates). Thus, we have the following groups per axis conformed by their unitary vectors (U):

''U&lt;sub&gt;X&lt;/sub&gt; ='' {''+(1, 0, 0), +(-1, 0, 0),'' ''-(1, 0, 0), -(-1, 0, 0)''} ''                                                                            (6.1)''

''U&lt;sub&gt;Y&lt;/sub&gt; ='' {''+(0, 1, 0), +(0, -1, 0),'' ''-(0, 1, 0), -(0, -1, 0)''}

''U&lt;sub&gt;Z&lt;/sub&gt; ='' {''+(0, 0, 1), +(0, 0, -1),'' ''-(0, 0, 1), -(0, 0, -1)''}

These structures can help to build the Standard Model internal symmetries, '''SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)'''; the Gell-Mann matrices, a representation of the SU(3) group, where quarks possess color quantum numbers and form the fundamental triplets; the Pauli matrices, a representation of the SU(2) group, which reproduce the electron’s spin; and the simplest internal symmetry group, U(1). This solution can '''accommodate the main types of motion''', being the first time that a nonlinear structure is theorized, solving the technical problems of '''renormalization''' in order to yield sensible answers to the strange behavior of quantum physics, such as the production of shapes related to the 4 dimensions (mainly tesseract shapes or hypercubes). Anyway, this is considered a hypothetical structure because the complete mathematical matrix has not been built, taking into account that any real section can be reconstructed in a stand-alone way.

It's compatible with behaviors like the Lorentz transformation and Minkowski diagram to explain the spacetime deformations (via rhomboidal deformations); supersymmetry to explain the symmetry between bosons and fermions (via symmetry groups); photons’ creation due to the Dynamical Casimir effect; antimatter survival while other structures like the pions are unstable; ice rules in molecules with internal spins and geometric constraints that generate a periodic lattice; emerging patterns like fractals or crystal structures based on parallelepiped shapes with a repetitive arrangement of atoms in unit cells…

=== Fundamental forces (Theory of Everything) ===
Considering the electromagnetic field as a flux extracted from the vacuum, it’s easy to guess that the final component between the strong force and the quantum vacuum is '''motion'''.

The resulting scheme can be reduced to matter and energy in perpetual motion. The Big Bang event produced the initial state of high density and temperature, creating all the energy necessary to provide motion to the whole matter, and everything begins to interact, provided by the &quot;infinite&quot; inertia that the quantum vacuum supplied.
[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorytoe.png|center|frameless|615x615px|ToE]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 13: Theory of Everything scheme.'''
{{center bottom}}Its properties, also determined by thermal radiation and pressure, could create the first conditions for life by helping to compact structures like the double helix in the chromosomes, considered to be the origin of biological homochirality (probably gained by the quantum superposition), giving rise to more complex structures like worms, with which we can share up to 70% of our DNA, being considered the evolutionary forerunner of most animals. Within this quantum vacuum structure, we even have some mathematical curiosities, such as having 5 faces per prism (5 + 5, decimal-handedness).

But wondering about the future, if the scientific method is based on determinism and hidden variables don’t exist, we could consider an absolute determinism (neither chaos nor free will exists, being all pre-calculated) and overcome the resulting frustration by thinking of ways to break it, such as through overmuch information in the universe (all the photons from all the stars can’t be predetermined); this is the first cycle in the universe (so we start from a blank canvas); God (if we are an expression from the vacuum, there is something that can feel inside it); or we are a tool capable of breaking such determinism (the universe needs it). From now on, I only hope I have raised your consciousness level, offering you a better understanding of your environment…

== Conclusions ==
In philosophy, '''Occam's razor''' (also known as the principle of parsimony) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for simpler explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements or fundamental concepts because they provide better results than more complex ones.

This theory can explain behaviors such as:

* Unification theory between the strong nuclear force and gravity, quarks motion, and the electromagnetic field generation, until obtaining a unified field theory.

* Dark matter due to quantum vacuum densities. Recent studies have associated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with dark matter behavior; thus, the cosmic microwave background should be related to the quantum vacuum and its density. The universe is anisotropic (is not uniform in all directions).

* Dark energy and cosmic inflation. The behavior of each individual container implies a spin-based repulsion helping to its expansion, strong enough to avoid getting closer and be able to reestablish its structure after any contraction; this generates the required propagation force over large distances to allow the expansion of the universe. In fact, the latest research on the expansion of more than 1.500 supernovas indicate that this expansion is also not uniform and changes with time, also calling into question the gravitational constant.

* Black holes as a density break. The vacuum concentration becomes so strong that its repulsion can break the strong force bonds, generating their rupture and explosion, and leading to new internal concentrations (a black hole can vary from a nuclear density inside the Schwarzschild radius of 4 × 10&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, more extreme than our nuclear density of 2,3 × 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). Photons, depending on the new container size, could be attracted because their field can interact with the vacuum. Neutrinos, regardless of whether it is a black hole, can escape if the container size is bigger than itself.

* Particles decay due to the vacuum interaction. It can correspond to the current theories about the false vacuum decay (a not so stable vacuum); also, the neutron decay can be seen as a small dominant space polarization that tends to create protons.

* Gravitational time dilation. Each container is connected with spacetime; a bigger frame implies minor energy concentration, and the displacements in space imply less frames to pass through, which means less time.

* These frames can be considered as the smallest units of time. This size has been attempted to be explained since Zenon's paradoxes (430 BC), dedicated mainly to the problem of the continuum and the relations between space, time, and motion, until nowadays with infinitesimal calculus, where a mathematical curve can be analyzed as if it were constituted by homogeneous separable points.

* Conservation of angular momentum at bodies’ rotations in space with spherical and circular movements at planets and galaxies. Applying this conservation during the Big Bang, antimatter is not necessary to create it and could lead to less antimatter than 50% in the universe as expected (a small portion could have been generated during the explosion).

* The gravitational constant (G = 6,67408(31) × 10&lt;sup&gt;−11&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;s&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;), vacuum permittivity (ε&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 8,8541878128(13) × 10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; F⋅m−1), or vacuum permeability (μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,25663706212(19) × 10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; N⋅A&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;) and the problems to measure with high accuracy since they can be affected by density variations. Even small modifications in the speed of light can be expected due to the vacuum-related spin; in fact, the speed of light can be calculated based on the previous variables about vacuum permittivity and permeability using Maxwell’s equations, c=1/√(ε&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;).

* Variations in E = mc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to set the rest energy of matter, for example, we could obtain E = AF&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; where A is the nucleons number.

* Compatibility with light and matter interaction (QED), and the fact that electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state or light refraction; as well as the wave function and Schrödinger and Dirac equations, describing how the state of a quantum system changes with time.

* Planck length (ℓ&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 1,616255(38) × 10&lt;sup&gt;-35&lt;/sup&gt; m) and Planck time (t&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 5,391247(60) × 10&lt;sup&gt;−44&lt;/sup&gt; s) are theoretically considered the quantization of space and time and may point to the vacuum structures by length as well as time. Planck referred to relativistic values, which may not be so accurate; for example, gamma rays which generally arise from the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, have one of the smallest wavelengths, shorter than 10&lt;sup&gt;-11&lt;/sup&gt; meters.

* The residual strong force (the bond between protons and neutrons), which is much weaker than the (real) strong force, has a correlation between quarks up and down that can be perfectly electromagnetic, as it was originally considered. 

* Similarities between Newton’s and Coulomb's law or Einstein’s relativity and Maxwell’s equations for the electric field. 

* The unidirectional arrow of time…

[[File:SuperconductingFieldTheory 15.png|center|frameless|453x453px|waves]]{{center top}}
'''Fig. 14: These variables help to shape galaxies (like the golden spiral φ = 1,6180).'''
{{center bottom}}

== Considerations ==
Gravitomagnetism (GEM) is a term that refers to the kinetic effects of gravity in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. Here we will create a relativistic relation to extract the magnetic moment and check its behavior, independently of GEM equations.

We can accelerate matter using a chamber with magnetic coils to transform as much matter as possible into energy as. We need a material with as much permeability in high magnetic fields as possible; pure iron can be a good reference, but we can consider some other materials with high permeability. The centripetal force will force matter outwards, so we need a magnetic field to keep its dimensions. We need sufficient width and height to concentrate internal energy and study how the vacuum is bent; it’s complex to concentrate kinetic energy at one point to obtain its potential energy.

As an example, we’ll calculate the energy of one disk in motion, taking the radius and a height of 50 cm, using iron with density ρ = 7,874 gr/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, with the following mass:

''V = π × r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; × h = 392.700 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;                                                                                                               (7.1)''

''m = 392.700 × 7,874 = 3.092.119,8 gr = 3.092,119 kg               '' 

Considering a maximum speed reached, we’ll compare its kinetic energy with the maximum energy that could be generated using a relativistic approximation.

''v = 3 × 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m/s'' (near the speed of light) ''                                                                                        (7.2)''

''E&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; = ½mv&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;                                                                                  E = mc&lt;sup&gt;2        &lt;/sup&gt;'' 

''E&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; = ½ × 3.092,119 × 9 × 10&lt;sup&gt;14                                                          &lt;/sup&gt;      E = 3.092,119 × 9 × 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;''

''E&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt; = 13.914,535 × 10&lt;sup&gt;14                                                                           &lt;/sup&gt;   E = 27.829,071 × 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;''

The energy calculated at the disk periphery can have a magnetic relation with its motion. Its charge (q) and magnetic field (B) are linked with its velocity, where v = qBr / m, so the energy generated can be calculated when a speed is reached in a relativistic approximation.

''E = ½mv&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;B&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; / 2m''
[[File:Superconductingfieldtheorydisk.png|center|frameless|582x582px|disk motion]]

{{center top}}
'''Fig. 15: Motion and relativity equivalence.'''
{{center bottom}}
Other variations at QCD have been observed, like at baryon resonances.

Anyway, more studies are needed to check the real correlation between the quantum vacuum and the strong nuclear force. The motion, together with the vacuum contraction / extraction / insertion, should be related to a change in density, but we don’t know the possible proton size variations in space to perform new calculations (we are dealing with very complex dynamic scales). It can be considered a highly problematic system.

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}Hooke, R. (1678). ''Lectures de potentia restitutiva, or of spring, explaining the power of springing bodies.'' Carnegie Mellon University''.'' &lt;nowiki&gt;http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/OCLC/10411228&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Newton, I. (1687). ''The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''. Smithsonian Libraries. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Euler, L. (1755)''. Foundations of Differential Calculus.'' Springer Link. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/b97699&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
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    <title>16-cell</title>
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      <text bytes="59517" sha1="jk2ar3w3sg7lq2ljzfuk8zhaahyhob6" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Four-dimensional analog of the octahedron}}
{{Polyscheme|radius=an '''expanded version''' of}}
{{Infobox 4-polytope |
  Name=16-cell&lt;br /&gt;(4-orthoplex)|
  Image_File=Schlegel wireframe 16-cell.png|
  Image_Caption=[[W:Schlegel diagram|Schlegel diagram]]&lt;br /&gt;(vertices and edges)|
  Type=[[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|Convex regular 4-polytope]]&lt;br /&gt;4-[[W:Orthoplex|orthoplex]]&lt;br /&gt;4-[[W:Demihypercube|demicube]]|
  Last=[[W:Rectified tesseract|11]]|
  Index=12|
  Next=[[W:Truncated tesseract|13]]|
  Schläfli={3,3,4}|
  CD={{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} |
  Cell_List=16 [[W:Tetrahedron|{3,3}]] [[File:3-simplex t0.svg|25px]]|
  Face_List=32 [[W:Triangle|{3}]] [[File:2-simplex t0.svg|25px]]|
  Edge_Count= 24|
  Vertex_Count= 8|
  Petrie_Polygon=[[W:Octagon|octagon]]|
  Coxeter_Group=B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [3,3,4], order 384&lt;br /&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, order 192|
  Vertex_Figure=[[File:16-cell verf.svg|80px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[W:Octahedron|Octahedron]]|
  Dual=[[W:Tesseract|Tesseract]]|
  Property_List=[[W:Convex polytope|convex]], [[W:Isogonal figure|isogonal]], [[W:Isotoxal figure|isotoxal]], [[W:Isohedral figure|isohedral]], [[W:Regular polytope|regular]], [[W:Hanner polytope|Hanner polytope]]
}}
In [[W:Geometry|geometry]], the '''16-cell''' is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] (four-dimensional analogue of a Platonic solid) with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It is one of the six regular convex 4-polytopes first described by the Swiss mathematician [[W:Ludwig Schläfli|Ludwig Schläfli]] in the mid-19th century.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=141|loc=§&amp;nbsp;7-x. Historical remarks}} It is also called '''C&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;''', '''hexadecachoron''',&lt;ref&gt;[[W:Norman Johnson (mathematician)|N.W. Johnson]]: ''Geometries and Transformations'', (2018) {{ISBN|978-1-107-10340-5}} Chapter 11: ''Finite Symmetry Groups'', 11.5 ''Spherical Coxeter groups'', p.249&lt;/ref&gt; or '''hexdecahedroid'''.&lt;ref&gt;Matila Ghyka, ''The Geometry of Art and Life'' (1977), p.68&lt;/ref&gt;

It is the 4-dimesional member of an infinite family of polytopes called [[W:Cross-polytope|cross-polytope]]s, ''orthoplexes'', or ''hyperoctahedrons'' which are analogous to the [[W:Cctahedron|octahedron]] in three dimensions. It is Coxeter's &lt;math&gt;\beta_4&lt;/math&gt; polytope.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=120=121|loc=§&amp;nbsp;7.2. See illustration Fig 7.2&lt;small&gt;B&lt;/small&gt;}} The [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] is the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] (4-[[W:Hypercube|cube]]), which it can be combined with to form [[W:Compound of tesseract and 16-cell|a compound figure]]. The cells of the 16-cell are dual to the 16 vertices of the tesseract.

== Geometry ==
The 16-cell is the second in the sequence of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes (in order of size and complexity).{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity|group=}}

Each of its 4 successor convex regular 4-polytopes can be constructed as the [[W:Convex hull|convex hull]] of a [[W:Polytope compound|polytope compound]] of multiple 16-cells: the 16-vertex [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] as a compound of two 16-cells, the 24-vertex [[24-cell]] as a compound of three 16-cells, the 120-vertex [[600-cell]] as a compound of fifteen 16-cells, and the 600-vertex [[120-cell]] as a compound of seventy-five 16-cells.{{Efn|There are 2 and only 2 16-cells inscribed in the 8-cell (tesseract), 3 and only 3 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell, 75 distinct 16-cells (but only 15 disjoint 16-cells) inscribed in the 600-cell, and 675 distinct 16-cells (but only 75 disjoint 16-cells) inscribed in the 120-cell.}}

{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:}}

=== Coordinates ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
!colspan=2|Disjoint squares
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;
!colspan=2|''xy'' plane
|-
|( 0, 1, 0, 0)||( 0, 0,-1, 0)
|-
|( 0, 0, 1, 0)||( 0,-1, 0, 0)
|}
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;
!colspan=2|''wz'' plane
|-
|( 1, 0, 0, 0)||( 0, 0, 0,-1)
|-
|( 0, 0, 0, 1)||(-1, 0, 0, 0)
|}
|}The 16-cell is the 4-dimensional [[W:Cross polytope|cross polytope (4-orthoplex)]], which means its vertices lie in opposite pairs on the 4 axes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system.

The eight vertices are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by edges except opposite pairs. The edge length is {{radic|2}}.

The vertex coordinates form 6 [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] central squares lying in the 6 coordinate planes. Squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal ''basis'']] for the choice of a 4-dimensional reference frame, because its vertices exactly define the four orthogonal axes.

=== Structure ===
The [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] of the 16-cell is {3,3,4}, indicating that its cells are [[W:Regular tetrahedron|regular tetrahedra]] {3,3} and its [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] is a [[W:Regular octahedron|regular octahedron]] {3,4}. There are 8 tetrahedra, 12 triangles, and 6 edges meeting at every vertex. Its [[W:Edge figure|edge figure]] is a square. There are 4 tetrahedra and 4 triangles meeting at every edge.

The 16-cell is [[W:Totally bounded|bounded]] by 16 [[W:Cell (mathematics)|cells]], all of which are regular [[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedra]].{{Efn|The boundary surface of a 16-cell is a finite 3-dimensional space consisting of 16 tetrahedra arranged face-to-face (four around one). It is a closed, tightly curved (non-Euclidean) 3-space, within which we can move straight through 4 tetrahedra in any direction and arrive back in the tetrahedron where we started. We can visualize moving around inside this tetrahedral [[W:Jungle gym|jungle gym]], climbing from one tetrahedron into another on its 24 struts (its edges), and never being able to get out (or see out) of the 16 tetrahedra no matter what direction we go (or look). We are always on (or in) the ''surface'' of the 16-cell, never inside the 16-cell itself (nor outside it). We can see that the 6 edges around each vertex radiate symmetrically in 3 dimensions and form an orthogonal 3-axis cross, just as the radii of an octahedron do (so we say the vertex figure of the 16-cell is the octahedron).{{Efn|name=octahedral pyramid}}}} It has 32 [[W:Triangle (geometry)|triangular]] [[W:Face (geometry)|faces]], 24 [[W:Edge (geometry)|edges]], and 8 [[W:Vertex (geometry)|vertices]]. The 24 edges bound 6 [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] central squares lying on [[W:Great circle|great circles]] in the 6 coordinate planes (3 pairs of completely orthogonal great squares). At each vertex, 3 great squares cross perpendicularly. The 6 edges meet at the vertex the way 6 edges meet at the [[W:Apex (geometry)|apex]] of a canonical [[W:Octahedral pyramid|octahedral pyramid]].{{Efn|Each vertex in the 16-cell is the apex of an [[W:Octahedral pyramid|octahedral pyramid]], the base of which is the octahedron formed by the 6 other vertices to which the apex is connected by edges. The 16-cell can be deconstructed (four different ways) into two octahedral pyramids by cutting it in half through one of its four octahedral central hyperplanes. Looked at from inside the curved 3 dimensional volume of its boundary surface of 16 face-bonded tetrahedra, the 16-cell's vertex figure is an octahedron. In 4 dimensions, the vertex octahedron is actually an octahedral pyramid. The apex of the octahedral pyramid (the vertex where the 6 edges meet) is not actually at the center of the octahedron: it is displaced radially outwards in the fourth dimension, out of the hyperplane defined by the octahedron's 6 vertices. The 6 edges around the vertex make an orthogonal 3-axis cross in 3 dimensions (and in the [[W:Octahedral pyramid|3-dimensional projection of the 4-pyramid]]), but the 3 lines are actually bent 90 degrees in the fourth dimension where they meet in an apex.|name=octahedral pyramid}} The 6 orthogonal central planes of the 16-cell can be divided into 4 orthogonal central hyperplanes (3-spaces) each forming an [[W:Octahedron|octahedron]] with 3 orthogonal great squares.

=== Rotations ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=480
|- align=center valign=top
|rowspan=2|[[File:16-cell.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;A 3D projection of a 16-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Simple rotations|simple rotation]]
|[[File:16-cell-orig.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;A 3D projection of a 16-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]]
|}
[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in [[w:Completely_orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] planes.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=6|loc=§&amp;nbsp;5. Four-Dimensional Rotations}} The 16-cell is a simple frame in which to observe 4-dimensional rotations, because each of the 16-cell's 6 great squares has another completely orthogonal great square (there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal squares).{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} The characteristic rotation of the 16-cell is parameterized by an angle and direction of rotation in one of its great square planes (e.g. the ''xy'' plane) and another angle and direction of rotation in the completely orthogonal great square plane (e.g. the ''wz'' plane).{{Efn|Each great square vertex is {{radic|2}} distant from two of the square's other vertices, and {{radic|4}} distant from its opposite vertex. The other four vertices of the 16-cell (also {{radic|2}} distant) are the vertices of the square's completely orthogonal square.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel great squares}} Each 16-cell vertex is a vertex of ''three'' orthogonal great squares which intersect there. Each great square has a different ''completely'' orthogonal great square. Thus there are three great squares completely orthogonal to each vertex: squares that the vertex is not part of.{{Efn|The three ''incompletely'' orthogonal great squares which intersect at each vertex of the 16-cell form the vertex's octahedral [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]].{{Efn|name=octahedral pyramid}} Any two of them, together with the completely orthogonal square of the third, also form an octahedron: a central octahedral hyperplane.{{Efn|Three great squares meet at each vertex (and at its opposite vertex) in the 16-cell. Each of them has a different completely orthogonal square. Thus there are three great squares completely orthogonal to each vertex and its opposite vertex (each axis). They form an octahedron (a central hyperplane). Every axis line in the 16-cell is completely orthogonal to a central octahedron hyperplane, as every great square plane is completely orthogonal to another great square plane.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} The axis and the octahedron intersect only at one point (the center of the 16-cell), as each pair of completely orthogonal great squares intersects only at one point (the center of the 16-cell). Each central octahedron is also the octahedral vertex figure of two of the eight vertices: the two on its completely orthogonal axis.|name=octahedral hyperplanes}} In the 16-cell, each octahedral vertex figure is also a central octahedral hyperplane.|name=completely orthogonal great squares}}|name=vertex and central octahedra}} Completely orthogonal great squares have disjoint vertices: 4 of the 16-cell's 8 vertices rotate in one plane, and the other 4 rotate independently in the completely orthogonal plane.{{Efn|Completely orthogonal great squares are non-intersecting and rotate independently because the great circles on which their vertices lie are [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]].{{Efn|[[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]s are non-intersecting curved lines that are parallel in the sense that the perpendicular (shortest) distance between them is the same at each point.{{Sfn|Tyrrell &amp; Semple|1971|loc=§&amp;nbsp;3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism|pp=5-6}} A double helix is an example of Clifford parallelism in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. In 4-space Clifford parallels occur as geodesic great circles on the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]].{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=7-10|loc=§&amp;nbsp;6. Angles between two Planes in 4-Space}} In the 16-cell the corresponding vertices of completely orthogonal great circle squares are all {{radic|2}} apart, so these squares are Clifford parallel polygons.{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} Note that only the vertices of the great squares (the points on the great circle) are {{radic|2}} apart; points on the edges of the squares (on chords of the circle) are closer together.|name=Clifford parallels}} They are {{radic|2}} apart at each pair of nearest vertices (and in the 16-cell ''all'' the pairs except antipodal pairs are nearest). The two squares cannot intersect at all because they lie in planes which intersect at only one point: the center of the 16-cell.{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Because they are perpendicular and share a common center, the two squares are obviously not parallel and separate in the usual way of parallel squares in 3 dimensions; rather they are connected like adjacent square links in a chain, each passing through the other without intersecting at any points, forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]].|name=Clifford parallel great squares}}

In 2 or 3 dimensions a rotation is characterized by a single plane of rotation; this kind of rotation taking place in 4-space is called a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Simple rotations|simple rotation]], in which only one of the two completely orthogonal planes rotates (the angle of rotation in the other plane is 0). In the 16-cell, a simple rotation in one of the 6 orthogonal planes moves only 4 of the 8 vertices; the other 4 remain fixed. (In the simple rotation animation above, all 8 vertices move because the plane of rotation is not one of the 6 orthogonal basis planes.)

In a [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotation]] both sets of 4 vertices move, but independently: the angles of rotation may be different in the 2 completely orthogonal planes. If the two angles happen to be the same, a maximally symmetric [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]] takes place.{{Efn|In an isoclinic rotation, all 6 orthogonal planes are displaced in two orthogonal directions at once: they are rotated by the angle, and at the same time they are tilted ''sideways'' by that same angle. An isoclinic displacement (also known as a [[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] displacement) is 4-dimensionally diagonal. Points are displaced an equal distance in four orthogonal directions at once, and displaced a total [[W:Pythagorean distance#Higher dimensions|Pythagorean distance]] equal to the square root of four times the square of that distance (which is two times that distance). For example, when the unit-radius 16-cell rotates isoclinically 90° in a great square invariant plane, it also rotates 90° in the completely orthogonal great square invariant plane.{{Efn||name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} The great square plane tilts sideways 90° to occupy its completely orthogonal plane. (By isoclinic symmetry, every great square plane rotates 90° and tilts sideways 90° into its completely orthogonal plane.) Each vertex (in every great square) is displaced a distance of {{radic|2}}/2 in each of four orthogonal directions, a total distance of {{radic|2}}, to a vertex in its completely orthogonal great square. The original and displaced vertex are two edge lengths apart by three{{Efn|There are six different two-edge paths connecting a pair of antipodal vertices along the edges of a great square. The left isoclinic rotation runs diagonally between three of them, and the right isoclinic rotation runs diagonally between the other three. These diagonals are the straight lines (geodesics) connecting opposite vertices of face-bonded tetrahedral cells in the left-handed [[#Helical construction|eight-cell ring]] and the right-handed eight-cell ring, respectively.}} different paths along two edges of a great square. But the ''isocline'' (the helical arc the vertex follows during the isoclinic rotation) does not run along edges: it runs ''between'' these different edge-paths diagonally, on a geodesic (shortest arc) between the original and displaced vertices.{{Efn|name=isocline}} This isoclinic geodesic arc is not a segment of an ordinary great circle; it does not lie in the plane of any great square. It is a helical 90° arc that bends in a circle in two completely orthogonal planes at once. This [[W:Möbius loop|Möbius circle]] does not lie in any one great circle plane, or intersect any vertices of the 16-cell between the original and the displaced vertex.{{Efn|name=Möbius circle}}|name=isoclinic rotation}} In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90 degrees of any pair of completely orthogonal square planes takes every square plane to its completely orthogonal square plane in a twisting displacement, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally.{{Efn|The 90 degree isoclinic rotation of two completely orthogonal planes takes them to each other. In such a rotation of a rigid 16-cell, all 6 orthogonal planes rotate by 90 degrees, and also tilt sideways by 90 degrees to their completely orthogonal (Clifford parallel){{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} plane.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} The two completely orthogonal planes are 90° apart, in the two orthogonal angles that separate them. If the isoclinic rotation is continued through another 90°, each great square returns to its original plane, but in a different orientation; the vertices are not returned to their original positions. Continuing through a 720° isoclinic rotation (through eight 90° isoclinic displacements) returns everything to its original place and orientation.|name=exchange of completely orthogonal planes}} All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

=== Constructions ===

==== Octahedral dipyramid ====
{|class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
!Octahedron &lt;math&gt;\beta_3&lt;/math&gt;
!16-cell &lt;math&gt;\beta_4&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|[[File:3-cube t2.svg|160px]]
|[[File:4-demicube t0 D4.svg|160px]]
|-
|colspan=2|Orthogonal projections to skew hexagon hyperplane
|}
The simplest construction of the 16-cell is on the 3-dimensional cross polytope, the [[W:Octahedron|octahedron]]. The octahedron has 3 perpendicular axes and 6 vertices in 3 opposite pairs (its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] is the [[W:Hexagon|hexagon]]). Add another pair of vertices, on a fourth axis perpendicular to all 3 of the other axes. Connect each new vertex to all 6 of the original vertices, adding 12 new edges. This raises two [[W:Octahedral pyramid|octahedral pyramid]]s on a shared octahedron base that lies in the 16-cell's central hyperplane.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=121|loc=§&amp;nbsp;7.21. See illustration Fig 7.2&lt;small&gt;B&lt;/small&gt;|ps=: &quot;&lt;math&gt;\beta_4&lt;/math&gt; is a four-dimensional dipyramid based on &lt;math&gt;\beta_3&lt;/math&gt; (with its two apices in opposite directions along the fourth dimension).&quot;}}

[[File:stereographic_polytope_16cell_colour.png|thumb|[[W:Stereographic projection|Stereographic projection]] of the 16-cell's 6 orthogonal central squares onto their great circles. Each circle is divided into 4 arc-edges at the intersections where 3 circles cross perpendicularly. Notice that each circle has one Clifford parallel circle that it does ''not'' intersect. Those two circles pass through each other like adjacent links in a chain.]]The octahedron that the construction starts with has three perpendicular intersecting squares (which appear as rectangles in the hexagonal projections). Each square intersects with each of the other squares at two opposite vertices, with ''two'' of the squares crossing at each vertex. Then two more points are added in the fourth dimension (above and below the 3-dimensional hyperplane). These new vertices are connected to all the octahedron's vertices, creating 12 new edges and ''three more squares'' (which appear edge-on as the 3 ''diameters'' of the hexagon in the projection), and three more octahedra.{{Efn|name=octahedral hyperplanes}}

Something unprecedented has also been created. Notice that each square no longer intersects with ''all'' of the other squares: it does intersect with four of them (with ''three'' of the squares crossing at each vertex now), but each square has ''one'' other square with which it shares ''no'' vertices: it is not directly connected to that square at all. These two ''separate'' perpendicular squares (there are three pairs of them) are like the opposite edges of a [[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]]: perpendicular, but non-intersecting. They lie opposite each other (parallel in some sense), and they don't touch, but they also pass through each other like two perpendicular links in a chain (but unlike links in a chain they have a common center). They are an example of '''''Clifford parallels''''', and the 16-cell is the simplest regular polytope in which they occur. [[W:William Kingdon Clifford|Clifford]] parallelism{{Efn|name=Clifford parallels}} of objects of more than one dimension (more than just curved ''lines'') emerges here and occurs in all the subsequent 4-dimensional regular polytopes, where it can be seen as the defining relationship ''among'' disjoint concentric regular 4-polytopes and their corresponding parts. It can occur between congruent (similar) polytopes of 2 or more dimensions.{{Sfn|Tyrrell &amp; Semple|1971}} For example, as noted [[#Geometry|above]] all the subsequent convex regular 4-polytopes are compounds of multiple 16-cells; those 16-cells are [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel polytopes]].

==== Tetrahedral constructions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=480
|- align=center valign=top
|[[File:16-cell net.png|180px|]]
|[[File:16-cell nets.png|180px]]
|}

The 16-cell has two [[W:Wythoff construction|Wythoff construction]]s from regular tetrahedra, a regular form and alternated form, shown here as [[W:Net (polyhedron)|nets]], the second represented by tetrahedral cells of two alternating colors. The alternated form is a [[#Symmetry constructions|lower symmetry construction]] of the 16-cell called the [[W:Demitesseract|demitesseract]].

Wythoff's construction replicates the 16-cell's [[5-cell#Orthoschemes|characteristic 5-cell]] in a [[W:Kaleidoscope|kaleidoscope]] of mirrors. Every regular 4-polytope has its characteristic 4-orthoscheme, an [[5-cell#Irregular 5-cells|irregular 5-cell]].{{Efn|An [[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] is a [[W:Chiral|chiral]] irregular [[W:simplex|simplex]] with [[W:Right triangle|right triangle]] faces that is characteristic of some polytope if it will exactly fill that polytope with the reflections of itself in its own [[W:Facet (geometry)|facets]] (its ''mirror walls''). Every regular polytope can be dissected radially into instances of its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic orthoscheme]] surrounding its center. The characteristic orthoscheme has the shape described by the same [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] as the regular polytope without the ''generating point'' ring.|name=characteristic orthoscheme}} There are three regular 4-polytopes with tetrahedral cells: the [[5-cell]], the 16-cell, and the [[600-cell]]. Although all are bounded by ''regular'' tetrahedron cells, their characteristic 5-cells (4-orthoschemes) are different [[5-cell#Isometries|tetrahedral pyramids]], all based on the same characteristic ''irregular'' tetrahedron. They share the same [[W:Tetrahedron#Orthoschemes|characteristic tetrahedron]] (3-orthoscheme) and characteristic [[W:Right triangle|right triangle]] (2-orthoscheme) because they have the same kind of cell.{{Efn|A regular polytope of dimension ''k'' has a characteristic ''k''-orthoscheme, and also a characteristic (''k''-1)-orthoscheme. A regular 4-polytope has a characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) into which it is subdivided by its (3-dimensional) hyperplanes of symmetry, and also a characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme) into which its surface is subdivided by its cells' (2-dimensional) planes of symmetry. After subdividing its (3-dimensional) surface into characteristic tetrahedra surrounding each cell center, its (4-dimensional) interior can be subdivided into characteristic 5-cells by adding radii joining the vertices of the surface characteristic tetrahedra to the 4-polytope's center.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=130|loc=§&amp;nbsp;7.6|ps=; &quot;simplicial subdivision&quot;.}} The interior tetrahedra and triangles thus formed will also be orthoschemes.}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
!colspan=6|Characteristics of the 16-cell{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); &quot;16-cell, 𝛽&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;}}
|-
!align=right|
!align=center|edge{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=139|loc=§&amp;nbsp;7.9 The characteristic simplex}}
!colspan=2 align=center|arc
!colspan=2 align=center|dihedral{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=290|loc=Table I(ii); &quot;dihedral angles&quot;}}
|-
!align=right|𝒍
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;90°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;120°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{2\pi}{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
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|-
!align=right|𝟀
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;60″&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;60°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!align=right|𝝉{{Efn|{{Harv|Coxeter|1973}} uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.|name=reversed greek symbols}}
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;45″&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;45°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!align=right|𝟁
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}} \approx 0.408&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;30″&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{6}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;60°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
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|-
!align=right|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;_0R^3/l&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;60°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;90°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!align=right|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;_1R^3/l&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;45°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;90°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!align=right|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;_2R^3/l&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}} \approx 0.289&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;30°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{6}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;90°&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
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|-
!align=right|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;_0R^4/l&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
!align=right|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;_1R^4/l&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
!align=right|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;_2R^4/l&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
!align=right|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;_3R^4/l&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}
The '''characteristic 5-cell of the regular 16-cell''' is represented by the [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node|3|node|4|node}}, which can be read as a list of the dihedral angles between its mirror facets. It is an irregular [[W:Pyramid (mathematics)#Polyhedral pyramid|tetrahedral pyramid]] based on the [[W:Tetrahedron#Orthoschemes|characteristic tetrahedron of the regular tetrahedron]]. The regular 16-cell is subdivided by its symmetry hyperplanes into 384 instances of its characteristic 5-cell that all meet at its center.

The characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) has four more edges than its base characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme), joining the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 4-orthoscheme, at the center of the regular 16-cell).{{Efn|The four edges of each 4-orthoscheme which meet at the center of a regular 4-polytope are of unequal length, because they are the four characteristic radii of the regular 4-polytope: a vertex radius, an edge center radius, a face center radius, and a cell center radius. The five vertices of the 4-orthoscheme always include one regular 4-polytope vertex, one regular 4-polytope edge center, one regular 4-polytope face center, one regular 4-polytope cell center, and the regular 4-polytope center. Those five vertices (in that order) comprise a path along four mutually perpendicular edges (that makes three right angle turns), the characteristic feature of a 4-orthoscheme. The 4-orthoscheme has five dissimilar 3-orthoscheme facets.|name=characteristic radii}} If the regular 16-cell has unit radius edge and edge length 𝒍 = &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁),{{Efn|name=reversed greek symbols}} plus &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{12}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron, which are the ''characteristic radii'' of the regular tetrahedron), plus &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; (edges which are the characteristic radii of the regular 16-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{6}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, first from a 16-cell vertex to a 16-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a 16-cell face center, then turning 90° to a 16-cell tetrahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the 16-cell center.

==== Helical construction ====
[[File:Eight face-bonded tetrahedra.jpg|thumb|A 4-dimensional ring of 8 face-bonded tetrahedra, seen in the [[W:Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|Boerdijk–Coxeter helix]], bounded by three eight-edge circular paths of different colors, cut and laid out flat in 3-dimensional space. It contains an ''isocline'' axis (not shown), a helical circle of circumference 4𝝅 that twists through all four dimensions and visits all 8 vertices.{{Efn|name=isocline}} The two blue-blue-yellow triangles at either end of the cut ring are the same object.]]
[[File:16-cell 8-ring net4.png|thumb|Net and orthogonal projection]]

A 16-cell can be constructed (three different ways) from two [[W:Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|Boerdijk–Coxeter helix]]es of eight chained tetrahedra, each bent in the fourth dimension into a ring.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|loc=Table 2: Reflexible honeycombs and their groups|p=45|ps=; Honeycomb [3,3,4]&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; is a tiling of the 3-sphere by 2 rings of 8 tetrahedral cells.}}{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013}} The two circular helixes share the same 8 vertices and 24 edges, but their tetrahedra are disjoint. The helixes spiral around each other, nest into each other and pass through each other forming a [[W:Hopf link|Hopf link]]. 16 of the 32 triangle faces can be seen in a 2D net within a [[W:Triangular tiling|triangular tiling]], with 6 triangles around every vertex. The [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] of the 16-cell is a skew octagon, visible as the purple edges in the octagon orthogonal projection, and as the light blue edges in the tetrahedral helix. Each eight-cell ring of tetrahedra actually contains three such skew [[W:Octagram|octagram]]s of different colors, eight-edge circular paths that wind twice around the 16-cell on every third vertex of the octagram. The orange and yellow edges are two four-edge halves of one skew octagram, which join their ends to form a [[W:Möbius strip|Möbius strip]].

Thus the 16-cell can be decomposed into two cell-disjoint circular chains of eight tetrahedrons each, four edges long, one spiraling to the right (clockwise) and the other spiraling to the left (counterclockwise). The left-handed and right-handed cell rings fit together, nesting into each other and entirely filling the 16-cell, even though they are of opposite chirality. This decomposition can be seen in a 4-4 [[W:Duoantiprism|duoantiprism]] construction of the 16-cell: {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|2x|node_h|2x|node_h|2x|node_h}} or {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|4|node_h|2x|node_h|4|node}}, [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {2}⨂{2} or s{2}s{2}, [[W:Coxeter notation|symmetry]] [4,2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;,4], order 64.

Three eight-edge paths (of different colors) spiral along each eight-cell ring, making 90° angles at each vertex. (In the Boerdijk–Coxeter helix before it is bent into a ring, the angles in different paths vary, but are not 90°.) Three paths (with three different colors and apparent angles) pass through each vertex. When the helix is bent into a ring, the segments of each eight-edge path (of various lengths) join their ends, forming a Möbius strip eight edges long along its single-sided circumference of 4𝝅, and one edge wide.{{Efn|name=Möbius circle}} The six four-edge halves of the three eight-edge paths each make four 90° angles, but they are ''not'' the six orthogonal great squares: they are open-ended squares, four-edge 360° helices whose open ends are [[W:Antipodal point|antipodal]] vertices. The four edges come from four different great squares, and are mutually orthogonal. Combined end-to-end in pairs of the same [[W:Chirality|chirality]], the six four-edge paths make three eight-edge Möbius loops, [[W:Helix|helical]] octagrams. Each octagram is both a [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] of the 16-cell, and the helical track along which all eight vertices rotate together, in one of the 16-cell's distinct isoclinic [[#Rotations|rotations]].{{Efn|The 16-cell can be constructed from two cell-disjoint eight-cell rings in three different ways; it has three orientations of its pair of rings. Each orientation &quot;contains&quot; a distinct left-right pair of isoclinic rotations, and also a pair of completely orthogonal great squares (Clifford parallel fibers), so each orientation is a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|fibration]] of the 16-cell. Each eight-cell ring contains three axial octagrams which have different orientations (they exchange roles) in the three discrete fibrations and six distinct isoclinic rotations (three left and three right) through the cell rings. Three octagrams (of different colors) can be seen in the illustration of a single cell ring, one in the role of Petrie polygon, one as the right isocline, and one as the left isocline. Because each octagram plays three roles, there are exactly six distinct isoclines in the 16-cell, not 18.|name=only one disjoint pair of eight-cell rings}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=610
!colspan=5|Five ways of looking at the same [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] [[W:Octagram|octagram]]{{Efn|All five views are the same orthogonal projection of the 16-cell into the same plane (a circular cross-section of the eight-cell ring cylinder), looking along the central axis of the cut ring cylinder pictured above, from one end of the cylinder. The only difference is which {{radic|2}} edges and {{radic|4}} chords are ''omitted'' for focus. The different colors of {{radic|2}} edges appear to be of different lengths because they are oblique to the viewer at different angles. Vertices are numbered 1 (top) through 8 in counterclockwise order.}}
|-
![[#Rotations|Edge path]]
![[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Petrie polygon]]{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell ''h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''}}
!16-cell
![[W:Hopf fibration|Discrete fibration]]
![[#Coordinates|Diameter chords]]
|-
![[W:Octagram|Octagram]]&lt;sub&gt;{8/3}&lt;/sub&gt;{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii); 24-cell ''h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''}}
![[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|Octagram]]&lt;sub&gt;{8/1}&lt;/sub&gt;
![[W:Coxeter element#Coxeter plane|Coxeter plane]] [[W:B4 polytope|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
![[W:Octagram#Star polygon compounds|Octagram]]&lt;sub&gt;{8/2}=2{4}&lt;/sub&gt;
![[W:Octagram#Star polygon compounds|Octagram]]&lt;sub&gt;{8/4}=4{2}&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
|align=center|[[File:16-cell skew octagram (8-3).png|120px]]
|align=center|[[File:16-cell skew octagram (8).png|120px]]
|align=center|[[File:16-cell skew octagram.png|120px]]
|align=center|[[File:16-cell skew octagram 2(4).png|120px]]
|align=center|[[File:16-cell skew octagram 4(2).png|120px]]
|-
|The eight {{radic|2}} chords of the edge-path of an isocline.{{Efn|name=isocline curve}}
|Skew [[W:Octagon|octagon]] of eight {{radic|2}} edges. The 16-cell has 6 of these 8-vertex circuits.
|All 24 {{radic|2}} edges and the four {{radic|4}} orthogonal axes.
|Two completely orthogonal (disjoint) great squares of {{radic|2}} edges.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel great squares}}
|The four {{radic|4}} chords of an isocline. Every fourth isocline vertex is joined to its antipodal vertex by a 16-cell axis.{{Efn|Each isocline has the eight continuous {{radic|2}} chords of its octagram&lt;sub&gt;{8/3}&lt;/sub&gt; edge-path, and also four discontinuous {{radic|4}} diameter chords that connect every ''fourth'' vertex on the octagram but do not connect to each other. Antipodal vertices also have a twisted continuous path of four mutually orthogonal {{radic|2}} edges connecting them. Between antipodal vertices, the isocline curves smoothly around in a helix over the four {{radic|2}} chords of its edge-path, hitting the three intervening vertices. Each {{radic|2}} edge is an edge of a great square, that is completely orthogonal to another great square, in which the {{radic|4}} chord is a diagonal.|name=isocline curve}}
|}
Each eight-edge helix is a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] [[W:Octagram|octagram]]&lt;sub&gt;{8/3}&lt;/sub&gt; that [[W:Winding number|winds three times]] around the 16-cell and visits every vertex before closing into a loop. Its eight {{radic|2}} edges are chords of an ''isocline'', a helical geodesic on which the 8 vertices circle during an isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|An isocline is a circle of special kind corresponding to a pair of [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]]s linked in a [[W:Möbius loop|Möbius loop]]. It curves through four dimensions instead of just two. All ordinary circles have a 2𝝅 circumference, but the 16-cell's isocline is a circle with an 4𝝅 circumference (over eight 90° chords). An isocline is a circle that does not lie in a plane, but to avoid confusion we always refer to it as an ''isocline'' and reserve the term ''circle'' for an ordinary circle in the plane.|name=Möbius circle}} All eight 16-cell vertices are {{radic|2}} apart except for opposite (antipodal) vertices, which are {{radic|4}} apart. A vertex moving on the isocline visits three other vertices that are {{radic|2}} apart before reaching the fourth vertex that is {{radic|4}} away.{{Efn|In the 16-cell, two antipodal vertices are opposite vertices of two face-bonded tetrahedral cells. The two antipodal vertices are connected by (three different) two-edge great circle paths along edges of the tetrahedral cells, by various three-edge paths, and by four-edge paths on isoclines and Petrie polygons. {{Efn|name=Möbius circle}}|name=isocline}}

The eight-cell ring is [[W:Chiral|chiral]]: there is a right-handed form which spirals clockwise, and a left-handed form which spirals counterclockwise. The 16-cell contains one of each, so it also contains a left and a right isocline; the isocline is the circular axis around which the eight-cell ring twists. Each isocline visits all eight vertices of the 16-cell.{{Efn|In the 16-cell each ''single'' isocline winds through all 8 vertices: an entire [[W:Hopf fibration|fibration]] of two completely orthogonal great squares.{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} The 5-cell and the 16-cell are the only regular 4-polytopes where each discrete fibration has just one isocline fiber.{{Efn|Except in the 5-cell and 16-cell,{{Efn|name=two special cases}} a pair of left and right isocline circles have disjoint vertices: the left and right isocline helices are non-intersecting parallels but counter-rotating, forming a special kind of double helix which cannot occur in three dimensions (where counter-rotating helices of the same radius must intersect).|name=counter-rotating double helix}}|name=each 16-cell isocline reaches all 8 vertices}} Each eight-cell ring contains half of the 16 cells, but all 8 vertices; the two rings share the vertices, as they nest into each other and fit together. They also share the 24 edges, though left and right octagram helices are different eight-edge paths.{{Efn|The left and right isoclines intersect each other at every vertex. They are different sequences of the same set of 8 vertices. With respect only to the set of 4 vertex pairs which are {{radic|2}} apart, they can be considered to be Clifford parallel. With respect only to the set of 4 vertex pairs which are {{radic|4}} apart, they can be considered to be completely orthogonal.{{Efn|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}}}}

Because there are three pairs of completely orthogonal great squares,{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} there are three congruent ways to compose a 16-cell from two eight-cell rings. The 16-cell contains three left-right pairs of eight-cell rings in different orientations, with each cell ring containing its axial isocline.{{Efn|name=only one disjoint pair of eight-cell rings}} Each left-right pair of isoclines is the track of a left-right pair of distinct isoclinic rotations: the rotations in one pair of completely orthogonal invariant planes of rotation.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel great squares}} At each vertex, there are three great squares and six octagram isoclines that cross at the vertex and share a 16-cell axis chord.{{Efn|This is atypical for isoclinic rotations generally; normally both the left and right isoclines do not occur at the same vertex: there are two disjoint sets of vertices reachable only by the left or right rotation respectively.{{Efn|name=counter-rotating double helix}} The left and right isoclines of the 16-cell form a very special double helix: unusual not just because it is circular, but because its different left and right helices twist around each other through the ''same set'' of antipodal vertices,{{Efn|name=each 16-cell isocline reaches all 8 vertices}} not through the two ''disjoint subsets'' of antipodal vertices, as the isocline pairs do in most isoclinic rotations.{{Efn|For another example of the left and right isoclines of a rotation visiting the same set of vertices, see the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|characteristic isoclinic rotation of the 5-cell]]. Although in these two special cases left and right isoclines of the same rotation visit the same set of vertices, they still take very different rotational paths because they visit the same vertices in different sequences.|name=two special cases}} Isoclinic rotations in completely orthogonal invariant planes are special.{{Efn|Each great square plane is isoclinic (Clifford parallel) to five other square planes but completely orthogonal to only one of them. Every pair of completely orthogonal planes has Clifford parallel great circles, but not all Clifford parallel great circles are orthogonal. There is also another way in which completely orthogonal planes are in a distinguished category of Clifford parallel planes: they are not [[W:Chiral|chiral]]. A pair of isoclinic (Clifford parallel) planes is either a ''left pair'' or a ''right pair'' unless they are separated by two angles of 90° (completely orthogonal planes) or 0° (coincident planes).{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=7-8|loc=§&amp;nbsp;6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; Left and Right Pairs of Isoclinic Planes.}} Most isoclinic planes are brought together only by a left isoclinic rotation or a right isoclinic rotation, respectively. Completely orthogonal planes are special: the pair of planes is both a left and a right pair, so either a left or a right isoclinic rotation will bring them together. Because planes separated by a 90° isoclinic rotation are 90° apart in two orthogonal angles, the plane to the ''left'' and the plane to the ''right'' are the same plane.{{Efn|name=exchange of completely orthogonal planes}}|name=completely orthogonal Clifford parallels are special}} To see how and why they are special, visualize two completely orthogonal invariant planes of rotation, each rotating by some rotation angle and tilting sideways by the same rotation angle into a different plane entirely.{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}} Only when the rotation angle is 90°, that different plane in which the tilting invariant plane lands will be the completely orthogonal invariant plane itself. The destination plane of the rotation is the completely orthogonal invariant plane. The 90° isoclinic rotation is the only rotation which takes the completely orthogonal invariant planes to each other.{{Efn|name=exchange of completely orthogonal planes}} This reciprocity is the reason both left and right rotations go to the same place.}}

=== As a configuration ===
This [[W:Regular 4-polytope#As configurations|configuration matrix]] represents the 16-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 16-cell. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element.

&lt;math&gt;\begin{bmatrix}\begin{matrix}8 &amp; 6 &amp; 12 &amp; 8 \\ 2 &amp; 24 &amp; 4 &amp; 4 \\ 3 &amp; 3 &amp; 32 &amp; 2 \\ 4 &amp; 6 &amp; 4 &amp; 16 \end{matrix}\end{bmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;

== Tessellations ==
One can [[W:Tessellation|tessellate]] 4-dimensional [[W:Euclidean space|Euclidean space]] by regular 16-cells. This is called the [[W:16-cell honeycomb|16-cell honeycomb]] and has [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4,3}. Hence, the 16-cell has a [[W:Dihedral angle|dihedral angle]] of 120°.{{sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=293}} Each 16-cell has 16 neighbors with which it shares a tetrahedron, 24 neighbors with which it shares only an edge, and 72 neighbors with which it shares only a single point. Twenty-four 16-cells meet at any given vertex in this tessellation.

The dual tessellation, the [[W:24-cell honeycomb|24-cell honeycomb]], {3,4,3,3}, is made of regular [[24-cell]]s. Together with the [[W:Tesseractic honeycomb|tesseractic honeycomb]] {4,3,3,4} these are the only three [[W:List of regular polytopes#Tessellations of Euclidean 4-space|regular tessellations]] of '''R'''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;.

== Projections ==
{{B4 Coxeter plane graphs|t3|150}}

[[File:Orthogonal projection envelopes 16-cell.png|thumb|Projection envelopes of the 16-cell. (Each cell is drawn with different color faces, inverted cells are undrawn)]]

The cell-first parallel projection of the 16-cell into 3-space has a [[W:cube|cubical]] envelope. The closest and farthest cells are projected to inscribed tetrahedra within the cube, corresponding with the two possible ways to inscribe a regular tetrahedron in a cube. Surrounding each of these tetrahedra are 4 other (non-regular) tetrahedral volumes that are the images of the 4 surrounding tetrahedral cells, filling up the space between the inscribed tetrahedron and the cube. The remaining 6 cells are projected onto the square faces of the cube. In this projection of the 16-cell, all its edges lie on the faces of the cubical envelope.

The cell-first perspective projection of the 16-cell into 3-space has a [[W:triakis tetrahedron|triakis tetrahedral]] envelope. The layout of the cells within this envelope are analogous to that of the cell-first parallel projection.

The vertex-first parallel [[W:Graphical projection|projection]] of the 16-cell into 3-space has an [[W:octahedron|octahedral]] [[W:projection envelope|envelope]]. This octahedron can be divided into 8 tetrahedral volumes, by cutting along the coordinate planes. Each of these volumes is the image of a pair of cells in the 16-cell. The closest vertex of the 16-cell to the viewer projects onto the center of the octahedron.

Finally the edge-first parallel projection has a shortened octahedral envelope, and the face-first parallel projection has a [[W:hexagonal bipyramid]]al envelope.

== 4 sphere Venn diagram ==
A 3-dimensional projection of the 16-cell and 4 intersecting spheres (a [[W:Venn diagram|Venn diagram]] of 4 sets) are [[W:topology|topologically]] equivalent.

{|
|-
|
{{multiple image
 | align = left  | total_width = 700
 | image1 = 4 spheres, cell 00, solid.png
 | image2 = 4 spheres, weight 1, solid.png
 | image3 = 4 spheres, weight 2, solid.png
 | image4 = 4 spheres, weight 3, solid.png
 | image5 = 4 spheres, cell 15, solid.png
 | footer = The 16 cells ordered by number of intersecting spheres (from 0 to 4) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;small&gt;(see all [[commons:Category:Venn diagrams rgby; single cells|cells]] and [[v:Tesseract and 16-cell faces|''k''-faces]])&lt;/small&gt;
}}
|
{{multiple image
 | align = right  | total_width = 290
 | image1 = 4 spheres as rings, vertical.png
 | image2 = Stereographic polytope 16cell.png
 | footer = 4 sphere Venn diagram and 16-cell projection in the same orientation
}}
|}

== Symmetry constructions ==
The 16-cell's [[W:Coxeter group|symmetry group]] is denoted [[W:B4 polytope|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]].

There is a lower symmetry form of the ''16-cell'', called a '''demitesseract''' or '''4-demicube''', a member of the [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercube]] family.{{Sfn|Conway, Burgiel &amp; Goodman-Strauss|2008| loc=Chapter 26. Hemicubes: 1&lt;sub&gt;n1&lt;/sub&gt; | p=409 }} It is represented by h{4,3,3} and [[W:Coxeter diagram|Coxeter diagram]]s {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h1|4|node|3|node|3|node}} or {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|nodes_10ru|split2|node|3|node}}. It can be drawn bicolored with alternating [[W:tetrahedron|tetrahedral]] cells.

It can also be seen in lower symmetry form as a '''tetrahedral antiprism''', constructed by 2 parallel [[W:tetrahedron|tetrahedra]] in dual configurations, connected by 8 (possibly elongated) tetrahedra. It is represented by s{2,4,3}, and Coxeter diagram: {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|2x|node_h|4|node|3|node}}.

It can also be seen as a snub 4-[[W:Orthotope|orthotope]], represented by s{2&lt;sup&gt;1,1,1&lt;/sup&gt;}, and Coxeter diagram: {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|2x|node_h|2x|node_h|2x|node_h}} or {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|2x|node_h|split1-22|nodes_hh}}.

With the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] constructed as a 4-4 [[W:Duoprism|duoprism]], the 16-cell can be seen as its dual, a 4-4 [[W:Duopyramid|duopyramid]].

{| class=wikitable
!Name
![[W:Coxeter diagram|Coxeter diagram]]
![[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]]
![[W:Coxeter notation|Coxeter notation]]
!Order
![[W:Vertex figure|Vertex figure]]
|- align=center
!Regular 16-cell
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}}
|{3,3,4}
|[3,3,4]||384
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|4|node}}
|- align=center
!Demitesseract&lt;br /&gt;[[W:Quasiregular polytope|Quasiregular]] 16-cell
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|nodes_10ru|split2|node|3|node}} = {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h1|4|node|3|node|3|node}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|split1|nodes}} = {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node_h0}}
|h{4,3,3}&lt;br /&gt;{3,3&lt;sup&gt;1,1&lt;/sup&gt;}
|[3&lt;sup&gt;1,1,1&lt;/sup&gt;] = [1&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;,4,3,3]||192
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node|3|node_1|3|node}}
|- align=center
!Alternated 4-4 [[W:Duoprism|duoprism]]
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|label2|branch_hh|4a4b|nodes}}
|2s{4,2,4}
|[[W:4,2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;,4|4,2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;,4]]||64
|
|- align=center
!Tetrahedral antiprism
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|2x|node_h|4|node|3|node}}
|s{2,4,3}
|[2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;,4,3]||48
|
|- align=center
!Alternated square prism prism
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|2x|node_h|2x|node_h|4|node}}
|sr{2,2,4}
|[(2,2)&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;,4]||16
|
|- align=center
!Snub 4-[[W:Orthotope|orthotope]]
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|2x|node_h|2x|node_h|2x|node_h}} = {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|2x|node_h|split1-22|nodes_hh}}
|s{2&lt;sup&gt;1,1,1&lt;/sup&gt;}
|[2,2,2]&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; = [2&lt;sup&gt;1,1,1&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;||8
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_h|2x|node_h|2x|node_h}}
|- align=center
!rowspan=6|4-[[W:Rhombic fusil|fusil]]
|- align=center
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|4|node|3|node|3|node}}
|{3,3,4}
|[3,3,4]||384
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|4|node|3|node}}
|- align=center
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|4|node|2x|node_f1|4|node}}
|{4}+{4} or 2{4}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;[[W:4,2,4|4,2,4]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; = [8,2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;,8]||128
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|4|node|2x|node_f1}}
|- align=center
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|4|node|3|node|2x|node_f1}}
|{3,4}+{ }
|[4,3,2]||96
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|4|node|3|node}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|4|node|2x|node_f1}}
|- align=center
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|4|node|2x|node_f1|2x|node_f1}}
|{4}+2{ }
|[4,2,2]||32
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|4|node|2x|node_f1}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|2x|node_f1|2x|node_f1}}
|- align=center
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|2x|node_f1|2x|node_f1|2x|node_f1}}
|{ }+{ }+{ }+{ } or 4{ }
|[2,2,2]||16
|{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_f1|2x|node_f1|2x|node_f1}}
|}

== Related complex polygons ==
The [[W:Möbius–Kantor polygon|Möbius–Kantor polygon]] is a [[W:Regular complex polytope|regular complex polygon]] &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;{3}&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|3node_1|3|3node}}, in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{C}^2&lt;/math&gt; shares the same vertices as the 16-cell. It has 8 vertices, and 8 3-edges.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1991|pp=30,47}}{{Sfn|Coxeter &amp; Shephard|1992}}

The regular complex polygon, &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;{4}&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|4|4node}}, in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{C}^2&lt;/math&gt; has a real representation as a 16-cell in 4-dimensional space with 8 vertices, 16 2-edges, only half of the edges of the 16-cell.  Its symmetry is &lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;[4]&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, order 32.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1991|p=108}}

{| class=wikitable width=320
|+ [[W:Orthographic projection|Orthographic projection]]s of &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;{4}&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; polygon
|- valign=top
|[[File:Complex polygon 2-4-4.png|160px]]&lt;br /&gt;In B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; [[W:Coxeter plane|Coxeter plane]], &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;{4}&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; has 8 vertices and 16 2-edges, shown here with 4 sets of colors.
|[[File:Complex polygon 2-4-4 bipartite graph.png|160px]]&lt;br /&gt;The 8 vertices are grouped in 2 sets (shown red and blue), each only connected with edges to vertices in the other set, making this polygon a [[W:Complete bipartite graph|complete bipartite graph]], K&lt;sub&gt;4,4&lt;/sub&gt;.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1991|p=114}}
|}

== Related uniform polytopes and honeycombs ==

The regular 16-cell and [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] are the regular members of a set of 15 [[W:B4 polytope|uniform 4-polytopes with the same B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; symmetry]]. The 16-cell is also one of the [[W:D4 polytope|uniform polytopes of D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; symmetry]].

The 16-cell is also related to the [[W:Cubic honeycomb|cubic honeycomb]], [[W:Order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb|order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb]], and [[W:Order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb|order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb]] which all have [[W:Hexagonal tiling honeycomb#Polytopes and honeycombs with tetrahedral vertex figures|octahedral vertex figures]].

It belongs to the sequence of  [[W:Order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb#Related polytopes and honeycombs|{3,3,p} 4-polytopes]] which have tetrahedral cells. The sequence includes three [[W:Regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytope]]s of Euclidean 4-space, the [[5-cell]] {3,3,3}, 16-cell {3,3,4}, and [[600-cell]] {3,3,5}), and the [[W:Order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb|order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb]] {3,3,6} of hyperbolic space.

It is first in a sequence of [[W:Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb#Quasuiregular honeycombs|quasiregular polytopes and honeycombs]] h{4,p,q}, and a [[W:Order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb#Quasiregular honeycombs|half symmetry sequence]], for regular forms {p,3,4}.

== See also ==
*[[24-cell]]
*[[W:4-polytope|4-polytope]]
*[[W:D4 polytope|D4 polytope]]

== Notes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes Notelist|wiki=W:}}

== Citations ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes Reflist|wiki=W:}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes Refs|wiki=W:}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/hex.htm hex], at [https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/home.htm Klitzing polytopes]
* [https://polytope.miraheze.org/wiki/Hexadecachoron Hexadecachoron], at [https://polytope.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page Polytope wiki]
* [http://hi.gher.space/wiki/Aerochoron Aerochoron], at [http://hi.gher.space/wiki/Main_Page Higher space]
* [https://www.qfbox.info/4d/uniform Uniform polychora (The tesseract/16-cell family)], at [https://www.qfbox.info/4d/index 4D Euclidean Space]

[[Category:Geometry]]
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{{CountryHeader|File:Germany (orthographic projection).svg|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany}}

{{HTitle|General Information}} 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. German is the official and predominantly spoken language in Germany. Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romani, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian and other Balkan languages, as well as Russian. 

{{HTitle|History of Audiology}}
The development of Audiology in Germany as a scientific discipline started in the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century. An important milestone was the publication by the German physicist and physician [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz Hermann von Helmholtz] entitled &quot;On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music&quot; in 1863. After World War II, Audiology was defined as a sub-discipline of Otorhinolaryngology. In 1949 the working group ADA („Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Audiologen“) was founded at the first conference of ENT physicians and expanded in 1973 by including Otology and Neurotology („[https://adano.hno.org Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutschsprachiger Audiologen und Neurootologen]“). The first chairman was [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Meyer_zum_Gottesberge Prof. Dr. Alf Meyer zum Gottesberge]. ADANO still exists as a working group of the German Society for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery ([https://hno.org Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V.]). In 1979, the subgroup AG-ERA („[http://ag-era.bplaced.net/wordpress/ Arbeitsgruppe Elektrische Reaktionsaudiometrie]“, working group electric response audiometry) was founded by Prof. Dr. Günter Stange in Hannover. At annual meetings of the AG-ERA the latest developments in objective audiometry are discussed.

In 1996, the German Society of Audiology ([https://dga-ev.com DGA, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie]) was founded in Münster as an independent interdisciplinary scientific association of experts who deal with hearing, hearing disorders, and their diagnosis, therapy, rehabilitation, and prevention. As a scientific society, the DGA promotes professional exchange, the further development of audiological standards, and networking among its members from medicine, natural sciences, engineering, education, psychology, and related disciplines. Today, the DGA has more than 600 society members. A detailed description of the development of Audiology in Germany is given in&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kießling|first=Jürgen|date=2021-08-01|title=Die Entwicklung der Audiologie - von Helmholtz bis heute|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388920300933|journal=Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik|series=Special Issue: Audiology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=238–253|doi=10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.08.003|issn=0939-3889}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{HTitle|Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss}}
Epidemiological data on the prevalence of hearing disorders in Germany are sparse. In 2017, a study conducted in two regions in Germany found hearing impairment in approximately 16% of adults when applying the WHO criterion of 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=von Gablenz|first=Petra|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Eckehardt|last3=Holube|first3=Inga|title=Prevalence of hearing loss in Northern and Southern Germany|journal=HNO|volume=65|pages=S130-S135|doi=DOI 10.1007/s00106-016-0318-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  The results  are in good agreement with other European studies and show differences to US American results. A 2022 study conducted in the city of Mainz and the neighboring Mainz-Bingen district reported a prevalence of 25.5% when applying the WHO criterion of 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hackenberg|first=Berit|last2=Döge|first2=Julia|last3=Lackner|first3=Karl J.|last4=Beutel|first4=Manfred E.|last5=Münzel|first5=Thomas|last6=Pfeiffer|first6=Norbert|last7=Nagler|first7=Markus|last8=Schmidtmann|first8=Irene|last9=Wild|first9=Philipp S.|date=2022-09|title=Hearing Loss and Its Burden of Disease in a Large German Cohort-Hearing Loss in Germany|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904723|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=132|issue=9|pages=1843–1849|doi=10.1002/lary.29980|issn=1531-4995|pmid=34904723}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In 2024 a self-report study on the prevalence and co-prevalence of the audiovestibular symptoms hearing loss, tinnitus and dizziness in the Pomerania region of Germany reported a weighted prevalence of 14.2% for hearing loss, 9.7% for tinnitus, and 13.5% for dizziness in the population of 8134 study participants. Prevalence increased with age and differed among the sexes. 28% of the study participants reported more than one symptom at once.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ihler|first=Friedrich|last2=Brzoska|first2=Tina|last3=Altindal|first3=Reyhan|last4=Dziemba|first4=Oliver|last5=Völzke|first5=Henry|last6=Busch|first6=Chia-Jung|last7=Ittermann|first7=Till|date=2024-07-31|title=Prevalence and risk factors of self-reported hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness in a population-based sample from rural northeastern Germany|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39085387|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=14|issue=1|pages=17739|doi=10.1038/s41598-024-68577-3|issn=2045-2322|pmc=11291685|pmid=39085387}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A population-based two-staged ‘screening’ and ‘follow-up’ newborn hearing screening program in North-Rhine, Germany and a hospital-based screening at a University Hospital was conducted for the 2007–2016 period. The 10-year coverage rate for these newborns was 98.7%, the referral rate after a failed two-step screening was 3.4%, and the lost-to-follow-up rate was 1% but no information on final diagnosis was provided.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thangavelu|first=Kruthika|last2=Martakis|first2=Kyriakos|last3=Feldmann|first3=Silke|last4=Roth|first4=Bernhard|last5=Herkenrath|first5=Peter|last6=Lang-Roth|first6=Ruth|date=2023-10-23|title=Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program: 10-Year Outcome and Follow-Up from a Screening Center in Germany|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2409-515X/9/4/61|journal=International Journal of Neonatal Screening|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=61|doi=10.3390/ijns9040061|issn=2409-515X|pmc=10594500|pmid=37873852}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{HTitle|Information About Audiology}}

=== Bachelor and Master courses in Audiology (audiologists) ===
Though the job title „Audiologist“ is not an officially protected professional title, it is usually used for people with an academic education on bachelor (B.Sc.) or master level (M.Sc.). There are two universities of applied sciences in Germany offering a bachelor program and two universities offering master courses. They are located in Oldenburg and Lübeck. In total, around 20 students finish their academic courses per year. In addition, a significant number of audiologists have primary education in physics, engineering and other related disciplines with appropriate individual training.

=== Services offered by Technical Audiologists ===
Technical audiologists work primarily in hospitals and specialized hearing clinics, where they support the diagnosis and treatment of hearing disorders under the supervision of an ENT physician. Their responsibilities include performing audiological assessments, conducting objective hearing measurements, assisting in the evaluation and follow-up of cochlear implant patients, and managing technical aspects of audiological equipment. They are also involved in the programming and technical support of cochlear implant systems, as well as patient counseling related to implant use and rehabilitation.

=== Services offered by Otolaryngologists ===
ENT doctors perform physical examination and all necessary audiometric tests for diagnosis of hearing loss. In particular, they perform subjective and objective tests in order to determine the cause and extent of hearing loss. Associated disorders such as Tinnitus, Hyperacusis nad vestibular disorders are also diagnosed by ENT specialists. When no causative treatment of hearing loss is available, Hearing Aids (HAs) are prescribed. The regulatory basis for hearing aid prescription is the Guideline for assistive devices (&quot;Hilfsmittelrichtlinie&quot;). Roughly, specific audiometric criteria for puretone tresholds and speech recognition have to be fulfilled in order to justify HA prescription. A comprehensive description of the process is given in &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoppe|first=Ulrich|last2=Hesse|first2=Gerhard|title=Hearing aids: indications, technology, adaptation, and quality control|journal=GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery|volume=16|doi=10.3205/cto000147. ISSN 1865-1011.}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Services offered by Hearing Aid Acousticians ===
Hearing Aid Acousticians (HAA) are non-academic craftsmen. Based on the prescription they select appropriate hearing aids and perform the HA fitting. Powers and duties are regulated by the &quot;[https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav#/switch/tocPane?_ts=1778415605193 Hörakustikermeisterverordnung]&quot;. As demanded by §30 in the Hilfsmittelrichtlinie the success of an HA provision is confirmed by an ENT doctor at the end of the trial period. Standard health insurance covers costs for hearing aids up to about 800 € per HA including otoplastic and fitting. 

=== Services offered by Pedagogical Audiologists ===
Pedagogical Audiologists (or: Educational Audiologists) have an academic qualification in special needs education and practical experience in teaching children who are deaf or hard of hearing. They should be qualified in a training programme in accordance with the BDH and BUDIKO standards ([http://www.b-d-h.de/images/pdf/Paedagogische_Audiologie_Neuauflage_Broschuere_2020_05_11.pdf &quot;Grundsatzpapier Pädagogische Audiologie&quot;]) (2020). Pedagogical audiologists carry out hearing and speech audiometry. They analyse test results and assess hearing, speech and communication behaviour to provide advice for parents and caretakers in (pre-)school environments. 

=== Services offered by Audiometrists ===
Hearing healthcare is primarily part of ENT doctors in cabinets. Audiometry is usually done by specialized nurses or audiometrists. Audiometrists have usually an education as medical technologist („Medizinischer Technologe, MTF“).{{HTitle|Scope of Practice and Licensing}}In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, ‘audiologist’ is not a [https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/684720/8bc3b06008858a32d0e500882afce792/WD-8-164-19-pdf-data.pdf regulated profession] and is not a legally protected professional title. Various professional groups with differing levels of education work in the field of audiology. In Germany, there are no recognition authorities for university degrees leading to unregulated professions. Applications for jobs on the labour market must be addressed directly to the employer. The employer in question decides on suitability at their own discretion. Potential employers include, for example, hospitals, doctors’ practices, hearing aid manufacturers and implant manufacturers.

In Germany, hearing aids are fitted by hearing aid specialists in specialized shops. Such a shop must always be run by a “Meister” hearing aid specialist. “Meister” hearing aid specialist is a regulated profession that requires the successful completion of the Meister’s examination in this skilled trade (see [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/hwo/HwO.pdf Handwerksordnung]). The requirements for obtaining the Meister craftsman qualification are set out in the Regulations on the Meister Craftsman Examination for the Hearing Aid Dispensing Trade ([https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav#/switch/tocPane?_ts=1778512158336 Meisterprüfungsordnung des Hörakustiker-Handwerks]). Typically, in the hearing aid dispensing trade, an apprenticeship is first completed, culminating in a journeyman’s examination. Passing the journeyman’s examination is usually a prerequisite for preparing for the Meister craftsman examination and subsequently sitting the examination. Employment in a specialist hearing aid shop is also possible without the journeyman’s certificate. In this case, the employee works under the professional supervision of a Meister craftsman. Self-employment, however, requires the acquisition of the Meister craftsman’s qualification. With regard to foreign qualifications, an equivalence assessment procedure can be initiated at the local Chamber of Crafts. Upon application, the Chamber of Crafts will assess whether the professional qualification obtained abroad is equivalent to the German master craftsman’s examination or the journeyman’s examination. The Chambers of Crafts provide advice prior to the application. The Chambers of Crafts then determine whether the qualification obtained abroad corresponds to the job profile of a German Meister hearing aid acoustician or that of a journeyman. Further training measures are also possible to address any specific gaps.

In Germany, a bachelor’s degree with a focus on audiology can currently be obtained at the Technical University of Lübeck ([https://www.th-luebeck.de/studium/studienangebot/studiengaenge/hoerakustik-bsc/uebersicht programme Hörakustik]) and Jade University of Applied Sciences in Oldenburg ([https://www.jade-hs.de/studiengang/hoertechnik-audiologie-bachelor/ Hearing Technology and Audiology programme]). Both programmes have a more technical and less clinical focus than audiology programmes abroad. They lead to the regulated higher education profession of Engineer – Hearing Technology and Audiology ([https://web.arbeitsagentur.de/berufenet/beruf/59373#ueberblick Ingenieur/in – Hörtechnik und Audiologie]).

Audiologists are included in the [https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/fileadmin/1_Rebrush_2022/a_Fachkraefte/PDF-Dateien/3_Visum_u_Aufenthalt/2024_Mangelberufe_DE.pdf list of shortage occupations in Germany] (see Group 226). In this list, audiologists are mentioned alongside speech therapists. Speech therapist (also known as a logopaedist) is a regulated profession in Germany.{{HTitle|Professional and Regulatory Bodies}}

=== Professional organizations within Audiology in Germany are: ===
·        Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie ([https://dga-ev.com/ DGA])

·        Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie ([https://hno.org/ DGHNO-KHC])

·        Berufs- und Fachverband Hören und Kommunikation ([https://www.b-d-h.de/ BDH])

·        Europäische Union der Hörakustiker ([https://www.euha.org/ EUHA])

·        Bundesinnung der Hörakustiker ([https://www.biha.de/ biha])

·        Dachverband für Technologen/-innen und Analytiker/-innen in der Medizin Deutschland ([https://dvta.de/mtf DVTA])

·        Berufsverband der Audiologie-Assistenten ([https://www.baa-audiologie.de/ BAA]){{HTitle|Ongoing audiology research}}Audiology research is done in clinics, in technical and psychological departments as well in biological departments at universities.  Scienitifc exchange is mainly organized by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie ([https://dga-ev.com/ DGA]) at annual conferences. The DGA comprises five working groups (&quot;Fachausschüsse&quot;) focusing on 

* Audiometry and Quality Assurance
* Hearing Aid Technology and Hearing Aid provision
* Pediatric Audiology
* Cochlear Implant Provision
* Neurotology and Vestibular System

Official publication organ of the DGA is the open access journal  [https://journals.publisso.de/de/journals/zaud/ Zeitschrift für Audiologie].

{{HTitle|Challenges, Opportunities and Notes}}Germany pioneered social health insurance in 1883 based on the social legislation of Otto von Bismarck. Today Germany's health system is strong and hearing healthcare is mainly covered by social insurance. Newborn hearings screening was established in 2009 and is completely covered by social insurance. Additionally, hearing diagnostics and therapy (including hearing aids and cochlear implants) are usually paid in total or partly by the statutory health insurance. However, several challenges remain. For example, according to the [https://www.ehima.com/sdc_download/4891/?key=q5tpwysll8pp68cia4r9mijpnpbh1i Euro Trak Germany survey in 2025], the adoption rate of hearing aids is only 47% of those with self-declared hearing loss and about 5.1% of the total population. {{HTitle|Audiology Charities}}The largest foundation for hearing research is the [https://kind-hoerstiftung.de/ KIND Hörstiftung]. According to its statutes, the KIND Hörstiftung aims to reduce the impact of hearing impairment and to foster full participation in social life of hearing impaired people. The foundation's instruments are funding of hearing research projects. Furthermore, it organizes a biennial interdisciplinary colloquium and awards a Foundation Prize for outstanding scientific work in the field of Audiology. Decisions regarding the allocation of funds are made by the Scientific Board and the Foundation Council.

There are several self-help groups for Tinnitus ([https://www.tinnitus-liga.de/ Deutsche Tinitus Liga, DTL]), hearing loss ([https://schwerhoerigen-netz.de/ Deutscher Schwerhörigenbund, DSB]) , and Cochlear Implants ([https://dcig.de/ Deutsche Cochlea Implantat Gesellschaft, DCIG]). The latter two groups combined their forces in [https://www.hoerverband.de/ Deutscher Hörverband].  {{HTitle|References}}
{{reflist}}


{{:Global Audiology/Authors-1|Ulrich Hoppe | https://de.linkedin.com/in/ulrich-hoppe-3397238b }}

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    <title>Talk:One man's look at concept</title>
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      <text bytes="1579" sha1="3j8cd79wg2l8xn3d0oqtkpi5x3x07n9" xml:space="preserve">== Items to process ==
1) [[W:Fuzzy concept]] should be linked. Potential fuzziness of a concept should perhaps be covered.

2) Operationalization should be covered. I need to clarify whether the result of an operationalization is also called concept (it could be one talks of conceptual level and operational level, but this implies the thing on the operational level is not a concept? Or is it just bad terminology and one should rather talk of vague level and operational level?). I vaguely remember I read about operationalization of the concept of suicide by Durkheim in Sociology by Calhoun et al., for the purpose of sociological research.

3) I could add a section for collocations. That is more of a lexicographical material, but it naturally leads to interesting questions and help tie down the concept of concepts. For instance, are there undefined concepts, are there primitive concepts, etc.

3.1) Add intuitive notion vs. intuitive concept[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intuitive+notion%2C+intuitive+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3].

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:42, 28 February 2025 (UTC)
: Expanded. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:16, 28 February 2025 (UTC)

== Говно ==

Пук [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28496-53|&amp;#126;2026-28496-53]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28496-53|talk]]) 17:04, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="1777" sha1="hezeqxl6nmdq95cfn2g1gkmfhr94vkv" xml:space="preserve">== Items to process ==
1) [[W:Fuzzy concept]] should be linked. Potential fuzziness of a concept should perhaps be covered.

2) Operationalization should be covered. I need to clarify whether the result of an operationalization is also called concept (it could be one talks of conceptual level and operational level, but this implies the thing on the operational level is not a concept? Or is it just bad terminology and one should rather talk of vague level and operational level?). I vaguely remember I read about operationalization of the concept of suicide by Durkheim in Sociology by Calhoun et al., for the purpose of sociological research.

3) I could add a section for collocations. That is more of a lexicographical material, but it naturally leads to interesting questions and help tie down the concept of concepts. For instance, are there undefined concepts, are there primitive concepts, etc.

3.1) Add intuitive notion vs. intuitive concept[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intuitive+notion%2C+intuitive+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3].

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:42, 28 February 2025 (UTC)
: Expanded. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:16, 28 February 2025 (UTC)

== Говно ==

Пук [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28496-53|&amp;#126;2026-28496-53]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28496-53|talk]]) 17:04, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== 5вгво5о5ыу ==

яоевеяоуряеуеыунны4е [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28496-53|&amp;#126;2026-28496-53]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28496-53|talk]]) 17:04, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-28496-53|~2026-28496-53]] ([[User_talk:~2026-28496-53|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Locpac|Locpac]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1421" sha1="b3su7c59opw12w1sovr7s5p4za0e9u3" xml:space="preserve">== Items to process ==
1) [[W:Fuzzy concept]] should be linked. Potential fuzziness of a concept should perhaps be covered.

2) Operationalization should be covered. I need to clarify whether the result of an operationalization is also called concept (it could be one talks of conceptual level and operational level, but this implies the thing on the operational level is not a concept? Or is it just bad terminology and one should rather talk of vague level and operational level?). I vaguely remember I read about operationalization of the concept of suicide by Durkheim in Sociology by Calhoun et al., for the purpose of sociological research.

3) I could add a section for collocations. That is more of a lexicographical material, but it naturally leads to interesting questions and help tie down the concept of concepts. For instance, are there undefined concepts, are there primitive concepts, etc.

3.1) Add intuitive notion vs. intuitive concept[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intuitive+notion%2C+intuitive+concept&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=en-2019&amp;smoothing=3].

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:42, 28 February 2025 (UTC)
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[[File:Sorbus torminalis Trunk and canopy.jpg|thumb|310px|The intracanopy of a Wild Service Tree, i.e. &lt;small&gt;''Torminalis glaberrima'' (Gand.) Sennikov &amp; Kurtto, ''Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn.'' 93: 32 (2017).&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
 
Most of my wiki contributions are made to [[:species:Main Page|Wikispecies]] where I'm an administrator, bureaucrat and interface admin,&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist (verify)]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; to the Swedish Wikimedia Chapter [[WMSE:|Wikimedia Sverige]] (WMSE) where I'm an administrator,&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://se.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Användare&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and as administrator and interface administrator at the Swedish version of [[wikivoyage:sv:Huvudsida|Wikivoyage]].&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://sv.wikivoyage.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

So far (May 12, 2026), I've made just over 392,200 edits to 153 of the Wikimedia sister projects&amp;nbsp;– the majority of them to Wikispecies and Wikidata. My global account information for all of Wikimedia can be found [[meta:Special:CentralAuth/Tommy Kronkvist|here]].

Swedish is my mother tongue&amp;nbsp;– even though I was born in Finland&amp;nbsp;– but I feel comfortable speaking and writing English and to some extent in German as well. Odd as it may seem, unfortunately I can't speak any Finnish even though I went to school there for a few years prior to moving to Sweden (see [[w:Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish-speaking population of Finland]] in Wikipedia). I've lived all over Sweden but nowadays reside in Uppsala, the fourth biggest city and former capital of Sweden.

I'm only the fourth generation named &quot;Kronkvist&quot;. My family name consists of two parts: ''kron'' – a short form of the Swedish word ''krona'' meaning 'crown', as in coronation crown or tree crown – and ''kvist'', meaning 'bough' or 'twig'. Hence the name ''Kronkvist'' refers to a twig in the canopy of a forest. I'm the fourth generation of Kronkvist's. Prior to that our family name was ''Mattus'': an oeconym meaning &quot;Matthew's Farm&quot;, dating back to at least 1637.
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      <parentid>2807816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T16:26:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amélie E. Pereira</username>
        <id>3042711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Main subjects */</comment>
      <origin>2808350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45810" sha1="4lqulhva7efs0l0x7vwespe4omfcsn1" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

=== Definition of living review ===
The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot;&gt;{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Why4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}&lt;/ref&gt;. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Why4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Why4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/&lt;/ref&gt;. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;, such as just transition. 

[[wikidata:Q33002955|Knowledge graphs]], a structured representation of knowledge in the form of a graph, linked together by relationships that encode explicit meanings between these entities, are very suitable for conducting living systematic reviews&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fotopoulou&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}&lt;/ref&gt;, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are &quot;on the rise&quot; (2025), but &quot;not yet ready for use&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The living review method relevant for just transition because it includes topic such as energy democracy which necessitate transdisciplinarity and consolidation of fragmented literature&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

===  Definitions of just transition : ===
* «a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society’. »&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}&lt;/ref&gt;.


The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
 
=== Definition of Procedural justice ===
Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation their consultation or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;. For example, the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.     

== Methodology ==

=== Wikidata and the semantic web ===&lt;!-- Add introduction to what wikidata is and how the triplet works in a pedagogical manner
 --&gt;

=== Database search ===
We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Keywords search
!Database
!Search date
!Filters
!Number of results
|-
|(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) 
|Web of Science (all databases, all dates)
|December 2025
|Document type: Review Article
|362
|}

=== Article screening ===
Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were 

* Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...)
* Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies, initiatives, cases, review notes, book review...)
* Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors or included justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions
* Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy
* Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper

=== Importing selected articles into Wikidata ===
To import the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in the database. Next we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the &quot;export to Wikidata QuickStatements&quot; function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata.

Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well  because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|&quot;Merge&quot; gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items.

=== Article classification through meta-data enrichement ===&lt;!-- Add : What is meta-data enrichement --&gt;

Existing review try to classify existing articles according to various criteria such as industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; We selected the most relevant properties in Wikidata to reflect these classifications : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe its geographical focus.

==== Main subjects ====
We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Qid
!Main topic
!Description
|-
|[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]]
|acceptability
|characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose
|-
|[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]]
|accountability
|concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making
|-
|[[d:Q421953|Q421953]]
|actor–network theory
|theory within social science
|-
|[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]]
|affordability
|
|-
|[[d:Q185836|Q185836]]
|age of a person
|time elapsed since a person was born
|-
|[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]]
|animal studies
|field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways
|-
|[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]]
|awareness
|state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns
|-
|[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]]
|blue carbon
|carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems
|-
|[[d:Q430460|Q430460]]
|capability approach
|economic theory
|-
|[[d:Q7569|Q7569]]
|child
|human between birth and puberty
|-
|[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]]
|civic engagement
|individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern
|-
|[[d:Q125928|Q125928]]
|climate change
|human-caused changes to climate on Earth
|-
|[[d:Q260607|Q260607]]
|climate change adaptation
|process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities
|-
|[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]]
|climate justice
|term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice
|-
|[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]]
|co-creation
|product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role
|-
|[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]]
|co-design
|approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders
|-
|[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]]
|coproduction
|product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role
|-
|[[d:Q11024|Q11024]]
|communication
|act of conveying intended meaning
|-
|[[d:Q177634|Q177634]]
|community
|social unit of human organisms who share common values
|-
|[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]]
|community choice aggregation
|alternative energy supply system
|-
|[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]]
|community energy
|delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects
|-
|[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]]
|community participation
|The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community
|-
|[[d:Q188843|Q188843]]
|cosmopolitanism
|ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality
|-
|[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]]
|decarbonization
|change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions
|-
|[[d:Q284289|Q284289]]
|deliberative democracy
|form of democracy focusing on consensus
|-
|[[d:Q7174|Q7174]]
|democracy
|form of government
|-
|[[d:Q552284|Q552284]]
|distributive justice
|concept of the socially just allocation of goods
|-
|[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]]
|diversity
|concept in sociology and political studies
|-
|[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]]
|ecological economics
|research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems
|-
|[[d:Q8134|Q8134]]
|economics
|social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
|-
|[[d:Q868575|Q868575]]
|empowerment
|providing increased autonomy
|-
|[[d:Q295865|Q295865]]
|ecosystem service
|benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems
|-
|[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]]
|energy citizenship
|involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions
|-
|[https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q131444737&amp;redirect=no Q131444737]
|community energy
|[redirection]
|-
|[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]]
|energy consumption
|amount of energy or power used
|-
|[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]]
|senior
|elderly person
|-
|[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]]
|energy democracy
|concept in environmental justice movement
|-
|[[d:Q192704|Q192704]]
|energy efficiency
|ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine
|-
|[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]]
|energy modeling
|process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them
|-
|[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]]
|energy policy
|policy addressing energy issues
|-
|[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]]
|energy poverty
|lack of access to modern energy services
|-
|[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]]
|energy production
|conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans
|-
|[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]]
|energy justice
|subconcept of economic equality
|-
|[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]]
|energy renovation
|building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used
|-
|[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]]
|energy security
|national security considerations of energy availability
|-
|[[d:Q837718|Q837718]]
|energy storage
|capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time
|-
|[[d:Q795757|Q795757]]
|energy transition
|long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems
|-
|[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]]
|environmental justice
|system of fairness
|-
|[[d:Q771773|Q771773]]
|fairness
|concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society
|-
|[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]]
|farming system
|method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics
|-
|[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]]
|food system
|all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population
|-
|[[d:Q4421|Q4421]]
|forest
|dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area
|-
|[[d:Q48277|Q48277]]
|gender
|social concept which distinguish the different gender categories
|-
|[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]]
|governance
|all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society
|-
|[[d:Q8458|Q8458]]
|human rights
|inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled
|-
|[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]]
|human rights violation
|act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights
|-
|[[d:Q103817|Q103817]]
|indigenous people
|first inhabitants of an area and their descendants
|-
|[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]]
|indigenous science
|indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method
|-
|[[d:Q770480|Q770480]]
|injustice
|quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes
|-
|[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]]
|interactional justice
|the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment
|-
|[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]]
|intersectionnality
|theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression
|-
|[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]]
|just transition
|Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy.
|-
|[[d:Q366139|Q366139]]
|legitimation
|the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group
|-
|Q3027857
|
|
|-
|Q59679511
|
|
|-
|Q43619
|
|
|-
|Q127514833
|
|
|-
|Q13023682
|
|
|-
|Q728646
|
|
|-
|Q3907287
|
|
|-
|Q9357091
|
|
|-
|Q265425
|
|
|-
|Q25107
|
|
|-
|Q442100
|
|
|-
|Q7249406
|
|
|-
|Q7257735
|
|
|-
|Q541936
|
|
|-
|Q6142016
|
|
|-
|Q10509953
|
|
|-
|Q12705
|
|
|-
|Q56510941
|
|
|-
|Q1165392
|
|
|-
|Q4414036
|
|
|-
|Q17152351
|
|
|-
|Q187588
|
|
|-
|Q264892
|
|
|-
|Q34749
|
|
|-
|Q2930198
|
|
|-
|Q125359881
|
|
|-
|Q219416
|
|
|-
|Q131201
|
|
|-
|Q7649586
|
|
|-
|Q69883
|
|
|-
|Q920600
|
|
|-
|Q3376054
|
|
|-
|Q107389921
|
|
|-
|Q7981051
|
|
|-
|Q467
|
|
|-
|Q188867
|
|
|-
|Q1038171
|
|
|}
&lt;!-- include all below items using the wikidata link template
 --&gt;

Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords.

==== Study types ====
Our review included only litterature reviews. We first read abstracts to identify all the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/?item=Q2412849&amp;property=P279&amp;mode=reverse different types of litterature reviews] present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. The types of reviews were : 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Qid
!Study type
!Description
|-
|[[d:Q603441|Q603441]]
|bibliometrics
|statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles
|-
|[[d:Q472342|Q472342]]
|scientometrics
|study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation
|-
|[[d:Q815382|Q815382]]
|meta-analysis
|statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources
|-
|[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]]
|systematic review
|publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic
|-
|[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]]
|literature review
|process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic
|-
|[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]]
|meta-regression
|statistical tool used in meta-analyses
|-
|[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]]
|realist evaluation
|[...]
|-
|[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]]
|combinatorial meta-analysis 
|[...]
|-
|[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]]
|network meta-analysis
|meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions
|-
|[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]]
|scoping review
|search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry
|-
|[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]]
|narrative review
|type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis
|-
|[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]]
|conceptual review
|academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature
|-
|[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]]
|critical review
|type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research
|-
|[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]]
|integrative literature review
|type of literature review
|-
|[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]]
|narrative review
|type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis
|}&lt;!-- include all below items using the wikidata link template
 --&gt;
[Include list and description of types of litterature reviews]

Then, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} of each articles based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation.

==== Research site ====
When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article &quot;{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}&quot; focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}.

==== Results ====
[insert table about the sample]

=== Knowledge modelling ===
Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In the present study, we explored how concept map can be used to model the knowledge present in the paper we selected. 

[define knowledge modelling]

==== Conceptual modelling ====
We first reflected on what kind of wikidata properties could be used to represent concepts and theories in wikidata. Capturing the content of a concept is not straightforward and there are various approaches coming from psychology and philosophy on the matter&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}&lt;/ref&gt; we summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them.
* Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}...
* Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}}.
* Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}.
* Essence: the content of a concept is &quot;something&quot; deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can create it before really knowing what all its properties will be.
* Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}.

==== Thematic networks ====
[[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|547x547px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: Attride-Stirling 2001)]]
A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes.   

Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding (e.g. grounded theory) to identify themes and sub-themes.   

However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified.  

*

==== Causal networks ====
The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about &quot;[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can &quot;feedback&quot; (two variables can influence each other)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships:
* {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}
* {{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}
* {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}
* {{Wikidata entity link|P1479}} : it is difficult to identify single causes for social phenomenons, many factors having an effect on the subject item will likely be contributing factors

==== Modelling concepts ====
To model concepts related to just transition. We read the selected papers and used them as source to build a knowledge graph in wikidata. For example, the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} mention &quot;Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}&lt;/ref&gt;, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}}, using the paper as source.

Challenges :
*{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}: concepts have a dual nature because they designate at the same time an idea and the entity that this idea represent.
* {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}: concepts do not have goals in themselves, but the reality they represent can have goals
* wikidata current items are not really suited to model &quot;meta-research&quot; statements. For example, modelling the idea tha the literature on energy democracy is fragmented would require creating an item representing the energy democracy literature, not just energy democracy in general. Similarly, it can be difficult to model the chronological evolution of the definition of an idea (although it could be technically possible).
* To distinguish the causes of the concepts/discourses and the causes of the phenomenon itself, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movements promoting it.
* To distinguish goals from the process to reach it, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes.
* Wikidata does not seem to be the best tool to model quantitative statements, for example, the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that &quot;9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources&quot;. Including energy data in Wikidata require using or creating specific properties (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}})
*

=== Writing ===
To cite articles we used the [[Template:Cite Q|Cite Q template.]] Each reference is an item in Wikidata and the template retrieve the necessary data to generate the citation references below.

== Data == 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title
|-
| [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review
|-
| [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review
|-
| [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review
|-
| [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter?
|-
| [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset.
|-
| [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies?
|-
| [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection
|-
| [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development
|-
| [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research
|-
| [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition
|-
| [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning
|-
| [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review
|-
| [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view
|-
| [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory
|-
| [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries
|-
| [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review
|-
| [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies
|-
| [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes
|-
| [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation
|-
| [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives
|-
| [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies
|-
| [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda
|-
| [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?
|-
| [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review
|-
| [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research
|-
| [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape
|-
| [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models
|-
| [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review
|-
| [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation
|-
| [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings
|-
| [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda
|-
| [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review
|-
| [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework
|-
| [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende
|-
| [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa
|-
| [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities
|-
| [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion
|-
| [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review
|-
| [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights
|-
| [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review
|-
| [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations
|-
| [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance
|-
| [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review
|-
| [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice
|-
| [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice
|-
| [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review
|-
| [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review
|-
| [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions
|-
| [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition
|-
| [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy
|-
| [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends
|-
| [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience
|}


== References ==
{{References}}</text>
      <sha1>4lqulhva7efs0l0x7vwespe4omfcsn1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808501</id>
      <parentid>2808350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T11:23:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeanne Noiraud</username>
        <id>1366702</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Modelling concepts */</comment>
      <origin>2808501</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45929" sha1="b0wa6x2nma7wd7jwp4bpk85bo1f6nxu" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

=== Definition of living review ===
The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot;&gt;{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Why4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}&lt;/ref&gt;. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Why4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Why4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/&lt;/ref&gt;. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;, such as just transition. 

[[wikidata:Q33002955|Knowledge graphs]], a structured representation of knowledge in the form of a graph, linked together by relationships that encode explicit meanings between these entities, are very suitable for conducting living systematic reviews&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fotopoulou&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}&lt;/ref&gt;, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are &quot;on the rise&quot; (2025), but &quot;not yet ready for use&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The living review method relevant for just transition because it includes topic such as energy democracy which necessitate transdisciplinarity and consolidation of fragmented literature&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

===  Definitions of just transition : ===
* «a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society’. »&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}&lt;/ref&gt;.


The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
 
=== Definition of Procedural justice ===
Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation their consultation or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;. For example, the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.     

== Methodology ==

=== Wikidata and the semantic web ===&lt;!-- Add introduction to what wikidata is and how the triplet works in a pedagogical manner
 --&gt;

=== Database search ===
We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Keywords search
!Database
!Search date
!Filters
!Number of results
|-
|(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) 
|Web of Science (all databases, all dates)
|December 2025
|Document type: Review Article
|362
|}

=== Article screening ===
Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were 

* Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...)
* Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies, initiatives, cases, review notes, book review...)
* Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors or included justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions
* Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy
* Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper

=== Importing selected articles into Wikidata ===
To import the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in the database. Next we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the &quot;export to Wikidata QuickStatements&quot; function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata.

Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well  because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|&quot;Merge&quot; gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items.

=== Article classification through meta-data enrichement ===&lt;!-- Add : What is meta-data enrichement --&gt;

Existing review try to classify existing articles according to various criteria such as industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; We selected the most relevant properties in Wikidata to reflect these classifications : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe its geographical focus.

==== Main subjects ====
We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Qid
!Main topic
!Description
|-
|[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]]
|acceptability
|characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose
|-
|[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]]
|accountability
|concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making
|-
|[[d:Q421953|Q421953]]
|actor–network theory
|theory within social science
|-
|[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]]
|affordability
|
|-
|[[d:Q185836|Q185836]]
|age of a person
|time elapsed since a person was born
|-
|[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]]
|animal studies
|field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways
|-
|[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]]
|awareness
|state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns
|-
|[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]]
|blue carbon
|carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems
|-
|[[d:Q430460|Q430460]]
|capability approach
|economic theory
|-
|[[d:Q7569|Q7569]]
|child
|human between birth and puberty
|-
|[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]]
|civic engagement
|individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern
|-
|[[d:Q125928|Q125928]]
|climate change
|human-caused changes to climate on Earth
|-
|[[d:Q260607|Q260607]]
|climate change adaptation
|process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities
|-
|[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]]
|climate justice
|term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice
|-
|[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]]
|co-creation
|product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role
|-
|[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]]
|co-design
|approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders
|-
|[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]]
|coproduction
|product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role
|-
|[[d:Q11024|Q11024]]
|communication
|act of conveying intended meaning
|-
|[[d:Q177634|Q177634]]
|community
|social unit of human organisms who share common values
|-
|[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]]
|community choice aggregation
|alternative energy supply system
|-
|[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]]
|community energy
|delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects
|-
|[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]]
|community participation
|The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community
|-
|[[d:Q188843|Q188843]]
|cosmopolitanism
|ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality
|-
|[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]]
|decarbonization
|change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions
|-
|[[d:Q284289|Q284289]]
|deliberative democracy
|form of democracy focusing on consensus
|-
|[[d:Q7174|Q7174]]
|democracy
|form of government
|-
|[[d:Q552284|Q552284]]
|distributive justice
|concept of the socially just allocation of goods
|-
|[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]]
|diversity
|concept in sociology and political studies
|-
|[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]]
|ecological economics
|research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems
|-
|[[d:Q8134|Q8134]]
|economics
|social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
|-
|[[d:Q868575|Q868575]]
|empowerment
|providing increased autonomy
|-
|[[d:Q295865|Q295865]]
|ecosystem service
|benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems
|-
|[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]]
|energy citizenship
|involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions
|-
|[https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q131444737&amp;redirect=no Q131444737]
|community energy
|[redirection]
|-
|[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]]
|energy consumption
|amount of energy or power used
|-
|[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]]
|senior
|elderly person
|-
|[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]]
|energy democracy
|concept in environmental justice movement
|-
|[[d:Q192704|Q192704]]
|energy efficiency
|ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine
|-
|[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]]
|energy modeling
|process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them
|-
|[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]]
|energy policy
|policy addressing energy issues
|-
|[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]]
|energy poverty
|lack of access to modern energy services
|-
|[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]]
|energy production
|conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans
|-
|[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]]
|energy justice
|subconcept of economic equality
|-
|[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]]
|energy renovation
|building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used
|-
|[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]]
|energy security
|national security considerations of energy availability
|-
|[[d:Q837718|Q837718]]
|energy storage
|capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time
|-
|[[d:Q795757|Q795757]]
|energy transition
|long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems
|-
|[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]]
|environmental justice
|system of fairness
|-
|[[d:Q771773|Q771773]]
|fairness
|concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society
|-
|[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]]
|farming system
|method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics
|-
|[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]]
|food system
|all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population
|-
|[[d:Q4421|Q4421]]
|forest
|dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area
|-
|[[d:Q48277|Q48277]]
|gender
|social concept which distinguish the different gender categories
|-
|[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]]
|governance
|all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society
|-
|[[d:Q8458|Q8458]]
|human rights
|inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled
|-
|[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]]
|human rights violation
|act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights
|-
|[[d:Q103817|Q103817]]
|indigenous people
|first inhabitants of an area and their descendants
|-
|[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]]
|indigenous science
|indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method
|-
|[[d:Q770480|Q770480]]
|injustice
|quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes
|-
|[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]]
|interactional justice
|the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment
|-
|[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]]
|intersectionnality
|theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression
|-
|[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]]
|just transition
|Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy.
|-
|[[d:Q366139|Q366139]]
|legitimation
|the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group
|-
|Q3027857
|
|
|-
|Q59679511
|
|
|-
|Q43619
|
|
|-
|Q127514833
|
|
|-
|Q13023682
|
|
|-
|Q728646
|
|
|-
|Q3907287
|
|
|-
|Q9357091
|
|
|-
|Q265425
|
|
|-
|Q25107
|
|
|-
|Q442100
|
|
|-
|Q7249406
|
|
|-
|Q7257735
|
|
|-
|Q541936
|
|
|-
|Q6142016
|
|
|-
|Q10509953
|
|
|-
|Q12705
|
|
|-
|Q56510941
|
|
|-
|Q1165392
|
|
|-
|Q4414036
|
|
|-
|Q17152351
|
|
|-
|Q187588
|
|
|-
|Q264892
|
|
|-
|Q34749
|
|
|-
|Q2930198
|
|
|-
|Q125359881
|
|
|-
|Q219416
|
|
|-
|Q131201
|
|
|-
|Q7649586
|
|
|-
|Q69883
|
|
|-
|Q920600
|
|
|-
|Q3376054
|
|
|-
|Q107389921
|
|
|-
|Q7981051
|
|
|-
|Q467
|
|
|-
|Q188867
|
|
|-
|Q1038171
|
|
|}
&lt;!-- include all below items using the wikidata link template
 --&gt;

Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords.

==== Study types ====
Our review included only litterature reviews. We first read abstracts to identify all the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/?item=Q2412849&amp;property=P279&amp;mode=reverse different types of litterature reviews] present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. The types of reviews were : 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Qid
!Study type
!Description
|-
|[[d:Q603441|Q603441]]
|bibliometrics
|statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles
|-
|[[d:Q472342|Q472342]]
|scientometrics
|study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation
|-
|[[d:Q815382|Q815382]]
|meta-analysis
|statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources
|-
|[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]]
|systematic review
|publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic
|-
|[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]]
|literature review
|process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic
|-
|[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]]
|meta-regression
|statistical tool used in meta-analyses
|-
|[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]]
|realist evaluation
|[...]
|-
|[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]]
|combinatorial meta-analysis 
|[...]
|-
|[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]]
|network meta-analysis
|meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions
|-
|[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]]
|scoping review
|search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry
|-
|[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]]
|narrative review
|type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis
|-
|[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]]
|conceptual review
|academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature
|-
|[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]]
|critical review
|type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research
|-
|[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]]
|integrative literature review
|type of literature review
|-
|[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]]
|narrative review
|type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis
|}&lt;!-- include all below items using the wikidata link template
 --&gt;
[Include list and description of types of litterature reviews]

Then, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} of each articles based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation.

==== Research site ====
When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article &quot;{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}&quot; focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}.

==== Results ====
[insert table about the sample]

=== Knowledge modelling ===
Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In the present study, we explored how concept map can be used to model the knowledge present in the paper we selected. 

[define knowledge modelling]

==== Conceptual modelling ====
We first reflected on what kind of wikidata properties could be used to represent concepts and theories in wikidata. Capturing the content of a concept is not straightforward and there are various approaches coming from psychology and philosophy on the matter&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}&lt;/ref&gt; we summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them.
* Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}...
* Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}}.
* Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}.
* Essence: the content of a concept is &quot;something&quot; deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can create it before really knowing what all its properties will be.
* Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}.

==== Thematic networks ====
[[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|547x547px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: Attride-Stirling 2001)]]
A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes.   

Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding (e.g. grounded theory) to identify themes and sub-themes.   

However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified.  

*

==== Causal networks ====
The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about &quot;[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can &quot;feedback&quot; (two variables can influence each other)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships:
* {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}
* {{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}
* {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}
* {{Wikidata entity link|P1479}} : it is difficult to identify single causes for social phenomenons, many factors having an effect on the subject item will likely be contributing factors

==== Modelling concepts ====
To model concepts related to just transition. We read the selected papers and used them as source to build a knowledge graph in wikidata. For example, the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} mention &quot;Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}&lt;/ref&gt;, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}}, using the paper as source.

Challenges :
*{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}: concepts have a dual nature because they designate at the same time an idea and the entity that this idea represent.
* {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}: concepts do not have goals in themselves, but the reality they represent can have goals
* wikidata current items are not really suited to model &quot;meta-research&quot; statements. For example, modelling the idea tha the literature on energy democracy is fragmented would require creating an item representing the energy democracy literature, not just energy democracy in general. Similarly, it can be difficult to model the chronological evolution of the definition of an idea (although it could be technically possible).
* To distinguish the causes of the concepts/discourses and the causes of the phenomenon itself, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movements promoting it.
* To distinguish goals from the process to reach it, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes.
* Wikidata does not seem to be the best tool to model quantitative statements, for example, the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that &quot;9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources&quot;. Including energy data in Wikidata require using or creating specific properties (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}})


Advantages : 

* Link toward unique identifiers for concepts, but also laws (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}})

=== Writing ===
To cite articles we used the [[Template:Cite Q|Cite Q template.]] Each reference is an item in Wikidata and the template retrieve the necessary data to generate the citation references below.

== Data == 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title
|-
| [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review
|-
| [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review
|-
| [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review
|-
| [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter?
|-
| [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset.
|-
| [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies?
|-
| [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection
|-
| [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development
|-
| [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research
|-
| [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition
|-
| [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning
|-
| [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review
|-
| [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view
|-
| [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory
|-
| [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries
|-
| [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review
|-
| [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies
|-
| [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes
|-
| [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation
|-
| [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives
|-
| [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies
|-
| [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda
|-
| [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?
|-
| [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review
|-
| [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research
|-
| [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape
|-
| [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models
|-
| [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review
|-
| [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation
|-
| [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings
|-
| [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda
|-
| [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review
|-
| [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework
|-
| [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende
|-
| [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa
|-
| [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities
|-
| [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion
|-
| [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review
|-
| [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights
|-
| [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review
|-
| [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations
|-
| [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance
|-
| [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review
|-
| [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice
|-
| [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice
|-
| [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review
|-
| [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review
|-
| [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions
|-
| [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition
|-
| [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy
|-
| [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends
|-
| [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience
|}


== References ==
{{References}}</text>
      <sha1>b0wa6x2nma7wd7jwp4bpk85bo1f6nxu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808502</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Amélie E. Pereira</username>
        <id>3042711</id>
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      <text bytes="46829" sha1="idduk5gtv44le49tklp45kdwmcxmiod" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

=== Definition of living review ===
The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot;&gt;{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Why4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}&lt;/ref&gt;. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Why4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Why4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/&lt;/ref&gt;. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research&lt;ref name=&quot;Why1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;, such as just transition. 

[[wikidata:Q33002955|Knowledge graphs]], a structured representation of knowledge in the form of a graph, linked together by relationships that encode explicit meanings between these entities, are very suitable for conducting living systematic reviews&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fotopoulou&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}&lt;/ref&gt;, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are &quot;on the rise&quot; (2025), but &quot;not yet ready for use&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The living review method relevant for just transition because it includes topic such as energy democracy which necessitate transdisciplinarity and consolidation of fragmented literature&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

===  Definitions of just transition : ===
* «a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society’. »&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}&lt;/ref&gt;.


The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
 
=== Definition of Procedural justice ===
Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation their consultation or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;. For example, the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.     

== Methodology ==

=== Wikidata and the semantic web ===&lt;!-- Add introduction to what wikidata is and how the triplet works in a pedagogical manner
 --&gt;

=== Database search ===
We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. 
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Keywords search
!Database
!Search date
!Filters
!Number of results
|-
|(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) 
|Web of Science (all databases, all dates)
|December 2025
|Document type: Review Article
|362
|}

=== Article screening ===
Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were 

* Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...)
* Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies, initiatives, cases, review notes, book review...)
* Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors or included justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions
* Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy
* Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper

=== Importing selected articles into Wikidata ===
To import the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in the database. Next we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the &quot;export to Wikidata QuickStatements&quot; function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata.

Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well  because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|&quot;Merge&quot; gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items.

=== Article classification through meta-data enrichement ===&lt;!-- Add : What is meta-data enrichement --&gt;

Existing review try to classify existing articles according to various criteria such as industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; We selected the most relevant properties in Wikidata to reflect these classifications : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe its geographical focus.

==== Main subjects ====
We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Qid
!Main topic
!Description
|-
|[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]]
|acceptability
|characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose
|-
|[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]]
|accountability
|concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making
|-
|[[d:Q421953|Q421953]]
|actor–network theory
|theory within social science
|-
|[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]]
|affordability
|
|-
|[[d:Q185836|Q185836]]
|age of a person
|time elapsed since a person was born
|-
|[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]]
|animal studies
|field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways
|-
|[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]]
|awareness
|state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns
|-
|[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]]
|blue carbon
|carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems
|-
|[[d:Q430460|Q430460]]
|capability approach
|economic theory
|-
|[[d:Q7569|Q7569]]
|child
|human between birth and puberty
|-
|[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]]
|civic engagement
|individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern
|-
|[[d:Q125928|Q125928]]
|climate change
|human-caused changes to climate on Earth
|-
|[[d:Q260607|Q260607]]
|climate change adaptation
|process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities
|-
|[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]]
|climate justice
|term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice
|-
|[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]]
|co-creation
|product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role
|-
|[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]]
|co-design
|approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders
|-
|[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]]
|coproduction
|product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role
|-
|[[d:Q11024|Q11024]]
|communication
|act of conveying intended meaning
|-
|[[d:Q177634|Q177634]]
|community
|social unit of human organisms who share common values
|-
|[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]]
|community choice aggregation
|alternative energy supply system
|-
|[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]]
|community energy
|delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects
|-
|[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]]
|community participation
|The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community
|-
|[[d:Q188843|Q188843]]
|cosmopolitanism
|ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality
|-
|[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]]
|decarbonization
|change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions
|-
|[[d:Q284289|Q284289]]
|deliberative democracy
|form of democracy focusing on consensus
|-
|[[d:Q7174|Q7174]]
|democracy
|form of government
|-
|[[d:Q552284|Q552284]]
|distributive justice
|concept of the socially just allocation of goods
|-
|[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]]
|diversity
|concept in sociology and political studies
|-
|[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]]
|ecological economics
|research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems
|-
|[[d:Q8134|Q8134]]
|economics
|social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
|-
|[[d:Q868575|Q868575]]
|empowerment
|providing increased autonomy
|-
|[[d:Q295865|Q295865]]
|ecosystem service
|benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems
|-
|[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]]
|energy citizenship
|involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions
|-
|[https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q131444737&amp;redirect=no Q131444737]
|community energy
|[redirection]
|-
|[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]]
|energy consumption
|amount of energy or power used
|-
|[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]]
|senior
|elderly person
|-
|[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]]
|energy democracy
|concept in environmental justice movement
|-
|[[d:Q192704|Q192704]]
|energy efficiency
|ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine
|-
|[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]]
|energy modeling
|process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them
|-
|[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]]
|energy policy
|policy addressing energy issues
|-
|[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]]
|energy poverty
|lack of access to modern energy services
|-
|[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]]
|energy production
|conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans
|-
|[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]]
|energy justice
|subconcept of economic equality
|-
|[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]]
|energy renovation
|building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used
|-
|[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]]
|energy security
|national security considerations of energy availability
|-
|[[d:Q837718|Q837718]]
|energy storage
|capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time
|-
|[[d:Q795757|Q795757]]
|energy transition
|long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems
|-
|[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]]
|environmental justice
|system of fairness
|-
|[[d:Q771773|Q771773]]
|fairness
|concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society
|-
|[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]]
|farming system
|method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics
|-
|[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]]
|food system
|all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population
|-
|[[d:Q4421|Q4421]]
|forest
|dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area
|-
|[[d:Q48277|Q48277]]
|gender
|social concept which distinguish the different gender categories
|-
|[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]]
|governance
|all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society
|-
|[[d:Q8458|Q8458]]
|human rights
|inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled
|-
|[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]]
|human rights violation
|act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights
|-
|[[d:Q103817|Q103817]]
|indigenous people
|first inhabitants of an area and their descendants
|-
|[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]]
|indigenous science
|indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method
|-
|[[d:Q770480|Q770480]]
|injustice
|quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes
|-
|[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]]
|interactional justice
|the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment
|-
|[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]]
|intersectionnality
|theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression
|-
|[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]]
|just transition
|Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy.
|-
|[[d:Q366139|Q366139]]
|legitimation
|the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group
|-
|[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]]
|living lab
|user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities
|-
|[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]]
|low income
|home with little money
|-
|[[d:Q43619|Q43619]]
|natural environment
|all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof
|-
|[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]]
|nature-positive
|global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030
|-
|[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]]
|non-human
|organism not in the genus Homo
|-
|[[d:Q728646|Q728646]]
|partnership
|arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests
|-
|[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]]
|policy making
|the act of developing policy
|-
|[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]]
|political theory
|class of theory
|-
|[[d:Q265425|Q265425]]
|postcolonialism
|academic discipline
|-
|[[d:Q25107|Q25107]]
|power
|ability to influence the behavior of others
|-
|[[d:Q442100|Q442100]]
|procedural justice
|fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources
|-
|[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]]
|project governance
|management framework
|-
|Q7257735
|
|
|-
|Q541936
|
|
|-
|Q6142016
|
|
|-
|Q10509953
|
|
|-
|Q12705
|
|
|-
|Q56510941
|
|
|-
|Q1165392
|
|
|-
|Q4414036
|
|
|-
|Q17152351
|
|
|-
|Q187588
|
|
|-
|Q264892
|
|
|-
|Q34749
|
|
|-
|Q2930198
|
|
|-
|Q125359881
|
|
|-
|Q219416
|
|
|-
|Q131201
|
|
|-
|Q7649586
|
|
|-
|Q69883
|
|
|-
|Q920600
|
|
|-
|Q3376054
|
|
|-
|Q107389921
|
|
|-
|Q7981051
|
|
|-
|Q467
|
|
|-
|Q188867
|
|
|-
|Q1038171
|
|
|}
&lt;!-- include all below items using the wikidata link template
 --&gt;

Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords.

==== Study types ====
Our review included only litterature reviews. We first read abstracts to identify all the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/?item=Q2412849&amp;property=P279&amp;mode=reverse different types of litterature reviews] present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. The types of reviews were : 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Qid
!Study type
!Description
|-
|[[d:Q603441|Q603441]]
|bibliometrics
|statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles
|-
|[[d:Q472342|Q472342]]
|scientometrics
|study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation
|-
|[[d:Q815382|Q815382]]
|meta-analysis
|statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources
|-
|[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]]
|systematic review
|publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic
|-
|[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]]
|literature review
|process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic
|-
|[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]]
|meta-regression
|statistical tool used in meta-analyses
|-
|[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]]
|realist evaluation
|[...]
|-
|[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]]
|combinatorial meta-analysis 
|[...]
|-
|[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]]
|network meta-analysis
|meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions
|-
|[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]]
|scoping review
|search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry
|-
|[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]]
|narrative review
|type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis
|-
|[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]]
|conceptual review
|academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature
|-
|[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]]
|critical review
|type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research
|-
|[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]]
|integrative literature review
|type of literature review
|-
|[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]]
|narrative review
|type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis
|}&lt;!-- include all below items using the wikidata link template
 --&gt;
[Include list and description of types of litterature reviews]

Then, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} of each articles based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation.

==== Research site ====
When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article &quot;{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}&quot; focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}.

==== Results ====
[insert table about the sample]

=== Knowledge modelling ===
Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In the present study, we explored how concept map can be used to model the knowledge present in the paper we selected. 

[define knowledge modelling]

==== Conceptual modelling ====
We first reflected on what kind of wikidata properties could be used to represent concepts and theories in wikidata. Capturing the content of a concept is not straightforward and there are various approaches coming from psychology and philosophy on the matter&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}&lt;/ref&gt; we summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them.
* Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}...
* Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}}.
* Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}.
* Essence: the content of a concept is &quot;something&quot; deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can create it before really knowing what all its properties will be.
* Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}.

==== Thematic networks ====
[[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|547x547px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: Attride-Stirling 2001)]]
A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes.   

Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding (e.g. grounded theory) to identify themes and sub-themes.   

However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified.  

*

==== Causal networks ====
The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about &quot;[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can &quot;feedback&quot; (two variables can influence each other)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships:
* {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}
* {{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}
* {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}
* {{Wikidata entity link|P1479}} : it is difficult to identify single causes for social phenomenons, many factors having an effect on the subject item will likely be contributing factors

==== Modelling concepts ====
To model concepts related to just transition. We read the selected papers and used them as source to build a knowledge graph in wikidata. For example, the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} mention &quot;Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}&lt;/ref&gt;, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}}, using the paper as source.

Challenges :
*{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}: concepts have a dual nature because they designate at the same time an idea and the entity that this idea represent.
* {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}: concepts do not have goals in themselves, but the reality they represent can have goals
* wikidata current items are not really suited to model &quot;meta-research&quot; statements. For example, modelling the idea tha the literature on energy democracy is fragmented would require creating an item representing the energy democracy literature, not just energy democracy in general. Similarly, it can be difficult to model the chronological evolution of the definition of an idea (although it could be technically possible).
* To distinguish the causes of the concepts/discourses and the causes of the phenomenon itself, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movements promoting it.
* To distinguish goals from the process to reach it, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes.
* Wikidata does not seem to be the best tool to model quantitative statements, for example, the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that &quot;9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources&quot;. Including energy data in Wikidata require using or creating specific properties (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}})


Advantages : 

* Link toward unique identifiers for concepts, but also laws (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}})

=== Writing ===
To cite articles we used the [[Template:Cite Q|Cite Q template.]] Each reference is an item in Wikidata and the template retrieve the necessary data to generate the citation references below.

== Data == 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title
|-
| [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review
|-
| [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review
|-
| [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review
|-
| [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter?
|-
| [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset.
|-
| [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies?
|-
| [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection
|-
| [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development
|-
| [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research
|-
| [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition
|-
| [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning
|-
| [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review
|-
| [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view
|-
| [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory
|-
| [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries
|-
| [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review
|-
| [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies
|-
| [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes
|-
| [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation
|-
| [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives
|-
| [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies
|-
| [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda
|-
| [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?
|-
| [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review
|-
| [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research
|-
| [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape
|-
| [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models
|-
| [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review
|-
| [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation
|-
| [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings
|-
| [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda
|-
| [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review
|-
| [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework
|-
| [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende
|-
| [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa
|-
| [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities
|-
| [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion
|-
| [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review
|-
| [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights
|-
| [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review
|-
| [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations
|-
| [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance
|-
| [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions
|-
| [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review
|-
| [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice
|-
| [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice
|-
| [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review
|-
| [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review
|-
| [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions
|-
| [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition
|-
| [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy
|-
| [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends
|-
| [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience
|}


== References ==
{{References}}</text>
      <sha1>idduk5gtv44le49tklp45kdwmcxmiod</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Dc.samizdat/Golden chords of the 120-cell</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
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      <id>2808407</id>
      <parentid>2808293</parentid>
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        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
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      <text bytes="45958" sha1="2tq1xjavjiekiiybhfezqxbuja4squr" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. 

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>2tq1xjavjiekiiybhfezqxbuja4squr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808408</id>
      <parentid>2808407</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T19:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
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      <comment>/* The 24-cell */</comment>
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      <text bytes="45940" sha1="5kv7kw8zwbt969sx45637l57qcn62ij" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. 

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>5kv7kw8zwbt969sx45637l57qcn62ij</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808409</id>
      <parentid>2808408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T19:06:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
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      <text bytes="45949" sha1="dstu8864vgqxfceifvvd376i0y2zwgn" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. 

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808452</id>
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      <text bytes="46181" sha1="rwhkj3rkezj3mo22krskkw6vpqtp9du" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
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|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;.{{Efn|The &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;-edge octagon has radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, which is also &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; of the unit-edge octagon.}}

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>rwhkj3rkezj3mo22krskkw6vpqtp9du</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808456</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
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      <text bytes="46115" sha1="gogeh2lxpi1c3dg6kkmv99i4w1suwdy" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;, and radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, which is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; of the unit-edge octagon.

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>gogeh2lxpi1c3dg6kkmv99i4w1suwdy</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808457</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
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      <text bytes="46127" sha1="e04ppmxaatl9sszdj9z50zlaninz7ak" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;, and radius

:&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

which was &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; of our original unit-edge octagon.

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>e04ppmxaatl9sszdj9z50zlaninz7ak</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808459</id>
      <parentid>2808457</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
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      <comment>/* The 8-point regular polytopes */</comment>
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      <text bytes="46097" sha1="k2ok4brksj4gcwycac7uh7x7grgpju2" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;, and radius

:&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;

which was &lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt; of our original unit-edge octagon.

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>k2ok4brksj4gcwycac7uh7x7grgpju2</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808460</id>
      <parentid>2808459</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
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      <text bytes="46117" sha1="m0nb2twvfcl0662c09sud6pd24qba34" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. The radius of this octagon is:

:&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;

which was &lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt; in our original unit-edge octagon.

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>m0nb2twvfcl0662c09sud6pd24qba34</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808461</id>
      <parentid>2808460</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
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      <text bytes="46139" sha1="ahjnrtazpknvburf04fk1k3ex7hndnp" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. The radius of this &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; octagon is:

:&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;

which was &lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt; in our original unit-edge octagon.

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>ahjnrtazpknvburf04fk1k3ex7hndnp</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808462</id>
      <parentid>2808461</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
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      <comment>/* The 8-point regular polytopes */</comment>
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      <text bytes="46117" sha1="m0nb2twvfcl0662c09sud6pd24qba34" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. The radius of this octagon is:

:&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;

which was &lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt; in our original unit-edge octagon.

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808463</id>
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      <text bytes="46108" sha1="9pkbv6wjyibomzvn65pukxvz4uor894" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. The radius of this octagon is:

:&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;

which was &lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt; in our original unit-edge octagon.

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>9pkbv6wjyibomzvn65pukxvz4uor894</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808464</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
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      <text bytes="46116" sha1="n7rv05f57nmvrqlp2xssv4vgfszm8b7" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Note that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length. Only the edges of the two disjoint squares lie parallel to the view plane, in completely orthogonal central planes.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. Note that the radius of this octagon is:

:&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;

which was &lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt; in our original unit-edge octagon.

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>n7rv05f57nmvrqlp2xssv4vgfszm8b7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808466</id>
      <parentid>2808464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T00:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The 8-point regular polytopes */</comment>
      <origin>2808466</origin>
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      <text bytes="46041" sha1="7imlfnmud8891gi5ij23okp4gxd05oi" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Note that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

[[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length, and none lie parallel to the view plane.]]

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 6 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have distinct sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. Note that the radius of this octagon is:

:&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} = r_2/\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{r_3} \approx 1.84776&lt;/math&gt;

which was &lt;math&gt;r_2&lt;/math&gt; in our original unit-edge octagon.

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of each 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the invariant planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane in a twisting displacment, as they tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once on separate circular [[w:Geodesic|geodesics]], displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. After 360° of rotation each vertex reaches its antipodal position.

The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle twice in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 6 chordal steps of 120° each rather than 8 chordal steps of 90° each.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Netherlands' Legal System</title>
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      <comment>/* 1. Sources of Netherlands Communication Law */</comment>
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== 1. Sources of Netherlands Communication Law ==
In the Netherlands, the goal of communications law is to balance the freedom of expression with the protection of privacy and property rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lawandmore.eu/blog/understanding-media-law-in-the-netherlands/|title=Understanding Media Law In The Netherlands|date=2025-11-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24|website=Law &amp; More Attorneys}}&lt;/ref&gt; The key principles of Dutch communications law are the freedom of expression, fair market competition, and the protection of people’s privacy and data.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Not only does national Dutch law apply and influence communications law, but so does international law. Dutch communications law governs internet services, data protection, government power, telecommunication networks, and more. This section will look into the governmental structure of the Netherlands and hierarchy of laws that govern communications law in the Netherlands.  

=== '''Governmental Structure and Key Governmental Bodies''' ===
The government in the Netherlands is made up of three main bodies consisting of a Monarch, the States General, and the Council of Ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=About the Government|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also more localized versions of governments. As a constitutional monarchy, the constitution governs, and the monarch has limited power in the Government. The monarch's power is largely ceremonial in nature. There are two houses in the Dutch parliament, the Senate (Eerste Kamer) and the House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.welcome-to-nl.nl/living-in-the-netherlands/politics-and-government|title=Politics and Government|website=Welcome to Netherlands|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The House of Representatives is regarded as the more important of the two houses because this house can introduce and propose legislation, as it has done with many communications laws, as well as amend bills. The Senate then approves or rejects bills.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=About the Government|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In both houses, members are elected. There are 150 members in the House of Representatives and 75 members in the Senate. &lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; 

In addition to the Dutch Parliament, the local governments are the next highest level of government and consist of local authorities. These authorities translate national policies, including communications policies, into forms appropriate for the needs of their regions. &lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; They exist in the 12 provinces in the Netherlands and are governed by municipal executives. These executives are chosen by the central government and a council whose members are elected every four years.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Regulatory Sources of Netherlands Communications Law''' ===
In the Netherlands, there are many supervisory and regulatory authorities that are in charge of overseeing compliance and enforcing requirements related to data protection and media.  

The Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens) is the Netherland’s national authority that is located in the Hague and enforces the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://noyb.eu/en/project/dpa/ap-netherlands|title=AP (The Netherlands) {{!}} noyb.eu|date=2023-12-14|website=Noyb|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main goal of the Dutch Data Protection Authority is to protect users’ privacy rights and to promote transparency between consumers and telecom companies.

The Dutch Media Authority (Commissariaat voor de Media) is the authority that is responsible for ensuring compliance with the Media Act 2008 for both commercial and national public media providers. The goal of this authority is to ensure that media remains diverse and accessible to all viewers, with the ultimate goal being to “support the freedom of information in [Dutch] society.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cvdm.nl/english-summary-dutch-media-authority/|title=English Summary Dutch Media Authority|work=Commissariaat voor de Media|access-date=2026-02-24|language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another goal of this authority is to promote fair competition between both public and private media providers.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch Media Authority is overseen by a Board of Commissioners and contains three members.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

The National Digital Infrastructure Inspectorate (RDI) has a main objective of ensuring that communication networks remain available and accessible to consumers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksinspecties.nl/over-de-inspectieraad/over-de-rijksinspecties/agentschap-telecom-at|title=National Inspectorate for Digital Infrastructure|website=Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur (RDI)|language=nl|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is done through the supervision of technical infrastructure, such as antennas and cabling, the oversight of network security, infrastructure to protect against cyber-attacks, and the supervision of devices. This includes devices such as smart home technologies and Wi-Fi routers to ensure they function properly and are not susceptible to hacking or digital security threats.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== '''International Source of Netherlands Communications Law: European Union (EU) Law''' ===
Currently, there are twenty-five member states in the European Union. These states cooperate in trade, social policy, and foreign policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.duke.edu/ilrt/int_orgs_5.htm|title=European Union|website=Duke Law|publisher=|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Netherlands have been a member of the EU since January 1, 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/netherlands_en|title=Netherlands|website=European Union|publisher=European Union|language=|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Netherlands have their own national laws, as a member-state, the Netherlands has considered and subsequently adopted many EU legislative proposals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=The Netherlands and Developments Within the European Union (EU)|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|publisher=|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the below.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;EU Electronic Communications Code (EECC)&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The Netherlands implemented the EECC on March 12, 2022, with practically all EECC implementation act provisions put into place (aside from a few e-privacy provisions).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.squirepattonboggs.com/our-expertise/services/regulation-risk-compliance/communications/european-electronic-communications-code-transposition-status/|title=European Electronic Communications Code – Transposition Status|date=July 23, 2025|website=Squire Patton Boggs|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This code applies to all electronic communications networks and services. One of the very important features of the EECC is its requirement for universal access to fundamental communication services and the affordability of these services. The EECC also focuses on protecting consumers when they communicate, either by text message, phone call, or email.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-electronic-communications-code|title=EU Electronic Communications Code|date=January 21, 2026|website=European Commission|publisher=|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is done primarily by ensuring tariff transparency, increasing emergency communications, providing for precise caller location, and ensuring equal access to electronic communications for users with disabilities.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The EECC’s key amendments include, but are not limited to:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.squirepattonboggs.com/our-expertise/services/regulation-risk-compliance/communications/european-electronic-communications-code-transposition-status/|title=European Electronic Communications Code – Transposition Status|date=July 23, 2025|website=Squire Patton Boggs|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* providing equal access for consumers and users, 
* giving access to the European emergency number, 
* widening telecommunications regulations, 
* establishing universal service requirements, and 
* specifying transparency requirements that providers must adhere to.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Digital Services Act (DSA)&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The DSA ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj/eng Regulation (EU) 2022/2065]) is an EU regulation that came into effect on November 16, 2022. In the Netherlands, the DSA has been implemented through what is known as the Implementation Act on the Digital Services Regulation (Uitvoeringswet Digitaledienstenverordening).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eversheds-sutherland.com/en/switzerland/insights/the-digital-services-act-in-the-netherlands|title=The Digital Services Act in the Netherlands|date=December 2, 2025|website=Eversheds Sutherland}}&lt;/ref&gt; This act creates rules for online providers such as providers for social media, internet, search engines, and marketplaces that typically store and utilize user information in some capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/about-the-ap/digital-services-act-dsa|title=Digital Services Regulation (DSA)|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP)|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main goals of the DSA are to protect user expression and information, increase user safety, and increase transparency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eversheds-sutherland.com/en/switzerland/insights/the-digital-services-act-in-the-netherlands|title=The Digital Services Act in the Netherlands|date=December 2, 2025|website=Eversheds Sutherland}}&lt;/ref&gt; To do this, some of the main articles of the DSA include:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deloitte.com/nl/en/services/legal/perspectives/legal-implications-of-the-digital-services-act.html|title=Legal implications of the Digital Services Act|date=November 22, 2023|website=Deloitte Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Requirements for transparency in ads and limiting advertising to minors based on profiling
* Requirements for online marketplaces to assess and stop risks involving services or products
* Requirements for publishing transparency reports 

The articles of the DSA are enforced in the Netherlands by the Authority for Consumers and Markets (Autoriteit Consument &amp; Markt). The ACM can impose fines and penalties if it finds a provider or platform that has violated the DSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eversheds-sutherland.com/en/switzerland/insights/the-digital-services-act-in-the-netherlands|title=The Digital Services Act in the Netherlands|date=December 2, 2025|website=Eversheds Sutherland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''National Sources of Netherlands Communications Law''' ===

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Grondwet)&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Netherlands, also known as the Grondwet, is the legal foundation of Netherlands law and is the highest legal authority in the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=About the Government|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy, where the powers of the Dutch monarch are defined and regulated by the Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/themes/monarchy|title=Monarchy|last=|first=|date=2016-01-14|website=Royal House of the Netherlands|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution was first written in 1814, but the version that currently governs is from 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=Constitution and Charter|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution emphasizes fundamental liberties such as the freedom of expression, the right to privacy, and the right to receive equal treatment. The Constitution also describes the organization of the Dutch government system.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''&lt;u&gt;National Statutory Sources&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
There have been two notable national statutes enacted by Parliament that govern and regulate the entirety of Netherlands communications law as described below. 

'''(1) Telecommunications Act (Telecommunicatiewet):''' The Dutch Telecommunications Act is the primary legislation that regulates telecommunication, including networks and public providers. The Act has authority over a broad range of communications networks and public communications services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stuff.coffeecode.net/www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/netherlands.php|title=Online Privacy Law: Netherlands|website=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; It mandates that providers protect personal data and information as well as requiring transparency from providers to adequately inform users of any security risks.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

'''(2) The Temporary Government Digital Accessibility Decree (tBDTO):''' The [https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0040936/2018-07-01 tBDTO] enforces the Dutch government’s Cabinet policy on accessibility, which requires government digital services to be accessible to all people such that no one is excluded from using online government platforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaleoverheid.nl/overzicht-van-alle-onderwerpen/digitale-inclusie/digitaal-toegankelijk/beleid/|title=Cabinet Policy on Accessibility|website=Netherlands Digital Government|language=nl-NL|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tBDTO requires that online platforms and apps comply with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), level A and AA.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This is done by ensuring that websites and apps have for example “sufficient color contrast in text, descriptive alt text for images, and the ability to operate functions with the keyboard.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;  Every government agency is tasked with meeting these requirements, and the Ministry of the Interior oversees compliance with them.

=== '''Provincial (Regional) Sources of Netherlands Communications Law''' ===
The Netherlands is a unitary state,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://euler.euclid.int/what-is-a-unitary-state-the-case-of-the-netherlands/|title=What is a Unitary State? The Case of the Netherlands.|last=|first=|date=2023-08-22|website=EFMU: The Euler-Franeker Memorial University and Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; meaning that there is a centralized telecommunications law framework rather than fragmented regional or provincial policies. As a result, national laws primarily govern the 12 provinces, leaving little room for independent regional communication regulations. Most provincial regulations consist of more limited aspects of Dutch telecommunications law such as permits or infrastructure planning. For example, certain provinces, including Utrecht and Gelderland, have enacted regulations concerning the construction of large cell towers and the locations of such towers.

=== Conclusion ===
In conclusion, communications law in the Netherlands is governed by multiple legal sources at different levels. European Union law has the most influential role, due to the Netherlands being a member state, as all of the Netherlands provinces are bound by EU directives and regulations. At the level below, national law also maintains a central role in regulating communications law throughout the country. As a result, regional authorities have much more limited powers, most often dealing with more localized issues that involves permits, zoning, and planning. Thus, communications law in the Netherlands is largely shaped and governed by EU and national law, with regional law serving a more limited and supportive role. 

== 2. Principles of Communication Law and Media ==

=== ACM Policies and Priorities ===
The Authority for Consumers &amp; Markets (Autoriteit Consument &amp; Markt) is the primary independent regulator in the Netherlands that executes statutory obligations on behalf of the government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do/mission-and-duties|title=Missions and Duties|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; Telecommunication networks and services must register with the ACM if that telecommunications service “provide[s] public electronic communications networks… provide[s] public electronic communication services” or constructs facilities that support either.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://business.gov.nl/regulations/requirements-telecom-providers/|title=Requirements for Telecom Providers|last=|first=|website=Netherlands Enterprise Agency|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ACM ensures there is fair competition between companies, enforces communications laws to protect consumers, and fines companies if they are not in compliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do|title=What We Do|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main goals of the ACM, which largely reflect the policy goals of Dutch communications law are described below.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Protecting Consumers&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
Consumer protection is essential and has been deemed a central policy goal by the ACM due to the Netherlands' extensive telecommunications coverage. More than 98% of citizens have access to 5G mobile service, and around 90% of homes have fibre internet available.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/netherlands-telecom-market|title=Netherlands Telecom MNO Market Size &amp; Growth Trends, 2031|date=2026-01-16|website=Mordor Intelligence|language=en|access-date=2026-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; To protect consumers and meet this goal, the ACM has developed a website to inform consumers of their rights and how to assert those rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do/mission-and-duties|title=Missions and Duties|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; The website is called the [https://www.consuwijzer.nl ConsuWijzer] and is devoted to informing consumers about their internet, phone subscriptions, terms and conditions, warranties for broken products, and answering questions regarding fibre optics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.consuwijzer.nl/|title=Information About Your Rights as a Consumer|last=|first=|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets|language=nl-NL|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also directly on the website, people can submit problems or issues to the ACM so that the ACM can review and resolve any issues, including legal issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do/mission-and-duties|title=Missions and Duties|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; When investigating the reports, the ACM utilizes a prioritization system where they prioritize the cases that have the highest economic harm and importance to society to ensure they solve the most impactful issues first.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do/our-powers|title=Our Powers|website=Authority for Consumers &amp; Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; During investigations to determine if a business has in fact violated any of the ACM's rules, such as if a company lacks appropriate data protection systems for consumers, the ACM officers are able to request such information from businesses, demand the requisite documents, raid homes or businesses, and take the data they need.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; However, privileged information between attorneys and clients stays privileged and will not be included in ACM investigations.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; One prominent ACM case occurred in March 2024 against Global Marketing Bridge B.V. due to misleading telephone sales calls for energy contracts. Customers were not being properly informed of the purpose of the call and were falsely misled by the company's sales representatives. Due to this deceptive practice, the business was fined €400,000. This fine was intended to ensure the safety of customers who were receiving these calls and to stop the company from continuing these deceptive sales practices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.taylorwessing.com/en/insights-and-events/insights/2025/02/most-notable-consumer-law-cases-acm-2024|title=Most notable consumer law cases ACM 2024|date=2025-02-28|website=www.taylorwessing.com|language=en|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Ensuring Fair Competition&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
Another main goal of the ACM is to ensure that there is fair competition between telecommunication companies. This is because “[f]air competition between businesses promotes innovation, improves quality, and lowers prices.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; To do this, the ACM has many requirements businesses must adhere to, such as requiring that they are notified when large businesses and corporations want to merge, so that they can assess the impact this will have on market competition and either allow or stop the merger from happening.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The ACM also investigates any illegal agreements and allows for consumers to notify the ACM of any issues regarding competition.

The ACM's objective of ensuring fair competition is especially crucial in the Netherlands. This is due to the fact that Dutch telecommunications is dominated by three major providers: VodafoneZiggo Group B.V (“Vodafone”), Odido Netherlands (“Odido”) and Koninklijke KPN N.V. (“KPN”).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/netherlands-telecom-market|title=Netherlands Telecom MNO Market Size &amp; Growth Trends, 2031|date=2026-01-16|website=Mordor Intelligence|language=en|access-date=2026-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; KPN is the leader in connectivity, with about a 40% broadband share (earning extra revenue from Towerco).&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Vodafone is widely popular but has recently lost around 31,000 broadband users in early 2025.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Odido, however, provides the fastest 5G speeds. Competition among these providers centers on improving network quality and offering strategic bundled services.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; These companies also exemplify the importance of the ACM's role in promoting fair competition and emphasize why this principle is so important to Netherland's communications law given the concentrated telecommunications market. 

=== '''Prominent Decisions and Cases''' ===
In 2021 a Dutch court upheld the ACM’s finding that Apple, a prominent technology company, had abused its power and “dominant position by imposing unfair conditions on providers of dating apps in the App Store.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/dutch-court-confirms-apple-abused-dominant-position-dating-apps-2025-06-16/|title=Dutch Court Confirms Apple Abused Dominant Position in Dating Apps|date=June 16, 2025|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court made clear that the ACM had correctly found that Apple had unfair payment terms for dating apps, requiring users to use Apple’s own system, and fined Apple 58 million Euros.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This reflects the Netherland's commitment to protecting consumers interests and rights against large companies.

In a separate dispute, the ACM fined LG Electronics Benelux Sales 8 million euros for illegal price-fixing agreements with large retailers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/publications/acm-fines-lg-illegal-price-fixing-agreements-involving-television-sets|title=ACM Fines LG for Illegal Price-Fixing Agreements Involving Television Sets|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ACM found that this practice interfered with competition between retailers and led to television sets not being sold at competitive prices, increasing costs for customers.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This decision made clear that retailers have an obligation to make and monitor their own retail prices and that suppliers have an obligation to not pressure retailers into fixed prices.

The ACM also reached a decision in a dispute between Vodafone, a telecommunications provider, and Aegon, an insurance company, over jointly using an antenna on a building owned by Aegon. The ACM held that Aegon must “agree to the joint use under market-based and non-discriminatory conditions and fees.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/publications/acm-mandates-aegon-accept-joint-use-antenna-site-its-building-alphen-aan-den-rijn#:~:text=Background,joint%20use%20of%20antenna%20sites|title=ACM Mandates Aegon to Accept Joint Use of Antenna Site on its Building in Alphen aan den Rijn|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ACM reasoned this is required by the Telecommunications Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; As part of their decision, the ACM also determined the fee and conditions that would be set and which must be adhered to by Aegon.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conclusion ===
Overall, the principles of communications law in the Netherlands are largely shaped by the ACM, the country's primary independent regulator. The ACM's policies exemplify the Netherland's broader priorities for telecommunications and focus on two key priorities: protecting consumer safety and ensuring fair competition among telecommunications providers. To protect consumers, the ACM is essential in providing widespread internet and fiber optics access to individuals and allows for consumers to easily submit complaints or reports issues. It also maintains fair market competition by investigating and stoping companies from dominating the market or manipulating price points. The cases discussed above demonstrate how the ACM actively enforces these two principles and ensures that telecommunications in the Netherlands has market competition and consumer protections. 

== 3. Censorship and Violent Content ==
In the Netherlands, the freedom of expression is a constitutionally protected fundamental right. However, carefully targeted laws and bans as explained below impose restrictions aimed at regulating media and censoring violent content.

=== '''Freedom of Expression''' ===
The Freedom of Expression in the Netherlands is protected by both the Dutch Constitution (as described in Article 7) and international law such as that from the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights.
[[File:Grondwet van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden.jpg|thumb|This picture is of the Dutch Constitution (Grondwet). The photographer of this photo is Vera de Kok, 2018. ]]
Article 7 of the [https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf Dutch Constitution (Grondwet)] explicitly establishes that:&lt;blockquote&gt;1.     “[n]o one shall require prior permission to publish thoughts or opinions through the press, without prejudice to the responsibility of every person under the law.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf|title=Gw. [CONSTITUTION] art 7|website=Government of Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2.     “[r]ules concerning radio and television shall be laid down by Act of Parliament. There shall be no prior supervision of the content of a radio or television broadcast.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

3.     “[n]o one shall be required to submit thoughts or opinions for prior approval in order to disseminate them by means other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, without prejudice to the responsibility of every person under the law. The holding of performances open to persons younger than sixteen years of age may be regulated by Act of Parliament in order to protect good morals.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;As detailed above, the constitution guarantees the freedom of expression, meaning that the government may not generally limit or restrict speech.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/prohibition-of-discrimination.|title=Prohibition of Discrimination|website=Government of the Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution rejects prior censorship, requiring no prior permission before one publishes a thought or opinion. However, the freedoms in Article 7 are still subject to Article 1, which prohibits any form of discrimination (political, religious, sex, etc.,) and courts still balance Article 7 against Article 1. Furthermore, censorship is not allowed, but in certain circumstances as discussed in the follow sections, limited censorship may be permitted in specific circumstances (such as the protection of minors).&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

The Netherlands is also a part of the [https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG European Convention on Human Rights] (ECHR). As a member of the ECHR through ratifying the human rights agreements laid out in the ECHR, violations of human rights may be brought to the European Court of Human Rights. Article 10 of the ECHR protects the freedom of expression, but also lays out restrictions in the forms of one’s “duties and responsibilities” such as restrictions required of a “democratic society” and to protect people’s health and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 10|date=|website=Council of Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The European Union also requires EU countries to comply with the rights in article 11 of the [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf Charter of Fundamental Rights]. Article 11 describes the Freedom of Expression and Information. As a member of the European Union, the Netherlands is bound by its laws and regulations.

=== '''Criminal Regulation of Violent Content''' ===
In the Netherlands, the laws that regulate violent content do not broadly prohibit such content but instead target specific types of violent content. For example, prohibited content may include some types of content that may be harmful to minors or content that is aimed at promoting terrorism, incitement, or hate speech.

The Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafecht) prohibits incitement to violence under [https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The&amp;#x20;Netherlands&amp;#x20;Criminal&amp;#x20;Code&amp;#x20;-&amp;#x20;Section&amp;#x20;137c&amp;#x20;and&amp;#x20;137d.pdf Article 137(d)]. Specifically, this article criminalizes public words, writings, or images that “incite[] hatred or discrimination against men or violence against person or property on the grounds of their race, religion, or beliefs, their gender, their heterosexual or homosexual orientation or their physical, psychological or mental.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The%20Netherlands%20Criminal%20Code%20-%20Section%20137c%20and%20137d.pdf|title=Art. 137(d) Wetboek van Strafrecht (Criminal Code)|website=Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective}}&lt;/ref&gt; If violated, punishments may result in up to one year of imprisonment or fines. Other relevant Articles include Article [https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The&amp;#x20;Netherlands&amp;#x20;Criminal&amp;#x20;Code&amp;#x20;-&amp;#x20;Section&amp;#x20;137c&amp;#x20;and&amp;#x20;137d.pdf 137(c)] and [https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The&amp;#x20;Netherlands&amp;#x20;Criminal&amp;#x20;Code&amp;#x20;-&amp;#x20;Section&amp;#x20;137c&amp;#x20;and&amp;#x20;137d.pdf 137(e)]. 137(c) makes it a crime to knowingly make harmful or discriminatory public statements toward a group of people based on characteristics such as race, religion, sexual orientation, beliefs, or disability.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The%20Netherlands%20Criminal%20Code%20-%20Section%20137c%20and%20137d.pdf|title=Art. 137(c) Wetboek van Strafrecht (Criminal Code)|website=Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective}}&lt;/ref&gt; Article 137(e) criminalizes (beyond providing factual information) making statements or distributing materials that are offensive to a group of persons based on the characteristics described previously or incite hatred, discrimination, or violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The%20Netherlands%20Criminal%20Code%20-%20Section%20137c%20and%20137d.pdf|title=Art. 137(e) Wetboek van Strafrecht (Criminal Code)|website=Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 137(c) and 137(e), the punishment becomes more severe if the person committing the crime has done so repeatedly or if two or more people coordinate committing the offense together. 

=== '''Media Regulation: Media Act (Mediawet 2008)''' ===
The [https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/publications/2022/06/14/media-act-2008/Media+Act+2008.pdf Media Act] is “aimed at ensuring that everyone should have equal access to a varied and reliable range of information in all kinds of areas.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/policy-monitoring-platform/mediawet-2008-dutch-media-act|title=Mediawet 2008 (Dutch Media Act)|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Act promotes competition in the media with both public and commercial broadcasters. The Act also sets forth that the government may not censor media content. Public broadcasters are funded by the government and have to provide educational, political, cultural, and child friendly programs.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Act also mandates that content by public broadcasters should display the diversity of society in the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/the-media-and-broadcasting/media-act-rules-for-broadcasters-and-programming|title=Media Act: Rules for Broadcasters and Programming|last=|first=|date=2015-07-01|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commercial broadcasters on the other hand do not receive government funding, and thus are able to adhere to less stringent rules than public broadcasters, but still must adhere to a few specific rules set out in the Act, such as protecting children from harmful programs.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.'' &lt;/ref&gt;

Public broadcasters have stricter rules than commercial broadcasters in regard to advertisements as well. There must be fewer advertisements displayed and programs may not be interrupted by commercials. Commercial broadcasters however may rely on advertising, but they may not sponsor any news programs.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Act has a large focus on the protection of children and does so by restricting harmful content and creating time limits. Programs that are appropriate for children ages 12 and over can only be shown after 8 p.m., and programs for those ages 16 or over can only be shown between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. These time restrictions are enforced by independent media authorities.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Lastly, the Act makes clear that “[j]ournalists and programme-makers are free to write, publish and broadcast what they wish.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; As per the Constitution and the Media act, the Dutch government may not censor or interfere with content in advance of it being displayed.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Media Protections for Minors''' ===
The Netherlands also has a Viewing Guide called Kijkwijzer, that is managed by the Dutch Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media (NICAM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://better-internet-for-kids.europa.eu/en/rules-guidelines/viewing-guide-dutch-audiovisual-classification-system|title=Viewing Guide (Dutch Audiovisual Classification System)|website=European Union}}&lt;/ref&gt; This guide creates 7 different categories of age ratings including: all ages, 6 years, 9 years, 12 years, 14 years, 16, years and 18 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kijkwijzer.nl/en/about-kijkwijzer/|title=About Kijkwijzer|website=Kijkwijzer|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also has seven different types of icons that explain why there is a certain age rating. The reasons include fear, discrimination, drugs, sex, bad language, dangerous acts, smoking, drinking, and violence.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;  This system assists parents and guardians in ensuring that the media children are viewing is appropriate. Kijkwijzer can be found on almost all Netherlands media, with the only exception being the news or shows that are displayed live as these may not be given a rating in advance of being shown.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

The age ratings also effect the times a show or movie may be broadcast. Media that is allowed for all ages, 6 years, as well as 9 years may be shown at any time.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; However, those rated 12 years, 14 years, and 16 years can only be shown between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Lastly, media that is rated 18 years can only be shown at late times, when children would typically be asleep, from 12 a.m. to 6 a.m.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conclusion ===
In conclusion, the freedom of expression is a fundamental value in the Netherlands, but is balanced alongside protections for public safety. The Netherlands does not allow for prior censorship, however, certain forms of speech such as those that advocate for terrorism or those that incite hate are criminally prohibited under the Dutch Criminal Code. Media regulations are also incredibly important as laws such as the Media Act require that public and private broadcasters adhere to important standards that promote many different interests such as providing educational programming, cultural shows, and showcasing diversity. The Netherlands also places significant emphasis on protecting minors as exemplified in guides such as Kijkwijzer. This guide provides age ratings and content warnings, as well as specified programming times that are more suitable for younger viewers. By having strong protections for free expression and the regulatory policies explained above, the Netherlands is a leading country in showcasing how a nation can preserve the freedom of expression while protecting the safety of its citizens. 

== 4. Truth, Tolerance, and Unprotected Speech ==
In the Netherlands, defamation may be punishable under both criminal law and civil law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.carter-ruck.com/law-guides/defamation-and-privacy-law-in-netherlands/|title=Netherlands Media Law Guide|last=Kloters|first=Remco|date=2021-11-18|website=Carter-Ruck|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; To determine what constitutes defamation, Dutch courts often look to the European Court of Human Rights precedent.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; In the Netherlands, defamation may be in the form of verbal statements (slander) or written or published statements (libel).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maak-law.com/law-of-obligations-netherlands/defamation-libel-netherlands/|title=Defamation and Libel in the Netherlands: What International Clients Need to Know|website=Maak}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Dutch law, defamation “occurs when someone intentionally damages your reputation by spreading true but harmful information that attacks your good name.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, libel occurs when a person intentionally disseminates false information in order to harm a person. Thus, libel actions always deal with harmful ''false'' information while defamation actions can involve harmful ''true'' information.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Defamation Under Dutch Civil Law''' ===
The Dutch Civil Code, [http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/legislation/dcctitle6633.htm Article 6:167] provides a cause of action for defamation and liability under tort law. Under this article, if a person were to publish false information, a court could order that person “to publish a correction in a way to be set by court,”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/legislation/dcctitle6633.htm|title=Art. 6:167, Burgerlijk Wetboek (Civil Code)|website=Dutch Civil Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; even if the person who published the false information did not do so knowingly.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The party who brings the lawsuit is required to show proof of the defamation or slander and typically has the burden of proof.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.carter-ruck.com/law-guides/defamation-and-privacy-law-in-netherlands/|title=Netherlands Media Law Guide|last=Kloters|first=Remco|website=Carter-Ruck}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court has discretion to grant different forms of relief, including monetary damages or requiring specific performance, such as removing a post or statement.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Defamation Under Dutch Criminal Law''' ===
Dutch Criminal Law, Articles 261 through 271, pertain to defamation and libel. Under these articles, knowingly making incorrect statements that harm another is a criminal offense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lawandmore.eu/blog/online-reviews-in-the-netherlands-what-is-allowed-and-when-is-it-defamation/#:~:text=Dutch%20Criminal%20and%20Civil%20Codes,of%20annual%20turnover%20for%20violations|title=Online Reviews in the Netherlands: What is Allowed and When is it Defamation?|date=December 29, 2025|website=Law &amp; More}}&lt;/ref&gt; Across the provisions, a main requirement is that of intent, meaning that a person must have intentionally made false statements. Criminal cases typically involve more severe forms of defamation than civil cases. If a person wants to criminally prosecute someone else for defamation or slander, a complaint must be filed with Dutch police.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.carter-ruck.com/law-guides/defamation-and-privacy-law-in-netherlands/|title=Netherlands Media Law Guide|last=Kloters|first=Remco|website=Carter-Ruck}}&lt;/ref&gt; Typically, for these types of actions prison time is rare, and the more typical punishment is that in the form of a fine or community service.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''European Court of Human Rights Influence''' ===
As a member state of the Council of Europe, the Netherlands is subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which interprets rules and regulations from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Defamation and slander cases within the Netherlands are heavily influenced by the ECHR, specifically [https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG Article 10] and [https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG Article 8]. Article 8 ensures that peoples private lives and reputations are respected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 8|date=|website=Council of Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Article 10 guarantees the freedom of expression, with restrictions listed under section section 2 of the article.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 10|website=Council of Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Article 10 section 2 makes clear that any limitations to the freedom of expression must be:&lt;blockquote&gt;“…necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In defamation and slander cases, Dutch courts apply the above articles when balancing a person’s right to protect their reputation against another’s right to the freedom of expression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lawandmore.eu/blog/online-reviews-in-the-netherlands-what-is-allowed-and-when-is-it-defamation/#:~:text=Dutch%20Criminal%20and%20Civil%20Codes,of%20annual%20turnover%20for%20violations|title=Online Reviews in the Netherlands: What is Allowed and When is it Defamation?|date=December 29, 2025|website=Law &amp; More}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, 68% of defamation cases in the Netherlands are due to online content given the rise in social media and how quickly a post can go viral. When balancing reputational rights and the freedom of expression, many factors are considered including where the statement was made, how it was made, its public relevance, and the intent.

=== '''United States Defamation Law Compared to''' '''Dutch Defamation Law''' ===
In the United States, there is a strong protection of the freedom of speech under the first amendment. The notable case for defamation lawsuits in the United States is ''New York Times Co. v. Sullivan''. This case provided the “actual malice” rule which says that to succeed in a defamation lawsuit, the plaintiff (public official) has the burden of proving “that the statement was made with knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard of whether it was true or false.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/254/|title=New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)|work=Justia Law|access-date=2026-02-24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is a high standard that plaintiffs must meet in order to win in a defamation suit in the United States, and is different than that required in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, Articles 8 and 10 of the ECHR largely govern how Dutch courts rule on defamation cases and Dutch courts rely heavily on international human rights law. In the United States, the U.S. Supreme court does not rely on international law when interpreting defamation cases and instead relies on the first amendment, U.S Supreme Court precedent, and state tort law. Furthermore, there is a very strong protection afforded to the freedom of speech in the United States, while the Netherlands takes a more balanced approach, balancing the freedom of expression with the right to protect one’s reputation.  

=== Conclusion ===
In conclusion, defamation actions in the Netherlands are punishable under both civil and criminal law, which shows the country's commitment to protecting individuals from reputational harm. Dutch courts are bound by the European Convention on Human Rights and influenced by the precedent of the European Court of Human Rights, particularly Articles 10 and 8. These articles protect the freedom of expression while also protecting the right to a respected and private reputation. Recently, the Netherlands has experienced a rise in defamation claims as a result of the internet and social media platforms. Unlike the United States, which highly prioritizes the freedom of speech as illustrated in ''New York Times Co v. Sullivan'', the Netherlands has a more balanced approach, weighing the freedom of expression with the right to safeguard one's public reputation. 

== 5. Cultural and Religious Expression ==

=== Dutch Cultural Identity and Its Promotion ===
Dutch culture is often describes as a 'melting pot', where the culture is shaped through the contributions of people from a wide range of religions, ethnicities, and backgrounds.&lt;ref&gt;Day, M., de Haan, A., Sieckelinck, S., &amp; Steketee, M. (2025). Multiple Cultural Identities and Sense of National Belonging Among Second- And Third-Generation Youth in the Netherlands. ''Identity'', 1–23. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2025.2564856&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; Historically, Holland and Amsterdam have been major hubs for foreign settlers, all of whom bring their own cultures and customs with them. As a society, the Netherlands is “home to over 200 different nationalities.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/education/international-students/studying-in-the-netherlands/dutch-culture|title=Dutch culture - Leiden University|website=www.universiteitleiden.nl|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;The cultural diversity in the Netherlands has aided in shaping a society that is tolerant, open-minded, and welcoming to all people.&lt;ref&gt;Day, M., de Haan, A., Sieckelinck, S., &amp; Steketee, M. (2025). Multiple Cultural Identities and Sense of National Belonging Among Second- And Third-Generation Youth in the Netherlands. ''Identity'', 1–23. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2025.2564856&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The diversity is also represented through the many languages spoken in the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;Gobel MS, Benet-Martinez V, Mesquita B, Uskul AK. Europe's Culture(s): Negotiating Cultural Meanings, Values, and Identities in the European Context. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2018 Jul;49(6):858-867. doi: 10.1177/0022022118779144. Epub 2018 Jun 21. PMID: 30008485; PMCID: PMC6024379; Lazëri, M., &amp; Coenders, M. (2023). Dutch national identity in a majority-minority context: when the dominant group becomes a local minority. ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'', ''49''(9), 2129–2153. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2104698&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Although Dutch is the national language of the Netherlands, English, German, and French, are very common languages.

Another important cultural aspect in the Netherlands is found in social situations. In general, the Dutch are often very straightforward in the way they communicate, saying exactly what they think.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Although this may come across as rude or blunt to visitors, Dutch communication values honesty and efficiency, where everyone can share their opinions freely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/education/international-students/studying-in-the-netherlands/dutch-culture|title=Dutch culture - Leiden University|website=www.universiteitleiden.nl|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Dutch enjoy transparency in their society and sharing their own points of view.

This kind of open-mindedness and direct communication in the Netherlands is taught from an early age. In the Netherlands, cultural values are typically learned and spread through education and early socialization initiatives.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Brinkman and Cas Smithuijsen, ''Social Cohesion and Cultural Policy in the Netherlands,'' Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol. 27 No. 2-3, February 1, 2002, https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2002v27n2a1300. https://cjc.utppublishing.com/doi/10.22230/cjc.2002v27n2a1300&lt;/ref&gt; Beginning in 1999, the Secretary of State for Culture, Rick van der Ploeg, created a new plan directed towards youths to help them access and appreciate their culture.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This plan was titled “Aciteplan Culturrbereik” or Cultural Outreach Action Plan. The action plan “stressed the importance of realizing more social cohesion through culture” and did this by introducing “different art disciplines, accommodations, and (open air) venues, artists, art gatekeepers, as well as cross relations with other policy fields like education and social welfare.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This program also did not just introduce famous Dutch art and literature, it showcased amateur artists and newly emerging identities as well.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Canal houses and Oude Kerk at blue hour with water reflection in Damrak Amsterdam Netherlands.jpg|thumb|This is a picture of Amsterdam, where The Site is located. The photographer of this photo is Basile Morin, 2024.   ]]
An example of the plan’s implementation is called The Site, located in Inocaf, Amsterdam.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This is a youth information center that provides information and demonstrations to youths between the ages of 15 and 21 about Dutch culture through different workshops, presentations, and discussions. The Site also partners with the Kunstweb Institute for Art Education in Amsterdam, providing courses such as street dancing and web design to showcase modern expressions of Dutch culture.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The program is also welcoming to non-Dutch citizens, emphasizing that Dutch culture is meant to be shared with a broader population and embraced by all members of society, not just native citizens.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Site also welcomes discussions of the future, holding a conference that lets youths provide their input on Dutch politics and how it might be improved in the future.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Another example is Fresh Academy, which is a traveling project that visits different schools in Amsterdam, delivering stand-up comedy and different types of acts.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Fresh Academy “follows the framework of the World Culture program of Cultuurnetwerk Nederland, the Dutch National Expertise Centre for Arts Education, which executed several pilot projects to stimulate cultural diversity in the field of arts education.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Fresh Academy involves different professional performers that teach Dutch culture through theatre, focusing their teachings on Dutch values, identity, and social skills.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Academy centers on the goal of sharing Dutch identity at a young age and providing young individuals with a sense of community through shared connections and values.

=== Festivals as a Form of Cultural Expression ===
The Netherlands has no shortage of holidays and festivals. The Netherlands celebrates many well-known holidays such as Easter, Christmas, and New Years Eve. However, there are also many holidays and festivals that are unique to the Dutch, some of which began centuries ago. These holidays and festivals foster the nations culture and attract tourists from around the world every year.&lt;ref&gt;Coopmans, M., Jaspers, E., &amp; Lubbers, M. (2016). National day participation among immigrants in the Netherlands: the role of familiarity with commemorating and celebrating. ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'', ''42''(12), 1925–1940. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1163219, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1163219 &lt;/ref&gt; The first holiday, and one of the oldest, is Sint Maarten or Saint Martin which is celebrated each year on November 11.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitingthedutchcountryside.com/explore-the-netherlands/sint-maarten-holiday-netherlands/|title=The 11th of November Sint Maarten Tradition Explained|last=Manon|date=2023-10-10|website=Visiting The Dutch Countryside|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saint Martin was a Roman soldier born in the year 316 who became a bishop and a devoted Christian after leaving the Army. It is said that he died on November 8&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and was buried on November 11&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; in the basilica of Tours and reached heaven.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This day was originally celebrated with a mass and a large feast, but over time it has “evolved into a cheerful celebration of light, generosity, and community.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allaboutexpats.nl/st-martins-day/|title=St. Martin’s Day (Sint Maarten): Celebrating as an Expat|last=Roman|first=Carla|date=2025-11-02|website=All About Expats|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today it is less associated with religion and has turned more into a festivity for children. It is a day where children go from door to door and sing songs while holding paper lanterns in exchange for sweets such as cookies or chocolates. A parade is also hosted in Utrecht each year to remember St. Martin.

The next festival is Sinterklaas, the Dutch version of Santa Clause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/dutch-christmas-expat-guide-sinterklaas-netherlands|title=The Dutch Christmas? An expat guide to Sinterklaas in the Netherlands|date=2022-12-03|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sinterklaas is based on Saint Nicholas who is thought to have been a bishop that could perform miracles such as “resurrecting some young schoolchildren and saving sailors from a hurricane.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Saint Nicholas was canonized following his death and is the patron saint of children.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Sinterklaas is said to wear traditional bishops clothing, a red cape, red hat, and carries a staff. Similar to the United States version of Saint Nicholas, called Santa Claus, he also has a book where he keeps track of the good and naughty children. Also similar to the United States, Sinterklaas leaves gifts and sweets for the children, but instead of leaving them in stockings or under the Christmas tree like in the United States, he leaves them in their shoes. The children receive these presents on Pakjesavond or “present night” which occurs on December 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;.

Another holiday is Carnaval, which is celebrates in the southern parts of the Netherlands primarily. This is a three-day celebration that takes place mainly in North Brabant and Limburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.meininger-hotels.com/blog/en/dutch-carnival/|title=Explore Dutch Carnival 2026|last=Hotels|first=MEININGER|date=2026-01-20|website=MEININGER Hotels|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; The festival features a colorful parade with puppets, floats, costumes, and dancing leading up to Ash Wednesday.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/carnival-celebrations-netherlands-carnaval-nederland|title=Carnaval 2026: A guide to carnival festival celebrations in the Netherlands|date=2020-02-05|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Amsterdam - Koninginnedag 2009.jpg|thumb|This is a picture of King's Day, with the people who are celebrating wearing orange for the King's birthday. The photographer of this photo is Hadonos, 2009.   ]]
One of the most important holidays to the Dutch is Koningsdag or King’s Day, which dates back to 1885 and takes place on April 27&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/monarchy/king%E2%80%99s-day|title=King’s Day {{!}} Royal House of the Netherlands|last=Affairs|first=Ministry of General|date=2014-12-22|website=www.royal-house.nl|language=en|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; This national holiday celebrates King Willem-Alexander’s birthday and is marked with music, dancing, and fairs. It is also customary that everyone wears something orange on King’s Day as the royal family’s name is “House of Orange”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/getting-around/information/the-royal-family/kings-day-in-holland|title=King's Day: a national holiday and the ultimate Dutch party|date=2011-03-09|website=www.holland.com|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; King’s Day is important to the Dutch as it represents national pride and unity, with the whole of the country celebrating this holiday.

The last major holiday is Liberation Day, which occurs each year on May 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;. Liberation day is a nationally observed holiday and marks the day when the Netherlands were liberated from German occupation. The Netherlands were liberated by Canadian, British, American, Polish, Belgian, Czech, and Dutch troops.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/events-festivals-netherlands/liberation-day|title=Liberation Day (Bevrijdingsdag) in the Netherlands|date=2025-05-20|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Every province in the Netherlands has its own Liberation Day festival. Liberation Day is celebrated with parades, open-air festivals, live music, shared meals, and dancing.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religious Expression ===
In the Netherlands, religious expression or ideological choices are widely respected and protected, allowing people from many different beliefs to practice freely and express their beliefs. &lt;ref&gt;Temperman, J. (2022). Freedom of Religion or Belief and Gender Equality in the Netherlands: Between Pillars, Polders, and Principles. ''The Review of Faith &amp; International Affairs'', ''20''(3), 77–88. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2111814&lt;/nowiki&gt;  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15570274.2022.2111814#d1e112 &lt;/ref&gt; The Netherlands does not benefit one religion over another as the “freedom of religion and belief is a key part of the Netherlands’ human rights policy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/human-rights/human-rights-worldwide/freedom-of-religion-and-belief|title=Freedom of religion and belief - Human rights - Government.nl|last=Zaken|first=Ministerie van Buitenlandse|date=2018-12-27|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a broad range of religious diversity in the Netherlands, with 19.8% of the population belonging to the Catholic Church, 14.4%  protestant, and 5.2%  Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://longreads.cbs.nl/the-netherlands-in-numbers-2021/what-are-the-major-religions|title=What are the major religions? - The Netherlands in numbers 2021 {{!}} CBS|last=CBS|website=What are the major religions? - The Netherlands in numbers 2021 {{!}} CBS|language=nl-NL|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; 55.4% of the population reported to not be religious and the other 5.1% reported 'other'.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Westerkerk Amsterdam 20041002.jpg|thumb|This is a picture of the Westerkerk, a famous protestant church located in Amsterdam that dates back to 1620. The photographer of this photo is Kaihsu Tai, 2004.   ]]
Religious freedom is protected at the national level through legislation and by the Constitution. Article 6 of the Constitution protects and guarantees the freedom of religions and belief and Article 1 prohibits discrimination on religious grounds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2008|website=Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations}}&lt;/ref&gt; An example of this is the mass media law that “grants broadcasting time for churches and religious organizations.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Bijsterveld|first=Sophie|title=Religion and the Secular State in the Netherlands|url=https://original.religlaw.org/content/blurb/files/Netherlands.pdf|journal=Religion and the Secular State|pages=527}}&lt;/ref&gt; This law ensures that religious organizations are given a platform through guaranteed broadcasting time to share their beliefs and perspectives publicly.

One landmark religious freedom case was ''Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP) v. The Netherlands'' (2012). This case was brought before the European Court of Human Rights. In this case, conflict arose when the SGP, a conservative Protestant party, argued that according to the Bible, women should not be able to hold public office and should not be able to be on candidate lists, but may still be allowed to be party members. The Dutch Supreme Court in 2010 held that SGP’s rule violated the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and ordered that there be action to end this discrimination, even if it was rooted in religious explanations. &lt;ref&gt;''Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij v. Netherlands,'' Application No. 58369/10 (European Court of Human Rights, July 10, 2012). &lt;/ref&gt;The SGP then brought this case before the ECtHR, holding that the decision violated their right to religious freedom under Articles 9 and 11 of the ECHR. However, the Court dismissed the case, holding that the complaint was “manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This case exemplified that religious freedoms are protected, but they cannot be used to diminish gender equality.

In another case, ''De Wilde v. Netherlands'', a plaintiff, who was a follower of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, wanted to wear a colander on her head in her driver’s license photos.&lt;ref&gt;''De Wilde v. Netherlands,'' Application No. 9476/19 (European Court of Human Rights, November 9, 2021). &lt;/ref&gt; She argued that her religion required it, however, Dutch authorities did not allow her to do so as Pastafarianism was not a recognized or protected religion.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This case eventually reached the European court of Human Rights where the Court sided with Dutch authorities.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Court held that for Article 9 protections to apply, a belief must show enough seriousness and cohesion and found Pastafarianism was more so a form of satire rather than a true religion.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Due to this, wearing a colander was not a protected religious expression and the application was found inadmissible.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Despite how accepting the Netherlands is of other religions and beliefs, this case exemplifies how a religion must actually be recognized and serious to gain protections.

== 6. Privacy and Data Protection ==

=== '''General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)''' ===
The Netherland’s data-protection and privacy are governed by the General Data Protection Regulation (&quot;GDPR&quot;). The GDPR is the European Union’s data privacy law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://business.gov.nl/regulations/protection-personal-data/|title=Protection of personal data (GDPR)|last=RVO|first=Netherlands Enterprise Agency|website=business.gov.nl|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GDPR has a broad scope and applies to all forms of personal data, which is defined as “any information that relates to an identified or identifiable living individual.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-explained_en|title=Data protection explained - European Commission|website=commission.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Examples include home addresses, names, surnames, email addresses, IP addresses, a cookie ID, and more.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The GDPR is designed to regulate and protect people’s personal data and privacy. It was put into effect on May 25, 2018 and creates strict obligations for telecommunications providers, digital services, and internet sources. It applies to all businesses and organizations that use and process people’s personal data, directly or indirectly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://business.gov.nl/regulations/protection-personal-data/|title=Protection of personal data (GDPR)|last=RVO|first=Netherlands Enterprise Agency|website=business.gov.nl|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes, “ the collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaption or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction of personal data.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-explained_en|title=Data protection explained - European Commission|website=commission.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; As described above, the GDPR has a broad scope and regulates many different areas of data-protection and privacy in the Netherlands. 

=== '''GDPR Implementation and Enforcement''' ===
Due to the GDPR being a regulation, unlike a directive, once implemented, it became directly applicable to all member-states of the EU, including the Netherlands, through national law (with some room for state interpretation). The GDPR Implementation Act (Uitvoeringswet AVG or Implementation Act), is the national implementation of the GDPR in the Netherlands. Compliance with the GDPR is managed by the Dutch Data Protection Authority (DPA). The DPA is overseen by a Chairman who is appointed for a six-year term, two Commissioners who are appointed for a four-year term, and special members also appointed for four-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stuff.coffeecode.net/www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/netherlands.php|title=Online Privacy Law: Netherlands|website=Law Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; The DPA is given the authority to impose penalties and fines for GDPR violations.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;DPA Administrative Decisions&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The DPA has actively enforced the GDPR by issuing fines and penalties against numerous organizations. For example in one decision in April 2018, the DPA issued €460,000 fines on the Haga Hospital due to the hospital not adequately protecting their medical records and sensitive patient information.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.osborneclarke.com/insights/the-ap-imposes-its-first-gdpr-fine-on-a-dutch-hospital|title=The AP imposes its first GDPR fine on a Dutch hospital|website=www.osborneclarke.com|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; There was no two-factor authentication, which the DPA deemed to be a requirement for this type of personal data and thus found the hospital to be in violation of the GDPR.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; One of the most notable DPA decisions occurred in April 2022 when the DPA fined the Dutch Tax Authority €3.7 milllion &quot;for the illegal processing of personal data within their fraud signaling facility.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.didomi.io/blog/privacy-law-netherlands|title=What is the privacy law in the Netherlands {{!}} Didomi|website=www.didomi.io|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The facility had lists of people that the Dutch Tax Authority tracked due to ongoing concerns of fraud, but had no legal basis to hold onto or process such data.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

In an administrative decision occurring on March 23, 2011, the DPA fined Google after completing investigations that discovered Google’s Street View vehicles were collecting data on over 3.6 million Wi-Fi routers across the Netherlands and had a geolocation for each router.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stuff.coffeecode.net/www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/netherlands.php|title=Online Privacy Law; Netherlands|website=Law Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; The DPA found that this was a violation of people’s personal data and Google faces fines near €1 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703922504576273151673266520|title=Google Faces New Demands In Netherlands Over Street View Data|last=Preuschat|first=Archibald|date=2011-04-19|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2026-04-10|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In another decision occurring in December 2011, an official investigation launched by the DPA against TomTom N.V. revealed that TomTom had been giving their geolocation data collected by GPS sensors to commercial third parties. However, the DPA held that the data collected by TomTom could not be “reasonably directly or indirectly reacted to natural persons, either by TomTom or another party” and thus it was not considered personal data that would constitute a breach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stuff.coffeecode.net/www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/netherlands.php|title=Online Privacy Law: Netherlands|website=Law Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

More recently, on August 26, 2024, the DPA fined Uber Technologies, Inc. and Uber B.V. for having violated Article 83 of the GDPR which governs intentional or negligent conduct.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.willkie.com/-/media/files/publications/2024/09/dutch-dpa-fines-uber-290m-for-gdpr-data-transfer-violation.pdf|title=Dutch DPA Fines Uber €290m for GDPR Data
Transfer Violation|last=Alvarez et al|first=Daniel|date=12 September 2024|website=Willkie Farr &amp; Gallagher}}&lt;/ref&gt; After investigations by the DPA, they found that for over 2 years, Uber lacked the necessary safeguards “for transferring EEA-based drivers’ personal data to the U.S.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The DPA found that these violations were systematic and that less harmful alternatives were available to Uber to process data effectively. Uber was fined €290 million for this violation.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, in a decision against TikTok in July 2021, the DPA fined TikTok €750,000 when they found TikTok in breach of children's privacy. This is because when children would install the App, the privacy statement was in English, and not understandable by Dutch youths.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/2021/07/dutch-privacy-watchdog-fines-tiktok-e750000-after-privacy-probe/|title=Dutch privacy watchdog fines TikTok €750,000 after privacy probe|date=22 July 2021|website=DutchNews}}&lt;/ref&gt; The DPA found that by TikTok not providing a Dutch privacy statement that explained how TikTok collects and uses personal data, that it infringed upon the principle of privacy legislation which is &quot;that people must always be given a clear idea of what is being done with their personal data.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;u&gt;Court Cases&lt;/u&gt;'''

Privacy and Data Protections are also overseen by the Netherland's judicial process. 

In the District Court of Amsterdam on September 2, 2019, the Court held that an Employee Insurance Agency, UWV, unlawfully sent information about the illness history data of a person to her new employer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.turing.law/chronicle-gdpr-case-law-may-2018-may-2020-in-the-netherlands/#_ftnref130|title=Chronicle GDPR case law May 2018 – May 2020 in the Netherlands|last=de Jong|first=Huub|date=23 September 2020|website=Turing Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Court held this was a breach of the woman’s rights and damages were applied as per the framework set out in the GDPR. The Court awarded €250 finding that although there was a breach, the damages would be lowered as the breach did not interfere with the woman’s employment.

In another case occurring on March 15, 2023, the District Court of Amsterdam held that for “almost 10 years Facebook Ireland unlawfully processed the personal data from its Dutch users.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bureaubrandeis.com/dutch-court-rules-facebook-unlawfully-processed-personal-data/?lang=en|title=Dutch court rules: Facebook unlawfully processed personal data|last=Wildeboer|first=Diana|date=2023-03-17|website=Bureau Brandeis|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; This information was used for social networking and advertising.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This case was presented to the court by the Data Privacy Sitchting and Consumentenbond against Facebook Netherlands, Inc. and Facebook Ireland Ltd. Due to the unlawful processing of personal data, the court found these companies violated the GDPR and fines were subsequently issued.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

== 7. Right to Bodily, Spiritual, and Digital Identity ==

=== '''Personal and Bodily Identity in the Netherlands''' ===

==== &lt;u&gt;Sexuality Protections&lt;/u&gt; ====
In the Netherlands, the right to self-determination is supported by both legal and social frameworks that protect citizen’s sexual orientations and identities. By enforcing anti-discrimination laws and fostering a society that celebrates the LGBTQIA+ community, the Netherlands have become a front runner in promoting the right to one’s personal identity. One of the most prominent anti-discrimination laws was enacted in 1994 by Parliament called the Equal Treatment Act (the Algemene wet gelijke behandeling).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/gender-justice/resource/algemene_wet_gelijke_behandeling_(equal_treatment_act)|title=Algemene wet gelijke behandeling (Equal Treatment Act) {{!}} Legal Information Institute|website=www.law.cornell.edu|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; This Act bans discrimination including discrimination based on “pregnancy, childbirth, or motherhood, and indirect discrimination.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Act also bans discrimination in employment settings such as unequal pay and pensions. This Act ensures that individuals have equal rights, regardless of their sexual orientation.
[[File:K3 - Pride Amsterdam 2024.jpg|thumb|This is a picture of the Canal Parade at Pride Amsterdam in 2024.The photographer of this photo is Richard Broekhuijzen, 2024.  ]]
Historically, the Netherlands was not always accepting of the LGBTQIA+ community, but beginning in the 1970s, attitudes and policies began shifting significantly. After the repeal of Article 248b in 1971, homosexuality was no longer considered a “mental illness” and homosexual individuals could begin enlisting in the army.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jacobs|first=Laura|date=Spring 2017|title=Regulating the Reguliers: How the Normalization
of Gays and Lesbians in Dutch Society Impacts
LGBTQ Nightlife|url=https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3671&amp;context=isp_collection|journal=Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1987, the Netherlands revealed the Homomonument, which is the world’s first public memorial remembering the persecution those in the LGBTQIA+ community endured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-info/dutch-news/pride-month-a-guide-pride-events-lgbtq-rights-netherlands|title=Pride month: A guide to pride events &amp; LGBTQ+ rights in the Netherlands|date=2025-06-01|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following this, a series of legislative reforms were enacted aimed at protecting LGBTQIA+ individuals and promoting equality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brokke|first=Daniel|date=24 June 2024|title=Analyzing LGBTQ+ Acceptance in The
Netherlands: Perspectives from inside the
community|url=https://studenttheses.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12932/47999/THESIS_DANIEL_BROKKE_MASTER_SOCIOLOGY.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y|journal=Utrecht University}}&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation consisted of the recognition of same-sex relationships in 1998 and the legalization of same-sex marriage passed by the House of Representatives and Senate in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-info/dutch-news/pride-month-a-guide-pride-events-lgbtq-rights-netherlands|title=Pride month: A guide to pride events &amp; LGBTQ+ rights in the Netherlands|date=2025-06-01|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in 2001 adoption by same-sex couples was legalized and in 2014, transgender individuals could legally change their gender on official documents such as their licenses without requiring surgery.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Today, the Netherlands has developed a strong culture of acceptance that celebrates the LGBTQIA+ community and openly embraces the community.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Just like the United States, pride month is celebrated in June and involves parades and events that promote equality and inclusivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Collier|first=Kate L.|last2=Horn|first2=Stacey S.|last3=Bos|first3=Henny M. W.|last4=Sandfort|first4=Theo G. M.|date=2015|title=Attitudes toward lesbians and gays among American and Dutch adolescents|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4127384/|journal=Journal of Sex Research|volume=52|issue=2|pages=140–150|doi=10.1080/00224499.2013.858306|issn=1559-8519|pmc=4127384|pmid=24512056}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also various events that the Netherlands hosts such as Roze Zaterdag and the Amsterdam Canal Parade that promote and celebrate LGBTQIA+ acceptance and culture.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Most recently, Amsterdam has announced that it will be the host of World Pride in 2026, welcoming not just native Dutch individuals, but people from all over the world, further exemplifying the Netherland’s supportive and inclusive culture.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Gender Self-Determination&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
Alongside protections against discrimination and protections for the LGBTQIA+ community, the Netherlands is also very supportive of the right to gender identity, allowing individuals to identify the gender of their choosing. The Netherlands was one of the first countries to pass a law in favor of establishing transgender rights in 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/19/netherlands-victory-transgender-rights|title=The Netherlands: Victory for Transgender Rights {{!}} Human Rights Watch|date=2013-12-19|language=en|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the law required that transgender individual have to be sterilized and undergo gender-affirming surgery to change their gender.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Since then, on December 18, 2023, the Dutch Senate approved a law with 51 to 24 votes on transgender rights. The law allows for transgender individuals to officially change their gender markers on official papers and birth certificates to their preferred gender.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The previously outdated requirement for sterilization and gender-affirming surgery were taken away, showing a major step towards bodily autonomy and the right to self-determination. Under this law, anyone who is over the age of 16 can file to have their gender changed.

=== Spiritual Identity ===
Spiritual identity is another strongly protected right in the Netherlands, as the freedom of religion is guaranteed under [https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf Article 6] of the Dutch Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf|title=Gw. [CONSTITUTION] art 6|website=Government of Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; This Article makes clear that individuals have the right to practice the religion of their choosing and express the beliefs that they follow. [https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf Article 1] also provides protections by prohibiting discrimination on any grounds, including religious grounds, and making clear that there must be equal treatment for everyone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf|title=Gw. [CONSTITUTION] art 6|website=Government of Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Digital Identity and Biometric Data''' ===

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Personal Data Protection&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The Netherland’s protects individuals right to control where and how their personal identifying information (name, image, etc.) is being used online.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/personal-data/data-protection|title=Data protection - Personal data - Government.nl|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=2017-10-19|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; If any breach of privacy occurs, including identity theft, fraud, or financial loss, the Netherlands requires that both the Data Protection Authority and users are notified of the breach within 72 hours. This ensures that controllers of such data are constantly monitoring any breach risks and that quick action can be taken to comply with the Netherland’s strict data protection laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://penrose.law/en/personal-data-breaches/|title=Personal Data Breach Legal Support {{!}} Penrose Law|website=https://penrose.law/en/|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;u&gt;Biometric Data Protection&lt;/u&gt;'''

The Netherlands enforces GDPR rules, which heavily protect and regulate individuals’ sensitive biometric data. Under Article 9 of the GDPR, biometric data is treated as a separate, special category of data due to how high-risk this data can be. This is because “a breach involving biometric data has irreversible consequences… [i]f data is compromised, it creates a permanent risk of identity theft and fraud for that person.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lawandmore.eu/biometric-data-gdpr-compliance/|title=A Guide To Biometric Data GDPR Compliance In The Netherlands|date=2026-01-05|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GDPR specifically protects the following types of biometric data: fingerprints, facial recognition, iris/retina scan, voice patterns, keystroke dynamics, and gait analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; When used for unique identification, the GDPR has automatic protections for these categories of data. Under the GDPR there are two steps to ensure compliance if a company wants to process this type of data.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The two steps include: (1) establishing a lawful basis under Article 6 (such as through consent and necessity) and (2) adhering to the conditions set forth it Article 9.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The conditions in Article 9 allow for the processing of biometric data if any of the following conditions are applicable:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gdpr-info.eu/art-9-gdpr/|title=Art. 9 GDPR – Processing of special categories of personal data|website=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* There is explicit consent from the individual
* Employment or social media requires processing by law
* Vital interests
* Non-profit processing with a political, philosophical, religious, or trade union goal (with appropriate safeguards)
* The individual made the data public 
* Court proceedings
* A substantive public interest is involved
* Medical purposes with strict confidentiality
* Public health requirements
* Processing required for archiving purposes in public interest&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Protection of biometric data is enforced by the Dutch Data Protection Authority (&quot;DAP&quot;), which ensures that individuals’ digital identities are being safeguarded and can do this by imposing very heavy fines for noncompliance. The most recent decision occurred in September of 2024. The DAP fined Clearview AI €30.5 million its illegal misuse of facial recognition data.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/documents/decision-fine-clearview-ai|title=Decision fine Clearview AI|date=3 September 2024|website=AP}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company was processing this data with no lawful basis and was found to be in violation of the GDPR.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

== 8. Right to Clothing and Bodily Displays ==

=== '''The Right to Reject Information''' ===

==== &lt;u&gt;Anti-Spam Legislation&lt;/u&gt; ====
In the Netherlands, anti-spam legislation is governed by Article 11.7 of the Dutch Telecommunications Act.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/internet-and-smart-devices/advertising/digital-direct-marketing#:~:text=addressed%20to%20companies-,Rules%20for%20digital%20direct%20marketing,opportunity%20to%20raise%20an%20objection.|title=Digital direct marketing|date=9 April 2025|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Act, explicit consent by an individual is required for an organization to send any unsolicited digital direct marketing including emails, text messages, and messages through apps.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation works by requiring an opt-in and opt-out approach, where an individual must choose to receive messages and can subsequently unsubscribe from receiving them. The only exception to this rule is that a company does not have to ask for consent if the individual is already an existing customer.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; If a company does not comply with this legislation, they risk fines and penalties of up to €450,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chamaileon.io/resources/ultimate-email-spam-law-collection/|title=The Ultimate Email SPAM Law Collection - 28 Countries Included|date=2017-10-25|website=Chamaileon Blog|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;The Right to Erasure&lt;/u&gt; ====
Netherlands’ privacy law recognizes the right to erasure, also known as the ‘right to be forgotten’ which refers to an individual’s right to have their personal data erased.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/basic-gdpr/privacy-rights-under-the-gdpr/right-to-erasure|title=Right to erasure|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; An individual may request that an organization deletes their personal data by reaching out to that company directly, in which the company has one month to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The right to erasure is codified in Article 17 of the GDPR.&lt;ref&gt;European Union. (2016). ''Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation),'' Art.17''.'' https://gdpr-info.eu/ &lt;/ref&gt; Under this Article, and enforced by the Dutch Data Protection Authority, entity’s are required to erase a person’s data and may not process the data any longer in the situations below:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/basic-gdpr/privacy-rights-under-the-gdpr/right-to-erasure|title=Right to erasure|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* An organization does not need the data any longer for the purpose in which it was collected
* A person withdraws consent to the data being used
* A person objects to the use of their data
* An organization does not comply with privacy rules and laws regarding their use of personal data
* An organization is required to by law
* Data was collected on a child under the age of 16&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/basic-gdpr/privacy-rights-under-the-gdpr/right-to-erasure|title=Right to erasure|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Due to the increase in the amount of data that can be collected online, privacy law in the Netherlands takes on a protectionist role, ensuring that individuals can control how and where their data is being used. Organizations must inform individuals on what data is being processed and subsequently adhere to requests to remove that data if consent to use it has been taken away.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/basic-gdpr/privacy-rights-under-the-gdpr/right-to-erasure|title=Right to erasure|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GDPR also has child specific safeguards to protect their personal information due to children being a higher-risk category of individuals as they may not be aware of the risks of their personal data being used.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-58/|title=Recital 58 - The Principle of Transparency|website=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; These safeguards include ensuring that children understand the risks and rights of their personal data by requiring that “any information and communication, where processing is addressed to a child, should be in such a clear and plain language that the child can easily understand.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-58/|title=Recital 58 - The Principle of Transparency|website=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; This way, children can be made aware of the possible dangers of companies processing their personal data and take steps to mitigate and avoid any potential harm.

=== Clothing and Religious Expression ===
[[File:Klompen (Dutch Clogs), Wooden Shoes Museum in Drenthe.jpg|thumb|This picture depicts traditional Dutch wooden shoes, called klompen. This picture is from OXLAEY.com, 2014.   ]]
Traditional dutch clothing, such as the wooden shoes, called klompen, characterized by their distinct bright color and shape have existed for centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.satra.com/bulletin/article.php?id=2558|title=The European clog – a centuries-old design|website=www.satra.com|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The right to wear clothing, and to choose which clothing to wear, is protected by the freedom of expression in the Netherlands under Article 7 of the Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/human-rights/human-rights-worldwide/freedom-of-expression-and-internet-freedom|title=Freedom of expression, internet freedom and independent journalism - Human rights - Government.nl|last=Zaken|first=Ministerie van Buitenlandse|date=2018-12-27|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The right to wear religious clothing in the Netherlands is generally protected under Article 6 of the Dutch Constitution, which protects the freedom of religion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/constitution.htm|title=The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. art 6.|website=Dutch Civil Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per this Article, individuals have the right to express their religion through clothing in their daily lives. While citizens are protected under this right, the right is not absolute and has been limited by recent legislation. In 2019, the Netherlands introduced the Partial Ban on Face-Covering Clothing Act,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/ban-on-face-coverings-referred-to-in-the-media-as-the-%E2%80%98burka-ban%E2%80%99/question-and-answer/topics/ban-on-face-coverings-referred-to-in-the-media-as-the-%E2%80%98burka-ban%E2%80%99/question-and-answer/what-does-the-partial-ban-on-face-coverings-entail|title=What does the partial ban on face coverings entail? - Government.nl|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=2019-08-07|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; popularly referred to as the ‘burqa ban’.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/centre-for-religious-studies/research-centres/centre-religion-conflict-globalization/blog/exclusion-through-the-law-the-netherlands-burqa-ban-16-09-2019|title=Exclusion through the Law: the Netherlands’ ‘Burqa Ban’|date=2019-09-16|website=University of Groningen|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The act was intended to prevent individuals from wearing face coverings in public places where it is necessary to be identifiable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/ban-on-face-coverings-referred-to-in-the-media-as-the-%E2%80%98burka-ban%E2%80%99/question-and-answer/topics/ban-on-face-coverings-referred-to-in-the-media-as-the-%E2%80%98burka-ban%E2%80%99/question-and-answer/what-does-the-partial-ban-on-face-coverings-entail|title=What does the partial ban on face coverings entail? - Government.nl|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=2019-08-07|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Face coverings includes “balaclavas, burkas, nikabs, full-face motorcycle helmets and masks.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This partial ban on face coverings “prohibits clothing that “covers the face” from being worn in schools, hospitals, and other public buildings and public transport.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanrightscentre.org/blog/burqa-ban-new-law-came-effect-netherlands|title=Burqa Ban: new law came into effect in the Netherlands {{!}} Czech Centre for Human Rights and Democracy|date=2019-02-20|website=www.humanrightscentre.org|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Act has been largely criticized for being discriminatory against Muslim women who wear a burqa or niqab and a violation of the freedom of religion. Many regard this law as being far too sweeping as it severely impacts Muslim women and restricts their access to public places.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/centre-for-religious-studies/research-centres/centre-religion-conflict-globalization/blog/exclusion-through-the-law-the-netherlands-burqa-ban-16-09-2019|title=Exclusion through the Law: the Netherlands’ ‘Burqa Ban’|date=2019-09-16|website=University of Groningen|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, while the Netherlands formally guarantees the freedom of religion, including in clothing, this freedom if subject to criticized limitations.

=== Legal Frameworks Governing Bodily Expression, Obscenity, and Child Exploitation ===
Under the Dutch Criminal Code, the regulation of public nudity and obscenity are codified and are punishable by law. Under Article 430(a) of the Dutch Criminal Code, public nudity is generally prohibited in public places, however, nudity may be permitted in locations where it is customary or socially acceptable, which is decided by the local municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/nld/1881/criminal_code_english_2012_html/Criminal_Code_as_amended_2012_ENGLISH.pdf|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht [Dutch Criminal Code], Article 430(a)|website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}&lt;/ref&gt; By contrast, Article 239 of the Criminal Code criminalized obscenity and is concerned with the protection of the public from being exposed to behavior that is found to be sexually explicit or morally offensive. This Article provides an outright ban on obscenity when it violates decency standards and publicly offends others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/cld/document/nld/1881/criminal_code.html?|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht [Dutch Criminal Code], Article 239|website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Netherlands’ emphasis on protecting the public from offensive or indecent exposure also extends to a stricter area of law that is structured around safeguarding minors. Laws governing child pornography in the Netherlands prioritizes the protection of children’s dignity, autonomy, and safety, especially given the inherent risks of the internet and how quickly pictures and information can be disseminated online. Child pornography is criminalized under Section 240 of the Dutch Criminal Code. Section 240(a) describes that any person who “supplies, offers or shows” a minor, whom they know or should reasonably know is under the age of 16, “an image, an object or a data carrier” that contains an image that may be harmful to a person of that age can be punished with up to one year in prison or a fine of the fourth category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/cld/document/nld/1881/criminal_code.html?|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht [Dutch Criminal Code], Article 240(a)|website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}&lt;/ref&gt; Section 240(b) of the criminal code says that a person who “distributes, offers, publicly displays, produces, imports, conveys in transit, exports, obtains, possesses or accesses” an image that displays sexual acts involving a person under the age of eighteen years old will be punished by imprisonment or a fine of the fifth category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/cld/document/nld/1881/criminal_code.html?|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht [Dutch Criminal Code], Article 240(b)|website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}&lt;/ref&gt; This subsection also says that a person who makes it either a habit or profession of committing any of the aforementioned offenses will be imprisoned for up to 8 years or given a fine of the fifth category.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;These laws clearly establish that child pornography in the Netherlands is illegal in all forms and place a strong emphasis on the prioritization of the protection of minors. 

Legislation in this area of law is rapidly expanding as a result of the rise in the use of artificial intelligence (“AI”), which is currently being addressed at the national level in the Netherlands’ court system, as exemplified by the Grok AI case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techpolicy.press/dutch-court-orders-x-grok-to-stop-aigenerated-sexual-abuse-content|title=Dutch Court Orders X, Grok to Stop AI-Generated Sexual Abuse Content|last=Jahangir|first=Ramsha|date=2026-03-26|website=Tech Policy Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March of 2026, the Amsterdam District Court issued a judgment, the “first European court ruling to impose a binding injunction on an AI image generator over non-consensual sexualized content.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techpolicy.press/dutch-court-orders-x-grok-to-stop-aigenerated-sexual-abuse-content|title=Dutch Court Orders X, Grok to Stop AI-Generated Sexual Abuse Content|last=Jahangir|first=Ramsha|date=2026-03-26|website=Tech Policy Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court held that X and the chatbot X uses, named Grok, must immediately stop the use of Grok in generating sexual images and child pornography in the Netherlands. The Court imposed a fine of €100,000 per day until X complied with the order. The Court supported its holding by finding that the non-consensual sexual images and child pornography violated the GDPR and was unlawful under Dutch law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techpolicy.press/dutch-court-orders-x-grok-to-stop-aigenerated-sexual-abuse-content|title=Dutch Court Orders X, Grok to Stop AI-Generated Sexual Abuse Content|last=Jahangir|first=Ramsha|date=2026-03-26|website=Tech Policy Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These issues surrounding the regulation of the internet and growth in the use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) are being addressed not only at the national level in the Netherlands, but also through broader European Union initiatives that the Netherlands will follow. Current legislation in the Netherlands does make it possible to take legal action against those who create, possess, and distribute explicit images, but it does not solve the new problem that AI is creating. Luckily, there is new European legislation that is currently being drafted to ban AI ‘nudify’ apps and websites which will target AI systems that can create nonconsensual sexually explicit images.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/publications/dutch-regulators-dutch-police-and-dutch-public-prosecution-service-welcome-european-ban-ai-nudify-apps-and-websites|title=Dutch regulators, the Dutch Police, and the Dutch Public Prosecution Service welcome a European ban on ‘AI nudify apps and websites’|website=Authority for Consumers &amp; Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; This ban is being firmly supported by the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets, the Dutch Police, the Dutch Public Prosecution Service, and other Dutch Regulators.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; While waiting for the enactment of the ban, the Dutch Police and Dutch Public Prosecution Service “will continue to handle individual reports, and assess how they can get the most out of the existing legislative framework.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Netherlands]]
[[Category:Law in Europe]]</text>
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== 1. Sources of Netherlands Communication Law ==
In the Netherlands, the goal of communications law is to balance the freedom of expression with the protection of privacy and property rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lawandmore.eu/blog/understanding-media-law-in-the-netherlands/|title=Understanding Media Law In The Netherlands|date=2025-11-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24|website=Law &amp; More Attorneys}}&lt;/ref&gt; The key principles of Dutch communications law are the freedom of expression, fair market competition, and the protection of people’s privacy and data.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Not only does national Dutch law apply and influence communications law, but so does international law. Dutch communications law governs internet services, data protection, government power, telecommunication networks, and more. This section will look into the governmental structure of the Netherlands and hierarchy of laws that govern communications law in the Netherlands.  

=== '''Governmental Structure and Key Governmental Bodies''' ===
The government in the Netherlands is made up of three main bodies consisting of a Monarch, the States General, and the Council of Ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=About the Government|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also more localized versions of governments. As a constitutional monarchy, the constitution governs, and the monarch has limited power in the Government. The monarch's power is largely ceremonial in nature. There are two houses in the Dutch parliament, the Senate (Eerste Kamer) and the House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.welcome-to-nl.nl/living-in-the-netherlands/politics-and-government|title=Politics and Government|website=Welcome to Netherlands|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The House of Representatives is regarded as the more important of the two houses because this house can introduce and propose legislation, as it has done with many communications laws, as well as amend bills. The Senate then approves or rejects bills.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=About the Government|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In both houses, members are elected. There are 150 members in the House of Representatives and 75 members in the Senate. &lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; 

In addition to the Dutch Parliament, the local governments are the next highest level of government and consist of local authorities. These authorities translate national policies, including communications policies, into forms appropriate for the needs of their regions. &lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; They exist in the 12 provinces in the Netherlands and are governed by municipal executives. These executives are chosen by the central government and a council whose members are elected every four years.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Regulatory Sources of Netherlands Communications Law''' ===
In the Netherlands, there are many supervisory and regulatory authorities that are in charge of overseeing compliance and enforcing requirements related to data protection and media.  

The Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens) is the Netherland’s national authority that is located in the Hague and enforces the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://noyb.eu/en/project/dpa/ap-netherlands|title=AP (The Netherlands) {{!}} noyb.eu|date=2023-12-14|website=Noyb|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main goal of the Dutch Data Protection Authority is to protect users’ privacy rights and to promote transparency between consumers and telecom companies.

The Dutch Media Authority (Commissariaat voor de Media) is the authority that is responsible for ensuring compliance with the Media Act 2008 for both commercial and national public media providers. The goal of this authority is to ensure that media remains diverse and accessible to all viewers, with the ultimate goal being to “support the freedom of information in [Dutch] society.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cvdm.nl/english-summary-dutch-media-authority/|title=English Summary Dutch Media Authority|work=Commissariaat voor de Media|access-date=2026-02-24|language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another goal of this authority is to promote fair competition between both public and private media providers.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch Media Authority is overseen by a Board of Commissioners and contains three members.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

The National Digital Infrastructure Inspectorate (RDI) has a main objective of ensuring that communication networks remain available and accessible to consumers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksinspecties.nl/over-de-inspectieraad/over-de-rijksinspecties/agentschap-telecom-at|title=National Inspectorate for Digital Infrastructure|website=Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur (RDI)|language=nl|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is done through the supervision of technical infrastructure, such as antennas and cabling, the oversight of network security, infrastructure to protect against cyber-attacks, and the supervision of devices. This includes devices such as smart home technologies and Wi-Fi routers to ensure they function properly and are not susceptible to hacking or digital security threats.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== '''International Source of Netherlands Communications Law: European Union (EU) Law''' ===
Currently, there are twenty-five member states in the European Union. These states cooperate in trade, social policy, and foreign policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.duke.edu/ilrt/int_orgs_5.htm|title=European Union|website=Duke Law|publisher=|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Netherlands have been a member of the EU since January 1, 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/netherlands_en|title=Netherlands|website=European Union|publisher=European Union|language=|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Netherlands have their own national laws, as a member-state, the Netherlands has considered and subsequently adopted many EU legislative proposals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=The Netherlands and Developments Within the European Union (EU)|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|publisher=|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the below.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;EU Electronic Communications Code (EECC)&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The Netherlands implemented the EECC on March 12, 2022, with practically all EECC implementation act provisions put into place (aside from a few e-privacy provisions).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.squirepattonboggs.com/our-expertise/services/regulation-risk-compliance/communications/european-electronic-communications-code-transposition-status/|title=European Electronic Communications Code – Transposition Status|date=July 23, 2025|website=Squire Patton Boggs|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This code applies to all electronic communications networks and services. One of the very important features of the EECC is its requirement for universal access to fundamental communication services and the affordability of these services. The EECC also focuses on protecting consumers when they communicate, either by text message, phone call, or email.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-electronic-communications-code|title=EU Electronic Communications Code|date=January 21, 2026|website=European Commission|publisher=|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is done primarily by ensuring tariff transparency, increasing emergency communications, providing for precise caller location, and ensuring equal access to electronic communications for users with disabilities.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The EECC’s key amendments include, but are not limited to:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.squirepattonboggs.com/our-expertise/services/regulation-risk-compliance/communications/european-electronic-communications-code-transposition-status/|title=European Electronic Communications Code – Transposition Status|date=July 23, 2025|website=Squire Patton Boggs|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* providing equal access for consumers and users, 
* giving access to the European emergency number, 
* widening telecommunications regulations, 
* establishing universal service requirements, and 
* specifying transparency requirements that providers must adhere to.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Digital Services Act (DSA)&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The DSA ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj/eng Regulation (EU) 2022/2065]) is an EU regulation that came into effect on November 16, 2022. In the Netherlands, the DSA has been implemented through what is known as the Implementation Act on the Digital Services Regulation (Uitvoeringswet Digitaledienstenverordening).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eversheds-sutherland.com/en/switzerland/insights/the-digital-services-act-in-the-netherlands|title=The Digital Services Act in the Netherlands|date=December 2, 2025|website=Eversheds Sutherland}}&lt;/ref&gt; This act creates rules for online providers such as providers for social media, internet, search engines, and marketplaces that typically store and utilize user information in some capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/about-the-ap/digital-services-act-dsa|title=Digital Services Regulation (DSA)|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (AP)|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main goals of the DSA are to protect user expression and information, increase user safety, and increase transparency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eversheds-sutherland.com/en/switzerland/insights/the-digital-services-act-in-the-netherlands|title=The Digital Services Act in the Netherlands|date=December 2, 2025|website=Eversheds Sutherland}}&lt;/ref&gt; To do this, some of the main articles of the DSA include:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deloitte.com/nl/en/services/legal/perspectives/legal-implications-of-the-digital-services-act.html|title=Legal implications of the Digital Services Act|date=November 22, 2023|website=Deloitte Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Requirements for transparency in ads and limiting advertising to minors based on profiling
* Requirements for online marketplaces to assess and stop risks involving services or products
* Requirements for publishing transparency reports 

The articles of the DSA are enforced in the Netherlands by the Authority for Consumers and Markets (Autoriteit Consument &amp; Markt). The ACM can impose fines and penalties if it finds a provider or platform that has violated the DSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eversheds-sutherland.com/en/switzerland/insights/the-digital-services-act-in-the-netherlands|title=The Digital Services Act in the Netherlands|date=December 2, 2025|website=Eversheds Sutherland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''National Sources of Netherlands Communications Law''' ===

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Grondwet)&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Netherlands, also known as the Grondwet, is the legal foundation of Netherlands law and is the highest legal authority in the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=About the Government|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy, where the powers of the Dutch monarch are defined and regulated by the Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/themes/monarchy|title=Monarchy|last=|first=|date=2016-01-14|website=Royal House of the Netherlands|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution was first written in 1814, but the version that currently governs is from 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/government/about-the-government|title=Constitution and Charter|last=|first=|date=2022-01-07|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constitution emphasizes fundamental liberties such as the freedom of expression, the right to privacy, and the right to receive equal treatment. The Constitution also describes the organization of the Dutch government system.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''&lt;u&gt;National Statutory Sources&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
There have been two notable national statutes enacted by Parliament that govern and regulate the entirety of Netherlands communications law as described below. 

'''(1) Telecommunications Act (Telecommunicatiewet):''' The Dutch Telecommunications Act is the primary legislation that regulates telecommunication, including networks and public providers. The Act has authority over a broad range of communications networks and public communications services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stuff.coffeecode.net/www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/netherlands.php|title=Online Privacy Law: Netherlands|website=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; It mandates that providers protect personal data and information as well as requiring transparency from providers to adequately inform users of any security risks.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

'''(2) The Temporary Government Digital Accessibility Decree (tBDTO):''' The [https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0040936/2018-07-01 tBDTO] enforces the Dutch government’s Cabinet policy on accessibility, which requires government digital services to be accessible to all people such that no one is excluded from using online government platforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaleoverheid.nl/overzicht-van-alle-onderwerpen/digitale-inclusie/digitaal-toegankelijk/beleid/|title=Cabinet Policy on Accessibility|website=Netherlands Digital Government|language=nl-NL|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tBDTO requires that online platforms and apps comply with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), level A and AA.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This is done by ensuring that websites and apps have for example “sufficient color contrast in text, descriptive alt text for images, and the ability to operate functions with the keyboard.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;  Every government agency is tasked with meeting these requirements, and the Ministry of the Interior oversees compliance with them.

=== '''Provincial (Regional) Sources of Netherlands Communications Law''' ===
The Netherlands is a unitary state,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://euler.euclid.int/what-is-a-unitary-state-the-case-of-the-netherlands/|title=What is a Unitary State? The Case of the Netherlands.|last=|first=|date=2023-08-22|website=EFMU: The Euler-Franeker Memorial University and Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; meaning that there is a centralized telecommunications law framework rather than fragmented regional or provincial policies. As a result, national laws primarily govern the 12 provinces, leaving little room for independent regional communication regulations. Most provincial regulations consist of more limited aspects of Dutch telecommunications law such as permits or infrastructure planning. For example, certain provinces, including Utrecht and Gelderland, have enacted regulations concerning the construction of large cell towers and the locations of such towers.

=== Conclusion ===
In conclusion, communications law in the Netherlands is governed by multiple legal sources at different levels. European Union law has the most influential role, due to the Netherlands being a member state, as all of the Netherlands provinces are bound by EU directives and regulations. At the level below, national law also maintains a central role in regulating communications law throughout the country. As a result, regional authorities have much more limited powers, most often dealing with more localized issues that involves permits, zoning, and planning. Thus, communications law in the Netherlands is largely shaped and governed by EU and national law, with regional law serving a more limited and supportive role. 

== 2. Principles of Communication Law and Media ==

=== ACM Policies and Priorities ===
The Authority for Consumers &amp; Markets (Autoriteit Consument &amp; Markt) is the primary independent regulator in the Netherlands that executes statutory obligations on behalf of the government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do/mission-and-duties|title=Missions and Duties|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; Telecommunication networks and services must register with the ACM if that telecommunications service “provide[s] public electronic communications networks… provide[s] public electronic communication services” or constructs facilities that support either.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://business.gov.nl/regulations/requirements-telecom-providers/|title=Requirements for Telecom Providers|last=|first=|website=Netherlands Enterprise Agency|language=en|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ACM ensures there is fair competition between companies, enforces communications laws to protect consumers, and fines companies if they are not in compliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do|title=What We Do|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main goals of the ACM, which largely reflect the policy goals of Dutch communications law are described below.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Protecting Consumers&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
Consumer protection is essential and has been deemed a central policy goal by the ACM due to the Netherlands' extensive telecommunications coverage. More than 98% of citizens have access to 5G mobile service, and around 90% of homes have fibre internet available.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/netherlands-telecom-market|title=Netherlands Telecom MNO Market Size &amp; Growth Trends, 2031|date=2026-01-16|website=Mordor Intelligence|language=en|access-date=2026-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; To protect consumers and meet this goal, the ACM has developed a website to inform consumers of their rights and how to assert those rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do/mission-and-duties|title=Missions and Duties|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; The website is called the [https://www.consuwijzer.nl ConsuWijzer] and is devoted to informing consumers about their internet, phone subscriptions, terms and conditions, warranties for broken products, and answering questions regarding fibre optics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.consuwijzer.nl/|title=Information About Your Rights as a Consumer|last=|first=|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets|language=nl-NL|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also directly on the website, people can submit problems or issues to the ACM so that the ACM can review and resolve any issues, including legal issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do/mission-and-duties|title=Missions and Duties|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; When investigating the reports, the ACM utilizes a prioritization system where they prioritize the cases that have the highest economic harm and importance to society to ensure they solve the most impactful issues first.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/about-acm/what-we-do/our-powers|title=Our Powers|website=Authority for Consumers &amp; Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; During investigations to determine if a business has in fact violated any of the ACM's rules, such as if a company lacks appropriate data protection systems for consumers, the ACM officers are able to request such information from businesses, demand the requisite documents, raid homes or businesses, and take the data they need.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; However, privileged information between attorneys and clients stays privileged and will not be included in ACM investigations.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; One prominent ACM case occurred in March 2024 against Global Marketing Bridge B.V. due to misleading telephone sales calls for energy contracts. Customers were not being properly informed of the purpose of the call and were falsely misled by the company's sales representatives. Due to this deceptive practice, the business was fined €400,000. This fine was intended to ensure the safety of customers who were receiving these calls and to stop the company from continuing these deceptive sales practices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.taylorwessing.com/en/insights-and-events/insights/2025/02/most-notable-consumer-law-cases-acm-2024|title=Most notable consumer law cases ACM 2024|date=2025-02-28|website=www.taylorwessing.com|language=en|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Ensuring Fair Competition&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
Another main goal of the ACM is to ensure that there is fair competition between telecommunication companies. This is because “[f]air competition between businesses promotes innovation, improves quality, and lowers prices.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; To do this, the ACM has many requirements businesses must adhere to, such as requiring that they are notified when large businesses and corporations want to merge, so that they can assess the impact this will have on market competition and either allow or stop the merger from happening.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The ACM also investigates any illegal agreements and allows for consumers to notify the ACM of any issues regarding competition.

The ACM's objective of ensuring fair competition is especially crucial in the Netherlands. This is due to the fact that Dutch telecommunications is dominated by three major providers: VodafoneZiggo Group B.V (“Vodafone”), Odido Netherlands (“Odido”) and Koninklijke KPN N.V. (“KPN”).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/netherlands-telecom-market|title=Netherlands Telecom MNO Market Size &amp; Growth Trends, 2031|date=2026-01-16|website=Mordor Intelligence|language=en|access-date=2026-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; KPN is the leader in connectivity, with about a 40% broadband share (earning extra revenue from Towerco).&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Vodafone is widely popular but has recently lost around 31,000 broadband users in early 2025.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Odido, however, provides the fastest 5G speeds. Competition among these providers centers on improving network quality and offering strategic bundled services.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; These companies also exemplify the importance of the ACM's role in promoting fair competition and emphasize why this principle is so important to Netherland's communications law given the concentrated telecommunications market. 

=== '''Prominent Decisions and Cases''' ===
In 2021 a Dutch court upheld the ACM’s finding that Apple, a prominent technology company, had abused its power and “dominant position by imposing unfair conditions on providers of dating apps in the App Store.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/dutch-court-confirms-apple-abused-dominant-position-dating-apps-2025-06-16/|title=Dutch Court Confirms Apple Abused Dominant Position in Dating Apps|date=June 16, 2025|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court made clear that the ACM had correctly found that Apple had unfair payment terms for dating apps, requiring users to use Apple’s own system, and fined Apple 58 million Euros.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This reflects the Netherland's commitment to protecting consumers interests and rights against large companies.

In a separate dispute, the ACM fined LG Electronics Benelux Sales 8 million euros for illegal price-fixing agreements with large retailers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/publications/acm-fines-lg-illegal-price-fixing-agreements-involving-television-sets|title=ACM Fines LG for Illegal Price-Fixing Agreements Involving Television Sets|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ACM found that this practice interfered with competition between retailers and led to television sets not being sold at competitive prices, increasing costs for customers.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This decision made clear that retailers have an obligation to make and monitor their own retail prices and that suppliers have an obligation to not pressure retailers into fixed prices.

The ACM also reached a decision in a dispute between Vodafone, a telecommunications provider, and Aegon, an insurance company, over jointly using an antenna on a building owned by Aegon. The ACM held that Aegon must “agree to the joint use under market-based and non-discriminatory conditions and fees.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/publications/acm-mandates-aegon-accept-joint-use-antenna-site-its-building-alphen-aan-den-rijn#:~:text=Background,joint%20use%20of%20antenna%20sites|title=ACM Mandates Aegon to Accept Joint Use of Antenna Site on its Building in Alphen aan den Rijn|website=Authority for Consumers and Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ACM reasoned this is required by the Telecommunications Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; As part of their decision, the ACM also determined the fee and conditions that would be set and which must be adhered to by Aegon.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conclusion ===
Overall, the principles of communications law in the Netherlands are largely shaped by the ACM, the country's primary independent regulator. The ACM's policies exemplify the Netherland's broader priorities for telecommunications and focus on two key priorities: protecting consumer safety and ensuring fair competition among telecommunications providers. To protect consumers, the ACM is essential in providing widespread internet and fiber optics access to individuals and allows for consumers to easily submit complaints or reports issues. It also maintains fair market competition by investigating and stoping companies from dominating the market or manipulating price points. The cases discussed above demonstrate how the ACM actively enforces these two principles and ensures that telecommunications in the Netherlands has market competition and consumer protections. 

== 3. Censorship and Violent Content ==
In the Netherlands, the freedom of expression is a constitutionally protected fundamental right. However, carefully targeted laws and bans as explained below impose restrictions aimed at regulating media and censoring violent content.

=== '''Freedom of Expression''' ===
The Freedom of Expression in the Netherlands is protected by both the Dutch Constitution (as described in Article 7) and international law such as that from the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights.
[[File:Grondwet van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden.jpg|thumb|This picture is of the Dutch Constitution (Grondwet). The photographer of this photo is Vera de Kok, 2018. ]]
Article 7 of the [https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf Dutch Constitution (Grondwet)] explicitly establishes that:&lt;blockquote&gt;1.     “[n]o one shall require prior permission to publish thoughts or opinions through the press, without prejudice to the responsibility of every person under the law.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf|title=Gw. [CONSTITUTION] art 7|website=Government of Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2.     “[r]ules concerning radio and television shall be laid down by Act of Parliament. There shall be no prior supervision of the content of a radio or television broadcast.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

3.     “[n]o one shall be required to submit thoughts or opinions for prior approval in order to disseminate them by means other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, without prejudice to the responsibility of every person under the law. The holding of performances open to persons younger than sixteen years of age may be regulated by Act of Parliament in order to protect good morals.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;As detailed above, the constitution guarantees the freedom of expression, meaning that the government may not generally limit or restrict speech.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/prohibition-of-discrimination.|title=Prohibition of Discrimination|website=Government of the Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution rejects prior censorship, requiring no prior permission before one publishes a thought or opinion. However, the freedoms in Article 7 are still subject to Article 1, which prohibits any form of discrimination (political, religious, sex, etc.,) and courts still balance Article 7 against Article 1. Furthermore, censorship is not allowed, but in certain circumstances as discussed in the follow sections, limited censorship may be permitted in specific circumstances (such as the protection of minors).&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

The Netherlands is also a part of the [https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG European Convention on Human Rights] (ECHR). As a member of the ECHR through ratifying the human rights agreements laid out in the ECHR, violations of human rights may be brought to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Article 10 of the ECHR protects the freedom of expression, but also lays out restrictions in the forms of one’s “duties and responsibilities” such as restrictions required of a “democratic society” and to protect people’s health and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 10|date=|website=Council of Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; One case that illustrates the importance of Article 10 and the protections it provides is ''Sanoma Uitgevers v. The Netherlands,'' which was brought before the ECtHR in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-100448|title=Sanoma Uitgevers B.V. v. Netherlands, App. No. 38224/03 Eur. Ct. H. R.|date=2010-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The facts of this case took place in 2002 when there was an illegal street race taking place in Amsterdam that was being photographed by journalist from a prominent magazine in the Netherlands called the ''Autoweek''.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Before the ''Autoweek'' released the story on the race, local police reached out to the magazine and asked that the photographs taken of the street race be surrendered due to the police's suspicion that one of the cars in the race was involved in a violent robbery previously. When the ''Autoweek'' refused, the police arrested the editor and the photographs were released to the police.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Autoweek'' eventually brought the case before the ECtHR claiming their Article 10 rights, including that of the freedom of expression and the press had been violated. The Grand Chamber ultimately held that the Netherlands had violated Article 10, finding that the interference was not &quot;prescribed by law&quot; as Dutch law did not have the necessary procedural safeguards to protect journalists prior to disclosure orders being enforced by the police.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Court further held that &quot;an interference cannot be compatible with Article of the convention unless it is justified by an overriding requirement in the public interest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Here, that balancing failed and as a result, these actions were found not to be &quot;prescribed by law&quot; and thus, Article 10 was violated.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This decision emphasized the idea that there are important safeguards that protect the freedom of the press and that any interference on these rights must be authorized by the law.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; 

The European Union also requires EU countries to comply with the rights in Article 11 of the [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf Charter of Fundamental Rights]. Article 11 describes the Freedom of Expression and Information. As a member of the European Union, the Netherlands is bound by its laws and regulations.

=== '''Criminal Regulation of Violent Content''' ===
In the Netherlands, the laws that regulate violent content do not broadly prohibit such content but instead target specific types of violent content. For example, prohibited content may include some types of content that may be harmful to minors or content that is aimed at promoting terrorism, incitement, or hate speech.

The Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafecht) prohibits incitement to violence under [https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The&amp;#x20;Netherlands&amp;#x20;Criminal&amp;#x20;Code&amp;#x20;-&amp;#x20;Section&amp;#x20;137c&amp;#x20;and&amp;#x20;137d.pdf Article 137(d)]. Specifically, this article criminalizes public words, writings, or images that “incite[] hatred or discrimination against men or violence against person or property on the grounds of their race, religion, or beliefs, their gender, their heterosexual or homosexual orientation or their physical, psychological or mental.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The%20Netherlands%20Criminal%20Code%20-%20Section%20137c%20and%20137d.pdf|title=Art. 137(d) Wetboek van Strafrecht (Criminal Code)|website=Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective}}&lt;/ref&gt; If violated, punishments may result in up to one year of imprisonment or fines. Other relevant Articles include Article [https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The&amp;#x20;Netherlands&amp;#x20;Criminal&amp;#x20;Code&amp;#x20;-&amp;#x20;Section&amp;#x20;137c&amp;#x20;and&amp;#x20;137d.pdf 137(c)] and [https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The&amp;#x20;Netherlands&amp;#x20;Criminal&amp;#x20;Code&amp;#x20;-&amp;#x20;Section&amp;#x20;137c&amp;#x20;and&amp;#x20;137d.pdf 137(e)]. Article 137(c) makes it a crime to knowingly make harmful or discriminatory public statements toward a group of people based on characteristics such as race, religion, sexual orientation, beliefs, or disability.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The%20Netherlands%20Criminal%20Code%20-%20Section%20137c%20and%20137d.pdf|title=Art. 137(c) Wetboek van Strafrecht (Criminal Code)|website=Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective}}&lt;/ref&gt; Article 137(e) criminalizes (beyond providing factual information) making statements or distributing materials that are offensive to a group of persons based on the characteristics described previously or incite hatred, discrimination, or violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://melaproject.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/The%20Netherlands%20Criminal%20Code%20-%20Section%20137c%20and%20137d.pdf|title=Art. 137(e) Wetboek van Strafrecht (Criminal Code)|website=Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 137(c) and 137(e), the punishment becomes more severe if the person committing the crime has done so repeatedly or if two or more people coordinate committing the offense together. 

=== '''Media Regulation: Media Act (Mediawet 2008)''' ===
The [https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/publications/2022/06/14/media-act-2008/Media+Act+2008.pdf Media Act] is “aimed at ensuring that everyone should have equal access to a varied and reliable range of information in all kinds of areas.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/policy-monitoring-platform/mediawet-2008-dutch-media-act|title=Mediawet 2008 (Dutch Media Act)|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Act promotes competition in the media with both public and commercial broadcasters. The Act also sets forth that the government may not censor media content. Public broadcasters are funded by the government and have to provide educational, political, cultural, and child friendly programs.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Act also mandates that content by public broadcasters should display the diversity of society in the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/the-media-and-broadcasting/media-act-rules-for-broadcasters-and-programming|title=Media Act: Rules for Broadcasters and Programming|last=|first=|date=2015-07-01|website=Government of the Netherlands|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commercial broadcasters on the other hand do not receive government funding, and thus are able to adhere to less stringent rules than public broadcasters, but still must adhere to a few specific rules set out in the Act, such as protecting children from harmful programs.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.'' &lt;/ref&gt;

Public broadcasters have stricter rules than commercial broadcasters in regard to advertisements as well. There must be fewer advertisements displayed and programs may not be interrupted by commercials. Commercial broadcasters however may rely on advertising, but they may not sponsor any news programs.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Act has a large focus on the protection of children and does so by restricting harmful content and creating time limits. Programs that are appropriate for children ages 12 and over can only be shown after 8 p.m., and programs for those ages 16 or over can only be shown between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. These time restrictions are enforced by independent media authorities.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Lastly, the Act makes clear that “[j]ournalists and programme-makers are free to write, publish and broadcast what they wish.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; As per the Constitution and the Media act, the Dutch government may not censor or interfere with content in advance of it being displayed.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Media Protections for Minors''' ===
The Netherlands also has a Viewing Guide called Kijkwijzer, that is managed by the Dutch Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media (NICAM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://better-internet-for-kids.europa.eu/en/rules-guidelines/viewing-guide-dutch-audiovisual-classification-system|title=Viewing Guide (Dutch Audiovisual Classification System)|website=European Union}}&lt;/ref&gt; This guide creates 7 different categories of age ratings including: all ages, 6 years, 9 years, 12 years, 14 years, 16, years and 18 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kijkwijzer.nl/en/about-kijkwijzer/|title=About Kijkwijzer|website=Kijkwijzer|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also has seven different types of icons that explain why there is a certain age rating. The reasons include fear, discrimination, drugs, sex, bad language, dangerous acts, smoking, drinking, and violence.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;  This system assists parents and guardians in ensuring that the media children are viewing is appropriate. Kijkwijzer can be found on almost all Netherlands media, with the only exception being the news or shows that are displayed live as these may not be given a rating in advance of being shown.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

The age ratings also effect the times a show or movie may be broadcast. Media that is allowed for all ages, 6 years, as well as 9 years may be shown at any time.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; However, those rated 12 years, 14 years, and 16 years can only be shown between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Lastly, media that is rated 18 years can only be shown at late times, when children would typically be asleep, from 12 a.m. to 6 a.m.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conclusion ===
In conclusion, the freedom of expression is a fundamental value in the Netherlands, but is balanced alongside protections for public safety. The Netherlands does not allow for prior censorship, however, certain forms of speech such as those that advocate for terrorism or those that incite hate are criminally prohibited under the Dutch Criminal Code. Media regulations are also incredibly important as laws such as the Media Act require that public and private broadcasters adhere to important standards that promote many different interests such as providing educational programming, cultural shows, and showcasing diversity. The Netherlands also places significant emphasis on protecting minors as exemplified in guides such as Kijkwijzer. This guide provides age ratings and content warnings, as well as specified programming times that are more suitable for younger viewers. By having strong protections for free expression and the regulatory policies explained above, the Netherlands is a leading country in showcasing how a nation can preserve the freedom of expression while protecting the safety of its citizens. 

== 4. Truth, Tolerance, and Unprotected Speech ==
In the Netherlands, defamation may be punishable under both criminal law and civil law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.carter-ruck.com/law-guides/defamation-and-privacy-law-in-netherlands/|title=Netherlands Media Law Guide|last=Kloters|first=Remco|date=2021-11-18|website=Carter-Ruck|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; To determine what constitutes defamation, Dutch courts often look to the European Court of Human Rights precedent.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; In the Netherlands, defamation may be in the form of verbal statements (slander) or written or published statements (libel).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maak-law.com/law-of-obligations-netherlands/defamation-libel-netherlands/|title=Defamation and Libel in the Netherlands: What International Clients Need to Know|website=Maak}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Dutch law, defamation “occurs when someone intentionally damages your reputation by spreading true but harmful information that attacks your good name.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, libel occurs when a person intentionally disseminates false information in order to harm a person. Thus, libel actions always deal with harmful ''false'' information while defamation actions can involve harmful ''true'' information.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Defamation Under Dutch Civil Law''' ===
The Dutch Civil Code, [http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/legislation/dcctitle6633.htm Article 6:167] provides a cause of action for defamation and liability under tort law. Under this article, if a person were to publish false information, a court could order that person “to publish a correction in a way to be set by court,”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/legislation/dcctitle6633.htm|title=Art. 6:167, Burgerlijk Wetboek (Civil Code)|website=Dutch Civil Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; even if the person who published the false information did not do so knowingly.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The party who brings the lawsuit is required to show proof of the defamation or slander and typically has the burden of proof.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.carter-ruck.com/law-guides/defamation-and-privacy-law-in-netherlands/|title=Netherlands Media Law Guide|last=Kloters|first=Remco|website=Carter-Ruck}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court has discretion to grant different forms of relief, including monetary damages or requiring specific performance, such as removing a post or statement.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Defamation Under Dutch Criminal Law''' ===
Dutch Criminal Law, Articles 261 through 271, pertain to defamation and libel. Under these articles, knowingly making incorrect statements that harm another is a criminal offense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lawandmore.eu/blog/online-reviews-in-the-netherlands-what-is-allowed-and-when-is-it-defamation/#:~:text=Dutch%20Criminal%20and%20Civil%20Codes,of%20annual%20turnover%20for%20violations|title=Online Reviews in the Netherlands: What is Allowed and When is it Defamation?|date=December 29, 2025|website=Law &amp; More}}&lt;/ref&gt; Across the provisions, a main requirement is that of intent, meaning that a person must have intentionally made false statements. Criminal cases typically involve more severe forms of defamation than civil cases. If a person wants to criminally prosecute someone else for defamation or slander, a complaint must be filed with Dutch police.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.carter-ruck.com/law-guides/defamation-and-privacy-law-in-netherlands/|title=Netherlands Media Law Guide|last=Kloters|first=Remco|website=Carter-Ruck}}&lt;/ref&gt; Typically, for these types of actions prison time is rare, and the more typical punishment is that in the form of a fine or community service.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''European Court of Human Rights Influence''' ===
As a member state of the Council of Europe, the Netherlands is subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which interprets rules and regulations from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Defamation and slander cases within the Netherlands are heavily influenced by the ECHR, specifically [https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG Article 10] and [https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG Article 8]. Article 8 ensures that peoples private lives and reputations are respected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 8|date=|website=Council of Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Article 10 guarantees the freedom of expression, with restrictions listed under section section 2 of the article.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG|title=Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 10|website=Council of Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Article 10 section 2 makes clear that any limitations to the freedom of expression must be:&lt;blockquote&gt;“…necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In defamation and slander cases, Dutch courts apply the above articles when balancing a person’s right to protect their reputation against another’s right to the freedom of expression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lawandmore.eu/blog/online-reviews-in-the-netherlands-what-is-allowed-and-when-is-it-defamation/#:~:text=Dutch%20Criminal%20and%20Civil%20Codes,of%20annual%20turnover%20for%20violations|title=Online Reviews in the Netherlands: What is Allowed and When is it Defamation?|date=December 29, 2025|website=Law &amp; More}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, 68% of defamation cases in the Netherlands are due to online content given the rise in social media and how quickly a post can go viral. When balancing reputational rights and the freedom of expression, many factors are considered including where the statement was made, how it was made, its public relevance, and the intent.

=== '''United States Defamation Law Compared to''' '''Dutch Defamation Law''' ===
In the United States, there is a strong protection of the freedom of speech under the first amendment. The notable case for defamation lawsuits in the United States is ''New York Times Co. v. Sullivan''. This case provided the “actual malice” rule which says that to succeed in a defamation lawsuit, the plaintiff (public official) has the burden of proving “that the statement was made with knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard of whether it was true or false.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/254/|title=New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)|work=Justia Law|access-date=2026-02-24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is a high standard that plaintiffs must meet in order to win in a defamation suit in the United States, and is different than that required in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, Articles 8 and 10 of the ECHR largely govern how Dutch courts rule on defamation cases and Dutch courts rely heavily on international human rights law. In the United States, the U.S. Supreme court does not rely on international law when interpreting defamation cases and instead relies on the first amendment, U.S Supreme Court precedent, and state tort law. Furthermore, there is a very strong protection afforded to the freedom of speech in the United States, while the Netherlands takes a more balanced approach, balancing the freedom of expression with the right to protect one’s reputation.  

=== Conclusion ===
In conclusion, defamation actions in the Netherlands are punishable under both civil and criminal law, which shows the country's commitment to protecting individuals from reputational harm. Dutch courts are bound by the European Convention on Human Rights and influenced by the precedent of the European Court of Human Rights, particularly Articles 10 and 8. These articles protect the freedom of expression while also protecting the right to a respected and private reputation. Recently, the Netherlands has experienced a rise in defamation claims as a result of the internet and social media platforms. Unlike the United States, which highly prioritizes the freedom of speech as illustrated in ''New York Times Co v. Sullivan'', the Netherlands has a more balanced approach, weighing the freedom of expression with the right to safeguard one's public reputation. 

== 5. Cultural and Religious Expression ==

=== Dutch Cultural Identity and Its Promotion ===
Dutch culture is often describes as a 'melting pot', where the culture is shaped through the contributions of people from a wide range of religions, ethnicities, and backgrounds.&lt;ref&gt;Day, M., de Haan, A., Sieckelinck, S., &amp; Steketee, M. (2025). Multiple Cultural Identities and Sense of National Belonging Among Second- And Third-Generation Youth in the Netherlands. ''Identity'', 1–23. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2025.2564856&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; Historically, Holland and Amsterdam have been major hubs for foreign settlers, all of whom bring their own cultures and customs with them. As a society, the Netherlands is “home to over 200 different nationalities.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/education/international-students/studying-in-the-netherlands/dutch-culture|title=Dutch culture - Leiden University|website=www.universiteitleiden.nl|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;The cultural diversity in the Netherlands has aided in shaping a society that is tolerant, open-minded, and welcoming to all people.&lt;ref&gt;Day, M., de Haan, A., Sieckelinck, S., &amp; Steketee, M. (2025). Multiple Cultural Identities and Sense of National Belonging Among Second- And Third-Generation Youth in the Netherlands. ''Identity'', 1–23. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2025.2564856&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The diversity is also represented through the many languages spoken in the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;Gobel MS, Benet-Martinez V, Mesquita B, Uskul AK. Europe's Culture(s): Negotiating Cultural Meanings, Values, and Identities in the European Context. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2018 Jul;49(6):858-867. doi: 10.1177/0022022118779144. Epub 2018 Jun 21. PMID: 30008485; PMCID: PMC6024379; Lazëri, M., &amp; Coenders, M. (2023). Dutch national identity in a majority-minority context: when the dominant group becomes a local minority. ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'', ''49''(9), 2129–2153. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2104698&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Although Dutch is the national language of the Netherlands, English, German, and French, are very common languages.

Another important cultural aspect in the Netherlands is found in social situations. In general, the Dutch are often very straightforward in the way they communicate, saying exactly what they think.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Although this may come across as rude or blunt to visitors, Dutch communication values honesty and efficiency, where everyone can share their opinions freely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/education/international-students/studying-in-the-netherlands/dutch-culture|title=Dutch culture - Leiden University|website=www.universiteitleiden.nl|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Dutch enjoy transparency in their society and sharing their own points of view.

This kind of open-mindedness and direct communication in the Netherlands is taught from an early age. In the Netherlands, cultural values are typically learned and spread through education and early socialization initiatives.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Brinkman and Cas Smithuijsen, ''Social Cohesion and Cultural Policy in the Netherlands,'' Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol. 27 No. 2-3, February 1, 2002, https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2002v27n2a1300. https://cjc.utppublishing.com/doi/10.22230/cjc.2002v27n2a1300&lt;/ref&gt; Beginning in 1999, the Secretary of State for Culture, Rick van der Ploeg, created a new plan directed towards youths to help them access and appreciate their culture.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This plan was titled “Aciteplan Culturrbereik” or Cultural Outreach Action Plan. The action plan “stressed the importance of realizing more social cohesion through culture” and did this by introducing “different art disciplines, accommodations, and (open air) venues, artists, art gatekeepers, as well as cross relations with other policy fields like education and social welfare.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This program also did not just introduce famous Dutch art and literature, it showcased amateur artists and newly emerging identities as well.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Canal houses and Oude Kerk at blue hour with water reflection in Damrak Amsterdam Netherlands.jpg|thumb|This is a picture of Amsterdam, where The Site is located. The photographer of this photo is Basile Morin, 2024.   ]]
An example of the plan’s implementation is called The Site, located in Inocaf, Amsterdam.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This is a youth information center that provides information and demonstrations to youths between the ages of 15 and 21 about Dutch culture through different workshops, presentations, and discussions. The Site also partners with the Kunstweb Institute for Art Education in Amsterdam, providing courses such as street dancing and web design to showcase modern expressions of Dutch culture.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The program is also welcoming to non-Dutch citizens, emphasizing that Dutch culture is meant to be shared with a broader population and embraced by all members of society, not just native citizens.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Site also welcomes discussions of the future, holding a conference that lets youths provide their input on Dutch politics and how it might be improved in the future.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Another example is Fresh Academy, which is a traveling project that visits different schools in Amsterdam, delivering stand-up comedy and different types of acts.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Fresh Academy “follows the framework of the World Culture program of Cultuurnetwerk Nederland, the Dutch National Expertise Centre for Arts Education, which executed several pilot projects to stimulate cultural diversity in the field of arts education.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Fresh Academy involves different professional performers that teach Dutch culture through theatre, focusing their teachings on Dutch values, identity, and social skills.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Academy centers on the goal of sharing Dutch identity at a young age and providing young individuals with a sense of community through shared connections and values.

=== Festivals as a Form of Cultural Expression ===
The Netherlands has no shortage of holidays and festivals. The Netherlands celebrates many well-known holidays such as Easter, Christmas, and New Years Eve. However, there are also many holidays and festivals that are unique to the Dutch, some of which began centuries ago. These holidays and festivals foster the nations culture and attract tourists from around the world every year.&lt;ref&gt;Coopmans, M., Jaspers, E., &amp; Lubbers, M. (2016). National day participation among immigrants in the Netherlands: the role of familiarity with commemorating and celebrating. ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'', ''42''(12), 1925–1940. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1163219, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1163219 &lt;/ref&gt; The first holiday, and one of the oldest, is Sint Maarten or Saint Martin which is celebrated each year on November 11.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitingthedutchcountryside.com/explore-the-netherlands/sint-maarten-holiday-netherlands/|title=The 11th of November Sint Maarten Tradition Explained|last=Manon|date=2023-10-10|website=Visiting The Dutch Countryside|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saint Martin was a Roman soldier born in the year 316 who became a bishop and a devoted Christian after leaving the Army. It is said that he died on November 8&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and was buried on November 11&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; in the basilica of Tours and reached heaven.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This day was originally celebrated with a mass and a large feast, but over time it has “evolved into a cheerful celebration of light, generosity, and community.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allaboutexpats.nl/st-martins-day/|title=St. Martin’s Day (Sint Maarten): Celebrating as an Expat|last=Roman|first=Carla|date=2025-11-02|website=All About Expats|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today it is less associated with religion and has turned more into a festivity for children. It is a day where children go from door to door and sing songs while holding paper lanterns in exchange for sweets such as cookies or chocolates. A parade is also hosted in Utrecht each year to remember St. Martin.

The next festival is Sinterklaas, the Dutch version of Santa Clause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/dutch-christmas-expat-guide-sinterklaas-netherlands|title=The Dutch Christmas? An expat guide to Sinterklaas in the Netherlands|date=2022-12-03|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sinterklaas is based on Saint Nicholas who is thought to have been a bishop that could perform miracles such as “resurrecting some young schoolchildren and saving sailors from a hurricane.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Saint Nicholas was canonized following his death and is the patron saint of children.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Sinterklaas is said to wear traditional bishops clothing, a red cape, red hat, and carries a staff. Similar to the United States version of Saint Nicholas, called Santa Claus, he also has a book where he keeps track of the good and naughty children. Also similar to the United States, Sinterklaas leaves gifts and sweets for the children, but instead of leaving them in stockings or under the Christmas tree like in the United States, he leaves them in their shoes. The children receive these presents on Pakjesavond or “present night” which occurs on December 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;.

Another holiday is Carnaval, which is celebrates in the southern parts of the Netherlands primarily. This is a three-day celebration that takes place mainly in North Brabant and Limburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.meininger-hotels.com/blog/en/dutch-carnival/|title=Explore Dutch Carnival 2026|last=Hotels|first=MEININGER|date=2026-01-20|website=MEININGER Hotels|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; The festival features a colorful parade with puppets, floats, costumes, and dancing leading up to Ash Wednesday.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/carnival-celebrations-netherlands-carnaval-nederland|title=Carnaval 2026: A guide to carnival festival celebrations in the Netherlands|date=2020-02-05|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Amsterdam - Koninginnedag 2009.jpg|thumb|This is a picture of King's Day, with the people who are celebrating wearing orange for the King's birthday. The photographer of this photo is Hadonos, 2009.   ]]
One of the most important holidays to the Dutch is Koningsdag or King’s Day, which dates back to 1885 and takes place on April 27&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/monarchy/king%E2%80%99s-day|title=King’s Day {{!}} Royal House of the Netherlands|last=Affairs|first=Ministry of General|date=2014-12-22|website=www.royal-house.nl|language=en|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; This national holiday celebrates King Willem-Alexander’s birthday and is marked with music, dancing, and fairs. It is also customary that everyone wears something orange on King’s Day as the royal family’s name is “House of Orange”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/getting-around/information/the-royal-family/kings-day-in-holland|title=King's Day: a national holiday and the ultimate Dutch party|date=2011-03-09|website=www.holland.com|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; King’s Day is important to the Dutch as it represents national pride and unity, with the whole of the country celebrating this holiday.

The last major holiday is Liberation Day, which occurs each year on May 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;. Liberation day is a nationally observed holiday and marks the day when the Netherlands were liberated from German occupation. The Netherlands were liberated by Canadian, British, American, Polish, Belgian, Czech, and Dutch troops.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/lifestyle/events-festivals-netherlands/liberation-day|title=Liberation Day (Bevrijdingsdag) in the Netherlands|date=2025-05-20|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Every province in the Netherlands has its own Liberation Day festival. Liberation Day is celebrated with parades, open-air festivals, live music, shared meals, and dancing.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religious Expression ===
In the Netherlands, religious expression or ideological choices are widely respected and protected, allowing people from many different beliefs to practice freely and express their beliefs. &lt;ref&gt;Temperman, J. (2022). Freedom of Religion or Belief and Gender Equality in the Netherlands: Between Pillars, Polders, and Principles. ''The Review of Faith &amp; International Affairs'', ''20''(3), 77–88. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2111814&lt;/nowiki&gt;  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15570274.2022.2111814#d1e112 &lt;/ref&gt; The Netherlands does not benefit one religion over another as the “freedom of religion and belief is a key part of the Netherlands’ human rights policy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/human-rights/human-rights-worldwide/freedom-of-religion-and-belief|title=Freedom of religion and belief - Human rights - Government.nl|last=Zaken|first=Ministerie van Buitenlandse|date=2018-12-27|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a broad range of religious diversity in the Netherlands, with 19.8% of the population belonging to the Catholic Church, 14.4%  protestant, and 5.2%  Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://longreads.cbs.nl/the-netherlands-in-numbers-2021/what-are-the-major-religions|title=What are the major religions? - The Netherlands in numbers 2021 {{!}} CBS|last=CBS|website=What are the major religions? - The Netherlands in numbers 2021 {{!}} CBS|language=nl-NL|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; 55.4% of the population reported to not be religious and the other 5.1% reported 'other'.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Westerkerk Amsterdam 20041002.jpg|thumb|This is a picture of the Westerkerk, a famous protestant church located in Amsterdam that dates back to 1620. The photographer of this photo is Kaihsu Tai, 2004.   ]]
Religious freedom is protected at the national level through legislation and by the Constitution. Article 6 of the Constitution protects and guarantees the freedom of religions and belief and Article 1 prohibits discrimination on religious grounds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2008|website=Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations}}&lt;/ref&gt; An example of this is the mass media law that “grants broadcasting time for churches and religious organizations.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Bijsterveld|first=Sophie|title=Religion and the Secular State in the Netherlands|url=https://original.religlaw.org/content/blurb/files/Netherlands.pdf|journal=Religion and the Secular State|pages=527}}&lt;/ref&gt; This law ensures that religious organizations are given a platform through guaranteed broadcasting time to share their beliefs and perspectives publicly.

One landmark religious freedom case was ''Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP) v. The Netherlands'' (2012). This case was brought before the European Court of Human Rights. In this case, conflict arose when the SGP, a conservative Protestant party, argued that according to the Bible, women should not be able to hold public office and should not be able to be on candidate lists, but may still be allowed to be party members. The Dutch Supreme Court in 2010 held that SGP’s rule violated the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and ordered that there be action to end this discrimination, even if it was rooted in religious explanations. &lt;ref&gt;''Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij v. Netherlands,'' Application No. 58369/10 (European Court of Human Rights, July 10, 2012). &lt;/ref&gt;The SGP then brought this case before the ECtHR, holding that the decision violated their right to religious freedom under Articles 9 and 11 of the ECHR. However, the Court dismissed the case, holding that the complaint was “manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This case exemplified that religious freedoms are protected, but they cannot be used to diminish gender equality.

In another case, ''De Wilde v. Netherlands'', a plaintiff, who was a follower of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, wanted to wear a colander on her head in her driver’s license photos.&lt;ref&gt;''De Wilde v. Netherlands,'' Application No. 9476/19 (European Court of Human Rights, November 9, 2021). &lt;/ref&gt; She argued that her religion required it, however, Dutch authorities did not allow her to do so as Pastafarianism was not a recognized or protected religion.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This case eventually reached the European court of Human Rights where the Court sided with Dutch authorities.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Court held that for Article 9 protections to apply, a belief must show enough seriousness and cohesion and found Pastafarianism was more so a form of satire rather than a true religion.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Due to this, wearing a colander was not a protected religious expression and the application was found inadmissible.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Despite how accepting the Netherlands is of other religions and beliefs, this case exemplifies how a religion must actually be recognized and serious to gain protections.

== 6. Privacy and Data Protection ==

=== '''General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)''' ===
The Netherland’s data-protection and privacy are governed by the General Data Protection Regulation (&quot;GDPR&quot;). The GDPR is the European Union’s data privacy law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://business.gov.nl/regulations/protection-personal-data/|title=Protection of personal data (GDPR)|last=RVO|first=Netherlands Enterprise Agency|website=business.gov.nl|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GDPR has a broad scope and applies to all forms of personal data, which is defined as “any information that relates to an identified or identifiable living individual.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-explained_en|title=Data protection explained - European Commission|website=commission.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Examples include home addresses, names, surnames, email addresses, IP addresses, a cookie ID, and more.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The GDPR is designed to regulate and protect people’s personal data and privacy. It was put into effect on May 25, 2018 and creates strict obligations for telecommunications providers, digital services, and internet sources. It applies to all businesses and organizations that use and process people’s personal data, directly or indirectly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://business.gov.nl/regulations/protection-personal-data/|title=Protection of personal data (GDPR)|last=RVO|first=Netherlands Enterprise Agency|website=business.gov.nl|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes, “ the collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaption or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction of personal data.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-explained_en|title=Data protection explained - European Commission|website=commission.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; As described above, the GDPR has a broad scope and regulates many different areas of data-protection and privacy in the Netherlands. 

=== '''GDPR Implementation and Enforcement''' ===
Due to the GDPR being a regulation, unlike a directive, once implemented, it became directly applicable to all member-states of the EU, including the Netherlands, through national law (with some room for state interpretation). The GDPR Implementation Act (Uitvoeringswet AVG or Implementation Act), is the national implementation of the GDPR in the Netherlands. Compliance with the GDPR is managed by the Dutch Data Protection Authority (DPA). The DPA is overseen by a Chairman who is appointed for a six-year term, two Commissioners who are appointed for a four-year term, and special members also appointed for four-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stuff.coffeecode.net/www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/netherlands.php|title=Online Privacy Law: Netherlands|website=Law Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; The DPA is given the authority to impose penalties and fines for GDPR violations.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;DPA Administrative Decisions&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The DPA has actively enforced the GDPR by issuing fines and penalties against numerous organizations. For example in one decision in April 2018, the DPA issued €460,000 fines on the Haga Hospital due to the hospital not adequately protecting their medical records and sensitive patient information.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.osborneclarke.com/insights/the-ap-imposes-its-first-gdpr-fine-on-a-dutch-hospital|title=The AP imposes its first GDPR fine on a Dutch hospital|website=www.osborneclarke.com|language=en|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; There was no two-factor authentication, which the DPA deemed to be a requirement for this type of personal data and thus found the hospital to be in violation of the GDPR.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; One of the most notable DPA decisions occurred in April 2022 when the DPA fined the Dutch Tax Authority €3.7 milllion &quot;for the illegal processing of personal data within their fraud signaling facility.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.didomi.io/blog/privacy-law-netherlands|title=What is the privacy law in the Netherlands {{!}} Didomi|website=www.didomi.io|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The facility had lists of people that the Dutch Tax Authority tracked due to ongoing concerns of fraud, but had no legal basis to hold onto or process such data.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

In an administrative decision occurring on March 23, 2011, the DPA fined Google after completing investigations that discovered Google’s Street View vehicles were collecting data on over 3.6 million Wi-Fi routers across the Netherlands and had a geolocation for each router.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stuff.coffeecode.net/www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/netherlands.php|title=Online Privacy Law; Netherlands|website=Law Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; The DPA found that this was a violation of people’s personal data and Google faces fines near €1 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703922504576273151673266520|title=Google Faces New Demands In Netherlands Over Street View Data|last=Preuschat|first=Archibald|date=2011-04-19|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2026-04-10|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In another decision occurring in December 2011, an official investigation launched by the DPA against TomTom N.V. revealed that TomTom had been giving their geolocation data collected by GPS sensors to commercial third parties. However, the DPA held that the data collected by TomTom could not be “reasonably directly or indirectly reacted to natural persons, either by TomTom or another party” and thus it was not considered personal data that would constitute a breach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stuff.coffeecode.net/www.loc.gov/law/help/online-privacy-law/netherlands.php|title=Online Privacy Law: Netherlands|website=Law Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

More recently, on August 26, 2024, the DPA fined Uber Technologies, Inc. and Uber B.V. for having violated Article 83 of the GDPR which governs intentional or negligent conduct.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.willkie.com/-/media/files/publications/2024/09/dutch-dpa-fines-uber-290m-for-gdpr-data-transfer-violation.pdf|title=Dutch DPA Fines Uber €290m for GDPR Data
Transfer Violation|last=Alvarez et al|first=Daniel|date=12 September 2024|website=Willkie Farr &amp; Gallagher}}&lt;/ref&gt; After investigations by the DPA, they found that for over 2 years, Uber lacked the necessary safeguards “for transferring EEA-based drivers’ personal data to the U.S.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The DPA found that these violations were systematic and that less harmful alternatives were available to Uber to process data effectively. Uber was fined €290 million for this violation.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, in a decision against TikTok in July 2021, the DPA fined TikTok €750,000 when they found TikTok in breach of children's privacy. This is because when children would install the App, the privacy statement was in English, and not understandable by Dutch youths.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/2021/07/dutch-privacy-watchdog-fines-tiktok-e750000-after-privacy-probe/|title=Dutch privacy watchdog fines TikTok €750,000 after privacy probe|date=22 July 2021|website=DutchNews}}&lt;/ref&gt; The DPA found that by TikTok not providing a Dutch privacy statement that explained how TikTok collects and uses personal data, that it infringed upon the principle of privacy legislation which is &quot;that people must always be given a clear idea of what is being done with their personal data.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;u&gt;Court Cases&lt;/u&gt;'''

Privacy and Data Protections are also overseen by the Netherland's judicial process. 

In the District Court of Amsterdam on September 2, 2019, the Court held that an Employee Insurance Agency, UWV, unlawfully sent information about the illness history data of a person to her new employer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.turing.law/chronicle-gdpr-case-law-may-2018-may-2020-in-the-netherlands/#_ftnref130|title=Chronicle GDPR case law May 2018 – May 2020 in the Netherlands|last=de Jong|first=Huub|date=23 September 2020|website=Turing Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Court held this was a breach of the woman’s rights and damages were applied as per the framework set out in the GDPR. The Court awarded €250 finding that although there was a breach, the damages would be lowered as the breach did not interfere with the woman’s employment.

In another case occurring on March 15, 2023, the District Court of Amsterdam held that for “almost 10 years Facebook Ireland unlawfully processed the personal data from its Dutch users.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bureaubrandeis.com/dutch-court-rules-facebook-unlawfully-processed-personal-data/?lang=en|title=Dutch court rules: Facebook unlawfully processed personal data|last=Wildeboer|first=Diana|date=2023-03-17|website=Bureau Brandeis|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; This information was used for social networking and advertising.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This case was presented to the court by the Data Privacy Sitchting and Consumentenbond against Facebook Netherlands, Inc. and Facebook Ireland Ltd. Due to the unlawful processing of personal data, the court found these companies violated the GDPR and fines were subsequently issued.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

== 7. Right to Bodily, Spiritual, and Digital Identity ==

=== '''Personal and Bodily Identity in the Netherlands''' ===

==== &lt;u&gt;Sexuality Protections&lt;/u&gt; ====
In the Netherlands, the right to self-determination is supported by both legal and social frameworks that protect citizen’s sexual orientations and identities. By enforcing anti-discrimination laws and fostering a society that celebrates the LGBTQIA+ community, the Netherlands have become a front runner in promoting the right to one’s personal identity. One of the most prominent anti-discrimination laws was enacted in 1994 by Parliament called the Equal Treatment Act (the Algemene wet gelijke behandeling).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/gender-justice/resource/algemene_wet_gelijke_behandeling_(equal_treatment_act)|title=Algemene wet gelijke behandeling (Equal Treatment Act) {{!}} Legal Information Institute|website=www.law.cornell.edu|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; This Act bans discrimination including discrimination based on “pregnancy, childbirth, or motherhood, and indirect discrimination.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The Act also bans discrimination in employment settings such as unequal pay and pensions. This Act ensures that individuals have equal rights, regardless of their sexual orientation.
[[File:K3 - Pride Amsterdam 2024.jpg|thumb|This is a picture of the Canal Parade at Pride Amsterdam in 2024.The photographer of this photo is Richard Broekhuijzen, 2024.  ]]
Historically, the Netherlands was not always accepting of the LGBTQIA+ community, but beginning in the 1970s, attitudes and policies began shifting significantly. After the repeal of Article 248b in 1971, homosexuality was no longer considered a “mental illness” and homosexual individuals could begin enlisting in the army.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jacobs|first=Laura|date=Spring 2017|title=Regulating the Reguliers: How the Normalization
of Gays and Lesbians in Dutch Society Impacts
LGBTQ Nightlife|url=https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3671&amp;context=isp_collection|journal=Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1987, the Netherlands revealed the Homomonument, which is the world’s first public memorial remembering the persecution those in the LGBTQIA+ community endured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-info/dutch-news/pride-month-a-guide-pride-events-lgbtq-rights-netherlands|title=Pride month: A guide to pride events &amp; LGBTQ+ rights in the Netherlands|date=2025-06-01|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following this, a series of legislative reforms were enacted aimed at protecting LGBTQIA+ individuals and promoting equality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brokke|first=Daniel|date=24 June 2024|title=Analyzing LGBTQ+ Acceptance in The
Netherlands: Perspectives from inside the
community|url=https://studenttheses.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12932/47999/THESIS_DANIEL_BROKKE_MASTER_SOCIOLOGY.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y|journal=Utrecht University}}&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation consisted of the recognition of same-sex relationships in 1998 and the legalization of same-sex marriage passed by the House of Representatives and Senate in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-info/dutch-news/pride-month-a-guide-pride-events-lgbtq-rights-netherlands|title=Pride month: A guide to pride events &amp; LGBTQ+ rights in the Netherlands|date=2025-06-01|website=IamExpat in the Netherlands|language=en|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in 2001 adoption by same-sex couples was legalized and in 2014, transgender individuals could legally change their gender on official documents such as their licenses without requiring surgery.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Today, the Netherlands has developed a strong culture of acceptance that celebrates the LGBTQIA+ community and openly embraces the community.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Just like the United States, pride month is celebrated in June and involves parades and events that promote equality and inclusivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Collier|first=Kate L.|last2=Horn|first2=Stacey S.|last3=Bos|first3=Henny M. W.|last4=Sandfort|first4=Theo G. M.|date=2015|title=Attitudes toward lesbians and gays among American and Dutch adolescents|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4127384/|journal=Journal of Sex Research|volume=52|issue=2|pages=140–150|doi=10.1080/00224499.2013.858306|issn=1559-8519|pmc=4127384|pmid=24512056}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also various events that the Netherlands hosts such as Roze Zaterdag and the Amsterdam Canal Parade that promote and celebrate LGBTQIA+ acceptance and culture.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; Most recently, Amsterdam has announced that it will be the host of World Pride in 2026, welcoming not just native Dutch individuals, but people from all over the world, further exemplifying the Netherland’s supportive and inclusive culture.

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Gender Self-Determination&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
Alongside protections against discrimination and protections for the LGBTQIA+ community, the Netherlands is also very supportive of the right to gender identity, allowing individuals to identify the gender of their choosing. The Netherlands was one of the first countries to pass a law in favor of establishing transgender rights in 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/19/netherlands-victory-transgender-rights|title=The Netherlands: Victory for Transgender Rights {{!}} Human Rights Watch|date=2013-12-19|language=en|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the law required that transgender individual have to be sterilized and undergo gender-affirming surgery to change their gender.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Since then, on December 18, 2023, the Dutch Senate approved a law with 51 to 24 votes on transgender rights. The law allows for transgender individuals to officially change their gender markers on official papers and birth certificates to their preferred gender.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The previously outdated requirement for sterilization and gender-affirming surgery were taken away, showing a major step towards bodily autonomy and the right to self-determination. Under this law, anyone who is over the age of 16 can file to have their gender changed.

=== Spiritual Identity ===
Spiritual identity is another strongly protected right in the Netherlands, as the freedom of religion is guaranteed under [https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf Article 6] of the Dutch Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf|title=Gw. [CONSTITUTION] art 6|website=Government of Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt; This Article makes clear that individuals have the right to practice the religion of their choosing and express the beliefs that they follow. [https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf Article 1] also provides protections by prohibiting discrimination on any grounds, including religious grounds, and making clear that there must be equal treatment for everyone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands/WEB_119406_Grondwet_Koninkrijk_ENG.pdf|title=Gw. [CONSTITUTION] art 6|website=Government of Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Digital Identity and Biometric Data''' ===

==== '''&lt;u&gt;Personal Data Protection&lt;/u&gt;''' ====
The Netherland’s protects individuals right to control where and how their personal identifying information (name, image, etc.) is being used online.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/personal-data/data-protection|title=Data protection - Personal data - Government.nl|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=2017-10-19|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; If any breach of privacy occurs, including identity theft, fraud, or financial loss, the Netherlands requires that both the Data Protection Authority and users are notified of the breach within 72 hours. This ensures that controllers of such data are constantly monitoring any breach risks and that quick action can be taken to comply with the Netherland’s strict data protection laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://penrose.law/en/personal-data-breaches/|title=Personal Data Breach Legal Support {{!}} Penrose Law|website=https://penrose.law/en/|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;u&gt;Biometric Data Protection&lt;/u&gt;'''

The Netherlands enforces GDPR rules, which heavily protect and regulate individuals’ sensitive biometric data. Under Article 9 of the GDPR, biometric data is treated as a separate, special category of data due to how high-risk this data can be. This is because “a breach involving biometric data has irreversible consequences… [i]f data is compromised, it creates a permanent risk of identity theft and fraud for that person.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lawandmore.eu/biometric-data-gdpr-compliance/|title=A Guide To Biometric Data GDPR Compliance In The Netherlands|date=2026-01-05|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GDPR specifically protects the following types of biometric data: fingerprints, facial recognition, iris/retina scan, voice patterns, keystroke dynamics, and gait analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; When used for unique identification, the GDPR has automatic protections for these categories of data. Under the GDPR there are two steps to ensure compliance if a company wants to process this type of data.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The two steps include: (1) establishing a lawful basis under Article 6 (such as through consent and necessity) and (2) adhering to the conditions set forth it Article 9.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The conditions in Article 9 allow for the processing of biometric data if any of the following conditions are applicable:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gdpr-info.eu/art-9-gdpr/|title=Art. 9 GDPR – Processing of special categories of personal data|website=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* There is explicit consent from the individual
* Employment or social media requires processing by law
* Vital interests
* Non-profit processing with a political, philosophical, religious, or trade union goal (with appropriate safeguards)
* The individual made the data public 
* Court proceedings
* A substantive public interest is involved
* Medical purposes with strict confidentiality
* Public health requirements
* Processing required for archiving purposes in public interest&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Protection of biometric data is enforced by the Dutch Data Protection Authority (&quot;DAP&quot;), which ensures that individuals’ digital identities are being safeguarded and can do this by imposing very heavy fines for noncompliance. The most recent decision occurred in September of 2024. The DAP fined Clearview AI €30.5 million its illegal misuse of facial recognition data.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/documents/decision-fine-clearview-ai|title=Decision fine Clearview AI|date=3 September 2024|website=AP}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company was processing this data with no lawful basis and was found to be in violation of the GDPR.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

== 8. Right to Clothing and Bodily Displays ==

=== '''The Right to Reject Information''' ===

==== &lt;u&gt;Anti-Spam Legislation&lt;/u&gt; ====
In the Netherlands, anti-spam legislation is governed by Article 11.7 of the Dutch Telecommunications Act.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/internet-and-smart-devices/advertising/digital-direct-marketing#:~:text=addressed%20to%20companies-,Rules%20for%20digital%20direct%20marketing,opportunity%20to%20raise%20an%20objection.|title=Digital direct marketing|date=9 April 2025|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the Act, explicit consent by an individual is required for an organization to send any unsolicited digital direct marketing including emails, text messages, and messages through apps.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation works by requiring an opt-in and opt-out approach, where an individual must choose to receive messages and can subsequently unsubscribe from receiving them. The only exception to this rule is that a company does not have to ask for consent if the individual is already an existing customer.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; If a company does not comply with this legislation, they risk fines and penalties of up to €450,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chamaileon.io/resources/ultimate-email-spam-law-collection/|title=The Ultimate Email SPAM Law Collection - 28 Countries Included|date=2017-10-25|website=Chamaileon Blog|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;The Right to Erasure&lt;/u&gt; ====
Netherlands’ privacy law recognizes the right to erasure, also known as the ‘right to be forgotten’ which refers to an individual’s right to have their personal data erased.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/basic-gdpr/privacy-rights-under-the-gdpr/right-to-erasure|title=Right to erasure|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; An individual may request that an organization deletes their personal data by reaching out to that company directly, in which the company has one month to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; The right to erasure is codified in Article 17 of the GDPR.&lt;ref&gt;European Union. (2016). ''Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation),'' Art.17''.'' https://gdpr-info.eu/ &lt;/ref&gt; Under this Article, and enforced by the Dutch Data Protection Authority, entity’s are required to erase a person’s data and may not process the data any longer in the situations below:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/basic-gdpr/privacy-rights-under-the-gdpr/right-to-erasure|title=Right to erasure|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* An organization does not need the data any longer for the purpose in which it was collected
* A person withdraws consent to the data being used
* A person objects to the use of their data
* An organization does not comply with privacy rules and laws regarding their use of personal data
* An organization is required to by law
* Data was collected on a child under the age of 16&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/basic-gdpr/privacy-rights-under-the-gdpr/right-to-erasure|title=Right to erasure|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Due to the increase in the amount of data that can be collected online, privacy law in the Netherlands takes on a protectionist role, ensuring that individuals can control how and where their data is being used. Organizations must inform individuals on what data is being processed and subsequently adhere to requests to remove that data if consent to use it has been taken away.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/basic-gdpr/privacy-rights-under-the-gdpr/right-to-erasure|title=Right to erasure|website=Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GDPR also has child specific safeguards to protect their personal information due to children being a higher-risk category of individuals as they may not be aware of the risks of their personal data being used.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-58/|title=Recital 58 - The Principle of Transparency|website=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; These safeguards include ensuring that children understand the risks and rights of their personal data by requiring that “any information and communication, where processing is addressed to a child, should be in such a clear and plain language that the child can easily understand.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-58/|title=Recital 58 - The Principle of Transparency|website=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; This way, children can be made aware of the possible dangers of companies processing their personal data and take steps to mitigate and avoid any potential harm.

=== Clothing and Religious Expression ===
[[File:Klompen (Dutch Clogs), Wooden Shoes Museum in Drenthe.jpg|thumb|This picture depicts traditional Dutch wooden shoes, called klompen. This picture is from OXLAEY.com, 2014.   ]]
Traditional dutch clothing, such as the wooden shoes, called klompen, characterized by their distinct bright color and shape have existed for centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.satra.com/bulletin/article.php?id=2558|title=The European clog – a centuries-old design|website=www.satra.com|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The right to wear clothing, and to choose which clothing to wear, is protected by the freedom of expression in the Netherlands under Article 7 of the Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/human-rights/human-rights-worldwide/freedom-of-expression-and-internet-freedom|title=Freedom of expression, internet freedom and independent journalism - Human rights - Government.nl|last=Zaken|first=Ministerie van Buitenlandse|date=2018-12-27|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The right to wear religious clothing in the Netherlands is generally protected under Article 6 of the Dutch Constitution, which protects the freedom of religion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/constitution.htm|title=The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. art 6.|website=Dutch Civil Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per this Article, individuals have the right to express their religion through clothing in their daily lives. While citizens are protected under this right, the right is not absolute and has been limited by recent legislation. In 2019, the Netherlands introduced the Partial Ban on Face-Covering Clothing Act,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/ban-on-face-coverings-referred-to-in-the-media-as-the-%E2%80%98burka-ban%E2%80%99/question-and-answer/topics/ban-on-face-coverings-referred-to-in-the-media-as-the-%E2%80%98burka-ban%E2%80%99/question-and-answer/what-does-the-partial-ban-on-face-coverings-entail|title=What does the partial ban on face coverings entail? - Government.nl|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=2019-08-07|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; popularly referred to as the ‘burqa ban’.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/centre-for-religious-studies/research-centres/centre-religion-conflict-globalization/blog/exclusion-through-the-law-the-netherlands-burqa-ban-16-09-2019|title=Exclusion through the Law: the Netherlands’ ‘Burqa Ban’|date=2019-09-16|website=University of Groningen|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The act was intended to prevent individuals from wearing face coverings in public places where it is necessary to be identifiable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/ban-on-face-coverings-referred-to-in-the-media-as-the-%E2%80%98burka-ban%E2%80%99/question-and-answer/topics/ban-on-face-coverings-referred-to-in-the-media-as-the-%E2%80%98burka-ban%E2%80%99/question-and-answer/what-does-the-partial-ban-on-face-coverings-entail|title=What does the partial ban on face coverings entail? - Government.nl|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=2019-08-07|website=www.government.nl|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Face coverings includes “balaclavas, burkas, nikabs, full-face motorcycle helmets and masks.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; This partial ban on face coverings “prohibits clothing that “covers the face” from being worn in schools, hospitals, and other public buildings and public transport.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanrightscentre.org/blog/burqa-ban-new-law-came-effect-netherlands|title=Burqa Ban: new law came into effect in the Netherlands {{!}} Czech Centre for Human Rights and Democracy|date=2019-02-20|website=www.humanrightscentre.org|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Act has been largely criticized for being discriminatory against Muslim women who wear a burqa or niqab and a violation of the freedom of religion. Many regard this law as being far too sweeping as it severely impacts Muslim women and restricts their access to public places.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/centre-for-religious-studies/research-centres/centre-religion-conflict-globalization/blog/exclusion-through-the-law-the-netherlands-burqa-ban-16-09-2019|title=Exclusion through the Law: the Netherlands’ ‘Burqa Ban’|date=2019-09-16|website=University of Groningen|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, while the Netherlands formally guarantees the freedom of religion, including in clothing, this freedom if subject to criticized limitations.

=== Legal Frameworks Governing Bodily Expression, Obscenity, and Child Exploitation ===
Under the Dutch Criminal Code, the regulation of public nudity and obscenity are codified and are punishable by law. Under Article 430(a) of the Dutch Criminal Code, public nudity is generally prohibited in public places, however, nudity may be permitted in locations where it is customary or socially acceptable, which is decided by the local municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/nld/1881/criminal_code_english_2012_html/Criminal_Code_as_amended_2012_ENGLISH.pdf|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht [Dutch Criminal Code], Article 430(a)|website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}&lt;/ref&gt; By contrast, Article 239 of the Criminal Code criminalized obscenity and is concerned with the protection of the public from being exposed to behavior that is found to be sexually explicit or morally offensive. This Article provides an outright ban on obscenity when it violates decency standards and publicly offends others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/cld/document/nld/1881/criminal_code.html?|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht [Dutch Criminal Code], Article 239|website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Netherlands’ emphasis on protecting the public from offensive or indecent exposure also extends to a stricter area of law that is structured around safeguarding minors. Laws governing child pornography in the Netherlands prioritizes the protection of children’s dignity, autonomy, and safety, especially given the inherent risks of the internet and how quickly pictures and information can be disseminated online. Child pornography is criminalized under Section 240 of the Dutch Criminal Code. Section 240(a) describes that any person who “supplies, offers or shows” a minor, whom they know or should reasonably know is under the age of 16, “an image, an object or a data carrier” that contains an image that may be harmful to a person of that age can be punished with up to one year in prison or a fine of the fourth category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/cld/document/nld/1881/criminal_code.html?|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht [Dutch Criminal Code], Article 240(a)|website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}&lt;/ref&gt; Section 240(b) of the criminal code says that a person who “distributes, offers, publicly displays, produces, imports, conveys in transit, exports, obtains, possesses or accesses” an image that displays sexual acts involving a person under the age of eighteen years old will be punished by imprisonment or a fine of the fifth category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/cld/document/nld/1881/criminal_code.html?|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht [Dutch Criminal Code], Article 240(b)|website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}&lt;/ref&gt; This subsection also says that a person who makes it either a habit or profession of committing any of the aforementioned offenses will be imprisoned for up to 8 years or given a fine of the fifth category.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;These laws clearly establish that child pornography in the Netherlands is illegal in all forms and place a strong emphasis on the prioritization of the protection of minors. 

Legislation in this area of law is rapidly expanding as a result of the rise in the use of artificial intelligence (“AI”), which is currently being addressed at the national level in the Netherlands’ court system, as exemplified by the Grok AI case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techpolicy.press/dutch-court-orders-x-grok-to-stop-aigenerated-sexual-abuse-content|title=Dutch Court Orders X, Grok to Stop AI-Generated Sexual Abuse Content|last=Jahangir|first=Ramsha|date=2026-03-26|website=Tech Policy Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March of 2026, the Amsterdam District Court issued a judgment, the “first European court ruling to impose a binding injunction on an AI image generator over non-consensual sexualized content.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techpolicy.press/dutch-court-orders-x-grok-to-stop-aigenerated-sexual-abuse-content|title=Dutch Court Orders X, Grok to Stop AI-Generated Sexual Abuse Content|last=Jahangir|first=Ramsha|date=2026-03-26|website=Tech Policy Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court held that X and the chatbot X uses, named Grok, must immediately stop the use of Grok in generating sexual images and child pornography in the Netherlands. The Court imposed a fine of €100,000 per day until X complied with the order. The Court supported its holding by finding that the non-consensual sexual images and child pornography violated the GDPR and was unlawful under Dutch law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techpolicy.press/dutch-court-orders-x-grok-to-stop-aigenerated-sexual-abuse-content|title=Dutch Court Orders X, Grok to Stop AI-Generated Sexual Abuse Content|last=Jahangir|first=Ramsha|date=2026-03-26|website=Tech Policy Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These issues surrounding the regulation of the internet and growth in the use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) are being addressed not only at the national level in the Netherlands, but also through broader European Union initiatives that the Netherlands will follow. Current legislation in the Netherlands does make it possible to take legal action against those who create, possess, and distribute explicit images, but it does not solve the new problem that AI is creating. Luckily, there is new European legislation that is currently being drafted to ban AI ‘nudify’ apps and websites which will target AI systems that can create nonconsensual sexually explicit images.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.nl/en/publications/dutch-regulators-dutch-police-and-dutch-public-prosecution-service-welcome-european-ban-ai-nudify-apps-and-websites|title=Dutch regulators, the Dutch Police, and the Dutch Public Prosecution Service welcome a European ban on ‘AI nudify apps and websites’|website=Authority for Consumers &amp; Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt; This ban is being firmly supported by the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets, the Dutch Police, the Dutch Public Prosecution Service, and other Dutch Regulators.&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt; While waiting for the enactment of the ban, the Dutch Police and Dutch Public Prosecution Service “will continue to handle individual reports, and assess how they can get the most out of the existing legislative framework.”&lt;ref&gt;''Id.''&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Netherlands]]
[[Category:Law in Europe]]</text>
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      <text bytes="92776" sha1="sxrb1r528y34v4qo36mvtemfgtrrg58" xml:space="preserve">== '''Communications Law in China''' ==
[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|thumb|Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
Communications law in China is subject to a complex regulatory scheme. While the Constitution of China promises freedom of speech, the Chinese Communist Party enforces strict censorship, utilizes prior restraint, and attempts to block important ideas and concepts from the minds of the Chinese people. Chinese communication law impact everything from radio to religious dress and even digital assets. The Chinese regulatory scheme faces the complex challenge of keeping up with cutting edge methods of communications while ensuring dominance of the Chinese Communist Party.

=== '''Sources of Communications Law in China''' ===
China’s Constitution guarantees freedom of speech but it’s communication laws tell a different story. China has a sophisticated regulatory framework in place to govern communications in China. These regulatory bodies, in combination with wide reaching laws, have resulted in a nation whose communications are subject to review and approval by the single party in power.

==== '''''Constitution of the People’s Republic of China''''' ====
[[File:Mao Zedong Statue- &quot;Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought&quot; 01.jpg|thumb|'''Mao Zedong Statue''']]

The key place to begin when approaching a countries approach to any form of law is their Constitution. The Chinese “[c]onstitution recognizes Marxism as the country’s leading ideology and the Communist Party the leading party.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Catá Backer|first=Larry|date=2012|title=Party, People, Government, and State: On Constitutional Values and the Legitimacy of the Chinese State-Party Rule of Law System|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1977551|journal=Boston University International Law Journal|volume=Vol. 30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, “[t]he preamble deserves particular attention because China’s leadership has consistently placed great weight upon the ideological and expressive functions of the constitution and has used the preamble to identify and highlight its core commitments.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Albert|date=February 1, 2021|title=Constitutions, Constitutionalism and the Case of Modern China|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3027562 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3027562|journal=SSRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; The preamble lays out broad goals for the People’s Republic of China, it states that the Chinese people “will continue, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory… to… improve socialist rule of law… and promote coordinated material, political, cultural-ethical, social and ecological advancement, in order to build China into a great modern socialist country.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, Preamble (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; This broad phrasing gives the party significant latitude. Furthermore, the Constitution has three key articles that address the issue of communications law. First, Article 35 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of speech, the press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 35 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Second, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Third, Article 40 addresses correspondence:&lt;blockquote&gt;Freedom and confidentiality of correspondence of citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by law. Except in cases necessary for national security or criminal investigation, when public security organs or procuratorial organs shall examine correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, no organization or individual shall infringe on a citizen’s freedom and confidentiality of correspondence for any reason.&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 40 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|thumb|'''Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR''']]
At least on paper, these articles are share some similarities to Articles 18, 19, and 20 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.&lt;ref&gt;G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948), https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt; However, at the United Nations Human Rights Convention, “China is increasingly vocal in defending its statist position and interpretation of human rights norms.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Initiative for U.S.-China Dialogue on Global Issues|date=Feb. 28, 2024|title=China and the UN Human Rights Regime|url=https://uschinadialogue.georgetown.edu/events/china-and-the-un-human-rights-regime|journal=Georgetown University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, the Constitution is missing several provisions such as freedom of thought, freedom of conscience, and “freedom to receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers” which are seen in the Universal Declaration.&lt;ref&gt;UDHR art. 19, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''National Regulatory Bodies''''' ====
[[File:汉口中共中央宣传部旧址.jpg|thumb|Former Site of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party in Hankou]]
The regulatory scheme in China is complicated and grows out of a post-Mao era which “reconstituted the sinews of governance and especially sought to strengthen the government’s regulatory capacity while reducing the government’s direct intervention in state firms. In area after area, they have invoked ‘chaos’ or ‘turmoil’ to justify the need to strengthen or assert control.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Central Propaganda Department sets the ideology for Chinese communications regulatory bodies. It is “responsible for monitoring content to ensure that China's publishers, in particular its news publishers, do not print anything that is inconsistent with the Communist Party's political dogma.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; It accomplishes this by screening any writings that touch on politically sensitive issues, informing publishers what they can, and cannot, publish as well as what ideological viewpoint should be taken, and requiring editors and publishers to attend indoctrination sessions in order to ensure they publish from the desired viewpoint.&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

The Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) reports to the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission which “Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, personally serve[s] as the group leader.”&lt;ref&gt;Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, ''The Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization was established: From a major cyber power to a leading cyber power.'', China Cyberspace Administration (Feb. 28, 2014), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2014-02/28/c_126397488.htm&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the CAC “is China’s top authority on internet governance, overseeing data privacy, cybersecurity, and platform regulation. It is the primary regulator behind major laws such as the Cybersecurity Law (CSL), Data Security Law (DSL), and Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roper|first=Gabrielle|date=Jun. 2, 2025|title=What is the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC)?|url=https://www.chinafy.com/blog/what-is-the-cyberspace-administration-of-china-cac#:~:text=TL;DR:%20The%20Cyberspace%20Administration,fall%20short%20of%20legal%20requirements|journal=Chinafy}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CAC can issue “departmental rules, which are issued by State Council administrative agencies and are legally binding under China’s Legislation Law.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Horsley|first=Jamie P.|date=Aug. 8, 2022|title=Behind the Facade of China’s Cyber Super-Regulator|url=https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/behind-the-facade-of-chinas-cyber-super-regulator/|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; A counterpart of the CAC is the National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA). The NRTA’s “main task is to censor the radio, film, and television industries.”&lt;ref&gt;''NRTA Chief Emphasize Loyalty to the Party'', Chinascope, https://chinascope.org/archives/19225&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the NRTA banned “nine types of banned content, including content that ‘endangers security,’ ‘slanders Chinese culture,’ or does not help youth ‘establish the correct world view.’”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MIIT Wanshoulu Office (20210512174810).jpg|thumb|'''MIIT Wanshoulu Office''']]
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)&lt;ref&gt;''Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) (工业和信息化部)'', Thomson Reuters (Glossary), https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-552-9335?transitionType=Default&amp;contextData=(sc.Default)&amp;firstPage=true&lt;/ref&gt; is charged with “regulating and managing China's telecommunications and software sectors, as well as the electronics and information technology manufacturing industries.” The MIIT “enforces regulations aligned with the CAC’s central tenets” The MIIT focuses on the providers and carriers themselves and enforces “cyber and data security rules against providers in the telecommunications and internet sector.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ke|first=Xu|last2=Liu|first2=Vicky|last3=Luo|first3=Yan|last4=Yu|first4=Zhijing|date=Aug. 31, 2021|title=China's key enforcement agencies and lessons learned from recent actions|url=https://iapp.org/news/a/chinas-key-enforcement-agencies-and-lessons-learned-from-recent-actions|journal=iapp}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in December of 2021 MIIT found that over one hundred apps were in violation of China’s Personal Information Protection Law and Data Security Law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Teon|first=Aris|date=Dec. 9, 2021|title=China’s Government Orders Removal of Douban and 105 Other Apps From App Stores|url=https://china-journal.org/2021/12/09/china-government-orders-removal-of-douban-and-105-other-apps-from-app-stores/#:~:text=China's%20Government%20Orders%20Removal%20of,comply%20with%20the%20government's%20directives|journal=China-Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, they were removed from app stores.

==== '''''Key Communications Laws''''' ====
The Cybersecurity Law&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; is overseen by the CAC and seeks to “promote the healthy development of the informatization of the economy and society.” Article 6 of the Cybersecurity Law states that a goal of the law is to advocate for “sincere, honest, healthy and civilized online conduct; it promotes the dissemination of core socialist values, adopts measures to raise the entire society’s awareness and level of cybersecurity, and formulates a good environment for the entire society to jointly participate in advancing cybersecurity.”&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015 the Cybersecurity Law “introduced fines and detentions of up to 15 days for telecommunications firms and internet service providers (ISP), as well as relevant personnel, who fail to restrict certain forms of content”.&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;

The CAC also handles the implementation of the Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem. Article 5 states “A network information content producer shall be encouraged to produce, copy and publish information containing the following: Publicizing the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era…”&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, China is part of a many international agreements pertaining to communications law. China is a member of the UN and a signatory to both the ICCPR and the ICESCR.&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, in 2005 China signed the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.&lt;ref&gt;''U.N. Treaty Bodies and China'', Human Rights in China, https://www.hrichina.org/en/un-treaty-bodies-and-china&lt;/ref&gt; The purpose of this agreement is “facilitating the use of electronic communications in international trade by assuring that contracts concluded and other communications exchanged electronically are as valid and enforceable as their traditional paper-based equivalents.”&lt;ref&gt;''United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts'', Preamble, Jun. 7, 2006, https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/conventions/electronic_communications/status&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China signed the Universal Copyright Convention in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;''Universal Copyright Convention, with Appendix Declaration relating to Article XVII and Resolution concerning Article XI'', Sep. 16, 1955, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “undertakes to provide for the adequate and effective, protection of the rights of authors and other copyright proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, engravings and sculpture.”&lt;ref&gt;Universal Copyright Convention, Article 1, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Law and the Media in China''' ===
There are some that believe there are three aims of communication: truth, beauty, and dialogue. These aims are furthered by the elements of communications law. There are three such elements that are most relevant to China. First, the means of transmission. Second, the sender and receiver. Third, the message. These are most relevant to China because the government seeks to control all three. As a result, the three aims of communications: truth, beauty, and dialogue are threatened daily. Truth, because certain historical events and facts are banned. Beauty, because words are good, they allow us to think and develop our thoughts which is a beautiful thing for the human person. Finally, dialogue, because a person cannot say what they wish without fear of retaliation.

==== '''''The Means of Transmission''''' ====
The means of transmission of the message may include its code, channel, mode, and nature. However, “[a] major constraint on regulatory state building is the political environment in which Chinese regulators have had to operate. The Administration of Press, Publications, Radio, Film, and TV, for example, operate at the behest of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organs, especially the CCP Central Committee Propaganda Department.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; In China television is regulated by the National Radio and Television Administration. Regarding the nature of the communications, “[t]he Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party sends a detailed notice to all media every day that includes editorial guidelines and censored topics.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the “[s]tate-run Chinese Central TV (CCTV) is China's largest media company.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; The government released a statement summing up the CCTV’s main tasks.&lt;blockquote&gt;Its principal responsibilities will be to propagate the theories, political line and policies of the Party; to plan and manage major propaganda reports; to organize the production of radio and television; to produce and broadcast premium radio and television products; to channel hot social topics; to strengthen and improve supervision by public opinion, to promote the integrated development of multimedia; to strengthen the building of international broadcasting capacity; to tell China’s story well.&lt;ref&gt;safeguardDefenders'', Ownership and control of Chinese media'' (Jun. 14, 2021), https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/ownership-and-control-chinese-media&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, “[a]ll of China's 2,600-plus radio stations are state-owned”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; as well as “around 1,900 newspapers. Each city has its own title, usually published by the local government, as well as a local Communist Party daily.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the means and nature of the communications are subject to the government’s control.
[[File:Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism.png|thumb|'''Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism''']]
Internet censoring in China has been dubbed “the great firewall.” The Golden Shield Project’s aim is “to monitor and censor what can and cannot be seen through an online network in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Conrad|last2=et al.|date=2011|title=Free Speech vs Maintaining Social Cohesion A Closer Look at Different Policies|url=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/FreeExpressionVsSocialCohesion/china_policy.html|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popular sites such as “Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Instagram are all blocked in the mainland.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chandel|first=Sonali|last2=et al.|date=2019|title=The Golden Shield Project of China: A Decade Later An in-depth study of the Great Firewall|url=https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~yunnanyu/files/papers/Golden.pdf|journal=College of Engineering and Computing Sciences, New York Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, China has blocked the use of Starlink. In 2025 China penalized a foreign vessel after an inspection revealed the vessel employing Starlink had “continued transmitting data after entering Chinese territorial waters, in violation of national telecommunications and radio regulations.”&lt;ref&gt;The Editorial Team, ''China imposes penalty to vessel using Starlink in its waters'', Saftery4Sea (Dec. 23, 2025), https://safety4sea.com/china-imposes-penalty-to-vessel-using-starlink-in-its-waters/&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, “[t]he long-standing blocks on international communications platforms have helped to enable the exponential growth of local services such as Tencent’s WeChat and Sina Weibo, which are subject to the government’s strict censorship demands.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; The regulatory agencies discussed above play a crucial role in maintaining the “great firewall”. For example, in 2017 MIIT banned the use of unlicensed VPNs.&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in 2020 the CAC  “suspended 281 websites, and shut down 2,686 websites and 31,000 accounts” as well as 179,000 social media accounts.&lt;ref&gt;Cyberspace Administration of China, ''The national cybersecurity administrative law enforcement work was carried out solidly in the second quarter'' (Jul. 18, 2020), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2020-07/21/c_1596879319813780.html; ''see also'' Qiao Long; Editor: Hu Lihan; Web Editor: Rui Zhe, ''China shut down more than 2,000 websites in the second quarter, triggering another large-scale internet crackdown'', rfa (Jul. 24, 2020), https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/meiti/ql1-07242020062431.html&lt;/ref&gt;  Finally, “[i]n February 2021, authorities blocked the newly emerged mobile audio app Clubhouse, after thousands of users in China had flocked to the app to discuss detention camps in Xinjiang.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''The Sender and Receiver''''' ====
There are two key principles in this element of communications, namely, the centrality of the person and freedom. The principle of the centrality of the person holds that communications are for the human person, this is why human rights are so integral to communication law. In China, communications are for the government, or the centrality of the party. For example, “[t]housands of cyber-police watch the web and material deemed politically and socially sensitive is filtered. Blocked resources include Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and human rights sites.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; As opposed to fostering a government that supports the human person’s ability to attain truth and enter into dialogue, the government jealously protects access to information. This is seen in China’s restrictions on internet cafés where individuals may access the web. Startling, “between June and September 2002, the government shutdown 150,000 unlicensed Internet cafes. [today], police routinely ‘[raid]’ internet cafes to see whether there is any ‘illegal’ activity going on.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Haiping|first=Zheng|date=Jan. 4, 2013|title=Regulating the Internet: China’s Law and Practice|url=https://content.scirp.org/pdf/blr_2013032615421340.pdf|journal=School of Law, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter point is connected to the second key principle, freedom.
[[File:Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China 1310759.jpg|thumb|Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China]]
The principle of freedom in any communication holds that you are free to express your opinion and those who hear it will tolerate it. This principle has not found a permanent home in China historically. In 1898, following the Hundred Days Reform, “the dynasty imposed a general prohibition of privately published newspaper” for “spreading rumours and confusing the people’s thoughts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=DeLisle|first=Jacques|last2=et al.|date=Jan. 16, 2014|title=The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2379959|journal=University of Pennsylvania}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1927, the Guomindang built “a system of censorship boards and licensing obligations for films, radio, publications and newspapers.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; Starting in 1980, Deng Xiaoping, former Chairman of the Central Military Commission, further restricting freedom of communication. From then on, “political debate would be an intra-Party matter only, and official media were to be the mouthpiece of the Party.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; This time saw a growing administrative state taking control of the communications field by “laying the basis for the current regulatory structure by creating an administrative department to govern the print sector, and by centralizing licensing procedures.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; The introduction of the internet saw “central and local governments [establish] special Internet information management departments.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''The Message''''' ====
[[File:Umbrella Revolution in Admiralty Night View 20141010.jpg|thumb|Umbrella Revolution]]
Within this element there is the key principle of objectivity and context. This principle holds that journalists, and other professions, ought to give the proper context when communicating and do so in as objective a manner as possible. In China, if a journalist wishes to obtain to renew their press cards they “must download the Study Xi, Strengthen the Country propaganda application that can collect their personal data.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, journalists and everyday citizens alike are restricted in how they can communicate their messages because certain words are banned. For example, no one cannot search for “dictatorship,” “Great Firewall of China,” or “Go, Hong Kong.”&lt;ref&gt;Leigh Hartman, ''In China, you can’t say these words'', ShareAmerica (Jun. 3, 2020), https://archive-share.america.gov/america.gov/in-china-you-cant-say-these-words/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; China’s approach to Tiananmen Square Massacre is an example of the principle of objectivity and context. After the Chinese military killed possible thousands during a protest in 1989 the government has tried to “erase what it calls the ‘political turmoil’ of 1989 from the collective memory. It bans any public commemoration or mention of the June 4 crackdown, scrubbing references from the internet.”&lt;ref&gt;Ken Moritsugu, ''Tiananmen Square anniversary shows China's ability to suppress history'', PBS News (Jun. 4, 2025), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/tiananmen-square-anniversary-shows-chinas-ability-to-suppress-history#:~:text=Security%20was%20tight%20Wednesday%20around,gatherings%20can%20still%20take%20place&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, China was the top jailer of journalists in the world, holding 14% of the world’s journalists in their jails.&lt;ref&gt;Arlene Getx, ''In record year, China, Israel, and Myanmar are world’s leading jailers of journalists'', Committee to Protect Journalists (Jan. 16, 2025), https://cpj.org/special-reports/in-record-year-china-israel-and-myanmar-are-worlds-leading-jailers-of-journalists/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Censorship &amp; Violent Content''' ===
China practices rigorous censorship in various forms of speech. A foundational principle of freedom of speech is that of no prior restraint which allows speech to enter the marketplace, and its issuer must deal with the consequences after the fact. This principle is not welcome in China. Related to this principal China’s justification for much of their prior restraint, national security. Most clearly demonstrated in the Hong Kong National Security Law, China has enforced expansive prior restraints on speech and jailed those who have attempted to speak out.
[[File:Hong Kong Protests P1240680 Umbrella revolution - protest in Nathan road, Hong Kong (15375576579).jpg|thumb|'''Hong Kong Protests''']]

==== '''''No Prior Restraint''''' ====
The principle of no prior restraint says that speech cannot be stopped before it takes place. Rather, one may say what they wish but may have to deal with the consequences after. This principle is well known in the West.&lt;blockquote&gt;The liberty of the press is indeed essential to the nature of a free state: but this consists in laying no prior restraints upon publications, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published. Every freeman has an undoubted right to lay what sentiments he pleases before the public: to forbid this, is to destroy the freedom of the press: but if he publishes what is improper, mischievous, or illegal, he must take the consequence of his own temerity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zeigler|first=Sara L.|last2=Vile|first2=John R.|date=Jan. 1, 2009|title=William Blackstone|url=https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/william-blackstone/|journal=Free Speech Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This principle ensures that ideas are free to enter the marketplace in nations that have chosen to adopt this concept, like the United States. However, China has not adopted this principle. Rather, China is diametrically opposed to the principle of no prior restraint. The Chinese government requires people to “ask the government's permission before they are allowed to publish.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “[t]he Communist Party has the right and the ability to screen works prior to publication, and stop publication of those works it finds objectionable.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; One of the main methods of enforcing prior restraints in China is their licensing scheme…” where “the government requires individuals to obtain a license, permit, or other authorization in order to legally engage in publishing.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Such requirements ensure that the government approves of any speech before it can enter the marketplace.

A notable piece of Chinese legislation is the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing.&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Regulations states that “publishing businesses shall adhere to the path of serving the people and serving socialism, adhere to the guidance of Marxism, Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, and promulgate and accumulate scientific technology and cultural knowledge that is advantageous to economic development and social progress.”&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires that anything published in China aligns with their preferred thought. This is exactly what the marketplace of ideas sought to prevent. A healthy competition of ideas is best for humanity, not a forced set of ideas. A breach of the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing has grave consequences. In 2019 “[a] Chinese court slapped a dozen of people with varying jail terms for illegally publishing books related to the Communist Party of China.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt; The Intermediate People's Court of Yueyang in Hunan province stated that “[t]he accused were convicted of violating state regulations by illegally reprinting and selling huge volumes of publications, which seriously endangered the social order and disrupted the legitimate publishing market.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important piece of legislation is the eloquently named Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications.&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Measures says that “[t]he scope of the important topics… shall be adjusted and promulgated by the General Administration of Press and Publication.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Such important topics include “works and literature concerning any former or current leaders of the party ” ,&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; “topics which deal with maps of China's borders,”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; and even “topics which deal with any significant historical matters or important historical figures in the history of the Chinese Communist Party.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires government approval prior to publishing on important topics. While the complete list of important topics is much longer these three are notable because they are meant to shape the way, one understands Chinese history and China’s place in the world. This dystopian law enforces not only a specific world view, like the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing, but also a specific understanding of China’s history and how they arrived at their present communist government. Thus, these measures bolster the Chinese Communist Party’s control over all speech in China.

==== '''''National Security''''' ====
The Chinese Party often censors speech under the pretense of protecting national security. An example occurred recently in Hong Kong. In 2020 China introduced the National Security Law (“NSL”) to Hong Kong. The NSL “criminalises anything considered as secession, which is breaking away from China; subversion, which is undermining the power or authority of the central government; terrorism, which is using violence or intimidation against people; and collusion with foreign or external forces.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; This Law has resulted in “[n]umerous pro-democracy news outlets in Hong Kong [being] shut down, including Lai's Apple Daily, which was known to be critical of the mainland Chinese leadership.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in 2021 “Hong Kong's national security police raided the offices of ''Stand News'' for suspected breaches of the NSL and separately arrested six senior staff members and one former senior staff member for conspiracy to publish seditious publications.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Barrios|first=Ricardo|date=Nov. 15, 2023|title=Hong Kong Under the National Security Law|url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47844|journal=Congress.Gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NSL has also impacted other forms of speech as shut down of the Tiananmen vigil in 2002 when “authorities announced they were closing Victoria Park—the traditional site of the Tiananmen vigil—citing ‘Police's observation that some people are using different channels to incite the participation of unauthorised assemblies’ and these assemblies' potential to affect ‘public safety and public order.’”&lt;ref&gt;Barrios,&amp;#x20;Ricardo&amp;#x20;(Nov. 15, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;Hong Kong Under the National Security Law&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Congress.Gov''.&lt;/ref&gt; These alarming instances demonstrates China’s use of overbroad justifications, such as national security, to exert control over China and its special administrative regions. Finally, China’s desire for a tighter grip on information does not stop at its borders. In 2015 China signed the Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “has two key features: mutual assurance on non-aggression in cyberspace and language advocating cyber-sovereignty.”&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Truth, Honor, &amp; Tolerance''' ===
Chinese censorship has ensured that there is only one product to be bought and sold in the marketplace of ideas, the Chinese Communist Party’s. This booth peddles China’s view of history, as seen in their memory laws, and their chosen religions. China’s failure to encourage a marketplace of ideas has not only impacted freedom of expression in China but also hindered their economic and scientific growth. This limited marketplace extends to how certain historical events are seen. Finally, it is notable that China does allow the practice of religion in their Constitution, and to an extent in practice. However, examples such as the Chinese oppression of Muslims and requiring the Vatican to agree to bishop appointments demonstrates the fact that the Chinese Communist Party is firmly in control of this marketplace.

==== '''''The Marketplace of Ideas''''' ====
The marketplace of ideas is a western concept that has been adopted in the United States. The concept of the marketplace of ideas says that “[t]he best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market.” This concept is seen in robust public discourse, protests, debate, etc. These all further the belief that government should foster a lively discourse that allows everyone to choose which ideas they believe are best. This concept has not been adopted by China. Rather, “while China has increased economic freedom, it has protected the Party’s iron grip on power and suppressed freedom of expression — there is no free market for ideas. Without such a market, the Chinese people are subservient to the state and their range of choices limited.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dorn|first=James A.|date=Feb. 4, 2017|title=China Needs a Free Market for Ideas|url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/china-needs-free-market-ideas#:~:text=The%20lack%20of%20a%20free,of%20the%20Chinese%20Communist%20Party|journal=CATO Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese censorship is pervasive and leaves no stall at the marketplace of ideas uncaptured. For example, “significant amendments were made to both the [Constitution], further consolidating the dominant leadership of the CCP. While these changes were not explicitly centered on censorship, this strengthened power structure indirectly set the stage for a reshaped censorship framework, presenting an illiberal substance under a facade of legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Ge|date=2025-26|title=How China Curbs Free Speech Beyond Its Borders: Legal Strategies of Transnational Censorship|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4621776|journal=J. Int'l Media &amp; Ent. L., 11(1), 1-41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While the lack of a robust coemption of ideas certainly treads on individual rights, some also argue that it also limits China’s potential, “[b]ecause the freedom to supply ideas, choose ideas, and criticize ideas is severely limited, the creativity of the Chinese people is underutilized and their innovative potential undertapped.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Ning|date=Winter 2017|title=China’s Future and the Determining Role of the Market for Ideas|journal=CATO Journal (Vol. 37, No. 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “without the freedom to think, speak, and innovate openly, China’s economic growth could stagnate” and as a result “lead to a lack of critical thinking and creativity, which are vital for addressing complex challenges and advancing technological and social innovation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zou|first=Heng-Fu|date=April 2021|title=A Free Market For Ideas In China|url=https://down.aefweb.net/WorkingPapers/w664.pdf|journal=The World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; China’s suppression of the market place of ideas not only violates individual rights but is likely harming both the Chinese economy and even society itself.

==== '''''Memory Laws''''' ====
For China “[t]here is only one correct interpretation of the national past, and it is the party-state – and the party-state alone – that promulgates and polices it.”&lt;ref&gt;Chang,&amp;#x20;Vincent K.L.&amp;#x20;(May 2, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Verfassungsblog''.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, after an incident where Chinese youths cosplayed as Japanese Imperial soldiers and took phots at a war monument in Shanghai, China passed the Heroes and Martyrs Protection Law.&lt;ref&gt;Guang Yang, ''China’s National Memory Laws and the War on Storytelling'', Australian Institute of International Affairs (May 3, 2023), https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/chinas-national-memory-laws-and-the-war-on-storytelling/. ''See also'' Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, 中华人民共和国英雄烈士保护法, (adopted Apr. 27, 2018, effective May 1, 2018), https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/peoples-republic-of-china-law-on-protection-of-heroes-and-martyrs/.&lt;/ref&gt; This law “calls on citizens to ‘respect, study, and defend’ national heroes and criminalises their defamation.”&lt;ref&gt;Vincent K.L. Chang, ''China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory'', Verfassungsblog (May 2, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/chinas-memory-laws/&lt;/ref&gt; China’s use of memory laws, or selective history, has resulted in the erasure of historical events that are not flattering or supportive of the Chinese Communist Party. For example, in 2012 a professor teaching in Hong Kong “asked his class of more than forty students from China, all of whom were born in the 1980s, ‘Have any of you heard of June Fourth, Liu Binyan, or Fang Lizhi?’ However, the students simply gazed at one another in silence.”&lt;ref&gt;Yan Lianke, ''China’s National Amnesia'', The Dial (Apr. 23, 2024), https://www.thedial.world/articles/news/issue-15/china-national-strategy-forgetting&lt;/ref&gt; As discussed, nowhere is this amnesia seen better than in the case of Tiananmen Square.

An example of such memory laws in action was seen in 2016 where a group of individuals who promoted liquor bottles that had labels commemorating June 4, 1989, the date of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; One man was “criminally detained on suspicion of ‘inciting subversion of state power’ while [another] was detained on suspicion of ‘picking quarrels and provoking trouble.’”&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, one of the men received a three and a half year sentence by a court in southwestern China.&lt;ref&gt;Radio Free Asia, ''Court in China's Sichuan Jails Fourth Man Over Tiananmen Massacre Liquor'' (Apr. 4, 2019), https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/liquor-04042019105951.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''Tolerance as Applied to Religion''''' ====
[[File:Cardinal Joseph Zen (2019).jpg|thumb|'''Cardinal Joseph Zen''']]
The Chinese Constitution explicitly allows for freedom of religion, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Embassy in South Africa published a paper on religious freedom stating “[r]eligious disputes are unknown in China. Religious believers and non-believers respect each other, are united and have a harmonious relationship.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; However, while China allows for the practice of religion, the Chinese Communist Party has worked to force religion to align with its worldview. As a result, “China is pursuing a policy of ‘Sinicization’ that requires religious groups to align their doctrines, customs and morality with Chinese culture.”&lt;ref&gt;Pew Research Center, 10 things to know about China’s policies on religion (Oct. 23, 2023),

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/23/10-things-to-know-about-chinas-policies-on-religion/&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 the Vatican agreed to a deal with the Chinese Communist Party regarding the appointment of bishops. Following this “Cardinal Joseph Zen… said it would legitimise the Communist Party’s control over Chinese Catholics, and be like ‘giving the flock into the mouths of the wolves.’”&lt;ref&gt;Economist, ''China wants to “sinicise” its Catholics'' (Nov. 22, 2022), https://www.economist.com/china/2022/11/22/china-wants-to-sinicise-its-catholics&lt;/ref&gt; China’s concern with religions such as Islam and Christianity is not that they are new to China, they are not. Rather, “Muslims are part of Islam’s global ''umma'' (Arabic for ‘community’) of believers” and “Christians, meanwhile, are thought to have strong overseas ties either to the Vatican, for Catholics, or to overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia and the West, for Protestants in particular.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=May 14, 2024|title=China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All|url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/china-reversing-its-crackdown-some-religions-not-all|journal=Council on Foreign Relations}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, China sees these religions as non-Chinese. Other religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religions the states are viewed as “so-called indigenous faiths.”&lt;ref&gt;Johnson,&amp;#x20;Ian&amp;#x20;(May 14, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Council on Foreign Relations''.&lt;/ref&gt; A key law impacting religious tolerance is the Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups.&lt;ref&gt;Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 5 of the measures states that “[r]eligious groups must follow the leadership of the Communist Party of China… persist in the direction of sinification of religion[, and] practice the Core Socialist Values.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 5, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, under Article 6, “[r]eligious groups shall accept the supervision, oversight, and administration of people's governments religious affairs departments.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 17, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 17 states that “[r]eligious groups shall publicize the Communist Party of] China's directives and policies.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, “[t]he legal protection of citizens' right to the freedom of religious belief in China is basically in accordance with the main contents of the concerned international documents and conventions in this respect.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Embassy goes on to list the following international agreements: the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convenient on Civil and Political Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, and the Vienna Declaration and Action Program.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Cultural and Religious Expressions''' ===
           In China there are many festivals and cultural events, with the Chinese New Year being the most famous and one of the oldest. This holiday is lauded as important for many reasons, but it is allowed because it promotes Chinese identity. Some religions, and religious symbols, do not receive an equally welcoming invite from the Chinese Communist Party. While religious worship is allowed theoretically, China has cracked down on the Church in China and on religious symbols.

==== '''''Festivals, The Chinese New Year or Spring Festival''''' ====
Feasts and festivals are thousands of years old. Key aspects of festivals include bringing people together, feasting over food, a reason to celebrate, and the symbolization of the shared joy. China has a long history of festivals. Perhaps the largest and most important is the Chinese New Year. The Chinese New Year is thousands of years old. It likely “originated in the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC), when people held sacrificial ceremonies in honor of gods and ancestors at the beginning or the end of each year.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Timothy S.Y.|title=History of Chinese New Year|url=https://lammuseum.wfu.edu/education/teachers/chinese-new-year/history-of-chinese-new-year/|journal=Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology}}&lt;/ref&gt; This festival has become an integral part of the Chinese nation. However, Chinese Americans, and those around the world, can also be seen celebrating this festival. As a result, this festival is intimately intertwined with the Chinese identity.
[[File:Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore, 20240122 0852 2963.jpg|thumb|Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore]]
[[File:The Lucky Red Envelopes or Packets in Lunar New Year.jpg|thumb|Red Envelopes]]
There are many traditions that play critical roles in the Chinese New Year festival season. The legend of the Chinese New Year began with a mythical beast called that would eat crops and people. Legend states “a wise old man figured out that Nian was scared of loud noises (firecrackers) and the color red. So, people put red lanterns and red scrolls on their windows and doors to stop Nian from coming inside. Crackling bamboo (later replaced by firecrackers) was lit to scare Nian away.”&lt;ref&gt;Lam,&amp;#x20;Timothy S.Y..&amp;#x20;&quot;History of Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology''.&lt;/ref&gt; The famous tradition of exchanging red envelopes began with the mythical beast Sui, who would scare children while they slept. As a result, “[e]lders began to give out red envelopes of coins to children for them to play with and keep them awake throughout the night.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Kaysey A.|date=Jan. 27, 2022|title=A Brief History of the Chinese New Year|url=https://worldtreasures.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-chinese-new-year|journal=World Treasures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “round dumplings shaped like the full moon are shared as a symbol of the family unit and perfection.”&lt;ref&gt;Richardson,&amp;#x20;Kaysey A.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 27, 2022).&amp;#x20;&quot;A Brief History of the Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''World Treasures''.&lt;/ref&gt; These traditions give the Chinese people tangible things to pass down to future generations. It is incredible to see how consistent these traditions have been, indicating how important they are to the Chinese people’s cultural expression.

A critical law in the area of cultural and religious expression in China is the Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage.&lt;ref&gt;Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Under Article 1 of the Law, it’s stated purpose is  that “of inheriting and promoting the distinguished traditional culture of the Chinese nation, promoting the building of the socialist spiritual civilization and strengthening the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 1, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Article 6 of the law requires the local governments to “include the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage in the national economic and social development plans at their same levels and include the protection and preservation funding into the financial budgets.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; According to a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization report “[d]uring [Chinese New Year] in 2024, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the PRC mobilized the whole country to widely carry out Spring Festival [Intangible Cultural Heritage] activities. A total of more than 45,400 ICH promotion and display activities were carried out nationwide.”&lt;ref&gt;nited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Periodic reporting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2004), https://ich.unesco.org/en/periodic-reporting-00460&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''Religious Symbols''''' ====
While religious exercise is allowed in China to some extent, the display of certain items has come under attack. According to a recent report, “Chinese officials have ordered the removal of crosses from churches and have replaced images of Christ and the Virgin Mary with images of President Xi Jinping”.&lt;ref&gt;Tyler Arnold, ''China is Removing Crosses From Churches, Replacing Images of Christ With Xi Jinping'', The National Catholic Register (Oct. 1, 2024), https://www.ncregister.com/cna/china-is-removing-crosses-from-churches-replacing-images-of-christ-with-xi-jinping&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “new rules to ensure that sites of religious worship, like mosques, look adequately “Chinese,” and to mandate the cultivation of “patriotic” religious leaders.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin Lavička, ''A New Round of Restrictions Further Constrains Religious Practice in Xinjiang'', China File (Apr. 19, 2024), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/new-round-of-restrictions-further-constrains-religious-practice-xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; Article 26 of the 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations states that “Religious activity sites that are newly built, renovated, expanded, or rebuilt should reflect Chinese characteristics and style in terms of architecture, sculptures, paintings, decorations, etc.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 26, 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/xj-religious-affairs/&lt;/ref&gt; These actions indicate the Chinese Communist Parties attempt to more deeply accelerate sinicization.

==== '''''The Church in China''''' ====
[[File:20251016 Shangqiu Catholic Church 04.jpg|thumb|Shangqiu Catholic Church]]
In China there are two faces to the Catholic Church. The first is the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association (the “CCPA”). The CCPA is obedient to the “the State Council's Religious Affairs Bureau, which is an agency under the United Front Department of the Communist Party. It does not recognize the supreme administrative, legislative, and judicial authority of the Pope.”&lt;ref&gt;The Cardinal Kung Foundation, ''Catholic Church in China, It Is Now Known As An Underground Church'',  http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/rc/RCrelfreedom.php&lt;/ref&gt; The second face is the “Underground Catholic Church” which is not governed by the Chinese Communist Party. Recently, the CCPA held the 10th National Congress of Catholicism in China. The CCPA “delegates also unanimously accepted the Work Report of the 9th Standing Committee on Church efforts and activities in the promotion of patriotism, socialism, and sinicization in the Catholic Church as outlined by President Xi Jinping.”&lt;ref&gt;Union of Catholic Asian News, ''China's Catholic leaders vow to accelerate sinicization''''',''' https://www.ucanews.com/news/chinas-catholic-leaders-vow-to-accelerate-sinicization/98499&lt;/ref&gt; Opposed to the CCPA are the underground Church leaders like Cardinal Joseph Zen. Cardinal Zen is critical of the Chinese persecution of Catholics and heavily criticized the 2018 deal the Vatican made with China which requires Chinese approval of bishops.&lt;ref&gt;Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding the deal, Cardinal Zen stated that “[t]hey’re [sending] the flock into the mouths of the wolves. It’s an incredible betrayal.”&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; In China it is “illegal for the priest to instruct the children of the parish in the Faith or give them any materials to read.”&lt;ref&gt;Michael Schmiesing, ''A Hidden Church in'' China, Catholic Answers (Dec. 12, 2024), https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/a-hidden-church-in-china&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “minors are not allowed to attend the Mass in some areas of China.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Aly Rothfus, ''Catholic Church in China Faces'' Crisis, The Irish Rover (Nov. 19, 2025), https://irishrover.net/2025/11/catholic-church-in-china-faces-crisis/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, it must be noted that the Holy See does not recognize the Chinese communist Party as the leader of China. Rather, “the Vatican has maintained formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan.”&lt;ref&gt;Abhishank Mishra &amp; Ananya Sharma, ''China-Taiwan, and a Vatican'' conversion, the interpreter (Jul. 9, 2024), https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-taiwan-vatican-conversion&lt;/ref&gt;

As discussed above, China has set a clear policy goal of maintaining, celebrating, and promulgating traditional Chinese festivals to the public. Religious festivals do not enjoy the same support. Article 42 of the Religious Affairs Regulations 2017 provides that “[w]here a large-scale religious activity is held that is beyond the accommodation capacity of a religious activity site the religious group… sponsoring the activity shall, 30 days before the activity is to be held, submit an application to the religious affairs department of the people’s government for the province.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 42, Religious Affairs Regulations 2017, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/religious-affairs-regulations-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; On Easter Sunday 2011, a [c]hurch in Beijing planned to hold an outdoor worship service in a plaza amid high-rise office and commercial buildings. However the police sealed off the plaza and dispelled gathering congregants… Thirty six of the congregants were taken to police stations for interrogation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fenggang|first=Yang|date=May 12, 2011|title=The Chinese House Church Goes Public|url=https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/chinese-house-church-goes-public-fenggang-yang|journal=The University of Chicago {{!}} Divinity School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Privacy and Data Protection''' ===
Our private thoughts and actions are intimate to who we are as people. However, in China, the government wishes to be included in that inner circle. They seek to accomplish this by a program of mass surveillance. While artificial intelligence has been an incredible breakthrough for the world it has also been taken advantage of by nefarious actors. Chief among these is perhaps China. China has employed artificial intelligence to better control its citizens and ensure compliance. Another technology breakthrough, cryptocurrency, has had mixed reactions from China. Cryptocurrency allows transactions to be kept private, a no-go for the Chinese Communist Party. As a result, China has banned cryptocurrency use.

==== '''''Mass Surveillance and Artificial Intelligence''''' ====
It is no surprise that China is renowned for its mass surveillance. Citizens are watched almost constantly to ensure compliance with the Chinese Communist Party’s ideals. In fact the “[p]eople in China are among the most surveilled in the world, taking 16 of the top 20 spots on the most surveilled cities list based on the number of cameras per 1,000 people in an annual assessment.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gates|first=Megan|date=Jun. 1, 2021|title=The Rise of the Surveillance State|url=https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/monthly-issues/security-technology/archive/2021/june/The-Rise-of-The-Surveillance-State|journal=Security Management}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “documents from one Shanghai district detail plans for AI-powered cameras and drones to ‘automatically discover and intelligently enforce the law,’ including potentially alerting police to crowd gatherings.”[116] China has also begun using artificial intelligence in satellite surveillance, “China is deploying AI-enabled Sun-synchronous satellites over regions that the CCP views as politically sensitive, including Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hong Kong and Macau.”&lt;ref&gt;Fergus Ryan, et al., ''The party’s AI How China’s new AI systems are reshaping human rights'', ASPI (dec. 2025), https://aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/27122307/The-partys-AI-How-Chinas-new-AI-systems-are-reshaping-human-rights.pdf. ''See also'', Jinghe Fan, Xin Zhang, ‘Small, swift, and effective’ legislation in China: Towards adaptive governance of AI?, Computer Law &amp; Security Review, Volume 61, 2026, 106329, ISSN 2212-473X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106329.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Xinjiang region China uses mobile apps, biometric data, and artificial intelligence to monitor millions of Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Gates,&amp;#x20;Megan&amp;#x20;(Jun. 1, 2021).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Rise of the Surveillance State&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Security Management''.&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence is not limited to technical uses. China has begun using artificial intelligence to help it draft policies, “[i]n one case, a ChatGPT user ‘likely connected to a [Chinese] government entity’ asked the AI model to help write a proposal for a tool that analyzes the travel movements and police records of the Uyghur minority— a Turkic-speaking, predominantly Muslim ethnic minority—and other ‘high-risk’ people, according to the OpenAI report.”&lt;ref&gt;Sean Lyngaas &amp; Jim Sclutto, ''Suspected Chinese government operatives used ChatGPT to shape mass surveillance proposals, OpenAI says'', CNN (Oct. 7, 2025), https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/07/politics/china-chatgpt-surveillance&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence in China is alarming. While surveillance in Chian has grown alongside technology since the Chinese Communist Party took power, the introduction of artificial intelligence is the biggest leap that has yet to occur. Moreover, the “CAC’s approach to regulating AI or algorithms is centered on the regime of Algorithm Registry. Providers of certain recommendation algorithms, deep synthesis, and generative AI technologies must register detailed information with the CAC before offering services in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Wayne Wei|last2=et al.|date=2025|title=Artificial Intelligence “Law(s)” in China: Retrospect and Prospect|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5039316|journal=Part I, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 29-36, 2025 &amp; Part II, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 139-157, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''Cryptocurrency in China''''' ====
If someone were to analyze an individual’s last year of credit card transactions it is likely one could learn quite a bit about them. For a mass surveillance state like China this is appealing. As a result, cryptocurrencies present an issue for China. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum use a technology called blockchain that acts as a digital ledger of transactions. This allows individuals to exchange value without the need of an intermediary like a bank. These blockchains enhance “transactional privacy by removing the need for users to reveal their real identities. Confidential transactions and encryption techniques ensure only the involved parties know the details. Zero-knowledge proofs, ring signatures, and stealth addresses advances further strengthen privacy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zaware|first=Rajendra|title=Data Privacy in Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain|url=https://blogs.infosys.com/emerging-technology-solutions/iedps/data-privacy-in-cryptocurrencies-and-blockchain.html|journal=Infosys}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, while all transactions on the blockchain are visible, the identity of who made the transaction is private unless shared.

Importantly, “China’s central bank defined Cryptocurrency as a specified virtual commodity. This legal attribute is not clear, which brings difficulties in consumer protection and criminal identification.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Jiye|date=Apr. 25, 2023|title=The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4423780|journal=China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School}}&lt;/ref&gt; China was renowned for its large cryptocurrency market and “[p]rior to 2017, China had the world’s largest cryptocurrency market—with 80% of Bitcoin, the world’s leading digital coin, transactions conducted in yuan.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=Richard|title=China’s Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Regulatory Environment|url=https://www.ecovis.com/focus-china/chinas-cryptocurrency/|journal=ECOVIS}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, after years of increasing restrictions, China banned cryptocurrency trading and mining in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=OxKira|date=Oct. 9, 2025|title=Crypto in China: A 2025 guide to the crypto landscape|journal=Arham}}&lt;/ref&gt; This time period saw a flurry of laws implemented regarding digital assets and crypto currencies, “[o]n January 1, 2020, the ‘Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China’ came into effect. ‘Data Security Law’ was adopted on June 10, 2021, and ‘Personal Information Protection Law’ was adopted on August 20, 2021.”&lt;ref&gt;Hu,&amp;#x20;Jiye&amp;#x20;(Apr. 25, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China&quot;.&amp;#x20;''China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School''&lt;/ref&gt; The People’s Bank of China “warned financial institutions against providing banking and clearing services to virtual currency-related businesses.”&lt;ref&gt;Xiuhao, et al, ''China steps up crypto crackdown, will vet real-world asset tokens'', Reuters (Feb. 6, 2026), https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-vows-tighten-virtual-currency-restrictions-2026-02-06/&lt;/ref&gt; This warning has not been without teeth. In 2025 a Chinese court convicted five people of transacting more than $160 million worth of cryptocurrency.&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt; The court said that these individuals “violated China’s Anti-Money Laundering Law and Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, both of which prohibit unauthorized cross-border fund transfers.”&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:E-CNY logo.svg|thumb|E-CNY logo]]
While these penalties are steep, people in China have persisted in using cryptocurrencies to ensure their transactions remain private. Reports indicate “that there are still around 59 million crypto users in China as of 2025. That is roughly 10% of the global crypto user base, even though most users must operate outside official channels.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; Interestingly, “[w]hile private cryptocurrencies face heavy restrictions, China has fully embraced its own central bank digital currency (CBDC) known as the digital yuan (e-CNY). By late 2025, e-CNY platforms had processed over 14.2 trillion yuan in transactions and were used by more than 260 million wallets.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; While this may seem contradictory at first, there is a strategy. Banning cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin ensures private transactions will not occur. Introducing the digital yuan, which is subject to surveillance, will allow China to “create a mechanism through which the government can access reams of digital data that may prove helpful to Beijing in the global race to develop artificial intelligence.”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;  To that end, “[u]nlike Bitcoin and other cyber currencies, all digital-yuan users will register with the [People's Bank of China] under a system described by government officials as “controllable anonymity,’ which will give the government the ability to track illicit transactions and presumably the activities of citizens who attract the attention of security services”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;

Other reasons for adopting the digital yuan include payment efficiency, increased state oversight and support of the yuan as a strategy tool. According to a 2021 report by the working group for the e-CNY, “the issuance of e-CNY will fully meet the public’s daily payment needs, further improve the efficiency of the retail payment system and reduce the cost of retail payment.”&lt;ref&gt;Working Group on E-CNY Research and Development of the People’s Bank of China, ''Progress of Research &amp; Development of E-CNY in China'' (July 2021), https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/8c1d1ea1-a8f7-402c-9f08-edf6863237bc/content&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Right to Bodily, Spiritual and Digital Identity''' ===
An individual’s identity is the essence of who they are and what they believe. In our digital age people have taken on digital identities. In many parts of the world people cannot get by without a digital identity. China is currently attempting to enroll its citizenry in a government issues digital identity. This identity will allow China to compile all enrollees’ personal information. On the other side of the identity coin, China has also sought to compile massive amount of biometric date such as DNA and facial recognition. These data collections have also been extended to individuals visiting China.

==== '''''Digital Identity''''' ====
In a world that has become intensely digital it makes sense that we humans would take on digital identities. These identities are demonstrated by social media, bank accounts, online use, and more. We use these identities to interact with other humans in the digital world. The Chinese government has introduced the National Online Identity Authentication Public Service. This is a “government-controlled digital identity system [which] will allow citizens to register by providing official government documents and then will shield their information from Internet services.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/.&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese authorities say “that the new measure intends to establish a trusted digital identity framework within the public service infrastructure.”&lt;ref&gt;Shane Yi &amp; Michael Caster, ''China: New Internet ID System a threat to online expression'', Article19 (Jun. 25, 2025), [https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/ https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/.]&lt;/ref&gt; However, “[t]he Chinese government has not provided details about how the system is constructed or the policies in place to protect the data from misuse… for digital-rights activists, the danger is clear.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/&lt;/ref&gt; The digital identity offered by China is proffered under the guise of ease of use. However, in exchange for this ease, Chinese citizens will need to give over intimate personal information to the government. While the program is optional for now it is possible necessary resources online could soon require one to obtain a government controlled digital identity.

==== '''''Biometric Data''''' ====
Despite the increasing importance of the digital identity and personal digital information, there is still information about ourselves that is intimate. Biometric data includes things like DNA, fingerprints, and even voice scans. In China “legislation and regulation are carefully crafted to give public security organs broad powers to harvest and use biometric data in conjunction with the performance of their law enforcement and national security duties.”&lt;ref&gt;Mercator Institute for China, ''China’s Handling of Biometric Data: Trends and Implications for Europe'' (Jun. 14, 2022), https://merics.org/en/events/chinas-handling-biometric-data-trends-and-implications-europe.&lt;/ref&gt; A main biometric tool used by the Chinese government is facial recognition which “is deployed to identify citizens for law enforcement purposes, such as performing identity verification at airports, train stations, or specific public areas, and for commercial purposes to enhance business operations’ efficiency.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Jianyu|last2=Stevenson|first2=Jennifer|date=2022|title=Assessing Legal Protection of Biometric Data in China: Gaps, Principles, and Policy Recommendations|url=https://commons.stmarytx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1776&amp;context=facarticles.|journal=St. Mary’s University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such collections are not limited to Chinese citizens however. China has begun requiring foreign nationals “to submit their fingerprints and undergo a facial scan at self-help kiosks at their port of entry to the People's Republic of China. These self-help kiosks will issue a receipt once your biometric data is received and that receipt must be given to the border inspector for verification as part of the entry process.”&lt;ref&gt;Duke Travel Registry, ''Announcements: China now requires collection of biometric data upon arrival'', https://duke-travel.terradotta.com/index.cfm?FuseAction=Announcements.Announcement&amp;Announcement_ID=3026&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China has recently combined blockchain technology with biometric data, “the new digital ID service stores cryptographic keys on-chain after a real-name verification process. According to reports, the system authenticates users’ legal name, facial recognition, and government ID before allowing users to create an infinite number of public-private key pairs to register on online platforms.”&lt;ref&gt;Wahid Pessarlay, ''China blockchain=based ID experiment aims to stop data leaks'', Coingeek (Dec. 29, 2023), https://coingeek.com/china-blockchain-based-id-experiment-aims-to-stop-data-leaks/&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''AI-Generated Personas''''' ====
China has taken the concept of AI-generated personas to the next level with the creation of AI judges. Since 2019, millions of legal cases of been decided by these “smart courts” or “internet courts”. These courts make use of “non-human judges, powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and allows participants to register their cases online and resolve their matters via a digital court hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; These courts have decided cases on various topics such as “intellectual property, e-commerce, financial disputes related to online conduct, loans acquired or performed online, domain name issues, property and civil rights cases involving the Internet, product liability arising from online purchases and certain administrative disputes.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; The “judge” appears “by hologram and are artificial creations — there is no real judge present. The holographic judge looks like a real person but is a synthesized, 3D image of different judges, and sets schedules, asks litigants questions, takes evidence and issues dispositive rulings.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to efficiency, there are other motives at play behind these smart courts, party control. Interestingly, these “[s]mart courts allow the party to intervene in court decisions without upending the entire normative system by automatically detecting and filtering cases that require political intervention.”&lt;ref&gt;Dory Reiling &amp; Straton Papagianneas, ''Lessons from China’s Smart Court Reform'', International Journal for Court Administration (2015), https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.679.&lt;/ref&gt; Judges are still involved in the cases process but the use of AI allows them to process cases faster “the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court said each judge in the city had handled an average of 744 cases in 2025 – up by 249 cases from the previous year.”&lt;ref&gt;William Zheg, ''AI helped Shenzhen judges handle cases 50% faster. Is this the future for China?'', South China Morning Post (May 4, 2026), https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3352161/ai-helped-shenzhen-judges-handle-cases-50-faster-future-china. &lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Right to Reject Information, Clothing &amp; Human Exhibitions''' ===
In China people are bombarded with propaganda in a daily basis. As such it is virtually impossible to be free from unwanted content. In fact, one may not even realize they are ingesting content they do not want. China has a systemic practice of planting stories in the news and on social media. Furthermore, the government requires Chinese schools to incorporate propaganda into their lessons from the youngest of ages. Also, alarming is China’s oppression of religious clothing. Chief among these is China’s ban on certain Muslim garb in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. As such, people are prohibited from outwardly expressing what is most essential to their identity, their faith.

==== '''''Unwanted Content''''' ====
Do individuals in China have the power to reject unwanted content? In reality the answer is no. The Chinese government controls all forms of media in China and there is no way to really block this onslaught of propaganda. Somedays up to 30 percent of a newspapers content will be planted by the state.&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; A recent study showed that “state-scripted propaganda on newsstands is a near-daily phenomenon in China, with some form of scripted propaganda in the news around 90 percent of days. And, on average, at least one front-page article in party newspapers is planted by the state.”&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; While one could choose not to pick up a newspaper in China, for many this is their main source of information and a necessity. Other forms of media are subject to the same with researchers identifying “over 18,000 central or local government accounts on Douyin, China’s version of TikTok, that produce 5 million videos per year.” Notably “[t]he largest share of these accounts belongs to the public security apparatus (34%), followed by state media (24%) and propaganda organs (12%) at the county, city, provincial, or central level.”

In addition to media, the Chinese government requires schools to teach its chosen ideology. Namely, “Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Section 1, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt; China recently introduced the Patriotic Education Law&lt;ref&gt;Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm.&lt;/ref&gt; which “mandates that love of the country and the ruling Chinese Communist Party be incorporated into work and study for everyone – from the youngest children to workers and professionals across all sectors.”&lt;ref&gt;Chris Lau &amp; Simone McCarthy, ''China feels the country isn’t patriotic enough. A new law aims to change'' that, CNN (Jan. 6, 2024), https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/06/china/china-patriotic-education-law-intl-hnk#:~:text=2%2C%202009.&amp;text=The%20new%20law%20also%20orders,subject%20to%20punishments%2C%20she%20said.&lt;/ref&gt; Article 15 states that “[s]chools at all levels and of all types shall provide coherent patriotic education throughout their curriculum, provide high-quality theoretical and political lessons, and integrate patriotic education into various subjects and textbooks.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 15, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, 2023, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, Xuexi Qiangguo seeks to blend both media and education. Xuexi Qiangguo is an app run by the Chinese Communist Party that citizens are encouraged to download.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Liang|first=Fan|last2=et al.|date=2021|title=The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416|journal=University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt; This app allows “users to see state media news reports, video chat with their friends, make a personal schedule and send ‘red envelopes’ of money to friends. The app comes with a Snapchat-like messaging function where messages disappear after being read.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; However,, the most important feature of the app is that it allows people to study Xi Jinping’s thought while taking quizzes and earning points. The app appears to hold political significance for the government because “[a] university in Zhejiang called on all party groups to use the app in order to form a ‘stronghold’ for Xi Jinping thought.&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, some are reporting that “their employers are requiring them to score a certain number of points.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the app’s more lighthearted features, it’s “control models prioritize ideological content and get users to read specific information. This means that the Chinese state could transform the platform into a centralized communication model for manipulating information circulation and directing user behavior.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt; A study shows that the app tracks President Xi’s political goals and helps promote them. For example, “the study channel recommended an online course about blockchain on October 25, 2019, since Xi Jinping announced the support for blockchain technology on October 24, 2019.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''Religious Clothing in China''''' ====
[[File:China Xinjiang Northern location map.svg|thumb|Xinjiang]]
In China, certain religious garb is subject to scrutiny. China has introduced “counterterrorism” laws that seek to “ban wearing long beards, full face coverings, and religious dress.”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; These laws also ban “wearing clothes associated with ‘religious extremism.’ These regulations do not define ‘abnormal’ or ‘religious extremism.’”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; The ban of Muslim women’s head garb has been particular prominence with “regional authorities outlaw[ing] Islamic veils from all public spaces in the regional capital of China’s Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR)… [the ban] empowers Chinese police to punish violators and dole out fines of up to… $800 for those who fail to enforce the prohibition.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Communist Party has sought to promote alternatives to these veils such as hats and braided hair. As part of this campaign, “XUAR officials launched ‘Project Beauty’ in 2011: a five-year, $8 million dollar campaign aimed at developing Xinjiang’s fashion and cosmetics industries while encouraging Muslim women to ‘look towards ‘modern’ culture’ by removing their veils.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''References''' ===
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[[Category:Communication|Law in China]]
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      <text bytes="94934" sha1="9b4q81brf1bsyshwv7m64t8e7oeef78" xml:space="preserve">== '''Communications Law in China''' ==
[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|thumb|Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
Communications law in China is subject to a complex regulatory scheme. While the Constitution of China promises freedom of speech, the Chinese Communist Party enforces strict censorship, utilizes prior restraint, and attempts to block important ideas and concepts from the minds of the Chinese people. Chinese communications law impacts everything from radio to religious dress and even digital assets. The Chinese regulatory scheme faces the complex challenge of keeping up with cutting edge methods of communication while ensuring dominance of the Chinese Communist Party.

=== '''Sources of Communications Law in China''' ===
China’s Constitution guarantees freedom of speech but it’s communication laws tell a different story. China has a sophisticated regulatory framework in place to govern communications in China. These regulatory bodies, in combination with wide reaching laws, have resulted in a nation whose communications are subject to review and approval by the single party in power.

==== '''''Constitution of the People’s Republic of China''''' ====
[[File:Mao Zedong Statue- &quot;Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought&quot; 01.jpg|thumb|'''Mao Zedong Statue. Mao's philosophy still guides the party to this day and is mentioned in the Constitution.''']]

The key place to begin when approaching a country's approach to any form of law is their Constitution. The Chinese “[c]onstitution recognizes [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]] as the country’s leading ideology and the Communist Party the leading party.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Catá Backer|first=Larry|date=2012|title=Party, People, Government, and State: On Constitutional Values and the Legitimacy of the Chinese State-Party Rule of Law System|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1977551|journal=Boston University International Law Journal|volume=Vol. 30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, “[t]he preamble deserves particular attention because China’s leadership has consistently placed great weight upon the ideological and expressive functions of the constitution and has used the preamble to identify and highlight its core commitments.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Albert|date=February 1, 2021|title=Constitutions, Constitutionalism and the Case of Modern China|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3027562 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3027562|journal=SSRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; The preamble lays out broad goals for the People’s Republic of China, it states that the Chinese people “will continue, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]]-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory… to… improve socialist rule of law… and promote coordinated material, political, cultural-ethical, social and ecological advancement, in order to build China into a great modern socialist country.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, Preamble (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; This broad phrasing gives the party significant latitude. Furthermore, the Constitution has three key articles that address the issue of communications law. First, Article 35 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of speech, the press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 35 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Second, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Third, Article 40 addresses correspondence:&lt;blockquote&gt;Freedom and confidentiality of correspondence of citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by law. Except in cases necessary for national security or criminal investigation, when public security organs or procuratorial organs shall examine correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, no organization or individual shall infringe on a citizen’s freedom and confidentiality of correspondence for any reason.&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 40 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|thumb|'''Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR''']]
At least on paper, these articles are share some similarities to Articles 18, 19, and 20 of the UN [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].&lt;ref&gt;G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948), https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt; However, at the United Nations Human Rights Convention, “China is increasingly vocal in defending its statist position and interpretation of human rights norms.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Initiative for U.S.-China Dialogue on Global Issues|date=Feb. 28, 2024|title=China and the UN Human Rights Regime|url=https://uschinadialogue.georgetown.edu/events/china-and-the-un-human-rights-regime|journal=Georgetown University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, the Constitution is missing several provisions such as freedom of thought, freedom of conscience, and “freedom to receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers” which are seen in the [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration]].&lt;ref&gt;UDHR art. 19, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''National Regulatory Bodies''''' ====
[[File:汉口中共中央宣传部旧址.jpg|thumb|Former Site of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party in Hankou]]
The regulatory scheme in China is complicated and grows out of a post-Mao era which “reconstituted the sinews of governance and especially sought to strengthen the government’s regulatory capacity while reducing the government’s direct intervention in state firms. In area after area, they have invoked ‘chaos’ or ‘turmoil’ to justify the need to strengthen or assert control.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Central Propaganda Department sets the ideology for Chinese communications regulatory bodies. It is “responsible for monitoring content to ensure that China's publishers, in particular its news publishers, do not print anything that is inconsistent with the Communist Party's political dogma.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; It accomplishes this by screening any writings that touch on politically sensitive issues, informing publishers what they can, and cannot, publish as well as what ideological viewpoint should be taken, and requiring editors and publishers to attend indoctrination sessions in order to ensure they publish from the desired viewpoint.&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|Cyberspace Administration of China]] (CAC) reports to the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission which “Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, personally serve[s] as the group leader.”&lt;ref&gt;Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, ''The Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization was established: From a major cyber power to a leading cyber power.'', China Cyberspace Administration (Feb. 28, 2014), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2014-02/28/c_126397488.htm&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] “is China’s top authority on internet governance, overseeing data privacy, cybersecurity, and platform regulation. It is the primary regulator behind major laws such as the Cybersecurity Law (CSL), Data Security Law (DSL), and Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roper|first=Gabrielle|date=Jun. 2, 2025|title=What is the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC)?|url=https://www.chinafy.com/blog/what-is-the-cyberspace-administration-of-china-cac#:~:text=TL;DR:%20The%20Cyberspace%20Administration,fall%20short%20of%20legal%20requirements|journal=Chinafy}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] can issue “departmental rules, which are issued by State Council administrative agencies and are legally binding under China’s Legislation Law.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Horsley|first=Jamie P.|date=Aug. 8, 2022|title=Behind the Facade of China’s Cyber Super-Regulator|url=https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/behind-the-facade-of-chinas-cyber-super-regulator/|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; A counterpart of the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] is the National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA). The NRTA’s “main task is to censor the radio, film, and television industries.”&lt;ref&gt;''NRTA Chief Emphasize Loyalty to the Party'', Chinascope, https://chinascope.org/archives/19225&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the NRTA banned “nine types of banned content, including content that ‘endangers security,’ ‘slanders Chinese culture,’ or does not help youth ‘establish the correct world view.’”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MIIT Wanshoulu Office (20210512174810).jpg|thumb|'''MIIT Wanshoulu Office''']]
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)&lt;ref&gt;''Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) (工业和信息化部)'', Thomson Reuters (Glossary), https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-552-9335?transitionType=Default&amp;contextData=(sc.Default)&amp;firstPage=true&lt;/ref&gt; is charged with “regulating and managing China's telecommunications and software sectors, as well as the electronics and information technology manufacturing industries.” The MIIT “enforces regulations aligned with the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC’s]] central tenets” The MIIT focuses on the providers and carriers themselves and enforces “cyber and data security rules against providers in the telecommunications and internet sector.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ke|first=Xu|last2=Liu|first2=Vicky|last3=Luo|first3=Yan|last4=Yu|first4=Zhijing|date=Aug. 31, 2021|title=China's key enforcement agencies and lessons learned from recent actions|url=https://iapp.org/news/a/chinas-key-enforcement-agencies-and-lessons-learned-from-recent-actions|journal=iapp}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in December of 2021 MIIT found that over one hundred apps were in violation of China’s Personal Information Protection Law and Data Security Law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Teon|first=Aris|date=Dec. 9, 2021|title=China’s Government Orders Removal of Douban and 105 Other Apps From App Stores|url=https://china-journal.org/2021/12/09/china-government-orders-removal-of-douban-and-105-other-apps-from-app-stores/#:~:text=China's%20Government%20Orders%20Removal%20of,comply%20with%20the%20government's%20directives|journal=China-Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, they were removed from app stores.

==== '''''Key Communications Laws''''' ====
The Cybersecurity Law&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; is overseen by the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] and seeks to “promote the healthy development of the informatization of the economy and society.” Article 6 of the Cybersecurity Law states that a goal of the law is to advocate for “sincere, honest, healthy and civilized online conduct; it promotes the dissemination of core socialist values, adopts measures to raise the entire society’s awareness and level of cybersecurity, and formulates a good environment for the entire society to jointly participate in advancing cybersecurity.”&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015 the Cybersecurity Law “introduced fines and detentions of up to 15 days for telecommunications firms and internet service providers (ISP), as well as relevant personnel, who fail to restrict certain forms of content”.&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] also handles the implementation of the Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem. Article 5 states “A network information content producer shall be encouraged to produce, copy and publish information containing the following: Publicizing the [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping Thought]] on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era…”&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, China is part of a many international agreements pertaining to communications law. China is a member of the UN and a signatory to both the [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|ICCPR]] and the [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights|ICESCR]].&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, in 2005 China signed the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.&lt;ref&gt;''U.N. Treaty Bodies and China'', Human Rights in China, https://www.hrichina.org/en/un-treaty-bodies-and-china&lt;/ref&gt; The purpose of this agreement is “facilitating the use of electronic communications in international trade by assuring that contracts concluded and other communications exchanged electronically are as valid and enforceable as their traditional paper-based equivalents.”&lt;ref&gt;''United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts'', Preamble, Jun. 7, 2006, https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/conventions/electronic_communications/status&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China signed the Universal Copyright Convention in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;''Universal Copyright Convention, with Appendix Declaration relating to Article XVII and Resolution concerning Article XI'', Sep. 16, 1955, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “undertakes to provide for the adequate and effective, protection of the rights of authors and other copyright proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, engravings and sculpture.”&lt;ref&gt;Universal Copyright Convention, Article 1, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Law and the Media in China''' ===
There are some that believe there are three aims of communication: truth, beauty, and dialogue. These aims are furthered by the elements of communications law. There are three such elements that are most relevant to China. First, the means of transmission. Second, the sender and receiver. Third, the message. These are most relevant to China because the government seeks to control all three. As a result, the three aims of communications: truth, beauty, and dialogue are threatened daily. Truth, because certain historical events and facts are banned. Beauty, because words are good, they allow us to think and develop our thoughts which is a beautiful thing for the human person. Finally, dialogue, because a person cannot say what they wish without fear of retaliation.

==== '''''The Means of Transmission''''' ====
The means of transmission of the message may include its code, channel, mode, and nature. However, “[a] major constraint on regulatory state building is the political environment in which Chinese regulators have had to operate. The Administration of Press, Publications, Radio, Film, and TV, for example, operate at the behest of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organs, especially the CCP Central Committee Propaganda Department.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; In China television is regulated by the National Radio and Television Administration. Regarding the nature of the communications, “[t]he Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party sends a detailed notice to all media every day that includes editorial guidelines and censored topics.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the “[s]tate-run Chinese Central TV (CCTV) is China's largest media company.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; The government released a statement summing up the CCTV’s main tasks.&lt;blockquote&gt;Its principal responsibilities will be to propagate the theories, political line and policies of the Party; to plan and manage major propaganda reports; to organize the production of radio and television; to produce and broadcast premium radio and television products; to channel hot social topics; to strengthen and improve supervision by public opinion, to promote the integrated development of multimedia; to strengthen the building of international broadcasting capacity; to tell China’s story well.&lt;ref&gt;safeguardDefenders'', Ownership and control of Chinese media'' (Jun. 14, 2021), https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/ownership-and-control-chinese-media&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, “[a]ll of China's 2,600-plus radio stations are state-owned”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; as well as “around 1,900 newspapers. Each city has its own title, usually published by the local government, as well as a local Communist Party daily.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the means and nature of the communications are subject to the government’s control.
[[File:Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism.png|thumb|'''Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism''']]
Internet censoring in China has been dubbed “the great firewall.” The [[wikipedia:Golden_Shield_Project|Golden Shield Project’s]] aim is “to monitor and censor what can and cannot be seen through an online network in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Conrad|last2=et al.|date=2011|title=Free Speech vs Maintaining Social Cohesion A Closer Look at Different Policies|url=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/FreeExpressionVsSocialCohesion/china_policy.html|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popular sites such as “Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Instagram are all blocked in the mainland.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chandel|first=Sonali|last2=et al.|date=2019|title=The Golden Shield Project of China: A Decade Later An in-depth study of the Great Firewall|url=https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~yunnanyu/files/papers/Golden.pdf|journal=College of Engineering and Computing Sciences, New York Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, China has blocked the use of Starlink. In 2025 China penalized a foreign vessel after an inspection revealed the vessel employing Starlink had “continued transmitting data after entering Chinese territorial waters, in violation of national telecommunications and radio regulations.”&lt;ref&gt;The Editorial Team, ''China imposes penalty to vessel using Starlink in its waters'', Saftery4Sea (Dec. 23, 2025), https://safety4sea.com/china-imposes-penalty-to-vessel-using-starlink-in-its-waters/&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, “[t]he long-standing blocks on international communications platforms have helped to enable the exponential growth of local services such as Tencent’s WeChat and Sina Weibo, which are subject to the government’s strict censorship demands.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; The regulatory agencies discussed above play a crucial role in maintaining the “great firewall”. For example, in 2017 MIIT banned the use of unlicensed VPNs.&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in 2020 the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]]  “suspended 281 websites, and shut down 2,686 websites and 31,000 accounts” as well as 179,000 social media accounts.&lt;ref&gt;Cyberspace Administration of China, ''The national cybersecurity administrative law enforcement work was carried out solidly in the second quarter'' (Jul. 18, 2020), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2020-07/21/c_1596879319813780.html; ''see also'' Qiao Long; Editor: Hu Lihan; Web Editor: Rui Zhe, ''China shut down more than 2,000 websites in the second quarter, triggering another large-scale internet crackdown'', rfa (Jul. 24, 2020), https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/meiti/ql1-07242020062431.html&lt;/ref&gt;  Finally, “[i]n February 2021, authorities blocked the newly emerged mobile audio app Clubhouse, after thousands of users in China had flocked to the app to discuss detention camps in Xinjiang.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''The Sender and Receiver''''' ====
There are two key principles in this element of communications, namely, the centrality of the person and freedom. The principle of the centrality of the person holds that communications are for the human person, this is why human rights are so integral to communication law. In China, communications are for the government, or the centrality of the party. For example, “[t]housands of cyber-police watch the web and material deemed politically and socially sensitive is filtered. Blocked resources include Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and human rights sites.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; As opposed to fostering a government that supports the human person’s ability to attain truth and enter into dialogue, the government jealously protects access to information. This is seen in China’s restrictions on internet cafés where individuals may access the web. Startlingly, “between June and September 2002, the government shutdown 150,000 unlicensed Internet cafes. [today], police routinely ‘[raid]’ internet cafes to see whether there is any ‘illegal’ activity going on.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Haiping|first=Zheng|date=Jan. 4, 2013|title=Regulating the Internet: China’s Law and Practice|url=https://content.scirp.org/pdf/blr_2013032615421340.pdf|journal=School of Law, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter point is connected to the second key principle, freedom.
[[File:Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China 1310759.jpg|thumb|Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China]]
The principle of freedom in any communication holds that you are free to express your opinion and those who hear it will tolerate it. This principle has not found a permanent home in China historically. In 1898, following the Hundred Days Reform, “the dynasty imposed a general prohibition of privately published newspaper” for “spreading rumours and confusing the people’s thoughts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=DeLisle|first=Jacques|last2=et al.|date=Jan. 16, 2014|title=The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2379959|journal=University of Pennsylvania}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1927, the Guomindang built “a system of censorship boards and licensing obligations for films, radio, publications and newspapers.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; Starting in 1980, Deng Xiaoping, former Chairman of the Central Military Commission, further restricting freedom of communication. From then on, “political debate would be an intra-Party matter only, and official media were to be the mouthpiece of the Party.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; This time saw a growing administrative state taking control of the communications field by “laying the basis for the current regulatory structure by creating an administrative department to govern the print sector, and by centralizing licensing procedures.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; The introduction of the internet saw “central and local governments [establish] special Internet information management departments.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''The Message''''' ====
Within this element there is the key principle of objectivity and context. This principle holds that journalists, and other professions, ought to give the proper context when communicating and do so in as objective a manner as possible. In China, if a journalist wishes to obtain to renew their press cards they “must download the Study Xi, Strengthen the Country propaganda application that can collect their personal data.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, journalists and everyday citizens alike are restricted in how they can communicate their messages because certain words are banned. For example, no one cannot search for “dictatorship,” “Great Firewall of China,” or “Go, Hong Kong.”&lt;ref&gt;Leigh Hartman, ''In China, you can’t say these words'', ShareAmerica (Jun. 3, 2020), https://archive-share.america.gov/america.gov/in-china-you-cant-say-these-words/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; China’s approach to [[wikipedia:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|Tiananmen Square Massacre]] is an example of the principle of objectivity and context. After the Chinese military killed possible thousands during a protest in 1989 the government has tried to “erase what it calls the ‘political turmoil’ of 1989 from the collective memory. It bans any public commemoration or mention of the June 4 crackdown, scrubbing references from the internet.”&lt;ref&gt;Ken Moritsugu, ''Tiananmen Square anniversary shows China's ability to suppress history'', PBS News (Jun. 4, 2025), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/tiananmen-square-anniversary-shows-chinas-ability-to-suppress-history#:~:text=Security%20was%20tight%20Wednesday%20around,gatherings%20can%20still%20take%20place&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, China was the top jailer of journalists in the world, holding 14% of the world’s journalists in their jails.&lt;ref&gt;Arlene Getx, ''In record year, China, Israel, and Myanmar are world’s leading jailers of journalists'', Committee to Protect Journalists (Jan. 16, 2025), https://cpj.org/special-reports/in-record-year-china-israel-and-myanmar-are-worlds-leading-jailers-of-journalists/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Censorship &amp; Violent Content''' ===
China practices rigorous censorship in various forms of speech. A foundational principle of freedom of speech is that of no prior restraint which allows speech to enter the marketplace, and its issuer must deal with the consequences after the fact. This principle is not welcome in China. Related to this principal China’s justification for much of their prior restraint, national security. Most clearly demonstrated in the [[wikipedia:2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law|Hong Kong National Security Law]], China has enforced expansive prior restraints on speech and jailed those who have attempted to speak out.
[[File:Hong Kong Protests P1240680 Umbrella revolution - protest in Nathan road, Hong Kong (15375576579).jpg|thumb|'''Hong Kong protests against the national security law.''']]

==== '''''No Prior Restraint''''' ====
The principle of no prior restraint says that speech cannot be stopped before it takes place. Rather, one may say what they wish but may have to deal with the consequences after. This principle is well known in the West.&lt;blockquote&gt;The liberty of the press is indeed essential to the nature of a free state: but this consists in laying no prior restraints upon publications, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published. Every freeman has an undoubted right to lay what sentiments he pleases before the public: to forbid this, is to destroy the freedom of the press: but if he publishes what is improper, mischievous, or illegal, he must take the consequence of his own temerity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zeigler|first=Sara L.|last2=Vile|first2=John R.|date=Jan. 1, 2009|title=William Blackstone|url=https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/william-blackstone/|journal=Free Speech Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This principle ensures that ideas are free to enter the marketplace in nations that have chosen to adopt this concept, like the United States. However, China has not adopted this principle. Rather, China is diametrically opposed to the principle of no prior restraint. The Chinese government requires people to “ask the government's permission before they are allowed to publish.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “[t]he Communist Party has the right and the ability to screen works prior to publication, and stop publication of those works it finds objectionable.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; One of the main methods of enforcing prior restraints in China is their licensing scheme…” where “the government requires individuals to obtain a license, permit, or other authorization in order to legally engage in publishing.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Such requirements ensure that the government approves of any speech before it can enter the marketplace.

A notable piece of Chinese legislation is the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing.&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Regulations states that “publishing businesses shall adhere to the path of serving the people and serving socialism, adhere to the guidance of [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]], Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, and promulgate and accumulate scientific technology and cultural knowledge that is advantageous to economic development and social progress.”&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires that anything published in China aligns with their preferred thought. This is exactly what the marketplace of ideas sought to prevent. A healthy competition of ideas is best for humanity, not a forced set of ideas. A breach of the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing has grave consequences. In 2019 “[a] Chinese court slapped a dozen of people with varying jail terms for illegally publishing books related to the Communist Party of China.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt; The Intermediate People's Court of Yueyang in Hunan province stated that “[t]he accused were convicted of violating state regulations by illegally reprinting and selling huge volumes of publications, which seriously endangered the social order and disrupted the legitimate publishing market.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important piece of legislation is the eloquently named Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications.&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Measures says that “[t]he scope of the important topics… shall be adjusted and promulgated by the General Administration of Press and Publication.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Such important topics include “works and literature concerning any former or current leaders of the party ” ,&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; “topics which deal with maps of China's borders,”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; and even “topics which deal with any significant historical matters or important historical figures in the history of the Chinese Communist Party.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires government approval prior to publishing on important topics. While the complete list of important topics is much longer these three are notable because they are meant to shape the way, one understands Chinese history and China’s place in the world. This dystopian law enforces not only a specific world view, like the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing, but also a specific understanding of China’s history and how they arrived at their present communist government. Thus, these measures bolster the Chinese Communist Party’s control over all speech in China.

==== '''''National Security''''' ====
The Chinese Party often censors speech under the pretense of protecting national security. An example occurred recently in Hong Kong. In 2020 China introduced the [[wikipedia:2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law|National Security Law]] (“NSL”) to Hong Kong. The NSL “criminalises anything considered as secession, which is breaking away from China; subversion, which is undermining the power or authority of the central government; terrorism, which is using violence or intimidation against people; and collusion with foreign or external forces.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; This Law has resulted in “[n]umerous pro-democracy news outlets in Hong Kong [being] shut down, including Lai's Apple Daily, which was known to be critical of the mainland Chinese leadership.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in 2021 “Hong Kong's national security police raided the offices of ''Stand News'' for suspected breaches of the NSL and separately arrested six senior staff members and one former senior staff member for conspiracy to publish seditious publications.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Barrios|first=Ricardo|date=Nov. 15, 2023|title=Hong Kong Under the National Security Law|url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47844|journal=Congress.Gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NSL has also impacted other forms of speech as shut down of the Tiananmen vigil in 2002 when “authorities announced they were closing Victoria Park—the traditional site of the Tiananmen vigil—citing ‘Police's observation that some people are using different channels to incite the participation of unauthorised assemblies’ and these assemblies' potential to affect ‘public safety and public order.’”&lt;ref&gt;Barrios,&amp;#x20;Ricardo&amp;#x20;(Nov. 15, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;Hong Kong Under the National Security Law&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Congress.Gov''.&lt;/ref&gt; These alarming instances demonstrates China’s use of overbroad justifications, such as national security, to exert control over China and its special administrative regions. Finally, China’s desire for a tighter grip on information does not stop at its borders. In 2015 China signed the Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “has two key features: mutual assurance on non-aggression in cyberspace and language advocating cyber-sovereignty.”&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Truth, Honor, &amp; Tolerance''' ===
Chinese censorship has ensured that there is only one product to be bought and sold in the marketplace of ideas, the Chinese Communist Party’s. This booth peddles China’s view of history, as seen in their memory laws, and their chosen religions. China’s failure to encourage a marketplace of ideas has not only impacted freedom of expression in China but also hindered their economic and scientific growth. This limited marketplace extends to how certain historical events are seen. Finally, it is notable that China does allow the practice of religion in their Constitution, and to an extent in practice. However, examples such as the Chinese oppression of Muslims and requiring the Vatican to agree to bishop appointments demonstrates the fact that the Chinese Communist Party is firmly in control of this marketplace.

==== '''''The Marketplace of Ideas''''' ====
The marketplace of ideas is a western concept that has been adopted in the United States. The concept of the marketplace of ideas says that “[t]he best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market.” This concept is seen in robust public discourse, protests, debate, etc. These all further the belief that government should foster a lively discourse that allows everyone to choose which ideas they believe are best. This concept has not been adopted by China. Rather, “while China has increased economic freedom, it has protected the Party’s iron grip on power and suppressed freedom of expression — there is no free market for ideas. Without such a market, the Chinese people are subservient to the state and their range of choices limited.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dorn|first=James A.|date=Feb. 4, 2017|title=China Needs a Free Market for Ideas|url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/china-needs-free-market-ideas#:~:text=The%20lack%20of%20a%20free,of%20the%20Chinese%20Communist%20Party|journal=CATO Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese censorship is pervasive and leaves no stall at the marketplace of ideas uncaptured. For example, “significant amendments were made to both the [Constitution], further consolidating the dominant leadership of the CCP. While these changes were not explicitly centered on censorship, this strengthened power structure indirectly set the stage for a reshaped censorship framework, presenting an illiberal substance under a facade of legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Ge|date=2025-26|title=How China Curbs Free Speech Beyond Its Borders: Legal Strategies of Transnational Censorship|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4621776|journal=J. Int'l Media &amp; Ent. L., 11(1), 1-41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While the lack of a robust coemption of ideas certainly treads on individual rights, some also argue that it also limits China’s potential, “[b]ecause the freedom to supply ideas, choose ideas, and criticize ideas is severely limited, the creativity of the Chinese people is underutilized and their innovative potential undertapped.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Ning|date=Winter 2017|title=China’s Future and the Determining Role of the Market for Ideas|journal=CATO Journal (Vol. 37, No. 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “without the freedom to think, speak, and innovate openly, China’s economic growth could stagnate” and as a result “lead to a lack of critical thinking and creativity, which are vital for addressing complex challenges and advancing technological and social innovation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zou|first=Heng-Fu|date=April 2021|title=A Free Market For Ideas In China|url=https://down.aefweb.net/WorkingPapers/w664.pdf|journal=The World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; China’s suppression of the market place of ideas not only violates individual rights but is likely harming both the Chinese economy and even society itself.

==== '''''Memory Laws''''' ====
For China “[t]here is only one correct interpretation of the national past, and it is the party-state – and the party-state alone – that promulgates and polices it.”&lt;ref&gt;Chang,&amp;#x20;Vincent K.L.&amp;#x20;(May 2, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Verfassungsblog''.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, after an incident where Chinese youths cosplayed as Japanese Imperial soldiers and took phots at a war monument in Shanghai, China passed the [[wikipedia:Law_on_the_Protection_of_Heroes_and_Martyrs|Heroes and Martyrs Protection Law]].&lt;ref&gt;Guang Yang, ''China’s National Memory Laws and the War on Storytelling'', Australian Institute of International Affairs (May 3, 2023), https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/chinas-national-memory-laws-and-the-war-on-storytelling/. ''See also'' Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, 中华人民共和国英雄烈士保护法, (adopted Apr. 27, 2018, effective May 1, 2018), https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/peoples-republic-of-china-law-on-protection-of-heroes-and-martyrs/.&lt;/ref&gt; This law “calls on citizens to ‘respect, study, and defend’ national heroes and criminalises their defamation.”&lt;ref&gt;Vincent K.L. Chang, ''China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory'', Verfassungsblog (May 2, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/chinas-memory-laws/&lt;/ref&gt; China’s use of memory laws, or selective history, has resulted in the erasure of historical events that are not flattering or supportive of the Chinese Communist Party. For example, in 2012 a professor teaching in Hong Kong “asked his class of more than forty students from China, all of whom were born in the 1980s, ‘Have any of you heard of June Fourth, Liu Binyan, or Fang Lizhi?’ However, the students simply gazed at one another in silence.”&lt;ref&gt;Yan Lianke, ''China’s National Amnesia'', The Dial (Apr. 23, 2024), https://www.thedial.world/articles/news/issue-15/china-national-strategy-forgetting&lt;/ref&gt; As discussed, nowhere is this amnesia seen better than in the case of Tiananmen Square.

An example of such memory laws in action was seen in 2016 where a group of individuals who promoted liquor bottles that had labels commemorating June 4, 1989, the date of the [[wikipedia:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|Tiananmen Square Massacre]].&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; One man was “criminally detained on suspicion of ‘inciting subversion of state power’ while [another] was detained on suspicion of ‘picking quarrels and provoking trouble.’”&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, one of the men received a three and a half year sentence by a court in southwestern China.&lt;ref&gt;Radio Free Asia, ''Court in China's Sichuan Jails Fourth Man Over Tiananmen Massacre Liquor'' (Apr. 4, 2019), https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/liquor-04042019105951.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''Tolerance as Applied to Religion''''' ====
[[File:Cardinal Joseph Zen (2019).jpg|thumb|'''Cardinal Joseph Zen, former bishop of Hong Kong and arrested by the CCP.''']]
The Chinese Constitution explicitly allows for freedom of religion, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Embassy in South Africa published a paper on religious freedom stating “[r]eligious disputes are unknown in China. Religious believers and non-believers respect each other, are united and have a harmonious relationship.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; However, while China allows for the practice of religion, the Chinese Communist Party has worked to force religion to align with its worldview. As a result, “China is pursuing a policy of ‘[[wikipedia:Sinicization|Sinicization]]’ that requires religious groups to align their doctrines, customs and morality with Chinese culture.”&lt;ref&gt;Pew Research Center, 10 things to know about China’s policies on religion (Oct. 23, 2023),

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/23/10-things-to-know-about-chinas-policies-on-religion/&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 the Vatican agreed to a deal with the Chinese Communist Party regarding the appointment of bishops. Following this “[[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Joseph Zen]]… said it would legitimise the Communist Party’s control over Chinese Catholics, and be like ‘giving the flock into the mouths of the wolves.’”&lt;ref&gt;Economist, ''China wants to “sinicise” its Catholics'' (Nov. 22, 2022), https://www.economist.com/china/2022/11/22/china-wants-to-sinicise-its-catholics&lt;/ref&gt; China’s concern with religions such as Islam and Christianity is not that they are new to China, they are not. Rather, “Muslims are part of Islam’s global ''umma'' (Arabic for ‘community’) of believers” and “Christians, meanwhile, are thought to have strong overseas ties either to the Vatican, for Catholics, or to overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia and the West, for Protestants in particular.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=May 14, 2024|title=China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All|url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/china-reversing-its-crackdown-some-religions-not-all|journal=Council on Foreign Relations}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, China sees these religions as non-Chinese. Other religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religions the states are viewed as “so-called indigenous faiths.”&lt;ref&gt;Johnson,&amp;#x20;Ian&amp;#x20;(May 14, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Council on Foreign Relations''.&lt;/ref&gt; A key law impacting religious tolerance is the Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups.&lt;ref&gt;Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 5 of the measures states that “[r]eligious groups must follow the leadership of the Communist Party of China… persist in the direction of sinification of religion[, and] practice the Core Socialist Values.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 5, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, under Article 6, “[r]eligious groups shall accept the supervision, oversight, and administration of people's governments religious affairs departments.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 17, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 17 states that “[r]eligious groups shall publicize the Communist Party of] China's directives and policies.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, “[t]he legal protection of citizens' right to the freedom of religious belief in China is basically in accordance with the main contents of the concerned international documents and conventions in this respect.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Embassy goes on to list the following international agreements: the United Nations Charter, the [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convenient on Civil and Political Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, and the Vienna Declaration and Action Program.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Cultural and Religious Expressions''' ===
In China there are many festivals and cultural events, with the [[wikipedia:Chinese_New_Year|Chinese New Year]] being the most famous and one of the oldest. This holiday is lauded as important for many reasons, but it is allowed because it promotes Chinese identity. Some religions, and religious symbols, do not receive an equally welcoming invite from the Chinese Communist Party. While religious worship is allowed theoretically, China has cracked down on the Church in China and on religious symbols.

==== '''''Festivals, The Chinese New Year or Spring Festival''''' ====
Feasts and festivals are thousands of years old. Key aspects of festivals include bringing people together, feasting over food, a reason to celebrate, and the symbolization of the shared joy. China has a long history of festivals. Perhaps the largest and most important is the [[wikipedia:Chinese_New_Year|Chinese New Year]]. The Chinese New Year is thousands of years old. It likely “originated in the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC), when people held sacrificial ceremonies in honor of gods and ancestors at the beginning or the end of each year.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Timothy S.Y.|title=History of Chinese New Year|url=https://lammuseum.wfu.edu/education/teachers/chinese-new-year/history-of-chinese-new-year/|journal=Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology}}&lt;/ref&gt; This festival has become an integral part of the Chinese nation. However, Chinese Americans, and those around the world, can also be seen celebrating this festival. As a result, this festival is intimately intertwined with the Chinese identity.
[[File:Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore, 20240122 0852 2963.jpg|thumb|Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore]]
[[File:The Lucky Red Envelopes or Packets in Lunar New Year.jpg|thumb|Red Envelopes]]
There are many traditions that play critical roles in the Chinese New Year festival season. The legend of the Chinese New Year began with a mythical beast called that would eat crops and people. Legend states “a wise old man figured out that [[wikipedia:Nian|Nian]] was scared of loud noises (firecrackers) and the color red. So, people put red lanterns and red scrolls on their windows and doors to stop Nian from coming inside. Crackling bamboo (later replaced by firecrackers) was lit to scare [[wikipedia:Nian|Nian]] away.”&lt;ref&gt;Lam,&amp;#x20;Timothy S.Y..&amp;#x20;&quot;History of Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology''.&lt;/ref&gt; The famous tradition of exchanging red envelopes began with the mythical beast Sui, who would scare children while they slept. As a result, “[e]lders began to give out red envelopes of coins to children for them to play with and keep them awake throughout the night.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Kaysey A.|date=Jan. 27, 2022|title=A Brief History of the Chinese New Year|url=https://worldtreasures.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-chinese-new-year|journal=World Treasures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “round dumplings shaped like the full moon are shared as a symbol of the family unit and perfection.”&lt;ref&gt;Richardson,&amp;#x20;Kaysey A.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 27, 2022).&amp;#x20;&quot;A Brief History of the Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''World Treasures''.&lt;/ref&gt; These traditions give the Chinese people tangible things to pass down to future generations. It is incredible to see how consistent these traditions have been, indicating how important they are to the Chinese people’s cultural expression.

A critical law in the area of cultural and religious expression in China is the Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage.&lt;ref&gt;Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Under Article 1 of the Law, it’s stated purpose is  that “of inheriting and promoting the distinguished traditional culture of the Chinese nation, promoting the building of the socialist spiritual civilization and strengthening the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 1, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Article 6 of the law requires the local governments to “include the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage in the national economic and social development plans at their same levels and include the protection and preservation funding into the financial budgets.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; According to a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization report “[d]uring [Chinese New Year] in 2024, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the PRC mobilized the whole country to widely carry out Spring Festival [Intangible Cultural Heritage] activities. A total of more than 45,400 ICH promotion and display activities were carried out nationwide.”&lt;ref&gt;nited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Periodic reporting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2004), https://ich.unesco.org/en/periodic-reporting-00460&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''Religious Symbols''''' ====
While religious exercise is allowed in China to some extent, the display of certain items has come under attack. According to a recent report, “Chinese officials have ordered the removal of crosses from churches and have replaced images of Christ and the Virgin Mary with images of President Xi Jinping”.&lt;ref&gt;Tyler Arnold, ''China is Removing Crosses From Churches, Replacing Images of Christ With Xi Jinping'', The National Catholic Register (Oct. 1, 2024), https://www.ncregister.com/cna/china-is-removing-crosses-from-churches-replacing-images-of-christ-with-xi-jinping&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “new rules to ensure that sites of religious worship, like mosques, look adequately “Chinese,” and to mandate the cultivation of “patriotic” religious leaders.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin Lavička, ''A New Round of Restrictions Further Constrains Religious Practice in Xinjiang'', China File (Apr. 19, 2024), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/new-round-of-restrictions-further-constrains-religious-practice-xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; Article 26 of the 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations states that “Religious activity sites that are newly built, renovated, expanded, or rebuilt should reflect Chinese characteristics and style in terms of architecture, sculptures, paintings, decorations, etc.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 26, 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/xj-religious-affairs/&lt;/ref&gt; These actions indicate the Chinese Communist Parties attempt to more deeply accelerate [[wikipedia:Sinicization|sinicization]].

==== '''''The Church in China''''' ====
[[File:20251016 Shangqiu Catholic Church 04.jpg|thumb|Shangqiu Catholic Church]]
In China there are two faces to the Catholic Church. The first is the [[wikipedia:Chinese_Catholic_Patriotic_Association|Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association]] (the “CCPA”). The CCPA is obedient to the “the State Council's Religious Affairs Bureau, which is an agency under the United Front Department of the Communist Party. It does not recognize the supreme administrative, legislative, and judicial authority of the Pope.”&lt;ref&gt;The Cardinal Kung Foundation, ''Catholic Church in China, It Is Now Known As An Underground Church'',  http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/rc/RCrelfreedom.php&lt;/ref&gt; The second face is the “[[wikipedia:Underground_church|Underground Catholic Church]]” which is not governed by the Chinese Communist Party. Recently, the CCPA held the 10th National Congress of Catholicism in China. The CCPA “delegates also unanimously accepted the Work Report of the 9th Standing Committee on Church efforts and activities in the promotion of patriotism, socialism, and [[wikipedia:Sinicization|sinicization]] in the Catholic Church as outlined by President Xi Jinping.”&lt;ref&gt;Union of Catholic Asian News, ''China's Catholic leaders vow to accelerate sinicization''''',''' https://www.ucanews.com/news/chinas-catholic-leaders-vow-to-accelerate-sinicization/98499&lt;/ref&gt; Opposed to the CCPA are the underground Church leaders like [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Joseph Zen]]. [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Zen]] is critical of the Chinese persecution of Catholics and heavily criticized the 2018 deal the Vatican made with China which requires Chinese approval of bishops.&lt;ref&gt;Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding the deal, [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Zen]] stated that “[t]hey’re [sending] the flock into the mouths of the wolves. It’s an incredible betrayal.”&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; In China it is “illegal for the priest to instruct the children of the parish in the Faith or give them any materials to read.”&lt;ref&gt;Michael Schmiesing, ''A Hidden Church in'' China, Catholic Answers (Dec. 12, 2024), https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/a-hidden-church-in-china&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “minors are not allowed to attend the Mass in some areas of China.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Aly Rothfus, ''Catholic Church in China Faces'' Crisis, The Irish Rover (Nov. 19, 2025), https://irishrover.net/2025/11/catholic-church-in-china-faces-crisis/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, it must be noted that the Holy See does not recognize the Chinese communist Party as the leader of China. Rather, “the Vatican has maintained formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan.”&lt;ref&gt;Abhishank Mishra &amp; Ananya Sharma, ''China-Taiwan, and a Vatican'' conversion, the interpreter (Jul. 9, 2024), https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-taiwan-vatican-conversion&lt;/ref&gt;

As discussed above, China has set a clear policy goal of maintaining, celebrating, and promulgating traditional Chinese festivals to the public. Religious festivals do not enjoy the same support. Article 42 of the Religious Affairs Regulations 2017 provides that “[w]here a large-scale religious activity is held that is beyond the accommodation capacity of a religious activity site the religious group… sponsoring the activity shall, 30 days before the activity is to be held, submit an application to the religious affairs department of the people’s government for the province.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 42, Religious Affairs Regulations 2017, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/religious-affairs-regulations-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; On Easter Sunday 2011, a [c]hurch in Beijing planned to hold an outdoor worship service in a plaza amid high-rise office and commercial buildings. However the police sealed off the plaza and dispelled gathering congregants… Thirty six of the congregants were taken to police stations for interrogation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fenggang|first=Yang|date=May 12, 2011|title=The Chinese House Church Goes Public|url=https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/chinese-house-church-goes-public-fenggang-yang|journal=The University of Chicago {{!}} Divinity School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Privacy and Data Protection''' ===
Our private thoughts and actions are intimate to who we are as people. However, in China, the government wishes to be included in that inner circle. They seek to accomplish this by a program of [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]]. While artificial intelligence has been an incredible breakthrough for the world it has also been taken advantage of by nefarious actors. Chief among these is perhaps China. China has employed artificial intelligence to better control its citizens and ensure compliance. Another technology breakthrough, cryptocurrency, has had mixed reactions from China. Cryptocurrency allows transactions to be kept private, a no-go for the Chinese Communist Party. As a result, China has banned cryptocurrency use.

==== '''''Mass Surveillance and Artificial Intelligence''''' ====
It is no surprise that China is renowned for its [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]]. Citizens are watched almost constantly to ensure compliance with the Chinese Communist Party’s ideals. In fact the “[p]eople in China are among the most surveilled in the world, taking 16 of the top 20 spots on the most surveilled cities list based on the number of cameras per 1,000 people in an annual assessment.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gates|first=Megan|date=Jun. 1, 2021|title=The Rise of the Surveillance State|url=https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/monthly-issues/security-technology/archive/2021/june/The-Rise-of-The-Surveillance-State|journal=Security Management}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “documents from one Shanghai district detail plans for AI-powered cameras and drones to ‘automatically discover and intelligently enforce the law,’ including potentially alerting police to crowd gatherings.”[116] China has also begun using artificial intelligence in satellite surveillance, “China is deploying AI-enabled Sun-synchronous satellites over regions that the CCP views as politically sensitive, including Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hong Kong and Macau.”&lt;ref&gt;Fergus Ryan, et al., ''The party’s AI How China’s new AI systems are reshaping human rights'', ASPI (dec. 2025), https://aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/27122307/The-partys-AI-How-Chinas-new-AI-systems-are-reshaping-human-rights.pdf. ''See also'', Jinghe Fan, Xin Zhang, ‘Small, swift, and effective’ legislation in China: Towards adaptive governance of AI?, Computer Law &amp; Security Review, Volume 61, 2026, 106329, ISSN 2212-473X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106329.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Xinjiang region China uses mobile apps, biometric data, and artificial intelligence to monitor millions of Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Gates,&amp;#x20;Megan&amp;#x20;(Jun. 1, 2021).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Rise of the Surveillance State&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Security Management''.&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence is not limited to technical uses. China has begun using artificial intelligence to help it draft policies, “[i]n one case, a ChatGPT user ‘likely connected to a [Chinese] government entity’ asked the AI model to help write a proposal for a tool that analyzes the travel movements and police records of the Uyghur minority— a Turkic-speaking, predominantly Muslim ethnic minority—and other ‘high-risk’ people, according to the OpenAI report.”&lt;ref&gt;Sean Lyngaas &amp; Jim Sclutto, ''Suspected Chinese government operatives used ChatGPT to shape mass surveillance proposals, OpenAI says'', CNN (Oct. 7, 2025), https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/07/politics/china-chatgpt-surveillance&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence in China is alarming. While surveillance in Chian has grown alongside technology since the Chinese Communist Party took power, the introduction of artificial intelligence is the biggest leap that has yet to occur. Moreover, the “[[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC’s]] approach to regulating AI or algorithms is centered on the regime of Algorithm Registry. Providers of certain recommendation algorithms, deep synthesis, and generative AI technologies must register detailed information with the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] before offering services in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Wayne Wei|last2=et al.|date=2025|title=Artificial Intelligence “Law(s)” in China: Retrospect and Prospect|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5039316|journal=Part I, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 29-36, 2025 &amp; Part II, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 139-157, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''Cryptocurrency in China''''' ====
If someone were to analyze an individual’s last year of credit card transactions it is likely one could learn quite a bit about them. For a [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]] state like China this is appealing. As a result, cryptocurrencies present an issue for China. Cryptocurrencies like [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Bitcoin]] and [[wikipedia:Ethereum|Ethereum]] use a technology called blockchain that acts as a digital ledger of transactions. This allows individuals to exchange value without the need of an intermediary like a bank. These blockchains enhance “transactional privacy by removing the need for users to reveal their real identities. Confidential transactions and encryption techniques ensure only the involved parties know the details. Zero-knowledge proofs, ring signatures, and stealth addresses advances further strengthen privacy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zaware|first=Rajendra|title=Data Privacy in Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain|url=https://blogs.infosys.com/emerging-technology-solutions/iedps/data-privacy-in-cryptocurrencies-and-blockchain.html|journal=Infosys}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, while all transactions on the blockchain are visible, the identity of who made the transaction is private unless shared.

Importantly, “China’s central bank defined Cryptocurrency as a specified virtual commodity. This legal attribute is not clear, which brings difficulties in consumer protection and criminal identification.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Jiye|date=Apr. 25, 2023|title=The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4423780|journal=China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School}}&lt;/ref&gt; China was renowned for its large cryptocurrency market and “[p]rior to 2017, China had the world’s largest cryptocurrency market—with 80% of Bitcoin, the world’s leading digital coin, transactions conducted in yuan.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=Richard|title=China’s Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Regulatory Environment|url=https://www.ecovis.com/focus-china/chinas-cryptocurrency/|journal=ECOVIS}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, after years of increasing restrictions, China banned cryptocurrency trading and mining in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=OxKira|date=Oct. 9, 2025|title=Crypto in China: A 2025 guide to the crypto landscape|journal=Arham}}&lt;/ref&gt; This time period saw a flurry of laws implemented regarding digital assets and crypto currencies, “[o]n January 1, 2020, the ‘Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China’ came into effect. ‘Data Security Law’ was adopted on June 10, 2021, and ‘Personal Information Protection Law’ was adopted on August 20, 2021.”&lt;ref&gt;Hu,&amp;#x20;Jiye&amp;#x20;(Apr. 25, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China&quot;.&amp;#x20;''China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School''&lt;/ref&gt; The People’s Bank of China “warned financial institutions against providing banking and clearing services to virtual currency-related businesses.”&lt;ref&gt;Xiuhao, et al, ''China steps up crypto crackdown, will vet real-world asset tokens'', Reuters (Feb. 6, 2026), https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-vows-tighten-virtual-currency-restrictions-2026-02-06/&lt;/ref&gt; This warning has not been without teeth. In 2025 a Chinese court convicted five people of transacting more than $160 million worth of cryptocurrency.&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt; The court said that these individuals “violated China’s Anti-Money Laundering Law and Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, both of which prohibit unauthorized cross-border fund transfers.”&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:E-CNY logo.svg|thumb|E-CNY logo, this is the digital asset employed by China.]]
While these penalties are steep, people in China have persisted in using cryptocurrencies to ensure their transactions remain private. Reports indicate “that there are still around 59 million crypto users in China as of 2025. That is roughly 10% of the global crypto user base, even though most users must operate outside official channels.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; Interestingly, “[w]hile private cryptocurrencies face heavy restrictions, China has fully embraced its own central bank digital currency (CBDC) known as the digital yuan ([[wikipedia:Digital_renminbi|e-CNY]]). By late 2025, e-CNY platforms had processed over 14.2 trillion yuan in transactions and were used by more than 260 million wallets.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; While this may seem contradictory at first, there is a strategy. Banning cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin ensures private transactions will not occur. Introducing the digital yuan, which is subject to surveillance, will allow China to “create a mechanism through which the government can access reams of digital data that may prove helpful to Beijing in the global race to develop artificial intelligence.”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;  To that end, “[u]nlike Bitcoin and other cyber currencies, all digital-yuan users will register with the [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[wikipedia:People's_Bank_of_China|People's Bank of China]]] under a system described by government officials as “controllable anonymity,’ which will give the government the ability to track illicit transactions and presumably the activities of citizens who attract the attention of security services.”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;

Other reasons for adopting the digital yuan include payment efficiency, increased state oversight and support of the yuan as a strategy tool. According to a 2021 report by the working group for the e-CNY, “the issuance of e-CNY will fully meet the public’s daily payment needs, further improve the efficiency of the retail payment system and reduce the cost of retail payment.”&lt;ref&gt;Working Group on E-CNY Research and Development of the People’s Bank of China, ''Progress of Research &amp; Development of E-CNY in China'' (July 2021), https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/8c1d1ea1-a8f7-402c-9f08-edf6863237bc/content&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Right to Bodily, Spiritual and Digital Identity''' ===
An individual’s identity is the essence of who they are and what they believe. In our digital age people have taken on digital identities. In many parts of the world people cannot get by without a digital identity. China is currently attempting to enroll its citizenry in a government issues digital identity. This identity will allow China to compile all enrollees’ personal information. On the other side of the identity coin, China has also sought to compile massive amount of biometric date such as DNA and facial recognition. These data collections have also been extended to individuals visiting China.

==== '''''Digital Identity''''' ====
In a world that has become intensely digital it makes sense that we humans would take on digital identities. These identities are demonstrated by social media, bank accounts, online use, and more. We use these identities to interact with other humans in the digital world. The Chinese government has introduced the National Online Identity Authentication Public Service. This is a “government-controlled digital identity system [which] will allow citizens to register by providing official government documents and then will shield their information from Internet services.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/.&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese authorities say “that the new measure intends to establish a trusted digital identity framework within the public service infrastructure.”&lt;ref&gt;Shane Yi &amp; Michael Caster, ''China: New Internet ID System a threat to online expression'', Article19 (Jun. 25, 2025), [https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/ https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/.]&lt;/ref&gt; However, “[t]he Chinese government has not provided details about how the system is constructed or the policies in place to protect the data from misuse… for digital-rights activists, the danger is clear.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/&lt;/ref&gt; The digital identity offered by China is proffered under the guise of ease of use. However, in exchange for this ease, Chinese citizens will need to give over intimate personal information to the government. While the program is optional for now it is possible necessary resources online could soon require one to obtain a government controlled digital identity.

==== '''''Biometric Data''''' ====
Despite the increasing importance of the digital identity and personal digital information, there is still information about ourselves that is intimate. Biometric data includes things like DNA, fingerprints, and even voice scans. In China “legislation and regulation are carefully crafted to give public security organs broad powers to harvest and use biometric data in conjunction with the performance of their law enforcement and national security duties.”&lt;ref&gt;Mercator Institute for China, ''China’s Handling of Biometric Data: Trends and Implications for Europe'' (Jun. 14, 2022), https://merics.org/en/events/chinas-handling-biometric-data-trends-and-implications-europe.&lt;/ref&gt; A main biometric tool used by the Chinese government is facial recognition which “is deployed to identify citizens for law enforcement purposes, such as performing identity verification at airports, train stations, or specific public areas, and for commercial purposes to enhance business operations’ efficiency.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Jianyu|last2=Stevenson|first2=Jennifer|date=2022|title=Assessing Legal Protection of Biometric Data in China: Gaps, Principles, and Policy Recommendations|url=https://commons.stmarytx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1776&amp;context=facarticles.|journal=St. Mary’s University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such collections are not limited to Chinese citizens however. China has begun requiring foreign nationals “to submit their fingerprints and undergo a facial scan at self-help kiosks at their port of entry to the People's Republic of China. These self-help kiosks will issue a receipt once your biometric data is received and that receipt must be given to the border inspector for verification as part of the entry process.”&lt;ref&gt;Duke Travel Registry, ''Announcements: China now requires collection of biometric data upon arrival'', https://duke-travel.terradotta.com/index.cfm?FuseAction=Announcements.Announcement&amp;Announcement_ID=3026&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China has recently combined blockchain technology with biometric data, “the new digital ID service stores cryptographic keys on-chain after a real-name verification process. According to reports, the system authenticates users’ legal name, facial recognition, and government ID before allowing users to create an infinite number of public-private key pairs to register on online platforms.”&lt;ref&gt;Wahid Pessarlay, ''China blockchain=based ID experiment aims to stop data leaks'', Coingeek (Dec. 29, 2023), https://coingeek.com/china-blockchain-based-id-experiment-aims-to-stop-data-leaks/&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''AI-Generated Personas''''' ====
China has taken the concept of [[wikipedia:Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China|AI-generated personas]] to the next level with the creation of AI judges. Since 2019, millions of legal cases of been decided by these “smart courts” or “internet courts”. These courts make use of “non-human judges, powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and allows participants to register their cases online and resolve their matters via a digital court hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; These courts have decided cases on various topics such as “intellectual property, e-commerce, financial disputes related to online conduct, loans acquired or performed online, domain name issues, property and civil rights cases involving the Internet, product liability arising from online purchases and certain administrative disputes.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; The “judge” appears “by hologram and are artificial creations — there is no real judge present. The holographic judge looks like a real person but is a synthesized, 3D image of different judges, and sets schedules, asks litigants questions, takes evidence and issues dispositive rulings.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to efficiency, there are other motives at play behind these smart courts, party control. Interestingly, these “[s]mart courts allow the party to intervene in court decisions without upending the entire normative system by automatically detecting and filtering cases that require political intervention.”&lt;ref&gt;Dory Reiling &amp; Straton Papagianneas, ''Lessons from China’s Smart Court Reform'', International Journal for Court Administration (2015), https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.679.&lt;/ref&gt; Judges are still involved in the cases process but the use of AI allows them to process cases faster “the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court said each judge in the city had handled an average of 744 cases in 2025 – up by 249 cases from the previous year.”&lt;ref&gt;William Zheg, ''AI helped Shenzhen judges handle cases 50% faster. Is this the future for China?'', South China Morning Post (May 4, 2026), https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3352161/ai-helped-shenzhen-judges-handle-cases-50-faster-future-china. &lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Right to Reject Information, Clothing &amp; Human Exhibitions''' ===
In China people are bombarded with propaganda in a daily basis. As such it is virtually impossible to be free from unwanted content. In fact, one may not even realize they are ingesting content they do not want. China has a systemic practice of planting stories in the news and on social media. Furthermore, the government requires Chinese schools to incorporate propaganda into their lessons from the youngest of ages. Also, alarming is China’s oppression of religious clothing. Chief among these is China’s ban on certain Muslim garb in the [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] Uighur Autonomous Region. As such, people are prohibited from outwardly expressing what is most essential to their identity, their faith.

==== '''''Unwanted Content''''' ====
Do individuals in China have the power to reject unwanted content? In reality the answer is no. The Chinese government controls all forms of media in China and there is no way to really block this onslaught of propaganda. Somedays up to 30 percent of a newspapers content will be planted by the state.&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; A recent study showed that “state-scripted propaganda on newsstands is a near-daily phenomenon in China, with some form of scripted propaganda in the news around 90 percent of days. And, on average, at least one front-page article in party newspapers is planted by the state.”&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; While one could choose not to pick up a newspaper in China, for many this is their main source of information and a necessity. Other forms of media are subject to the same with researchers identifying “over 18,000 central or local government accounts on Douyin, China’s version of TikTok, that produce 5 million videos per year.” Notably “[t]he largest share of these accounts belongs to the public security apparatus (34%), followed by state media (24%) and propaganda organs (12%) at the county, city, provincial, or central level.”

In addition to media, the Chinese government requires schools to teach its chosen ideology. Namely, “[[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]]-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping Thought]] on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Section 1, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt; China recently introduced the Patriotic Education Law&lt;ref&gt;Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm.&lt;/ref&gt; which “mandates that love of the country and the ruling Chinese Communist Party be incorporated into work and study for everyone – from the youngest children to workers and professionals across all sectors.”&lt;ref&gt;Chris Lau &amp; Simone McCarthy, ''China feels the country isn’t patriotic enough. A new law aims to change'' that, CNN (Jan. 6, 2024), https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/06/china/china-patriotic-education-law-intl-hnk#:~:text=2%2C%202009.&amp;text=The%20new%20law%20also%20orders,subject%20to%20punishments%2C%20she%20said.&lt;/ref&gt; Article 15 states that “[s]chools at all levels and of all types shall provide coherent patriotic education throughout their curriculum, provide high-quality theoretical and political lessons, and integrate patriotic education into various subjects and textbooks.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 15, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, 2023, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Xuexi Qiangguo]] seeks to blend both media and education. [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Xuexi Qiangguo]] is an app run by the Chinese Communist Party that citizens are encouraged to download.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Liang|first=Fan|last2=et al.|date=2021|title=The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416|journal=University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt; This app allows “users to see state media news reports, video chat with their friends, make a personal schedule and send ‘red envelopes’ of money to friends. The app comes with a Snapchat-like messaging function where messages disappear after being read.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; However,, the most important feature of the app is that it allows people to study Xi Jinping’s thought while taking quizzes and earning points. The app appears to hold political significance for the government because “[a] university in Zhejiang called on all party groups to use the app in order to form a ‘stronghold’ for [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping thought]].&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, some are reporting that “their employers are requiring them to score a certain number of points.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the app’s more lighthearted features, it’s “control models prioritize ideological content and get users to read specific information. This means that the Chinese state could transform the platform into a centralized communication model for manipulating information circulation and directing user behavior.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt; A study shows that the app tracks President Xi’s political goals and helps promote them. For example, “the study channel recommended an online course about blockchain on October 25, 2019, since Xi Jinping announced the support for blockchain technology on October 24, 2019.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''Religious Clothing in China''''' ====
[[File:China Xinjiang Northern location map.svg|thumb|Xinjiang]]
In China, certain religious garb is subject to scrutiny. China has introduced “counterterrorism” laws that seek to “ban wearing long beards, full face coverings, and religious dress.”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; These laws also ban “wearing clothes associated with ‘religious extremism.’ These regulations do not define ‘abnormal’ or ‘religious extremism.’”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; The ban of Muslim women’s head garb has been particular prominence with “regional authorities outlaw[ing] Islamic veils from all public spaces in the regional capital of China’s Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR)… [the ban] empowers Chinese police to punish violators and dole out fines of up to… $800 for those who fail to enforce the prohibition.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Communist Party has sought to promote alternatives to these veils such as hats and braided hair. As part of this campaign, “XUAR officials launched ‘Project Beauty’ in 2011: a five-year, $8 million dollar campaign aimed at developing Xinjiang’s fashion and cosmetics industries while encouraging Muslim women to ‘look towards ‘modern’ culture’ by removing their veils.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''References''' ===
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      <text bytes="96132" sha1="r4qgos8qt3kxi1llnha3a7ibcbb0eku" xml:space="preserve">== '''Communications Law in China''' ==
[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|thumb|Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
Communications law in China is subject to a complex regulatory scheme. While the Constitution of China promises freedom of speech, the Chinese Communist Party enforces strict censorship, utilizes prior restraint, and attempts to block important ideas and concepts from the minds of the Chinese people. Chinese communications law impacts everything from radio to religious dress and even digital assets. The Chinese regulatory scheme faces the complex challenge of keeping up with cutting edge methods of communication while ensuring dominance of the Chinese Communist Party.

== '''Sources of Communications Law in China''' ==
China’s Constitution guarantees freedom of speech but it’s communication laws tell a different story. China has a sophisticated regulatory framework in place to govern communications in China. These regulatory bodies, in combination with wide reaching laws, have resulted in a nation whose communications are subject to review and approval by the single party in power.

=== '''''Constitution of the People’s Republic of China''''' ===
[[File:Mao Zedong Statue- &quot;Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought&quot; 01.jpg|thumb|'''Mao Zedong Statue. Mao's philosophy still guides the party to this day and is mentioned in the Constitution.''']]

The key place to begin when approaching a country's approach to any form of law is their Constitution. The [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_China|Chinese “[c]onstitution]] recognizes [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]] as the country’s leading ideology and the Communist Party the leading party.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Catá Backer|first=Larry|date=2012|title=Party, People, Government, and State: On Constitutional Values and the Legitimacy of the Chinese State-Party Rule of Law System|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1977551|journal=Boston University International Law Journal|volume=Vol. 30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, “[t]he preamble deserves particular attention because China’s leadership has consistently placed great weight upon the ideological and expressive functions of the constitution and has used the preamble to identify and highlight its core commitments.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Albert|date=February 1, 2021|title=Constitutions, Constitutionalism and the Case of Modern China|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3027562 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3027562|journal=SSRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; The preamble lays out broad goals for the People’s Republic of China, it states that the Chinese people “will continue, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]]-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory… to… improve socialist rule of law… and promote coordinated material, political, cultural-ethical, social and ecological advancement, in order to build China into a great modern socialist country.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, Preamble (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; This broad phrasing gives the party significant latitude. Furthermore, the Constitution has three key articles that address the issue of communications law. First, Article 35 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of speech, the press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 35 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Second, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Third, Article 40 addresses correspondence:&lt;blockquote&gt;Freedom and confidentiality of correspondence of citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by law. Except in cases necessary for national security or criminal investigation, when public security organs or procuratorial organs shall examine correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, no organization or individual shall infringe on a citizen’s freedom and confidentiality of correspondence for any reason.&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 40 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|thumb|'''Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR''']]
At least on paper, these articles are share some similarities to Articles 18, 19, and 20 of the UN [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].&lt;ref&gt;G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948), https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt; However, at the United Nations Human Rights Convention, “China is increasingly vocal in defending its statist position and interpretation of human rights norms.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Initiative for U.S.-China Dialogue on Global Issues|date=Feb. 28, 2024|title=China and the UN Human Rights Regime|url=https://uschinadialogue.georgetown.edu/events/china-and-the-un-human-rights-regime|journal=Georgetown University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, the Constitution is missing several provisions such as freedom of thought, freedom of conscience, and “freedom to receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers” which are seen in the [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration]].&lt;ref&gt;UDHR art. 19, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''National Regulatory Bodies''''' ===
[[File:汉口中共中央宣传部旧址.jpg|thumb|Former Site of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party in Hankou]]
The regulatory scheme in China is complicated and grows out of a post-Mao era which “reconstituted the sinews of governance and especially sought to strengthen the government’s regulatory capacity while reducing the government’s direct intervention in state firms. In area after area, they have invoked ‘chaos’ or ‘turmoil’ to justify the need to strengthen or assert control.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Central Propaganda Department sets the ideology for Chinese communications regulatory bodies. It is “responsible for monitoring content to ensure that China's publishers, in particular its news publishers, do not print anything that is inconsistent with the Communist Party's political dogma.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; It accomplishes this by screening any writings that touch on politically sensitive issues, informing publishers what they can, and cannot, publish as well as what ideological viewpoint should be taken, and requiring editors and publishers to attend indoctrination sessions in order to ensure they publish from the desired viewpoint.&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|Cyberspace Administration of China]] (CAC) reports to the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission which “[[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping|Xi Jinping]], General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, personally serve[s] as the group leader.”&lt;ref&gt;Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, ''The Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization was established: From a major cyber power to a leading cyber power.'', China Cyberspace Administration (Feb. 28, 2014), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2014-02/28/c_126397488.htm&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] “is China’s top authority on internet governance, overseeing data privacy, cybersecurity, and platform regulation. It is the primary regulator behind major laws such as the Cybersecurity Law (CSL), Data Security Law (DSL), and Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roper|first=Gabrielle|date=Jun. 2, 2025|title=What is the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC)?|url=https://www.chinafy.com/blog/what-is-the-cyberspace-administration-of-china-cac#:~:text=TL;DR:%20The%20Cyberspace%20Administration,fall%20short%20of%20legal%20requirements|journal=Chinafy}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] can issue “departmental rules, which are issued by State Council administrative agencies and are legally binding under China’s Legislation Law.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Horsley|first=Jamie P.|date=Aug. 8, 2022|title=Behind the Facade of China’s Cyber Super-Regulator|url=https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/behind-the-facade-of-chinas-cyber-super-regulator/|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; A counterpart of the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] is the [[wikipedia:National_Radio_and_Television_Administration|National Radio and Television Administration]] (NRTA). The NRTA’s “main task is to censor the radio, film, and television industries.”&lt;ref&gt;''NRTA Chief Emphasize Loyalty to the Party'', Chinascope, https://chinascope.org/archives/19225&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the NRTA banned “nine types of banned content, including content that ‘endangers security,’ ‘slanders Chinese culture,’ or does not help youth ‘establish the correct world view.’”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MIIT Wanshoulu Office (20210512174810).jpg|thumb|'''MIIT Wanshoulu Office. The MIIT plays a critical role in regulating Chinese communications law.''']]
The [[wikipedia:Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology|Ministry of Industry and Information Technology]] (MIIT)&lt;ref&gt;''Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) (工业和信息化部)'', Thomson Reuters (Glossary), https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-552-9335?transitionType=Default&amp;contextData=(sc.Default)&amp;firstPage=true&lt;/ref&gt; is charged with “regulating and managing China's telecommunications and software sectors, as well as the electronics and information technology manufacturing industries.” The MIIT “enforces regulations aligned with the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC’s]] central tenets” The MIIT focuses on the providers and carriers themselves and enforces “cyber and data security rules against providers in the telecommunications and internet sector.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ke|first=Xu|last2=Liu|first2=Vicky|last3=Luo|first3=Yan|last4=Yu|first4=Zhijing|date=Aug. 31, 2021|title=China's key enforcement agencies and lessons learned from recent actions|url=https://iapp.org/news/a/chinas-key-enforcement-agencies-and-lessons-learned-from-recent-actions|journal=iapp}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in December of 2021 MIIT found that over one hundred apps were in violation of China’s Personal Information Protection Law and Data Security Law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Teon|first=Aris|date=Dec. 9, 2021|title=China’s Government Orders Removal of Douban and 105 Other Apps From App Stores|url=https://china-journal.org/2021/12/09/china-government-orders-removal-of-douban-and-105-other-apps-from-app-stores/#:~:text=China's%20Government%20Orders%20Removal%20of,comply%20with%20the%20government's%20directives|journal=China-Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, they were removed from app stores.

=== '''''Key Communications Laws''''' ===
The Cybersecurity Law&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; is overseen by the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] and seeks to “promote the healthy development of the informatization of the economy and society.” Article 6 of the Cybersecurity Law states that a goal of the law is to advocate for “sincere, honest, healthy and civilized online conduct; it promotes the dissemination of core socialist values, adopts measures to raise the entire society’s awareness and level of cybersecurity, and formulates a good environment for the entire society to jointly participate in advancing cybersecurity.”&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015 the Cybersecurity Law “introduced fines and detentions of up to 15 days for telecommunications firms and internet service providers (ISP), as well as relevant personnel, who fail to restrict certain forms of content”.&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] also handles the implementation of the Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem. Article 5 states “A network information content producer shall be encouraged to produce, copy and publish information containing the following: Publicizing the [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping Thought]] on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era…”&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, China is part of a many international agreements pertaining to communications law. China is a member of the UN and a signatory to both the [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|ICCPR]] and the [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights|ICESCR]].&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, in 2005 China signed the [[wikipedia:Electronic_Communications_Convention|United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts]].&lt;ref&gt;''U.N. Treaty Bodies and China'', Human Rights in China, https://www.hrichina.org/en/un-treaty-bodies-and-china&lt;/ref&gt; The purpose of this agreement is “facilitating the use of electronic communications in international trade by assuring that contracts concluded and other communications exchanged electronically are as valid and enforceable as their traditional paper-based equivalents.”&lt;ref&gt;''United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts'', Preamble, Jun. 7, 2006, https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/conventions/electronic_communications/status&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China signed the [[wikipedia:Universal_Copyright_Convention|Universal Copyright Convention]] in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;''Universal Copyright Convention, with Appendix Declaration relating to Article XVII and Resolution concerning Article XI'', Sep. 16, 1955, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “undertakes to provide for the adequate and effective, protection of the rights of authors and other copyright proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, engravings and sculpture.”&lt;ref&gt;Universal Copyright Convention, Article 1, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Law and the Media in China''' ==
There are some that believe there are three aims of communication: truth, beauty, and dialogue. These aims are furthered by the elements of communications law. There are three such elements that are most relevant to China. First, the means of transmission. Second, the sender and receiver. Third, the message. These are most relevant to China because the government seeks to control all three. As a result, the three aims of communications: truth, beauty, and dialogue are threatened daily. Truth, because certain historical events and facts are banned. Beauty, because words are good, they allow us to think and develop our thoughts which is a beautiful thing for the human person. Finally, dialogue, because a person cannot say what they wish without fear of retaliation.

=== '''''The Means of Transmission''''' ===
The means of transmission of the message may include its code, channel, mode, and nature. However, “[a] major constraint on regulatory state building is the political environment in which Chinese regulators have had to operate. The Administration of Press, Publications, Radio, Film, and TV, for example, operate at the behest of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organs, especially the CCP Central Committee Propaganda Department.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; In China television is regulated by the [[wikipedia:National_Radio_and_Television_Administration|National Radio and Television Administration]]. Regarding the nature of the communications, “[t]he Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party sends a detailed notice to all media every day that includes editorial guidelines and censored topics.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the “[s]tate-run Chinese Central TV (CCTV) is China's largest media company.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; The government released a statement summing up the CCTV’s main tasks.&lt;blockquote&gt;[The CCTV's] principal responsibilities will be to propagate the theories, political line and policies of the Party; to plan and manage major propaganda reports; to organize the production of radio and television; to produce and broadcast premium radio and television products; to channel hot social topics; to strengthen and improve supervision by public opinion, to promote the integrated development of multimedia; to strengthen the building of international broadcasting capacity; to tell China’s story well.&lt;ref&gt;safeguardDefenders'', Ownership and control of Chinese media'' (Jun. 14, 2021), https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/ownership-and-control-chinese-media&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, “[a]ll of China's 2,600-plus radio stations are state-owned”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; as well as “around 1,900 newspapers. Each city has its own title, usually published by the local government, as well as a local Communist Party daily.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the means and nature of the communications are subject to the government’s control.
[[File:Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism.png|thumb|'''Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism''']]
Internet censoring in China has been dubbed “the great firewall.” The [[wikipedia:Golden_Shield_Project|Golden Shield Project’s]] aim is “to monitor and censor what can and cannot be seen through an online network in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Conrad|last2=et al.|date=2011|title=Free Speech vs Maintaining Social Cohesion A Closer Look at Different Policies|url=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/FreeExpressionVsSocialCohesion/china_policy.html|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popular sites such as “Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Instagram are all blocked in the mainland.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chandel|first=Sonali|last2=et al.|date=2019|title=The Golden Shield Project of China: A Decade Later An in-depth study of the Great Firewall|url=https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~yunnanyu/files/papers/Golden.pdf|journal=College of Engineering and Computing Sciences, New York Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, China has blocked the use of Starlink. In 2025 China penalized a foreign vessel after an inspection revealed the vessel employing Starlink had “continued transmitting data after entering Chinese territorial waters, in violation of national telecommunications and radio regulations.”&lt;ref&gt;The Editorial Team, ''China imposes penalty to vessel using Starlink in its waters'', Saftery4Sea (Dec. 23, 2025), https://safety4sea.com/china-imposes-penalty-to-vessel-using-starlink-in-its-waters/&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, “[t]he long-standing blocks on international communications platforms have helped to enable the exponential growth of local services such as Tencent’s WeChat and Sina Weibo, which are subject to the government’s strict censorship demands.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; The regulatory agencies discussed above play a crucial role in maintaining the “great firewall”. For example, in 2017 MIIT banned the use of unlicensed [[wikipedia:Virtual_private_network|VPNs]].&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in 2020 the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]]  “suspended 281 websites, and shut down 2,686 websites and 31,000 accounts” as well as 179,000 social media accounts.&lt;ref&gt;Cyberspace Administration of China, ''The national cybersecurity administrative law enforcement work was carried out solidly in the second quarter'' (Jul. 18, 2020), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2020-07/21/c_1596879319813780.html; ''see also'' Qiao Long; Editor: Hu Lihan; Web Editor: Rui Zhe, ''China shut down more than 2,000 websites in the second quarter, triggering another large-scale internet crackdown'', rfa (Jul. 24, 2020), https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/meiti/ql1-07242020062431.html&lt;/ref&gt;  Finally, “[i]n February 2021, authorities blocked the newly emerged mobile audio app Clubhouse, after thousands of users in China had flocked to the app to discuss detention camps in Xinjiang.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''The Sender and Receiver''''' ===
There are two key principles in this element of communications, namely, the centrality of the person and freedom. The principle of the centrality of the person holds that communications are for the human person, this is why human rights are so integral to communication law. In China, communications are for the government, or the centrality of the party. For example, “[t]housands of cyber-police watch the web and material deemed politically and socially sensitive is filtered. Blocked resources include Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and human rights sites.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; As opposed to fostering a government that supports the human person’s ability to attain truth and enter into dialogue, the government jealously protects access to information. This is seen in China’s restrictions on internet cafés where individuals may access the web. Startlingly, “between June and September 2002, the government shutdown 150,000 unlicensed Internet cafes. [today], police routinely ‘[raid]’ internet cafes to see whether there is any ‘illegal’ activity going on.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Haiping|first=Zheng|date=Jan. 4, 2013|title=Regulating the Internet: China’s Law and Practice|url=https://content.scirp.org/pdf/blr_2013032615421340.pdf|journal=School of Law, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter point is connected to the second key principle, freedom.
[[File:Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China 1310759.jpg|thumb|Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China]]
The principle of freedom in any communication holds that you are free to express your opinion and those who hear it will tolerate it. This principle has not found a permanent home in China historically. In 1898, following the Hundred Days Reform, “the dynasty imposed a general prohibition of privately published newspaper” for “spreading rumours and confusing the people’s thoughts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=DeLisle|first=Jacques|last2=et al.|date=Jan. 16, 2014|title=The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2379959|journal=University of Pennsylvania}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1927, the Guomindang built “a system of censorship boards and licensing obligations for films, radio, publications and newspapers.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; Starting in 1980, [[wikipedia:Deng_Xiaoping|Deng Xiaoping]], former Chairman of the Central Military Commission, further restricting freedom of communication. From then on, “political debate would be an intra-Party matter only, and official media were to be the mouthpiece of the Party.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; This time saw a growing administrative state taking control of the communications field by “laying the basis for the current regulatory structure by creating an administrative department to govern the print sector, and by centralizing licensing procedures.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; The introduction of the internet saw “central and local governments [establish] special Internet information management departments.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''The Message''''' ===
Within this element there is the key principle of objectivity and context. This principle holds that journalists, and other professions, ought to give the proper context when communicating and do so in as objective a manner as possible. In China, if a journalist wishes to obtain to renew their press cards they “must download the [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Study Xi]], Strengthen the Country propaganda application that can collect their personal data.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, journalists and everyday citizens alike are restricted in how they can communicate their messages because certain words are banned. For example, no one cannot search for “dictatorship,” “Great Firewall of China,” or “Go, Hong Kong.”&lt;ref&gt;Leigh Hartman, ''In China, you can’t say these words'', ShareAmerica (Jun. 3, 2020), https://archive-share.america.gov/america.gov/in-china-you-cant-say-these-words/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; China’s approach to [[wikipedia:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|Tiananmen Square Massacre]] is an example of the principle of objectivity and context. After the Chinese military killed possible thousands during a protest in 1989 the government has tried to “erase what it calls the ‘political turmoil’ of 1989 from the collective memory. It bans any public commemoration or mention of the June 4 crackdown, scrubbing references from the internet.”&lt;ref&gt;Ken Moritsugu, ''Tiananmen Square anniversary shows China's ability to suppress history'', PBS News (Jun. 4, 2025), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/tiananmen-square-anniversary-shows-chinas-ability-to-suppress-history#:~:text=Security%20was%20tight%20Wednesday%20around,gatherings%20can%20still%20take%20place&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, China was the top jailer of journalists in the world, holding 14% of the world’s journalists in their jails.&lt;ref&gt;Arlene Getx, ''In record year, China, Israel, and Myanmar are world’s leading jailers of journalists'', Committee to Protect Journalists (Jan. 16, 2025), https://cpj.org/special-reports/in-record-year-china-israel-and-myanmar-are-worlds-leading-jailers-of-journalists/&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Censorship &amp; Violent Content''' ==
[[File:Hong Kong Protests P1240680 Umbrella revolution - protest in Nathan road, Hong Kong (15375576579).jpg|thumb|'''Hong Kong protests against the national security law.''']]China practices rigorous censorship in various forms of speech. A foundational principle of freedom of speech is that of no prior restraint which allows speech to enter the marketplace, and its issuer must deal with the consequences after the fact. This principle is not welcome in China. Related to this principal China’s justification for much of their prior restraint, national security. Most clearly demonstrated in the [[wikipedia:2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law|Hong Kong National Security Law]], China has enforced expansive prior restraints on speech and jailed those who have attempted to speak out.

=== '''''No Prior Restraint''''' ===
The principle of no [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraint]] says that speech cannot be stopped before it takes place. Rather, one may say what they wish but may have to deal with the consequences after. This principle is well known in the West.&lt;blockquote&gt;The liberty of the press is indeed essential to the nature of a free state: but this consists in laying no prior restraints upon publications, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published. Every freeman has an undoubted right to lay what sentiments he pleases before the public: to forbid this, is to destroy the freedom of the press: but if he publishes what is improper, mischievous, or illegal, he must take the consequence of his own temerity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zeigler|first=Sara L.|last2=Vile|first2=John R.|date=Jan. 1, 2009|title=William Blackstone|url=https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/william-blackstone/|journal=Free Speech Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This principle ensures that ideas are free to enter the marketplace in nations that have chosen to adopt this concept, like the United States. However, China has not adopted this principle. Rather, China is diametrically opposed to the principle of no prior restraint. The Chinese government requires people to “ask the government's permission before they are allowed to publish.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “[t]he Communist Party has the right and the ability to screen works prior to publication, and stop publication of those works it finds objectionable.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; One of the main methods of enforcing [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraints]] in China is their licensing scheme…” where “the government requires individuals to obtain a license, permit, or other authorization in order to legally engage in publishing.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Such requirements ensure that the government approves of any speech before it can enter the marketplace.

A notable piece of Chinese legislation is the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing.&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Regulations states that “publishing businesses shall adhere to the path of serving the people and serving socialism, adhere to the guidance of [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]], Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, and promulgate and accumulate scientific technology and cultural knowledge that is advantageous to economic development and social progress.”&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires that anything published in China aligns with their preferred thought. This is exactly what the marketplace of ideas sought to prevent. A healthy competition of ideas is best for humanity, not a forced set of ideas. A breach of the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing has grave consequences. In 2019 “[a] Chinese court slapped a dozen of people with varying jail terms for illegally publishing books related to the Communist Party of China.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt; The Intermediate People's Court of Yueyang in Hunan province stated that “[t]he accused were convicted of violating state regulations by illegally reprinting and selling huge volumes of publications, which seriously endangered the social order and disrupted the legitimate publishing market.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important piece of legislation is the eloquently named Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications.&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Measures says that “[t]he scope of the important topics… shall be adjusted and promulgated by the General Administration of Press and Publication.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Such important topics include “works and literature concerning any former or current leaders of the party ” ,&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; “topics which deal with maps of China's borders,”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; and even “topics which deal with any significant historical matters or important historical figures in the history of the Chinese Communist Party.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires government approval prior to publishing on important topics. While the complete list of important topics is much longer these three are notable because they are meant to shape the way, one understands Chinese history and China’s place in the world. This dystopian law enforces not only a specific world view, like the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing, but also a specific understanding of China’s history and how they arrived at their present communist government. Thus, these measures bolster the Chinese Communist Party’s control over all speech in China.

=== '''''National Security''''' ===
The Chinese Party often censors speech under the pretense of protecting national security. An example occurred recently in Hong Kong. In 2020 China introduced the [[wikipedia:2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law|National Security Law]] (“NSL”) to Hong Kong. The NSL “criminalises anything considered as secession, which is breaking away from China; subversion, which is undermining the power or authority of the central government; terrorism, which is using violence or intimidation against people; and collusion with foreign or external forces.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; This Law has resulted in “[n]umerous pro-democracy news outlets in Hong Kong [being] shut down, including Lai's Apple Daily, which was known to be critical of the mainland Chinese leadership.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in 2021 “Hong Kong's national security police raided the offices of ''Stand News'' for suspected breaches of the NSL and separately arrested six senior staff members and one former senior staff member for conspiracy to publish seditious publications.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Barrios|first=Ricardo|date=Nov. 15, 2023|title=Hong Kong Under the National Security Law|url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47844|journal=Congress.Gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NSL has also impacted other forms of speech as shut down of the Tiananmen vigil in 2002 when “authorities announced they were closing Victoria Park—the traditional site of the Tiananmen vigil—citing ‘Police's observation that some people are using different channels to incite the participation of unauthorised assemblies’ and these assemblies' potential to affect ‘public safety and public order.’”&lt;ref&gt;Barrios,&amp;#x20;Ricardo&amp;#x20;(Nov. 15, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;Hong Kong Under the National Security Law&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Congress.Gov''.&lt;/ref&gt; These alarming instances demonstrates China’s use of overbroad justifications, such as national security, to exert control over China and its special administrative regions. Finally, China’s desire for a tighter grip on information does not stop at its borders. In 2015 China signed the [[wikipedia:History_of_Sino-Russian_relations|Sino-Russian]] Cybersecurity Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “has two key features: mutual assurance on non-aggression in cyberspace and language advocating cyber-sovereignty.”&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Truth, Honor, &amp; Tolerance''' ==
Chinese censorship has ensured that there is only one product to be bought and sold in the marketplace of ideas, the Chinese Communist Party’s. This booth peddles China’s view of history, as seen in their memory laws, and their chosen religions. China’s failure to encourage a marketplace of ideas has not only impacted freedom of expression in China but also hindered their economic and scientific growth. This limited marketplace extends to how certain historical events are seen. Finally, it is notable that China does allow the practice of religion in their Constitution, and to an extent in practice. However, examples such as the Chinese oppression of Muslims and requiring the Vatican to agree to bishop appointments demonstrates the fact that the Chinese Communist Party is firmly in control of this marketplace.

=== '''''The Marketplace of Ideas''''' ===
The marketplace of ideas is a western concept that has been adopted in the United States. The concept of the marketplace of ideas says that “[t]he best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market.” This concept is seen in robust public discourse, protests, debate, etc. These all further the belief that government should foster a lively discourse that allows everyone to choose which ideas they believe are best. This concept has not been adopted by China. Rather, “while China has increased economic freedom, it has protected the Party’s iron grip on power and suppressed freedom of expression — there is no free market for ideas. Without such a market, the Chinese people are subservient to the state and their range of choices limited.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dorn|first=James A.|date=Feb. 4, 2017|title=China Needs a Free Market for Ideas|url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/china-needs-free-market-ideas#:~:text=The%20lack%20of%20a%20free,of%20the%20Chinese%20Communist%20Party|journal=CATO Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese censorship is pervasive and leaves no stall at the marketplace of ideas uncaptured. For example, “significant amendments were made to both the [Constitution], further consolidating the dominant leadership of the CCP. While these changes were not explicitly centered on censorship, this strengthened power structure indirectly set the stage for a reshaped censorship framework, presenting an illiberal substance under a facade of legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Ge|date=2025-26|title=How China Curbs Free Speech Beyond Its Borders: Legal Strategies of Transnational Censorship|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4621776|journal=J. Int'l Media &amp; Ent. L., 11(1), 1-41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While the lack of a robust coemption of ideas certainly treads on individual rights, some also argue that it also limits China’s potential, “[b]ecause the freedom to supply ideas, choose ideas, and criticize ideas is severely limited, the creativity of the Chinese people is underutilized and their innovative potential undertapped.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Ning|date=Winter 2017|title=China’s Future and the Determining Role of the Market for Ideas|journal=CATO Journal (Vol. 37, No. 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “without the freedom to think, speak, and innovate openly, China’s economic growth could stagnate” and as a result “lead to a lack of critical thinking and creativity, which are vital for addressing complex challenges and advancing technological and social innovation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zou|first=Heng-Fu|date=April 2021|title=A Free Market For Ideas In China|url=https://down.aefweb.net/WorkingPapers/w664.pdf|journal=The World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; China’s suppression of the market place of ideas not only violates individual rights but is likely harming both the Chinese economy and even society itself.

=== '''''Memory Laws''''' ===
For China “[t]here is only one correct interpretation of the national past, and it is the party-state – and the party-state alone – that promulgates and polices it.”&lt;ref&gt;Chang,&amp;#x20;Vincent K.L.&amp;#x20;(May 2, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Verfassungsblog''.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, after an incident where Chinese youths cosplayed as Japanese Imperial soldiers and took phots at a war monument in Shanghai, China passed the [[wikipedia:Law_on_the_Protection_of_Heroes_and_Martyrs|Heroes and Martyrs Protection Law]].&lt;ref&gt;Guang Yang, ''China’s National Memory Laws and the War on Storytelling'', Australian Institute of International Affairs (May 3, 2023), https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/chinas-national-memory-laws-and-the-war-on-storytelling/. ''See also'' Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, 中华人民共和国英雄烈士保护法, (adopted Apr. 27, 2018, effective May 1, 2018), https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/peoples-republic-of-china-law-on-protection-of-heroes-and-martyrs/.&lt;/ref&gt; This law “calls on citizens to ‘respect, study, and defend’ national heroes and criminalises their defamation.”&lt;ref&gt;Vincent K.L. Chang, ''China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory'', Verfassungsblog (May 2, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/chinas-memory-laws/&lt;/ref&gt; China’s use of memory laws, or selective history, has resulted in the erasure of historical events that are not flattering or supportive of the Chinese Communist Party. For example, in 2012 a professor teaching in Hong Kong “asked his class of more than forty students from China, all of whom were born in the 1980s, ‘Have any of you heard of June Fourth, Liu Binyan, or Fang Lizhi?’ However, the students simply gazed at one another in silence.”&lt;ref&gt;Yan Lianke, ''China’s National Amnesia'', The Dial (Apr. 23, 2024), https://www.thedial.world/articles/news/issue-15/china-national-strategy-forgetting&lt;/ref&gt; As discussed, nowhere is this amnesia seen better than in the case of Tiananmen Square.

An example of such memory laws in action was seen in 2016 where a group of individuals who promoted liquor bottles that had labels commemorating June 4, 1989, the date of the [[wikipedia:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|Tiananmen Square Massacre]].&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; One man was “criminally detained on suspicion of ‘inciting subversion of state power’ while [another] was detained on suspicion of ‘picking quarrels and provoking trouble.’”&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, one of the men received a three and a half year sentence by a court in southwestern China.&lt;ref&gt;Radio Free Asia, ''Court in China's Sichuan Jails Fourth Man Over Tiananmen Massacre Liquor'' (Apr. 4, 2019), https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/liquor-04042019105951.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Tolerance as Applied to Religion''''' ===
[[File:Cardinal Joseph Zen (2019).jpg|thumb|'''Cardinal Joseph Zen, former bishop of Hong Kong and arrested by the CCP.''']]
The Chinese Constitution explicitly allows for freedom of religion, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Embassy in South Africa published a paper on religious freedom stating “[r]eligious disputes are unknown in China. Religious believers and non-believers respect each other, are united and have a harmonious relationship.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; However, while China allows for the practice of religion, the Chinese Communist Party has worked to force religion to align with its worldview. As a result, “China is pursuing a policy of ‘[[wikipedia:Sinicization|Sinicization]]’ that requires religious groups to align their doctrines, customs and morality with Chinese culture.”&lt;ref&gt;Pew Research Center, 10 things to know about China’s policies on religion (Oct. 23, 2023),

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/23/10-things-to-know-about-chinas-policies-on-religion/&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 the Vatican agreed to a deal with the Chinese Communist Party regarding the appointment of bishops. Following this “[[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Joseph Zen]]… said it would legitimise the Communist Party’s control over Chinese Catholics, and be like ‘giving the flock into the mouths of the wolves.’”&lt;ref&gt;Economist, ''China wants to “sinicise” its Catholics'' (Nov. 22, 2022), https://www.economist.com/china/2022/11/22/china-wants-to-sinicise-its-catholics&lt;/ref&gt; China’s concern with religions such as Islam and Christianity is not that they are new to China, they are not. Rather, “Muslims are part of Islam’s global ''[[wikipedia:Ummah|umma]]'' (Arabic for ‘community’) of believers” and “Christians, meanwhile, are thought to have strong overseas ties either to the Vatican, for Catholics, or to overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia and the West, for Protestants in particular.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=May 14, 2024|title=China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All|url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/china-reversing-its-crackdown-some-religions-not-all|journal=Council on Foreign Relations}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, China sees these religions as non-Chinese. Other religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religions the states are viewed as “so-called indigenous faiths.”&lt;ref&gt;Johnson,&amp;#x20;Ian&amp;#x20;(May 14, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Council on Foreign Relations''.&lt;/ref&gt; A key law impacting religious tolerance is the Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups.&lt;ref&gt;Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 5 of the measures states that “[r]eligious groups must follow the leadership of the Communist Party of China… persist in the direction of sinification of religion[, and] practice the Core Socialist Values.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 5, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, under Article 6, “[r]eligious groups shall accept the supervision, oversight, and administration of people's governments religious affairs departments.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 17, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 17 states that “[r]eligious groups shall publicize the Communist Party of] China's directives and policies.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, “[t]he legal protection of citizens' right to the freedom of religious belief in China is basically in accordance with the main contents of the concerned international documents and conventions in this respect.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Embassy goes on to list the following international agreements: the United Nations Charter, the [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convenient on Civil and Political Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, and the Vienna Declaration and Action Program.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Cultural and Religious Expressions''' ==
In China there are many festivals and cultural events, with the [[wikipedia:Chinese_New_Year|Chinese New Year]] being the most famous and one of the oldest. This holiday is lauded as important for many reasons, but it is allowed because it promotes Chinese identity. Some religions, and religious symbols, do not receive an equally welcoming invite from the Chinese Communist Party. While religious worship is allowed theoretically, China has cracked down on the Church in China and on religious symbols.

=== '''''Festivals, The Chinese New Year or Spring Festival''''' ===
Feasts and festivals are thousands of years old. Key aspects of festivals include bringing people together, feasting over food, a reason to celebrate, and the symbolization of the shared joy. China has a long history of festivals. Perhaps the largest and most important is the [[wikipedia:Chinese_New_Year|Chinese New Year]]. The Chinese New Year is thousands of years old. It likely “originated in the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC), when people held sacrificial ceremonies in honor of gods and ancestors at the beginning or the end of each year.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Timothy S.Y.|title=History of Chinese New Year|url=https://lammuseum.wfu.edu/education/teachers/chinese-new-year/history-of-chinese-new-year/|journal=Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology}}&lt;/ref&gt; This festival has become an integral part of the Chinese nation. However, Chinese Americans, and those around the world, can also be seen celebrating this festival. As a result, this festival is intimately intertwined with the Chinese identity.
[[File:Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore, 20240122 0852 2963.jpg|thumb|Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore]]
[[File:The Lucky Red Envelopes or Packets in Lunar New Year.jpg|thumb|Red Envelopes]]
There are many traditions that play critical roles in the Chinese New Year festival season. The legend of the Chinese New Year began with a mythical beast called that would eat crops and people. Legend states “a wise old man figured out that [[wikipedia:Nian|Nian]] was scared of loud noises (firecrackers) and the color red. So, people put red lanterns and red scrolls on their windows and doors to stop Nian from coming inside. Crackling bamboo (later replaced by firecrackers) was lit to scare [[wikipedia:Nian|Nian]] away.”&lt;ref&gt;Lam,&amp;#x20;Timothy S.Y..&amp;#x20;&quot;History of Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology''.&lt;/ref&gt; The famous tradition of exchanging red envelopes began with the mythical beast Sui, who would scare children while they slept. As a result, “[e]lders began to give out red envelopes of coins to children for them to play with and keep them awake throughout the night.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Kaysey A.|date=Jan. 27, 2022|title=A Brief History of the Chinese New Year|url=https://worldtreasures.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-chinese-new-year|journal=World Treasures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “round dumplings shaped like the full moon are shared as a symbol of the family unit and perfection.”&lt;ref&gt;Richardson,&amp;#x20;Kaysey A.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 27, 2022).&amp;#x20;&quot;A Brief History of the Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''World Treasures''.&lt;/ref&gt; These traditions give the Chinese people tangible things to pass down to future generations. It is incredible to see how consistent these traditions have been, indicating how important they are to the Chinese people’s cultural expression.

A critical law in the area of cultural and religious expression in China is the Law of the People's Republic of China on [[wikipedia:Intangible_cultural_heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Under Article 1 of the Law, it’s stated purpose is  that “of inheriting and promoting the distinguished traditional culture of the Chinese nation, promoting the building of the socialist spiritual civilization and strengthening the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 1, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Article 6 of the law requires the local governments to “include the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage in the national economic and social development plans at their same levels and include the protection and preservation funding into the financial budgets.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; According to a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization report “[d]uring [Chinese New Year] in 2024, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the PRC mobilized the whole country to widely carry out Spring Festival [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[wikipedia:Intangible_cultural_heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage]]] activities. A total of more than 45,400 ICH promotion and display activities were carried out nationwide.”&lt;ref&gt;nited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Periodic reporting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2004), https://ich.unesco.org/en/periodic-reporting-00460&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Religious Symbols''''' ===
While religious exercise is allowed in China to some extent, the display of certain items has come under attack. According to a recent report, “Chinese officials have ordered the removal of crosses from churches and have replaced images of Christ and the Virgin Mary with images of President Xi Jinping”.&lt;ref&gt;Tyler Arnold, ''China is Removing Crosses From Churches, Replacing Images of Christ With Xi Jinping'', The National Catholic Register (Oct. 1, 2024), https://www.ncregister.com/cna/china-is-removing-crosses-from-churches-replacing-images-of-christ-with-xi-jinping&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “new rules to ensure that sites of religious worship, like mosques, look adequately “Chinese,” and to mandate the cultivation of “patriotic” religious leaders.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin Lavička, ''A New Round of Restrictions Further Constrains Religious Practice in Xinjiang'', China File (Apr. 19, 2024), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/new-round-of-restrictions-further-constrains-religious-practice-xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; Article 26 of the 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations states that “Religious activity sites that are newly built, renovated, expanded, or rebuilt should reflect Chinese characteristics and style in terms of architecture, sculptures, paintings, decorations, etc.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 26, 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/xj-religious-affairs/&lt;/ref&gt; These actions indicate the Chinese Communist Parties attempt to more deeply accelerate [[wikipedia:Sinicization|sinicization]].

=== '''''The Church in China''''' ===
[[File:20251016 Shangqiu Catholic Church 04.jpg|thumb|Shangqiu Catholic Church]]
In China there are two faces to the Catholic Church. The first is the [[wikipedia:Chinese_Catholic_Patriotic_Association|Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association]] (the “CCPA”). The CCPA is obedient to the “the State Council's Religious Affairs Bureau, which is an agency under the United Front Department of the Communist Party. It does not recognize the supreme administrative, legislative, and judicial authority of the Pope.”&lt;ref&gt;The Cardinal Kung Foundation, ''Catholic Church in China, It Is Now Known As An Underground Church'',  http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/rc/RCrelfreedom.php&lt;/ref&gt; The second face is the “[[wikipedia:Underground_church|Underground Catholic Church]]” which is not governed by the Chinese Communist Party. Recently, the CCPA held the 10th National Congress of Catholicism in China. The CCPA “delegates also unanimously accepted the Work Report of the 9th Standing Committee on Church efforts and activities in the promotion of patriotism, socialism, and [[wikipedia:Sinicization|sinicization]] in the Catholic Church as outlined by President Xi Jinping.”&lt;ref&gt;Union of Catholic Asian News, ''China's Catholic leaders vow to accelerate sinicization''''',''' https://www.ucanews.com/news/chinas-catholic-leaders-vow-to-accelerate-sinicization/98499&lt;/ref&gt; Opposed to the CCPA are the underground Church leaders like [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Joseph Zen]]. [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Zen]] is critical of the Chinese persecution of Catholics and heavily criticized the 2018 deal the Vatican made with China which requires Chinese approval of bishops.&lt;ref&gt;Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding the deal, [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Zen]] stated that “[t]hey’re [sending] the flock into the mouths of the wolves. It’s an incredible betrayal.”&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; In China it is “illegal for the priest to instruct the children of the parish in the Faith or give them any materials to read.”&lt;ref&gt;Michael Schmiesing, ''A Hidden Church in'' China, Catholic Answers (Dec. 12, 2024), https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/a-hidden-church-in-china&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “minors are not allowed to attend the Mass in some areas of China.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Aly Rothfus, ''Catholic Church in China Faces'' Crisis, The Irish Rover (Nov. 19, 2025), https://irishrover.net/2025/11/catholic-church-in-china-faces-crisis/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, it must be noted that the Holy See does not recognize the Chinese communist Party as the leader of China. Rather, “the Vatican has maintained formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan.”&lt;ref&gt;Abhishank Mishra &amp; Ananya Sharma, ''China-Taiwan, and a Vatican'' conversion, the interpreter (Jul. 9, 2024), https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-taiwan-vatican-conversion&lt;/ref&gt;

As discussed above, China has set a clear policy goal of maintaining, celebrating, and promulgating traditional Chinese festivals to the public. Religious festivals do not enjoy the same support. Article 42 of the Religious Affairs Regulations 2017 provides that “[w]here a large-scale religious activity is held that is beyond the accommodation capacity of a religious activity site the religious group… sponsoring the activity shall, 30 days before the activity is to be held, submit an application to the religious affairs department of the people’s government for the province.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 42, Religious Affairs Regulations 2017, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/religious-affairs-regulations-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; On Easter Sunday 2011, a [c]hurch in Beijing planned to hold an outdoor worship service in a plaza amid high-rise office and commercial buildings. However the police sealed off the plaza and dispelled gathering congregants… Thirty six of the congregants were taken to police stations for interrogation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fenggang|first=Yang|date=May 12, 2011|title=The Chinese House Church Goes Public|url=https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/chinese-house-church-goes-public-fenggang-yang|journal=The University of Chicago {{!}} Divinity School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Privacy and Data Protection''' ==
Our private thoughts and actions are intimate to who we are as people. However, in China, the government wishes to be included in that inner circle. They seek to accomplish this by a program of [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]]. While artificial intelligence has been an incredible breakthrough for the world it has also been taken advantage of by nefarious actors. Chief among these is perhaps China. China has employed artificial intelligence to better control its citizens and ensure compliance. Another technology breakthrough, cryptocurrency, has had mixed reactions from China. Cryptocurrency allows transactions to be kept private, a no-go for the Chinese Communist Party. As a result, China has banned cryptocurrency use.

=== '''''Mass Surveillance and Artificial Intelligence''''' ===
It is no surprise that China is renowned for its [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]]. Citizens are watched almost constantly to ensure compliance with the Chinese Communist Party’s ideals. In fact the “[p]eople in China are among the most surveilled in the world, taking 16 of the top 20 spots on the most surveilled cities list based on the number of cameras per 1,000 people in an annual assessment.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gates|first=Megan|date=Jun. 1, 2021|title=The Rise of the Surveillance State|url=https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/monthly-issues/security-technology/archive/2021/june/The-Rise-of-The-Surveillance-State|journal=Security Management}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “documents from one Shanghai district detail plans for AI-powered cameras and drones to ‘automatically discover and intelligently enforce the law,’ including potentially alerting police to crowd gatherings.”[116] China has also begun using artificial intelligence in satellite surveillance, “China is deploying AI-enabled Sun-synchronous satellites over regions that the CCP views as politically sensitive, including Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hong Kong and Macau.”&lt;ref&gt;Fergus Ryan, et al., ''The party’s AI How China’s new AI systems are reshaping human rights'', ASPI (dec. 2025), https://aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/27122307/The-partys-AI-How-Chinas-new-AI-systems-are-reshaping-human-rights.pdf. ''See also'', Jinghe Fan, Xin Zhang, ‘Small, swift, and effective’ legislation in China: Towards adaptive governance of AI?, Computer Law &amp; Security Review, Volume 61, 2026, 106329, ISSN 2212-473X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106329.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Xinjiang region China uses mobile apps, biometric data, and artificial intelligence to monitor millions of Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Gates,&amp;#x20;Megan&amp;#x20;(Jun. 1, 2021).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Rise of the Surveillance State&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Security Management''.&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence is not limited to technical uses. China has begun using artificial intelligence to help it draft policies, “[i]n one case, a ChatGPT user ‘likely connected to a [Chinese] government entity’ asked the AI model to help write a proposal for a tool that analyzes the travel movements and police records of the Uyghur minority— a Turkic-speaking, predominantly Muslim ethnic minority—and other ‘high-risk’ people, according to the OpenAI report.”&lt;ref&gt;Sean Lyngaas &amp; Jim Sclutto, ''Suspected Chinese government operatives used ChatGPT to shape mass surveillance proposals, OpenAI says'', CNN (Oct. 7, 2025), https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/07/politics/china-chatgpt-surveillance&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence in China is alarming. While surveillance in Chian has grown alongside technology since the Chinese Communist Party took power, the introduction of artificial intelligence is the biggest leap that has yet to occur. Moreover, the “[[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC’s]] approach to regulating AI or algorithms is centered on the regime of Algorithm Registry. Providers of certain recommendation algorithms, deep synthesis, and generative AI technologies must register detailed information with the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] before offering services in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Wayne Wei|last2=et al.|date=2025|title=Artificial Intelligence “Law(s)” in China: Retrospect and Prospect|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5039316|journal=Part I, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 29-36, 2025 &amp; Part II, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 139-157, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Cryptocurrency in China''''' ===
If someone were to analyze an individual’s last year of credit card transactions it is likely one could learn quite a bit about them. For a [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]] state like China this is appealing. As a result, cryptocurrencies present an issue for China. Cryptocurrencies like [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Bitcoin]] and [[wikipedia:Ethereum|Ethereum]] use a technology called blockchain that acts as a digital ledger of transactions. This allows individuals to exchange value without the need of an intermediary like a bank. These blockchains enhance “transactional privacy by removing the need for users to reveal their real identities. Confidential transactions and encryption techniques ensure only the involved parties know the details. Zero-knowledge proofs, ring signatures, and stealth addresses advances further strengthen privacy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zaware|first=Rajendra|title=Data Privacy in Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain|url=https://blogs.infosys.com/emerging-technology-solutions/iedps/data-privacy-in-cryptocurrencies-and-blockchain.html|journal=Infosys}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, while all transactions on the blockchain are visible, the identity of who made the transaction is private unless shared.

Importantly, “China’s central bank defined Cryptocurrency as a specified virtual commodity. This legal attribute is not clear, which brings difficulties in consumer protection and criminal identification.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Jiye|date=Apr. 25, 2023|title=The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4423780|journal=China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School}}&lt;/ref&gt; China was renowned for its large cryptocurrency market and “[p]rior to 2017, China had the world’s largest cryptocurrency market—with 80% of Bitcoin, the world’s leading digital coin, transactions conducted in yuan.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=Richard|title=China’s Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Regulatory Environment|url=https://www.ecovis.com/focus-china/chinas-cryptocurrency/|journal=ECOVIS}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, after years of increasing restrictions, China banned cryptocurrency trading and mining in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=OxKira|date=Oct. 9, 2025|title=Crypto in China: A 2025 guide to the crypto landscape|journal=Arham}}&lt;/ref&gt; This time period saw a flurry of laws implemented regarding digital assets and crypto currencies, “[o]n January 1, 2020, the ‘[[wikipedia:Cryptography_law|Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China]]’ came into effect. ‘Data Security Law’ was adopted on June 10, 2021, and ‘Personal Information Protection Law’ was adopted on August 20, 2021.”&lt;ref&gt;Hu,&amp;#x20;Jiye&amp;#x20;(Apr. 25, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China&quot;.&amp;#x20;''China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School''&lt;/ref&gt; The People’s Bank of China “warned financial institutions against providing banking and clearing services to virtual currency-related businesses.”&lt;ref&gt;Xiuhao, et al, ''China steps up crypto crackdown, will vet real-world asset tokens'', Reuters (Feb. 6, 2026), https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-vows-tighten-virtual-currency-restrictions-2026-02-06/&lt;/ref&gt; This warning has not been without teeth. In 2025 a Chinese court convicted five people of transacting more than $160 million worth of cryptocurrency.&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt; The court said that these individuals “violated China’s Anti-Money Laundering Law and Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, both of which prohibit unauthorized cross-border fund transfers.”&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:E-CNY logo.svg|thumb|E-CNY logo, this is the digital asset employed by China.]]
While these penalties are steep, people in China have persisted in using cryptocurrencies to ensure their transactions remain private. Reports indicate “that there are still around 59 million crypto users in China as of 2025. That is roughly 10% of the global crypto user base, even though most users must operate outside official channels.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; Interestingly, “[w]hile private cryptocurrencies face heavy restrictions, China has fully embraced its own central bank digital currency (CBDC) known as the digital yuan ([[wikipedia:Digital_renminbi|e-CNY]]). By late 2025, e-CNY platforms had processed over 14.2 trillion yuan in transactions and were used by more than 260 million wallets.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; While this may seem contradictory at first, there is a strategy. Banning cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin ensures private transactions will not occur. Introducing the digital yuan, which is subject to surveillance, will allow China to “create a mechanism through which the government can access reams of digital data that may prove helpful to Beijing in the global race to develop artificial intelligence.”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;  To that end, “[u]nlike Bitcoin and other cyber currencies, all digital-yuan users will register with the [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[wikipedia:People's_Bank_of_China|People's Bank of China]]] under a system described by government officials as “controllable anonymity,’ which will give the government the ability to track illicit transactions and presumably the activities of citizens who attract the attention of security services.”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;

Other reasons for adopting the digital yuan include payment efficiency, increased state oversight and support of the yuan as a strategy tool. According to a 2021 report by the working group for the e-CNY, “the issuance of e-CNY will fully meet the public’s daily payment needs, further improve the efficiency of the retail payment system and reduce the cost of retail payment.”&lt;ref&gt;Working Group on E-CNY Research and Development of the People’s Bank of China, ''Progress of Research &amp; Development of E-CNY in China'' (July 2021), https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/8c1d1ea1-a8f7-402c-9f08-edf6863237bc/content&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Right to Bodily, Spiritual and Digital Identity''' ==
An individual’s identity is the essence of who they are and what they believe. In our digital age people have taken on digital identities. In many parts of the world people cannot get by without a digital identity. China is currently attempting to enroll its citizenry in a government issues digital identity. This identity will allow China to compile all enrollees’ personal information. On the other side of the identity coin, China has also sought to compile massive amount of biometric date such as DNA and facial recognition. These data collections have also been extended to individuals visiting China.

=== '''''Digital Identity''''' ===
In a world that has become intensely digital it makes sense that we humans would take on digital identities. These identities are demonstrated by social media, bank accounts, online use, and more. We use these identities to interact with other humans in the digital world. The Chinese government has introduced the National Online Identity Authentication Public Service. This is a “government-controlled digital identity system [which] will allow citizens to register by providing official government documents and then will shield their information from Internet services.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/.&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese authorities say “that the new measure intends to establish a trusted digital identity framework within the public service infrastructure.”&lt;ref&gt;Shane Yi &amp; Michael Caster, ''China: New Internet ID System a threat to online expression'', Article19 (Jun. 25, 2025), [https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/ https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/.]&lt;/ref&gt; However, “[t]he Chinese government has not provided details about how the system is constructed or the policies in place to protect the data from misuse… for digital-rights activists, the danger is clear.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/&lt;/ref&gt; The digital identity offered by China is proffered under the guise of ease of use. However, in exchange for this ease, Chinese citizens will need to give over intimate personal information to the government. While the program is optional for now it is possible necessary resources online could soon require one to obtain a government controlled digital identity.

=== '''''Biometric Data''''' ===
Despite the increasing importance of the digital identity and personal digital information, there is still information about ourselves that is intimate. Biometric data includes things like DNA, fingerprints, and even voice scans. In China “legislation and regulation are carefully crafted to give public security organs broad powers to harvest and use biometric data in conjunction with the performance of their law enforcement and national security duties.”&lt;ref&gt;Mercator Institute for China, ''China’s Handling of Biometric Data: Trends and Implications for Europe'' (Jun. 14, 2022), https://merics.org/en/events/chinas-handling-biometric-data-trends-and-implications-europe.&lt;/ref&gt; A main biometric tool used by the Chinese government is facial recognition which “is deployed to identify citizens for law enforcement purposes, such as performing identity verification at airports, train stations, or specific public areas, and for commercial purposes to enhance business operations’ efficiency.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Jianyu|last2=Stevenson|first2=Jennifer|date=2022|title=Assessing Legal Protection of Biometric Data in China: Gaps, Principles, and Policy Recommendations|url=https://commons.stmarytx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1776&amp;context=facarticles.|journal=St. Mary’s University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such collections are not limited to Chinese citizens however. China has begun requiring foreign nationals “to submit their fingerprints and undergo a facial scan at self-help kiosks at their port of entry to the People's Republic of China. These self-help kiosks will issue a receipt once your biometric data is received and that receipt must be given to the border inspector for verification as part of the entry process.”&lt;ref&gt;Duke Travel Registry, ''Announcements: China now requires collection of biometric data upon arrival'', https://duke-travel.terradotta.com/index.cfm?FuseAction=Announcements.Announcement&amp;Announcement_ID=3026&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China has recently combined blockchain technology with biometric data, “the new digital ID service stores cryptographic keys on-chain after a real-name verification process. According to reports, the system authenticates users’ legal name, facial recognition, and government ID before allowing users to create an infinite number of public-private key pairs to register on online platforms.”&lt;ref&gt;Wahid Pessarlay, ''China blockchain=based ID experiment aims to stop data leaks'', Coingeek (Dec. 29, 2023), https://coingeek.com/china-blockchain-based-id-experiment-aims-to-stop-data-leaks/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''AI-Powered Judges''''' ===
China has taken the concept of [[wikipedia:Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China|AI-generated personas]] to the next level with the creation of AI judges. Since 2019, millions of legal cases of been decided by these “smart courts” or “internet courts”. These courts make use of “non-human judges, powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and allows participants to register their cases online and resolve their matters via a digital court hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; These courts have decided cases on various topics such as “intellectual property, e-commerce, financial disputes related to online conduct, loans acquired or performed online, domain name issues, property and civil rights cases involving the Internet, product liability arising from online purchases and certain administrative disputes.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; The “judge” appears “by hologram and are artificial creations — there is no real judge present. The holographic judge looks like a real person but is a synthesized, 3D image of different judges, and sets schedules, asks litigants questions, takes evidence and issues dispositive rulings.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to efficiency, there are other motives at play behind these smart courts, party control. Interestingly, these “[s]mart courts allow the party to intervene in court decisions without upending the entire normative system by automatically detecting and filtering cases that require political intervention.”&lt;ref&gt;Dory Reiling &amp; Straton Papagianneas, ''Lessons from China’s Smart Court Reform'', International Journal for Court Administration (2015), https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.679.&lt;/ref&gt; Judges are still involved in the cases process but the use of AI allows them to process cases faster “the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court said each judge in the city had handled an average of 744 cases in 2025 – up by 249 cases from the previous year.”&lt;ref&gt;William Zheg, ''AI helped Shenzhen judges handle cases 50% faster. Is this the future for China?'', South China Morning Post (May 4, 2026), https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3352161/ai-helped-shenzhen-judges-handle-cases-50-faster-future-china. &lt;/ref&gt; However, &quot;all the final decisions and responsibilities belong to human judges, thereby strictly upholding legal, ethical and security boundaries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cao, Yin, ''Officials seek limited use of AI in judiciary'', China Daily (Apr. 24, 2025), https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202504/24/WS68098e46a3104d9fd382130e.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Right to Reject Information, Clothing &amp; Human Exhibitions''' ==
In China people are bombarded with propaganda in a daily basis. As such it is virtually impossible to be free from unwanted content. In fact, one may not even realize they are ingesting content they do not want. China has a systemic practice of planting stories in the news and on social media. Furthermore, the government requires Chinese schools to incorporate propaganda into their lessons from the youngest of ages. Also, alarming is China’s oppression of religious clothing. Chief among these is China’s ban on certain Muslim garb in the [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] Uighur Autonomous Region. As such, people are prohibited from outwardly expressing what is most essential to their identity, their faith.

=== '''''Unwanted Content''''' ===
Do individuals in China have the power to reject unwanted content? In reality the answer is no. The Chinese government controls all forms of media in China and there is no way to really block this onslaught of propaganda. Somedays up to 30 percent of a newspapers content will be planted by the state.&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; A recent study showed that “state-scripted propaganda on newsstands is a near-daily phenomenon in China, with some form of scripted propaganda in the news around 90 percent of days. And, on average, at least one front-page article in party newspapers is planted by the state.”&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; While one could choose not to pick up a newspaper in China, for many this is their main source of information and a necessity. Other forms of media are subject to the same with researchers identifying “over 18,000 central or local government accounts on Douyin, China’s version of TikTok, that produce 5 million videos per year.” Notably “[t]he largest share of these accounts belongs to the public security apparatus (34%), followed by state media (24%) and propaganda organs (12%) at the county, city, provincial, or central level.”

In addition to media, the Chinese government requires schools to teach its chosen ideology. Namely, “[[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]]-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping Thought]] on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Section 1, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt; China recently introduced the Patriotic Education Law&lt;ref&gt;Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm.&lt;/ref&gt; which “mandates that love of the country and the ruling Chinese Communist Party be incorporated into work and study for everyone – from the youngest children to workers and professionals across all sectors.”&lt;ref&gt;Chris Lau &amp; Simone McCarthy, ''China feels the country isn’t patriotic enough. A new law aims to change'' that, CNN (Jan. 6, 2024), https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/06/china/china-patriotic-education-law-intl-hnk#:~:text=2%2C%202009.&amp;text=The%20new%20law%20also%20orders,subject%20to%20punishments%2C%20she%20said.&lt;/ref&gt; Article 15 states that “[s]chools at all levels and of all types shall provide coherent patriotic education throughout their curriculum, provide high-quality theoretical and political lessons, and integrate patriotic education into various subjects and textbooks.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 15, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, 2023, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Xuexi Qiangguo]] seeks to blend both media and education. [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Xuexi Qiangguo]] is an app run by the Chinese Communist Party that citizens are encouraged to download.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Liang|first=Fan|last2=et al.|date=2021|title=The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416|journal=University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt; This app allows “users to see state media news reports, video chat with their friends, make a personal schedule and send ‘red envelopes’ of money to friends. The app comes with a Snapchat-like messaging function where messages disappear after being read.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; However,, the most important feature of the app is that it allows people to study Xi Jinping’s thought while taking quizzes and earning points. The app appears to hold political significance for the government because “[a] university in Zhejiang called on all party groups to use the app in order to form a ‘stronghold’ for [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping thought]].&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, some are reporting that “their employers are requiring them to score a certain number of points.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the app’s more lighthearted features, it’s “control models prioritize ideological content and get users to read specific information. This means that the Chinese state could transform the platform into a centralized communication model for manipulating information circulation and directing user behavior.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt; A study shows that the app tracks President Xi’s political goals and helps promote them. For example, “the study channel recommended an online course about blockchain on October 25, 2019, since Xi Jinping announced the support for blockchain technology on October 24, 2019.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Religious Clothing in China''''' ===
[[File:China Xinjiang Northern location map.svg|thumb|Xinjiang region, northwestern China]]
In China, certain religious garb is subject to scrutiny. China has introduced “counterterrorism” laws that seek to “ban wearing long beards, full face coverings, and religious dress.”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; These laws also ban “wearing clothes associated with ‘religious extremism.’ These regulations do not define ‘abnormal’ or ‘religious extremism.’”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; The ban of Muslim women’s head garb has been particular prominence with “regional authorities outlaw[ing] [[wikipedia:Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country|Islamic veils]] from all public spaces in the regional capital of China’s [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR)… [the ban] empowers Chinese police to punish violators and dole out fines of up to… $800 for those who fail to enforce the prohibition.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Communist Party has sought to promote alternatives to these veils such as hats and braided hair. As part of this campaign, “XUAR officials launched ‘[[wikipedia:Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China|Project Beauty]]’ in 2011: a five-year, $8 million dollar campaign aimed at developing [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang’s]] fashion and cosmetics industries while encouraging Muslim women to ‘look towards ‘modern’ culture’ by removing their veils.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''References''' ===
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[[Category:Communication|Law in China]]
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      <text bytes="96161" sha1="bx4fbce6ue1fxl0jwj8d2bu139eh6tu" xml:space="preserve">== '''Communications Law in China''' ==
[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|thumb|Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
Communications law in China is subject to a complex regulatory scheme. While the Constitution of China promises freedom of speech, the Chinese Communist Party enforces strict censorship, utilizes prior restraint, and attempts to block important ideas and concepts from the minds of the Chinese people. Chinese communications law impacts everything from radio to religious dress and even digital assets. The Chinese regulatory scheme faces the complex challenge of keeping up with cutting edge methods of communication while ensuring dominance of the Chinese Communist Party.

== '''Sources of Communications Law in China''' ==
China’s Constitution guarantees freedom of speech but it’s communication laws tell a different story. China has a sophisticated regulatory framework in place to govern communications in China. These regulatory bodies, in combination with wide reaching laws, have resulted in a nation whose communications are subject to review and approval by the single party in power.

=== '''''Constitution of the People’s Republic of China''''' ===
[[File:Mao Zedong Statue- &quot;Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought&quot; 01.jpg|thumb|'''Mao Zedong Statue. Mao's philosophy still guides the party to this day and is mentioned in the Constitution.''']]

The key place to begin when approaching a country's approach to any form of law is their Constitution. The [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_China|Chinese “[c]onstitution]] recognizes [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]] as the country’s leading ideology and the Communist Party the leading party.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Catá Backer|first=Larry|date=2012|title=Party, People, Government, and State: On Constitutional Values and the Legitimacy of the Chinese State-Party Rule of Law System|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1977551|journal=Boston University International Law Journal|volume=Vol. 30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, “[t]he preamble deserves particular attention because China’s leadership has consistently placed great weight upon the ideological and expressive functions of the constitution and has used the preamble to identify and highlight its core commitments.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Albert|date=February 1, 2021|title=Constitutions, Constitutionalism and the Case of Modern China|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3027562 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3027562|journal=SSRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; The preamble lays out broad goals for the People’s Republic of China, it states that the Chinese people “will continue, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]]-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory… to… improve socialist rule of law… and promote coordinated material, political, cultural-ethical, social and ecological advancement, in order to build China into a great modern socialist country.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, Preamble (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; This broad phrasing gives the party significant latitude. Furthermore, the Constitution has three key articles that address the issue of communications law. First, Article 35 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of speech, the press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 35 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Second, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Third, Article 40 addresses correspondence:&lt;blockquote&gt;Freedom and confidentiality of correspondence of citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by law. Except in cases necessary for national security or criminal investigation, when public security organs or procuratorial organs shall examine correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, no organization or individual shall infringe on a citizen’s freedom and confidentiality of correspondence for any reason.&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 40 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|thumb|'''Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR''']]
At least on paper, these articles are share some similarities to Articles 18, 19, and 20 of the UN [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].&lt;ref&gt;G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948), https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt; However, at the United Nations Human Rights Convention, “China is increasingly vocal in defending its statist position and interpretation of human rights norms.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Initiative for U.S.-China Dialogue on Global Issues|date=Feb. 28, 2024|title=China and the UN Human Rights Regime|url=https://uschinadialogue.georgetown.edu/events/china-and-the-un-human-rights-regime|journal=Georgetown University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, the Constitution is missing several provisions such as freedom of thought, freedom of conscience, and “freedom to receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers” which are seen in the [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration]].&lt;ref&gt;UDHR art. 19, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''National Regulatory Bodies''''' ===
[[File:汉口中共中央宣传部旧址.jpg|thumb|Former Site of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party in Hankou]]
The regulatory scheme in China is complicated and grows out of a post-Mao era which “reconstituted the sinews of governance and especially sought to strengthen the government’s regulatory capacity while reducing the government’s direct intervention in state firms. In area after area, they have invoked ‘chaos’ or ‘turmoil’ to justify the need to strengthen or assert control.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Central Propaganda Department sets the ideology for Chinese communications regulatory bodies. It is “responsible for monitoring content to ensure that China's publishers, in particular its news publishers, do not print anything that is inconsistent with the Communist Party's political dogma.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; It accomplishes this by screening any writings that touch on politically sensitive issues, informing publishers what they can, and cannot, publish as well as what ideological viewpoint should be taken, and requiring editors and publishers to attend indoctrination sessions in order to ensure they publish from the desired viewpoint.&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|Cyberspace Administration of China]] (CAC) reports to the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission which “[[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping|Xi Jinping]], General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, personally serve[s] as the group leader.”&lt;ref&gt;Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, ''The Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization was established: From a major cyber power to a leading cyber power.'', China Cyberspace Administration (Feb. 28, 2014), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2014-02/28/c_126397488.htm&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] “is China’s top authority on internet governance, overseeing data privacy, cybersecurity, and platform regulation. It is the primary regulator behind major laws such as the Cybersecurity Law (CSL), Data Security Law (DSL), and Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roper|first=Gabrielle|date=Jun. 2, 2025|title=What is the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC)?|url=https://www.chinafy.com/blog/what-is-the-cyberspace-administration-of-china-cac#:~:text=TL;DR:%20The%20Cyberspace%20Administration,fall%20short%20of%20legal%20requirements|journal=Chinafy}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] can issue “departmental rules, which are issued by State Council administrative agencies and are legally binding under China’s Legislation Law.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Horsley|first=Jamie P.|date=Aug. 8, 2022|title=Behind the Facade of China’s Cyber Super-Regulator|url=https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/behind-the-facade-of-chinas-cyber-super-regulator/|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; A counterpart of the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] is the [[wikipedia:National_Radio_and_Television_Administration|National Radio and Television Administration]] (NRTA). The NRTA’s “main task is to censor the radio, film, and television industries.”&lt;ref&gt;''NRTA Chief Emphasize Loyalty to the Party'', Chinascope, https://chinascope.org/archives/19225&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the NRTA banned “nine types of banned content, including content that ‘endangers security,’ ‘slanders Chinese culture,’ or does not help youth ‘establish the correct world view.’”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MIIT Wanshoulu Office (20210512174810).jpg|thumb|'''MIIT Wanshoulu Office. The MIIT plays a critical role in regulating Chinese communications law.''']]
The [[wikipedia:Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology|Ministry of Industry and Information Technology]] (MIIT)&lt;ref&gt;''Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) (工业和信息化部)'', Thomson Reuters (Glossary), https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-552-9335?transitionType=Default&amp;contextData=(sc.Default)&amp;firstPage=true&lt;/ref&gt; is charged with “regulating and managing China's telecommunications and software sectors, as well as the electronics and information technology manufacturing industries.” The MIIT “enforces regulations aligned with the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC’s]] central tenets” The MIIT focuses on the providers and carriers themselves and enforces “cyber and data security rules against providers in the telecommunications and internet sector.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ke|first=Xu|last2=Liu|first2=Vicky|last3=Luo|first3=Yan|last4=Yu|first4=Zhijing|date=Aug. 31, 2021|title=China's key enforcement agencies and lessons learned from recent actions|url=https://iapp.org/news/a/chinas-key-enforcement-agencies-and-lessons-learned-from-recent-actions|journal=iapp}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in December of 2021 MIIT found that over one hundred apps were in violation of China’s Personal Information Protection Law and Data Security Law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Teon|first=Aris|date=Dec. 9, 2021|title=China’s Government Orders Removal of Douban and 105 Other Apps From App Stores|url=https://china-journal.org/2021/12/09/china-government-orders-removal-of-douban-and-105-other-apps-from-app-stores/#:~:text=China's%20Government%20Orders%20Removal%20of,comply%20with%20the%20government's%20directives|journal=China-Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, they were removed from app stores.

=== '''''Key Communications Laws''''' ===
The Cybersecurity Law&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; is overseen by the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] and seeks to “promote the healthy development of the informatization of the economy and society.” Article 6 of the Cybersecurity Law states that a goal of the law is to advocate for “sincere, honest, healthy and civilized online conduct; it promotes the dissemination of core socialist values, adopts measures to raise the entire society’s awareness and level of cybersecurity, and formulates a good environment for the entire society to jointly participate in advancing cybersecurity.”&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015 the Cybersecurity Law “introduced fines and detentions of up to 15 days for telecommunications firms and internet service providers (ISP), as well as relevant personnel, who fail to restrict certain forms of content”.&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] also handles the implementation of the Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem. Article 5 states “A network information content producer shall be encouraged to produce, copy and publish information containing the following: Publicizing the [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping Thought]] on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era…”&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, China is part of a many international agreements pertaining to communications law. China is a member of the UN and a signatory to both the [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|ICCPR]] and the [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights|ICESCR]].&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, in 2005 China signed the [[wikipedia:Electronic_Communications_Convention|United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts]].&lt;ref&gt;''U.N. Treaty Bodies and China'', Human Rights in China, https://www.hrichina.org/en/un-treaty-bodies-and-china&lt;/ref&gt; The purpose of this agreement is “facilitating the use of electronic communications in international trade by assuring that contracts concluded and other communications exchanged electronically are as valid and enforceable as their traditional paper-based equivalents.”&lt;ref&gt;''United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts'', Preamble, Jun. 7, 2006, https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/conventions/electronic_communications/status&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China signed the [[wikipedia:Universal_Copyright_Convention|Universal Copyright Convention]] in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;''Universal Copyright Convention, with Appendix Declaration relating to Article XVII and Resolution concerning Article XI'', Sep. 16, 1955, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “undertakes to provide for the adequate and effective, protection of the rights of authors and other copyright proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, engravings and sculpture.”&lt;ref&gt;Universal Copyright Convention, Article 1, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Law and the Media in China''' ==
There are some that believe there are three aims of communication: truth, beauty, and dialogue. These aims are furthered by the elements of communications law. There are three such elements that are most relevant to China. First, the means of transmission. Second, the sender and receiver. Third, the message. These are most relevant to China because the government seeks to control all three. As a result, the three aims of communications: truth, beauty, and dialogue are threatened daily. Truth, because certain historical events and facts are banned. Beauty, because words are good, they allow us to think and develop our thoughts which is a beautiful thing for the human person. Finally, dialogue, because a person cannot say what they wish without fear of retaliation.

=== '''''The Means of Transmission''''' ===
The means of transmission of the message may include its code, channel, mode, and nature. However, “[a] major constraint on regulatory state building is the political environment in which Chinese regulators have had to operate. The Administration of Press, Publications, Radio, Film, and TV, for example, operate at the behest of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organs, especially the CCP Central Committee Propaganda Department.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; In China television is regulated by the [[wikipedia:National_Radio_and_Television_Administration|National Radio and Television Administration]]. Regarding the nature of the communications, “[t]he Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party sends a detailed notice to all media every day that includes editorial guidelines and censored topics.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the “[s]tate-run Chinese Central TV (CCTV) is China's largest media company.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; The government released a statement summing up the CCTV’s main tasks.&lt;blockquote&gt;[The CCTV's] principal responsibilities will be to propagate the theories, political line and policies of the Party; to plan and manage major propaganda reports; to organize the production of radio and television; to produce and broadcast premium radio and television products; to channel hot social topics; to strengthen and improve supervision by public opinion, to promote the integrated development of multimedia; to strengthen the building of international broadcasting capacity; to tell China’s story well.&lt;ref&gt;safeguardDefenders'', Ownership and control of Chinese media'' (Jun. 14, 2021), https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/ownership-and-control-chinese-media&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, “[a]ll of China's 2,600-plus radio stations are state-owned”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; as well as “around 1,900 newspapers. Each city has its own title, usually published by the local government, as well as a local Communist Party daily.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the means and nature of the communications are subject to the government’s control.
[[File:Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism.png|thumb|'''Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism''']]
Internet censoring in China has been dubbed “the great firewall.” The [[wikipedia:Golden_Shield_Project|Golden Shield Project’s]] aim is “to monitor and censor what can and cannot be seen through an online network in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Conrad|last2=et al.|date=2011|title=Free Speech vs Maintaining Social Cohesion A Closer Look at Different Policies|url=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/FreeExpressionVsSocialCohesion/china_policy.html|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popular sites such as “Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Instagram are all blocked in the mainland.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chandel|first=Sonali|last2=et al.|date=2019|title=The Golden Shield Project of China: A Decade Later An in-depth study of the Great Firewall|url=https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~yunnanyu/files/papers/Golden.pdf|journal=College of Engineering and Computing Sciences, New York Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, China has blocked the use of Starlink. In 2025 China penalized a foreign vessel after an inspection revealed the vessel employing Starlink had “continued transmitting data after entering Chinese territorial waters, in violation of national telecommunications and radio regulations.”&lt;ref&gt;The Editorial Team, ''China imposes penalty to vessel using Starlink in its waters'', Saftery4Sea (Dec. 23, 2025), https://safety4sea.com/china-imposes-penalty-to-vessel-using-starlink-in-its-waters/&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, “[t]he long-standing blocks on international communications platforms have helped to enable the exponential growth of local services such as Tencent’s WeChat and Sina Weibo, which are subject to the government’s strict censorship demands.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; The regulatory agencies discussed above play a crucial role in maintaining the “great firewall”. For example, in 2017 MIIT banned the use of unlicensed [[wikipedia:Virtual_private_network|VPNs]].&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in 2020 the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]]  “suspended 281 websites, and shut down 2,686 websites and 31,000 accounts” as well as 179,000 social media accounts.&lt;ref&gt;Cyberspace Administration of China, ''The national cybersecurity administrative law enforcement work was carried out solidly in the second quarter'' (Jul. 18, 2020), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2020-07/21/c_1596879319813780.html; ''see also'' Qiao Long; Editor: Hu Lihan; Web Editor: Rui Zhe, ''China shut down more than 2,000 websites in the second quarter, triggering another large-scale internet crackdown'', rfa (Jul. 24, 2020), https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/meiti/ql1-07242020062431.html&lt;/ref&gt;  Finally, “[i]n February 2021, authorities blocked the newly emerged mobile audio app Clubhouse, after thousands of users in China had flocked to the app to discuss detention camps in Xinjiang.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''The Sender and Receiver''''' ===
There are two key principles in this element of communications, namely, the centrality of the person and freedom. The principle of the centrality of the person holds that communications are for the human person, this is why human rights are so integral to communication law. In China, communications are for the government, or the centrality of the party. For example, “[t]housands of cyber-police watch the web and material deemed politically and socially sensitive is filtered. Blocked resources include Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and human rights sites.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; As opposed to fostering a government that supports the human person’s ability to attain truth and enter into dialogue, the government jealously protects access to information. This is seen in China’s restrictions on internet cafés where individuals may access the web. Startlingly, “between June and September 2002, the government shutdown 150,000 unlicensed Internet cafes. [today], police routinely ‘[raid]’ internet cafes to see whether there is any ‘illegal’ activity going on.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Haiping|first=Zheng|date=Jan. 4, 2013|title=Regulating the Internet: China’s Law and Practice|url=https://content.scirp.org/pdf/blr_2013032615421340.pdf|journal=School of Law, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter point is connected to the second key principle, freedom.
[[File:Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China 1310759.jpg|thumb|Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China]]
The principle of freedom in any communication holds that you are free to express your opinion and those who hear it will tolerate it. This principle has not found a permanent home in China historically. In 1898, following the Hundred Days Reform, “the dynasty imposed a general prohibition of privately published newspaper” for “spreading rumours and confusing the people’s thoughts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=DeLisle|first=Jacques|last2=et al.|date=Jan. 16, 2014|title=The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2379959|journal=University of Pennsylvania}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1927, the Guomindang built “a system of censorship boards and licensing obligations for films, radio, publications and newspapers.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; Starting in 1980, [[wikipedia:Deng_Xiaoping|Deng Xiaoping]], former Chairman of the Central Military Commission, further restricting freedom of communication. From then on, “political debate would be an intra-Party matter only, and official media were to be the mouthpiece of the Party.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; This time saw a growing administrative state taking control of the communications field by “laying the basis for the current regulatory structure by creating an administrative department to govern the print sector, and by centralizing licensing procedures.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; The introduction of the internet saw “central and local governments [establish] special Internet information management departments.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''The Message''''' ===
Within this element there is the key principle of objectivity and context. This principle holds that journalists, and other professions, ought to give the proper context when communicating and do so in as objective a manner as possible. In China, if a journalist wishes to obtain to renew their press cards they “must download the [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Study Xi]], Strengthen the Country propaganda application that can collect their personal data.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, journalists and everyday citizens alike are restricted in how they can communicate their messages because certain words are banned. For example, no one cannot search for “dictatorship,” “Great Firewall of China,” or “Go, Hong Kong.”&lt;ref&gt;Leigh Hartman, ''In China, you can’t say these words'', ShareAmerica (Jun. 3, 2020), https://archive-share.america.gov/america.gov/in-china-you-cant-say-these-words/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; China’s approach to [[wikipedia:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|Tiananmen Square Massacre]] is an example of the principle of objectivity and context. After the Chinese military killed possible thousands during a protest in 1989 the government has tried to “erase what it calls the ‘political turmoil’ of 1989 from the collective memory. It bans any public commemoration or mention of the June 4 crackdown, scrubbing references from the internet.”&lt;ref&gt;Ken Moritsugu, ''Tiananmen Square anniversary shows China's ability to suppress history'', PBS News (Jun. 4, 2025), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/tiananmen-square-anniversary-shows-chinas-ability-to-suppress-history#:~:text=Security%20was%20tight%20Wednesday%20around,gatherings%20can%20still%20take%20place&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, China was the top jailer of journalists in the world, holding 14% of the world’s journalists in their jails.&lt;ref&gt;Arlene Getx, ''In record year, China, Israel, and Myanmar are world’s leading jailers of journalists'', Committee to Protect Journalists (Jan. 16, 2025), https://cpj.org/special-reports/in-record-year-china-israel-and-myanmar-are-worlds-leading-jailers-of-journalists/&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Censorship &amp; Violent Content''' ==
[[File:Hong Kong Protests P1240680 Umbrella revolution - protest in Nathan road, Hong Kong (15375576579).jpg|thumb|'''Hong Kong protests against the national security law.''']]China practices rigorous censorship in various forms of speech. A foundational principle of freedom of speech is that of no prior restraint which allows speech to enter the marketplace, and its issuer must deal with the consequences after the fact. This principle is not welcome in China. Related to this principal China’s justification for much of their prior restraint, national security. Most clearly demonstrated in the [[wikipedia:2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law|Hong Kong National Security Law]], China has enforced expansive prior restraints on speech and jailed those who have attempted to speak out.

=== '''''No Prior Restraint''''' ===
The principle of no [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraint]] says that speech cannot be stopped before it takes place. Rather, one may say what they wish but may have to deal with the consequences after. This principle is well known in the West.&lt;blockquote&gt;The liberty of the press is indeed essential to the nature of a free state: but this consists in laying no prior restraints upon publications, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published. Every freeman has an undoubted right to lay what sentiments he pleases before the public: to forbid this, is to destroy the freedom of the press: but if he publishes what is improper, mischievous, or illegal, he must take the consequence of his own temerity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zeigler|first=Sara L.|last2=Vile|first2=John R.|date=Jan. 1, 2009|title=William Blackstone|url=https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/william-blackstone/|journal=Free Speech Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This principle ensures that ideas are free to enter the marketplace in nations that have chosen to adopt this concept, like the United States. However, China has not adopted this principle. Rather, China is diametrically opposed to the principle of no prior restraint. The Chinese government requires people to “ask the government's permission before they are allowed to publish.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “[t]he Communist Party has the right and the ability to screen works prior to publication, and stop publication of those works it finds objectionable.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; One of the main methods of enforcing [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraints]] in China is their licensing scheme…” where “the government requires individuals to obtain a license, permit, or other authorization in order to legally engage in publishing.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Such requirements ensure that the government approves of any speech before it can enter the marketplace.

A notable piece of Chinese legislation is the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing.&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Regulations states that “publishing businesses shall adhere to the path of serving the people and serving socialism, adhere to the guidance of [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]], Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, and promulgate and accumulate scientific technology and cultural knowledge that is advantageous to economic development and social progress.”&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires that anything published in China aligns with their preferred thought. This is exactly what the marketplace of ideas sought to prevent. A healthy competition of ideas is best for humanity, not a forced set of ideas. A breach of the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing has grave consequences. In 2019 “[a] Chinese court slapped a dozen of people with varying jail terms for illegally publishing books related to the Communist Party of China.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt; The Intermediate People's Court of Yueyang in Hunan province stated that “[t]he accused were convicted of violating state regulations by illegally reprinting and selling huge volumes of publications, which seriously endangered the social order and disrupted the legitimate publishing market.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important piece of legislation is the eloquently named Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications.&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Measures says that “[t]he scope of the important topics… shall be adjusted and promulgated by the General Administration of Press and Publication.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Such important topics include “works and literature concerning any former or current leaders of the party ” ,&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; “topics which deal with maps of China's borders,”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; and even “topics which deal with any significant historical matters or important historical figures in the history of the Chinese Communist Party.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires government approval prior to publishing on important topics. While the complete list of important topics is much longer these three are notable because they are meant to shape the way, one understands Chinese history and China’s place in the world. This dystopian law enforces not only a specific world view, like the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing, but also a specific understanding of China’s history and how they arrived at their present communist government. Thus, these measures bolster the Chinese Communist Party’s control over all speech in China.

=== '''''National Security''''' ===
The Chinese Party often censors speech under the pretense of protecting national security. An example occurred recently in Hong Kong. In 2020 China introduced the [[wikipedia:2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law|National Security Law]] (“NSL”) to Hong Kong. The NSL “criminalises anything considered as secession, which is breaking away from China; subversion, which is undermining the power or authority of the central government; terrorism, which is using violence or intimidation against people; and collusion with foreign or external forces.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; This Law has resulted in “[n]umerous pro-democracy news outlets in Hong Kong [being] shut down, including Lai's Apple Daily, which was known to be critical of the mainland Chinese leadership.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in 2021 “Hong Kong's national security police raided the offices of ''Stand News'' for suspected breaches of the NSL and separately arrested six senior staff members and one former senior staff member for conspiracy to publish seditious publications.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Barrios|first=Ricardo|date=Nov. 15, 2023|title=Hong Kong Under the National Security Law|url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47844|journal=Congress.Gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NSL has also impacted other forms of speech as shut down of the Tiananmen vigil in 2002 when “authorities announced they were closing Victoria Park—the traditional site of the Tiananmen vigil—citing ‘Police's observation that some people are using different channels to incite the participation of unauthorised assemblies’ and these assemblies' potential to affect ‘public safety and public order.’”&lt;ref&gt;Barrios,&amp;#x20;Ricardo&amp;#x20;(Nov. 15, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;Hong Kong Under the National Security Law&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Congress.Gov''.&lt;/ref&gt; These alarming instances demonstrates China’s use of overbroad justifications, such as national security, to exert control over China and its special administrative regions. Finally, China’s desire for a tighter grip on information does not stop at its borders. In 2015 China signed the [[wikipedia:History_of_Sino-Russian_relations|Sino-Russian]] Cybersecurity Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “has two key features: mutual assurance on non-aggression in cyberspace and language advocating cyber-sovereignty.”&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Truth, Honor, &amp; Tolerance''' ==
Chinese censorship has ensured that there is only one product to be bought and sold in the marketplace of ideas, the Chinese Communist Party’s. This booth peddles China’s view of history, as seen in their memory laws, and their chosen religions. China’s failure to encourage a marketplace of ideas has not only impacted freedom of expression in China but also hindered their economic and scientific growth. This limited marketplace extends to how certain historical events are seen. Finally, it is notable that China does allow the practice of religion in their Constitution, and to an extent in practice. However, examples such as the Chinese oppression of Muslims and requiring the Vatican to agree to bishop appointments demonstrates the fact that the Chinese Communist Party is firmly in control of this marketplace.

=== '''''The Marketplace of Ideas''''' ===
The marketplace of ideas is a western concept that has been adopted in the United States. The concept of the marketplace of ideas says that “[t]he best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market.” This concept is seen in robust public discourse, protests, debate, etc. These all further the belief that government should foster a lively discourse that allows everyone to choose which ideas they believe are best. This concept has not been adopted by China. Rather, “while China has increased economic freedom, it has protected the Party’s iron grip on power and suppressed freedom of expression — there is no free market for ideas. Without such a market, the Chinese people are subservient to the state and their range of choices limited.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dorn|first=James A.|date=Feb. 4, 2017|title=China Needs a Free Market for Ideas|url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/china-needs-free-market-ideas#:~:text=The%20lack%20of%20a%20free,of%20the%20Chinese%20Communist%20Party|journal=CATO Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese censorship is pervasive and leaves no stall at the marketplace of ideas uncaptured. For example, “significant amendments were made to both the [Constitution], further consolidating the dominant leadership of the CCP. While these changes were not explicitly centered on censorship, this strengthened power structure indirectly set the stage for a reshaped censorship framework, presenting an illiberal substance under a facade of legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Ge|date=2025-26|title=How China Curbs Free Speech Beyond Its Borders: Legal Strategies of Transnational Censorship|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4621776|journal=J. Int'l Media &amp; Ent. L., 11(1), 1-41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While the lack of a robust coemption of ideas certainly treads on individual rights, some also argue that it also limits China’s potential, “[b]ecause the freedom to supply ideas, choose ideas, and criticize ideas is severely limited, the creativity of the Chinese people is underutilized and their innovative potential undertapped.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Ning|date=Winter 2017|title=China’s Future and the Determining Role of the Market for Ideas|journal=CATO Journal (Vol. 37, No. 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “without the freedom to think, speak, and innovate openly, China’s economic growth could stagnate” and as a result “lead to a lack of critical thinking and creativity, which are vital for addressing complex challenges and advancing technological and social innovation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zou|first=Heng-Fu|date=April 2021|title=A Free Market For Ideas In China|url=https://down.aefweb.net/WorkingPapers/w664.pdf|journal=The World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; China’s suppression of the market place of ideas not only violates individual rights but is likely harming both the Chinese economy and even society itself.

=== '''''Memory Laws''''' ===
For China “[t]here is only one correct interpretation of the national past, and it is the party-state – and the party-state alone – that promulgates and polices it.”&lt;ref&gt;Chang,&amp;#x20;Vincent K.L.&amp;#x20;(May 2, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Verfassungsblog''.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, after an incident where Chinese youths cosplayed as Japanese Imperial soldiers and took phots at a war monument in Shanghai, China passed the [[wikipedia:Law_on_the_Protection_of_Heroes_and_Martyrs|Heroes and Martyrs Protection Law]].&lt;ref&gt;Guang Yang, ''China’s National Memory Laws and the War on Storytelling'', Australian Institute of International Affairs (May 3, 2023), https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/chinas-national-memory-laws-and-the-war-on-storytelling/. ''See also'' Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, 中华人民共和国英雄烈士保护法, (adopted Apr. 27, 2018, effective May 1, 2018), https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/peoples-republic-of-china-law-on-protection-of-heroes-and-martyrs/.&lt;/ref&gt; This law “calls on citizens to ‘respect, study, and defend’ national heroes and criminalises their defamation.”&lt;ref&gt;Vincent K.L. Chang, ''China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory'', Verfassungsblog (May 2, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/chinas-memory-laws/&lt;/ref&gt; China’s use of memory laws, or selective history, has resulted in the erasure of historical events that are not flattering or supportive of the Chinese Communist Party. For example, in 2012 a professor teaching in Hong Kong “asked his class of more than forty students from China, all of whom were born in the 1980s, ‘Have any of you heard of June Fourth, Liu Binyan, or Fang Lizhi?’ However, the students simply gazed at one another in silence.”&lt;ref&gt;Yan Lianke, ''China’s National Amnesia'', The Dial (Apr. 23, 2024), https://www.thedial.world/articles/news/issue-15/china-national-strategy-forgetting&lt;/ref&gt; As discussed, nowhere is this amnesia seen better than in the case of Tiananmen Square.

An example of such memory laws in action was seen in 2016 where a group of individuals who promoted liquor bottles that had labels commemorating June 4, 1989, the date of the [[wikipedia:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|Tiananmen Square Massacre]].&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; One man was “criminally detained on suspicion of ‘inciting subversion of state power’ while [another] was detained on suspicion of ‘picking quarrels and provoking trouble.’”&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, one of the men received a three and a half year sentence by a court in southwestern China.&lt;ref&gt;Radio Free Asia, ''Court in China's Sichuan Jails Fourth Man Over Tiananmen Massacre Liquor'' (Apr. 4, 2019), https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/liquor-04042019105951.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Tolerance as Applied to Religion''''' ===
[[File:Cardinal Joseph Zen (2019).jpg|thumb|'''Cardinal Joseph Zen, former bishop of Hong Kong and arrested by the CCP.''']]
The Chinese Constitution explicitly allows for freedom of religion, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Embassy in South Africa published a paper on religious freedom stating “[r]eligious disputes are unknown in China. Religious believers and non-believers respect each other, are united and have a harmonious relationship.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; However, while China allows for the practice of religion, the Chinese Communist Party has worked to force religion to align with its worldview. As a result, “China is pursuing a policy of ‘[[wikipedia:Sinicization|Sinicization]]’ that requires religious groups to align their doctrines, customs and morality with Chinese culture.”&lt;ref&gt;Pew Research Center, 10 things to know about China’s policies on religion (Oct. 23, 2023),

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/23/10-things-to-know-about-chinas-policies-on-religion/&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 the Vatican agreed to a deal with the Chinese Communist Party regarding the appointment of bishops. Following this “[[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Joseph Zen]]… said it would legitimise the Communist Party’s control over Chinese Catholics, and be like ‘giving the flock into the mouths of the wolves.’”&lt;ref&gt;Economist, ''China wants to “sinicise” its Catholics'' (Nov. 22, 2022), https://www.economist.com/china/2022/11/22/china-wants-to-sinicise-its-catholics&lt;/ref&gt; China’s concern with religions such as Islam and Christianity is not that they are new to China, they are not. Rather, “Muslims are part of Islam’s global ''[[wikipedia:Ummah|umma]]'' (Arabic for ‘community’) of believers” and “Christians, meanwhile, are thought to have strong overseas ties either to the Vatican, for Catholics, or to overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia and the West, for Protestants in particular.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=May 14, 2024|title=China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All|url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/china-reversing-its-crackdown-some-religions-not-all|journal=Council on Foreign Relations}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, China sees these religions as non-Chinese. Other religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religions the states are viewed as “so-called indigenous faiths.”&lt;ref&gt;Johnson,&amp;#x20;Ian&amp;#x20;(May 14, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Council on Foreign Relations''.&lt;/ref&gt; A key law impacting religious tolerance is the Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups.&lt;ref&gt;Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 5 of the measures states that “[r]eligious groups must follow the leadership of the Communist Party of China… persist in the direction of sinification of religion[, and] practice the Core Socialist Values.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 5, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, under Article 6, “[r]eligious groups shall accept the supervision, oversight, and administration of people's governments religious affairs departments.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 17, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 17 states that “[r]eligious groups shall publicize the Communist Party of] China's directives and policies.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, “[t]he legal protection of citizens' right to the freedom of religious belief in China is basically in accordance with the main contents of the concerned international documents and conventions in this respect.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Embassy goes on to list the following international agreements: the United Nations Charter, the [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convenient on Civil and Political Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, and the Vienna Declaration and Action Program.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Cultural and Religious Expressions''' ==
In China there are many festivals and cultural events, with the [[wikipedia:Chinese_New_Year|Chinese New Year]] being the most famous and one of the oldest. This holiday is lauded as important for many reasons, but it is allowed because it promotes Chinese identity. Some religions, and religious symbols, do not receive an equally welcoming invite from the Chinese Communist Party. While religious worship is allowed theoretically, China has cracked down on the Church in China and on religious symbols.

=== '''''Festivals, The Chinese New Year or Spring Festival''''' ===
Feasts and festivals are thousands of years old. Key aspects of festivals include bringing people together, feasting over food, a reason to celebrate, and the symbolization of the shared joy. China has a long history of festivals. Perhaps the largest and most important is the [[wikipedia:Chinese_New_Year|Chinese New Year]]. The Chinese New Year is thousands of years old. It likely “originated in the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC), when people held sacrificial ceremonies in honor of gods and ancestors at the beginning or the end of each year.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Timothy S.Y.|title=History of Chinese New Year|url=https://lammuseum.wfu.edu/education/teachers/chinese-new-year/history-of-chinese-new-year/|journal=Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology}}&lt;/ref&gt; This festival has become an integral part of the Chinese nation. However, Chinese Americans, and those around the world, can also be seen celebrating this festival. As a result, this festival is intimately intertwined with the Chinese identity.
[[File:Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore, 20240122 0852 2963.jpg|thumb|Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore]]
[[File:The Lucky Red Envelopes or Packets in Lunar New Year.jpg|thumb|Red Envelopes]]
There are many traditions that play critical roles in the Chinese New Year festival season. The legend of the Chinese New Year began with a mythical beast called that would eat crops and people. Legend states “a wise old man figured out that [[wikipedia:Nian|Nian]] was scared of loud noises (firecrackers) and the color red. So, people put red lanterns and red scrolls on their windows and doors to stop Nian from coming inside. Crackling bamboo (later replaced by firecrackers) was lit to scare [[wikipedia:Nian|Nian]] away.”&lt;ref&gt;Lam,&amp;#x20;Timothy S.Y..&amp;#x20;&quot;History of Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology''.&lt;/ref&gt; The famous tradition of exchanging red envelopes began with the mythical beast Sui, who would scare children while they slept. As a result, “[e]lders began to give out red envelopes of coins to children for them to play with and keep them awake throughout the night.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Kaysey A.|date=Jan. 27, 2022|title=A Brief History of the Chinese New Year|url=https://worldtreasures.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-chinese-new-year|journal=World Treasures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “round dumplings shaped like the full moon are shared as a symbol of the family unit and perfection.”&lt;ref&gt;Richardson,&amp;#x20;Kaysey A.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 27, 2022).&amp;#x20;&quot;A Brief History of the Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''World Treasures''.&lt;/ref&gt; These traditions give the Chinese people tangible things to pass down to future generations. It is incredible to see how consistent these traditions have been, indicating how important they are to the Chinese people’s cultural expression.

A critical law in the area of cultural and religious expression in China is the Law of the People's Republic of China on [[wikipedia:Intangible_cultural_heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Under Article 1 of the Law, it’s stated purpose is  that “of inheriting and promoting the distinguished traditional culture of the Chinese nation, promoting the building of the socialist spiritual civilization and strengthening the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 1, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Article 6 of the law requires the local governments to “include the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage in the national economic and social development plans at their same levels and include the protection and preservation funding into the financial budgets.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; According to a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization report “[d]uring [Chinese New Year] in 2024, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the PRC mobilized the whole country to widely carry out Spring Festival [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[wikipedia:Intangible_cultural_heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage]]] activities. A total of more than 45,400 ICH promotion and display activities were carried out nationwide.”&lt;ref&gt;nited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Periodic reporting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2004), https://ich.unesco.org/en/periodic-reporting-00460&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Religious Symbols''''' ===
While religious exercise is allowed in China to some extent, the display of certain items has come under attack. According to a recent report, “Chinese officials have ordered the removal of crosses from churches and have replaced images of Christ and the Virgin Mary with images of President Xi Jinping”.&lt;ref&gt;Tyler Arnold, ''China is Removing Crosses From Churches, Replacing Images of Christ With Xi Jinping'', The National Catholic Register (Oct. 1, 2024), https://www.ncregister.com/cna/china-is-removing-crosses-from-churches-replacing-images-of-christ-with-xi-jinping&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “new rules to ensure that sites of religious worship, like mosques, look adequately “Chinese,” and to mandate the cultivation of “patriotic” religious leaders.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin Lavička, ''A New Round of Restrictions Further Constrains Religious Practice in Xinjiang'', China File (Apr. 19, 2024), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/new-round-of-restrictions-further-constrains-religious-practice-xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; Article 26 of the 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations states that “Religious activity sites that are newly built, renovated, expanded, or rebuilt should reflect Chinese characteristics and style in terms of architecture, sculptures, paintings, decorations, etc.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 26, 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/xj-religious-affairs/&lt;/ref&gt; These actions indicate the Chinese Communist Parties attempt to more deeply accelerate [[wikipedia:Sinicization|sinicization]].

=== '''''The Church in China''''' ===
[[File:20251016 Shangqiu Catholic Church 04.jpg|thumb|Shangqiu Catholic Church]]
In China there are two faces to the Catholic Church. The first is the [[wikipedia:Chinese_Catholic_Patriotic_Association|Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association]] (the “CCPA”). The CCPA is obedient to the “the State Council's Religious Affairs Bureau, which is an agency under the United Front Department of the Communist Party. It does not recognize the supreme administrative, legislative, and judicial authority of the Pope.”&lt;ref&gt;The Cardinal Kung Foundation, ''Catholic Church in China, It Is Now Known As An Underground Church'',  http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/rc/RCrelfreedom.php&lt;/ref&gt; The second face is the “[[wikipedia:Underground_church|Underground Catholic Church]]” which is not governed by the Chinese Communist Party. Recently, the CCPA held the 10th National Congress of Catholicism in China. The CCPA “delegates also unanimously accepted the Work Report of the 9th Standing Committee on Church efforts and activities in the promotion of patriotism, socialism, and [[wikipedia:Sinicization|sinicization]] in the Catholic Church as outlined by President Xi Jinping.”&lt;ref&gt;Union of Catholic Asian News, ''China's Catholic leaders vow to accelerate sinicization''''',''' https://www.ucanews.com/news/chinas-catholic-leaders-vow-to-accelerate-sinicization/98499&lt;/ref&gt; Opposed to the CCPA are the underground Church leaders like [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Joseph Zen]]. [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Zen]] is critical of the Chinese persecution of Catholics and heavily criticized the 2018 deal the Vatican made with China which requires Chinese approval of bishops.&lt;ref&gt;Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding the deal, [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Zen]] stated that “[t]hey’re [sending] the flock into the mouths of the wolves. It’s an incredible betrayal.”&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; In China it is “illegal for the priest to instruct the children of the parish in the Faith or give them any materials to read.”&lt;ref&gt;Michael Schmiesing, ''A Hidden Church in'' China, Catholic Answers (Dec. 12, 2024), https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/a-hidden-church-in-china&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “minors are not allowed to attend the Mass in some areas of China.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Aly Rothfus, ''Catholic Church in China Faces'' Crisis, The Irish Rover (Nov. 19, 2025), https://irishrover.net/2025/11/catholic-church-in-china-faces-crisis/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, it must be noted that the Holy See does not recognize the Chinese communist Party as the leader of China. Rather, “the Vatican has maintained formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan.”&lt;ref&gt;Abhishank Mishra &amp; Ananya Sharma, ''China-Taiwan, and a Vatican'' conversion, the interpreter (Jul. 9, 2024), https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-taiwan-vatican-conversion&lt;/ref&gt;

As discussed above, China has set a clear policy goal of maintaining, celebrating, and promulgating traditional Chinese festivals to the public. Religious festivals do not enjoy the same support. Article 42 of the Religious Affairs Regulations 2017 provides that “[w]here a large-scale religious activity is held that is beyond the accommodation capacity of a religious activity site the religious group… sponsoring the activity shall, 30 days before the activity is to be held, submit an application to the religious affairs department of the people’s government for the province.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 42, Religious Affairs Regulations 2017, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/religious-affairs-regulations-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; On Easter Sunday 2011, a [c]hurch in Beijing planned to hold an outdoor worship service in a plaza amid high-rise office and commercial buildings. However the police sealed off the plaza and dispelled gathering congregants… Thirty six of the congregants were taken to police stations for interrogation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fenggang|first=Yang|date=May 12, 2011|title=The Chinese House Church Goes Public|url=https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/chinese-house-church-goes-public-fenggang-yang|journal=The University of Chicago {{!}} Divinity School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Privacy and Data Protection''' ==
Our private thoughts and actions are intimate to who we are as people. However, in China, the government wishes to be included in that inner circle. They seek to accomplish this by a program of [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]]. While artificial intelligence has been an incredible breakthrough for the world it has also been taken advantage of by nefarious actors. Chief among these is perhaps China. China has employed artificial intelligence to better control its citizens and ensure compliance. Another technology breakthrough, cryptocurrency, has had mixed reactions from China. Cryptocurrency allows transactions to be kept private, a no-go for the Chinese Communist Party. As a result, China has banned cryptocurrency use.

=== '''''Mass Surveillance and Artificial Intelligence''''' ===
It is no surprise that China is renowned for its [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]]. Citizens are watched almost constantly to ensure compliance with the Chinese Communist Party’s ideals. In fact the “[p]eople in China are among the most surveilled in the world, taking 16 of the top 20 spots on the most surveilled cities list based on the number of cameras per 1,000 people in an annual assessment.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gates|first=Megan|date=Jun. 1, 2021|title=The Rise of the Surveillance State|url=https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/monthly-issues/security-technology/archive/2021/june/The-Rise-of-The-Surveillance-State|journal=Security Management}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “documents from one Shanghai district detail plans for AI-powered cameras and drones to ‘automatically discover and intelligently enforce the law,’ including potentially alerting police to crowd gatherings.”[116] China has also begun using artificial intelligence in satellite surveillance, “China is deploying AI-enabled Sun-synchronous satellites over regions that the CCP views as politically sensitive, including Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hong Kong and Macau.”&lt;ref&gt;Fergus Ryan, et al., ''The party’s AI How China’s new AI systems are reshaping human rights'', ASPI (dec. 2025), https://aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/27122307/The-partys-AI-How-Chinas-new-AI-systems-are-reshaping-human-rights.pdf. ''See also'', Jinghe Fan, Xin Zhang, ‘Small, swift, and effective’ legislation in China: Towards adaptive governance of AI?, Computer Law &amp; Security Review, Volume 61, 2026, 106329, ISSN 2212-473X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106329.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Xinjiang region China uses mobile apps, biometric data, and artificial intelligence to monitor millions of Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Gates,&amp;#x20;Megan&amp;#x20;(Jun. 1, 2021).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Rise of the Surveillance State&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Security Management''.&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence is not limited to technical uses. China has begun using artificial intelligence to help it draft policies, “[i]n one case, a ChatGPT user ‘likely connected to a [Chinese] government entity’ asked the AI model to help write a proposal for a tool that analyzes the travel movements and police records of the Uyghur minority— a Turkic-speaking, predominantly Muslim ethnic minority—and other ‘high-risk’ people, according to the OpenAI report.”&lt;ref&gt;Sean Lyngaas &amp; Jim Sclutto, ''Suspected Chinese government operatives used ChatGPT to shape mass surveillance proposals, OpenAI says'', CNN (Oct. 7, 2025), https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/07/politics/china-chatgpt-surveillance&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence in China is alarming. While surveillance in Chian has grown alongside technology since the Chinese Communist Party took power, the introduction of artificial intelligence is the biggest leap that has yet to occur. Moreover, the “[[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC’s]] approach to regulating AI or algorithms is centered on the regime of Algorithm Registry. Providers of certain recommendation algorithms, deep synthesis, and generative AI technologies must register detailed information with the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] before offering services in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Wayne Wei|last2=et al.|date=2025|title=Artificial Intelligence “Law(s)” in China: Retrospect and Prospect|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5039316|journal=Part I, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 29-36, 2025 &amp; Part II, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 139-157, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Cryptocurrency in China''''' ===
If someone were to analyze an individual’s last year of credit card transactions it is likely one could learn quite a bit about them. For a [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]] state like China this is appealing. As a result, cryptocurrencies present an issue for China. Cryptocurrencies like [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Bitcoin]] and [[wikipedia:Ethereum|Ethereum]] use a technology called blockchain that acts as a digital ledger of transactions. This allows individuals to exchange value without the need of an intermediary like a bank. These blockchains enhance “transactional privacy by removing the need for users to reveal their real identities. Confidential transactions and encryption techniques ensure only the involved parties know the details. Zero-knowledge proofs, ring signatures, and stealth addresses advances further strengthen privacy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zaware|first=Rajendra|title=Data Privacy in Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain|url=https://blogs.infosys.com/emerging-technology-solutions/iedps/data-privacy-in-cryptocurrencies-and-blockchain.html|journal=Infosys}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, while all transactions on the blockchain are visible, the identity of who made the transaction is private unless shared.

Importantly, “China’s central bank defined [[wikipedia:Cryptocurrency|cryptocurrency]] as a specified virtual commodity. This legal attribute is not clear, which brings difficulties in consumer protection and criminal identification.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Jiye|date=Apr. 25, 2023|title=The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4423780|journal=China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School}}&lt;/ref&gt; China was renowned for its large cryptocurrency market and “[p]rior to 2017, China had the world’s largest cryptocurrency market—with 80% of Bitcoin, the world’s leading digital coin, transactions conducted in yuan.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=Richard|title=China’s Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Regulatory Environment|url=https://www.ecovis.com/focus-china/chinas-cryptocurrency/|journal=ECOVIS}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, after years of increasing restrictions, China banned cryptocurrency trading and mining in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=OxKira|date=Oct. 9, 2025|title=Crypto in China: A 2025 guide to the crypto landscape|journal=Arham}}&lt;/ref&gt; This time period saw a flurry of laws implemented regarding digital assets and crypto currencies, “[o]n January 1, 2020, the ‘[[wikipedia:Cryptography_law|Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China]]’ came into effect. ‘Data Security Law’ was adopted on June 10, 2021, and ‘Personal Information Protection Law’ was adopted on August 20, 2021.”&lt;ref&gt;Hu,&amp;#x20;Jiye&amp;#x20;(Apr. 25, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China&quot;.&amp;#x20;''China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School''&lt;/ref&gt; The People’s Bank of China “warned financial institutions against providing banking and clearing services to virtual currency-related businesses.”&lt;ref&gt;Xiuhao, et al, ''China steps up crypto crackdown, will vet real-world asset tokens'', Reuters (Feb. 6, 2026), https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-vows-tighten-virtual-currency-restrictions-2026-02-06/&lt;/ref&gt; This warning has not been without teeth. In 2025 a Chinese court convicted five people of transacting more than $160 million worth of cryptocurrency.&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt; The court said that these individuals “violated China’s Anti-Money Laundering Law and Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, both of which prohibit unauthorized cross-border fund transfers.”&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:E-CNY logo.svg|thumb|E-CNY logo, this is the digital asset employed by China.]]
While these penalties are steep, people in China have persisted in using cryptocurrencies to ensure their transactions remain private. Reports indicate “that there are still around 59 million crypto users in China as of 2025. That is roughly 10% of the global crypto user base, even though most users must operate outside official channels.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; Interestingly, “[w]hile private cryptocurrencies face heavy restrictions, China has fully embraced its own central bank digital currency (CBDC) known as the digital yuan ([[wikipedia:Digital_renminbi|e-CNY]]). By late 2025, e-CNY platforms had processed over 14.2 trillion yuan in transactions and were used by more than 260 million wallets.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; While this may seem contradictory at first, there is a strategy. Banning cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin ensures private transactions will not occur. Introducing the digital yuan, which is subject to surveillance, will allow China to “create a mechanism through which the government can access reams of digital data that may prove helpful to Beijing in the global race to develop artificial intelligence.”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;  To that end, “[u]nlike Bitcoin and other cyber currencies, all digital-yuan users will register with the [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[wikipedia:People's_Bank_of_China|People's Bank of China]]] under a system described by government officials as “controllable anonymity,’ which will give the government the ability to track illicit transactions and presumably the activities of citizens who attract the attention of security services.”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;

Other reasons for adopting the digital yuan include payment efficiency, increased state oversight and support of the yuan as a strategy tool. According to a 2021 report by the working group for the e-CNY, “the issuance of e-CNY will fully meet the public’s daily payment needs, further improve the efficiency of the retail payment system and reduce the cost of retail payment.”&lt;ref&gt;Working Group on E-CNY Research and Development of the People’s Bank of China, ''Progress of Research &amp; Development of E-CNY in China'' (July 2021), https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/8c1d1ea1-a8f7-402c-9f08-edf6863237bc/content&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Right to Bodily, Spiritual and Digital Identity''' ==
An individual’s identity is the essence of who they are and what they believe. In our digital age people have taken on digital identities. In many parts of the world people cannot get by without a digital identity. China is currently attempting to enroll its citizenry in a government issues digital identity. This identity will allow China to compile all enrollees’ personal information. On the other side of the identity coin, China has also sought to compile massive amount of biometric date such as DNA and facial recognition. These data collections have also been extended to individuals visiting China.

=== '''''Digital Identity''''' ===
In a world that has become intensely digital it makes sense that we humans would take on digital identities. These identities are demonstrated by social media, bank accounts, online use, and more. We use these identities to interact with other humans in the digital world. The Chinese government has introduced the National Online Identity Authentication Public Service. This is a “government-controlled digital identity system [which] will allow citizens to register by providing official government documents and then will shield their information from Internet services.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/.&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese authorities say “that the new measure intends to establish a trusted digital identity framework within the public service infrastructure.”&lt;ref&gt;Shane Yi &amp; Michael Caster, ''China: New Internet ID System a threat to online expression'', Article19 (Jun. 25, 2025), [https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/ https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/.]&lt;/ref&gt; However, “[t]he Chinese government has not provided details about how the system is constructed or the policies in place to protect the data from misuse… for digital-rights activists, the danger is clear.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/&lt;/ref&gt; The digital identity offered by China is proffered under the guise of ease of use. However, in exchange for this ease, Chinese citizens will need to give over intimate personal information to the government. While the program is optional for now it is possible necessary resources online could soon require one to obtain a government controlled digital identity.

=== '''''Biometric Data''''' ===
Despite the increasing importance of the digital identity and personal digital information, there is still information about ourselves that is intimate. Biometric data includes things like DNA, fingerprints, and even voice scans. In China “legislation and regulation are carefully crafted to give public security organs broad powers to harvest and use biometric data in conjunction with the performance of their law enforcement and national security duties.”&lt;ref&gt;Mercator Institute for China, ''China’s Handling of Biometric Data: Trends and Implications for Europe'' (Jun. 14, 2022), https://merics.org/en/events/chinas-handling-biometric-data-trends-and-implications-europe.&lt;/ref&gt; A main biometric tool used by the Chinese government is facial recognition which “is deployed to identify citizens for law enforcement purposes, such as performing identity verification at airports, train stations, or specific public areas, and for commercial purposes to enhance business operations’ efficiency.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Jianyu|last2=Stevenson|first2=Jennifer|date=2022|title=Assessing Legal Protection of Biometric Data in China: Gaps, Principles, and Policy Recommendations|url=https://commons.stmarytx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1776&amp;context=facarticles.|journal=St. Mary’s University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such collections are not limited to Chinese citizens however. China has begun requiring foreign nationals “to submit their fingerprints and undergo a facial scan at self-help kiosks at their port of entry to the People's Republic of China. These self-help kiosks will issue a receipt once your biometric data is received and that receipt must be given to the border inspector for verification as part of the entry process.”&lt;ref&gt;Duke Travel Registry, ''Announcements: China now requires collection of biometric data upon arrival'', https://duke-travel.terradotta.com/index.cfm?FuseAction=Announcements.Announcement&amp;Announcement_ID=3026&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China has recently combined blockchain technology with biometric data, “the new digital ID service stores cryptographic keys on-chain after a real-name verification process. According to reports, the system authenticates users’ legal name, facial recognition, and government ID before allowing users to create an infinite number of public-private key pairs to register on online platforms.”&lt;ref&gt;Wahid Pessarlay, ''China blockchain=based ID experiment aims to stop data leaks'', Coingeek (Dec. 29, 2023), https://coingeek.com/china-blockchain-based-id-experiment-aims-to-stop-data-leaks/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''AI-Powered Judges''''' ===
China has taken the concept of [[wikipedia:Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China|AI-generated personas]] to the next level with the creation of AI judges. Since 2019, millions of legal cases of been decided by these “smart courts” or “internet courts”. These courts make use of “non-human judges, powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and allows participants to register their cases online and resolve their matters via a digital court hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; These courts have decided cases on various topics such as “intellectual property, e-commerce, financial disputes related to online conduct, loans acquired or performed online, domain name issues, property and civil rights cases involving the Internet, product liability arising from online purchases and certain administrative disputes.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; The “judge” appears “by hologram and are artificial creations — there is no real judge present. The holographic judge looks like a real person but is a synthesized, 3D image of different judges, and sets schedules, asks litigants questions, takes evidence and issues dispositive rulings.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to efficiency, there are other motives at play behind these smart courts, party control. Interestingly, these “[s]mart courts allow the party to intervene in court decisions without upending the entire normative system by automatically detecting and filtering cases that require political intervention.”&lt;ref&gt;Dory Reiling &amp; Straton Papagianneas, ''Lessons from China’s Smart Court Reform'', International Journal for Court Administration (2015), https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.679.&lt;/ref&gt; Judges are still involved in the cases process but the use of AI allows them to process cases faster “the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court said each judge in the city had handled an average of 744 cases in 2025 – up by 249 cases from the previous year.”&lt;ref&gt;William Zheg, ''AI helped Shenzhen judges handle cases 50% faster. Is this the future for China?'', South China Morning Post (May 4, 2026), https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3352161/ai-helped-shenzhen-judges-handle-cases-50-faster-future-china. &lt;/ref&gt; However, &quot;all the final decisions and responsibilities belong to human judges, thereby strictly upholding legal, ethical and security boundaries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cao, Yin, ''Officials seek limited use of AI in judiciary'', China Daily (Apr. 24, 2025), https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202504/24/WS68098e46a3104d9fd382130e.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Right to Reject Information, Clothing &amp; Human Exhibitions''' ==
In China people are bombarded with propaganda in a daily basis. As such it is virtually impossible to be free from unwanted content. In fact, one may not even realize they are ingesting content they do not want. China has a systemic practice of planting stories in the news and on social media. Furthermore, the government requires Chinese schools to incorporate propaganda into their lessons from the youngest of ages. Also, alarming is China’s oppression of religious clothing. Chief among these is China’s ban on certain Muslim garb in the [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] Uighur Autonomous Region. As such, people are prohibited from outwardly expressing what is most essential to their identity, their faith.

=== '''''Unwanted Content''''' ===
Do individuals in China have the power to reject unwanted content? In reality the answer is no. The Chinese government controls all forms of media in China and there is no way to really block this onslaught of propaganda. Somedays up to 30 percent of a newspapers content will be planted by the state.&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; A recent study showed that “state-scripted propaganda on newsstands is a near-daily phenomenon in China, with some form of scripted propaganda in the news around 90 percent of days. And, on average, at least one front-page article in party newspapers is planted by the state.”&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; While one could choose not to pick up a newspaper in China, for many this is their main source of information and a necessity. Other forms of media are subject to the same with researchers identifying “over 18,000 central or local government accounts on Douyin, China’s version of TikTok, that produce 5 million videos per year.” Notably “[t]he largest share of these accounts belongs to the public security apparatus (34%), followed by state media (24%) and propaganda organs (12%) at the county, city, provincial, or central level.”

In addition to media, the Chinese government requires schools to teach its chosen ideology. Namely, “[[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]]-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping Thought]] on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Section 1, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt; China recently introduced the Patriotic Education Law&lt;ref&gt;Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm.&lt;/ref&gt; which “mandates that love of the country and the ruling Chinese Communist Party be incorporated into work and study for everyone – from the youngest children to workers and professionals across all sectors.”&lt;ref&gt;Chris Lau &amp; Simone McCarthy, ''China feels the country isn’t patriotic enough. A new law aims to change'' that, CNN (Jan. 6, 2024), https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/06/china/china-patriotic-education-law-intl-hnk#:~:text=2%2C%202009.&amp;text=The%20new%20law%20also%20orders,subject%20to%20punishments%2C%20she%20said.&lt;/ref&gt; Article 15 states that “[s]chools at all levels and of all types shall provide coherent patriotic education throughout their curriculum, provide high-quality theoretical and political lessons, and integrate patriotic education into various subjects and textbooks.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 15, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, 2023, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Xuexi Qiangguo]] seeks to blend both media and education. [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Xuexi Qiangguo]] is an app run by the Chinese Communist Party that citizens are encouraged to download.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Liang|first=Fan|last2=et al.|date=2021|title=The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416|journal=University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt; This app allows “users to see state media news reports, video chat with their friends, make a personal schedule and send ‘red envelopes’ of money to friends. The app comes with a Snapchat-like messaging function where messages disappear after being read.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; However,, the most important feature of the app is that it allows people to study Xi Jinping’s thought while taking quizzes and earning points. The app appears to hold political significance for the government because “[a] university in Zhejiang called on all party groups to use the app in order to form a ‘stronghold’ for [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping thought]].&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, some are reporting that “their employers are requiring them to score a certain number of points.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the app’s more lighthearted features, it’s “control models prioritize ideological content and get users to read specific information. This means that the Chinese state could transform the platform into a centralized communication model for manipulating information circulation and directing user behavior.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt; A study shows that the app tracks President Xi’s political goals and helps promote them. For example, “the study channel recommended an online course about blockchain on October 25, 2019, since Xi Jinping announced the support for blockchain technology on October 24, 2019.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Religious Clothing in China''''' ===
[[File:China Xinjiang Northern location map.svg|thumb|Xinjiang region, northwestern China]]
In China, certain religious garb is subject to scrutiny. China has introduced “counterterrorism” laws that seek to “ban wearing long beards, full face coverings, and religious dress.”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; These laws also ban “wearing clothes associated with ‘religious extremism.’ These regulations do not define ‘abnormal’ or ‘religious extremism.’”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; The ban of Muslim women’s head garb has been particular prominence with “regional authorities outlaw[ing] [[wikipedia:Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country|Islamic veils]] from all public spaces in the regional capital of China’s [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR)… [the ban] empowers Chinese police to punish violators and dole out fines of up to… $800 for those who fail to enforce the prohibition.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Communist Party has sought to promote alternatives to these veils such as hats and braided hair. As part of this campaign, “XUAR officials launched ‘[[wikipedia:Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China|Project Beauty]]’ in 2011: a five-year, $8 million dollar campaign aimed at developing [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang’s]] fashion and cosmetics industries while encouraging Muslim women to ‘look towards ‘modern’ culture’ by removing their veils.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''References''' ===
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      <text bytes="96159" sha1="d5hjz34ug16pte5u0ahbghzfdt1spui" xml:space="preserve">== '''Communications Law in China''' ==
[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|thumb|Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
Communications law in China is subject to a complex regulatory scheme. While the Constitution of China promises freedom of speech, the Chinese Communist Party enforces strict censorship, utilizes prior restraint, and attempts to block important ideas and concepts from the minds of the Chinese people. Chinese communications law impacts everything from radio to religious dress and even digital assets. The Chinese regulatory scheme faces the complex challenge of keeping up with cutting edge methods of communication while ensuring dominance of the Chinese Communist Party.

== '''Sources of Communications Law in China''' ==
China’s Constitution guarantees freedom of speech but it’s communication laws tell a different story. China has a sophisticated regulatory framework in place to govern communications in China. These regulatory bodies, in combination with wide reaching laws, have resulted in a nation whose communications are subject to review and approval by the single party in power.

=== '''''Constitution of the People’s Republic of China''''' ===
[[File:Mao Zedong Statue- &quot;Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought&quot; 01.jpg|thumb|'''Mao Zedong Statue. Mao's philosophy still guides the party to this day and is mentioned in the Constitution.''']]

The key place to begin when approaching a country's approach to any form of law is their Constitution. The [[wikipedia:Constitution_of_China|Chinese “[c]onstitution]] recognizes [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]] as the country’s leading ideology and the Communist Party the leading party.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Catá Backer|first=Larry|date=2012|title=Party, People, Government, and State: On Constitutional Values and the Legitimacy of the Chinese State-Party Rule of Law System|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1977551|journal=Boston University International Law Journal|volume=Vol. 30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, “[t]he preamble deserves particular attention because China’s leadership has consistently placed great weight upon the ideological and expressive functions of the constitution and has used the preamble to identify and highlight its core commitments.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Albert|date=February 1, 2021|title=Constitutions, Constitutionalism and the Case of Modern China|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3027562 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3027562|journal=SSRN}}&lt;/ref&gt; The preamble lays out broad goals for the People’s Republic of China, it states that the Chinese people “will continue, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]]-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory… to… improve socialist rule of law… and promote coordinated material, political, cultural-ethical, social and ecological advancement, in order to build China into a great modern socialist country.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, Preamble (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; This broad phrasing gives the party significant latitude. Furthermore, the Constitution has three key articles that address the issue of communications law. First, Article 35 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of speech, the press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 35 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Second, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; Third, Article 40 addresses correspondence:&lt;blockquote&gt;Freedom and confidentiality of correspondence of citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by law. Except in cases necessary for national security or criminal investigation, when public security organs or procuratorial organs shall examine correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, no organization or individual shall infringe on a citizen’s freedom and confidentiality of correspondence for any reason.&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 40 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|thumb|'''Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR''']]
At least on paper, these articles are share some similarities to Articles 18, 19, and 20 of the UN [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].&lt;ref&gt;G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948), https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt; However, at the United Nations Human Rights Convention, “China is increasingly vocal in defending its statist position and interpretation of human rights norms.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Initiative for U.S.-China Dialogue on Global Issues|date=Feb. 28, 2024|title=China and the UN Human Rights Regime|url=https://uschinadialogue.georgetown.edu/events/china-and-the-un-human-rights-regime|journal=Georgetown University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, the Constitution is missing several provisions such as freedom of thought, freedom of conscience, and “freedom to receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers” which are seen in the [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration]].&lt;ref&gt;UDHR art. 19, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''National Regulatory Bodies''''' ===
[[File:汉口中共中央宣传部旧址.jpg|thumb|Former Site of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party in Hankou]]
The regulatory scheme in China is complicated and grows out of a post-Mao era which “reconstituted the sinews of governance and especially sought to strengthen the government’s regulatory capacity while reducing the government’s direct intervention in state firms. In area after area, they have invoked ‘chaos’ or ‘turmoil’ to justify the need to strengthen or assert control.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Central Propaganda Department sets the ideology for Chinese communications regulatory bodies. It is “responsible for monitoring content to ensure that China's publishers, in particular its news publishers, do not print anything that is inconsistent with the Communist Party's political dogma.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; It accomplishes this by screening any writings that touch on politically sensitive issues, informing publishers what they can, and cannot, publish as well as what ideological viewpoint should be taken, and requiring editors and publishers to attend indoctrination sessions in order to ensure they publish from the desired viewpoint.&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China'', Agencies Responsible for Censorship in'' China, [https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cecc.gov/agencies-responsible-for-censorship-in-china#:~:text=The%20Central%20Propaganda%20Department%20%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1,reporting%20on%20politically%20sensitive%20topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|Cyberspace Administration of China]] (CAC) reports to the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission which “[[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping|Xi Jinping]], General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, personally serve[s] as the group leader.”&lt;ref&gt;Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, ''The Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization was established: From a major cyber power to a leading cyber power.'', China Cyberspace Administration (Feb. 28, 2014), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2014-02/28/c_126397488.htm&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] “is China’s top authority on internet governance, overseeing data privacy, cybersecurity, and platform regulation. It is the primary regulator behind major laws such as the Cybersecurity Law (CSL), Data Security Law (DSL), and Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roper|first=Gabrielle|date=Jun. 2, 2025|title=What is the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC)?|url=https://www.chinafy.com/blog/what-is-the-cyberspace-administration-of-china-cac#:~:text=TL;DR:%20The%20Cyberspace%20Administration,fall%20short%20of%20legal%20requirements|journal=Chinafy}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] can issue “departmental rules, which are issued by State Council administrative agencies and are legally binding under China’s Legislation Law.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Horsley|first=Jamie P.|date=Aug. 8, 2022|title=Behind the Facade of China’s Cyber Super-Regulator|url=https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/behind-the-facade-of-chinas-cyber-super-regulator/|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; A counterpart of the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] is the [[wikipedia:National_Radio_and_Television_Administration|National Radio and Television Administration]] (NRTA). The NRTA’s “main task is to censor the radio, film, and television industries.”&lt;ref&gt;''NRTA Chief Emphasize Loyalty to the Party'', Chinascope, https://chinascope.org/archives/19225&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the NRTA banned “nine types of banned content, including content that ‘endangers security,’ ‘slanders Chinese culture,’ or does not help youth ‘establish the correct world view.’”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MIIT Wanshoulu Office (20210512174810).jpg|thumb|'''MIIT Wanshoulu Office. The MIIT plays a critical role in regulating Chinese communications law.''']]
The [[wikipedia:Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology|Ministry of Industry and Information Technology]] (MIIT)&lt;ref&gt;''Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) (工业和信息化部)'', Thomson Reuters (Glossary), https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-552-9335?transitionType=Default&amp;contextData=(sc.Default)&amp;firstPage=true&lt;/ref&gt; is charged with “regulating and managing China's telecommunications and software sectors, as well as the electronics and information technology manufacturing industries.” The MIIT “enforces regulations aligned with the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC’s]] central tenets” The MIIT focuses on the providers and carriers themselves and enforces “cyber and data security rules against providers in the telecommunications and internet sector.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ke|first=Xu|last2=Liu|first2=Vicky|last3=Luo|first3=Yan|last4=Yu|first4=Zhijing|date=Aug. 31, 2021|title=China's key enforcement agencies and lessons learned from recent actions|url=https://iapp.org/news/a/chinas-key-enforcement-agencies-and-lessons-learned-from-recent-actions|journal=iapp}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in December of 2021 MIIT found that over one hundred apps were in violation of China’s Personal Information Protection Law and Data Security Law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Teon|first=Aris|date=Dec. 9, 2021|title=China’s Government Orders Removal of Douban and 105 Other Apps From App Stores|url=https://china-journal.org/2021/12/09/china-government-orders-removal-of-douban-and-105-other-apps-from-app-stores/#:~:text=China's%20Government%20Orders%20Removal%20of,comply%20with%20the%20government's%20directives|journal=China-Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, they were removed from app stores.

=== '''''Key Communications Laws''''' ===
The Cybersecurity Law&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; is overseen by the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] and seeks to “promote the healthy development of the informatization of the economy and society.” Article 6 of the Cybersecurity Law states that a goal of the law is to advocate for “sincere, honest, healthy and civilized online conduct; it promotes the dissemination of core socialist values, adopts measures to raise the entire society’s awareness and level of cybersecurity, and formulates a good environment for the entire society to jointly participate in advancing cybersecurity.”&lt;ref&gt;Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (2016), Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017). Stanford University,

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-cybersecurity-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-june-1-2017/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015 the Cybersecurity Law “introduced fines and detentions of up to 15 days for telecommunications firms and internet service providers (ISP), as well as relevant personnel, who fail to restrict certain forms of content”.&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] also handles the implementation of the Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem. Article 5 states “A network information content producer shall be encouraged to produce, copy and publish information containing the following: Publicizing the [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping Thought]] on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era…”&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, China is part of a many international agreements pertaining to communications law. China is a member of the UN and a signatory to both the [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|ICCPR]] and the [[wikipedia:International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights|ICESCR]].&lt;ref&gt;Order of the Cyberspace Administration of China (No. 5), https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, in 2005 China signed the [[wikipedia:Electronic_Communications_Convention|United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts]].&lt;ref&gt;''U.N. Treaty Bodies and China'', Human Rights in China, https://www.hrichina.org/en/un-treaty-bodies-and-china&lt;/ref&gt; The purpose of this agreement is “facilitating the use of electronic communications in international trade by assuring that contracts concluded and other communications exchanged electronically are as valid and enforceable as their traditional paper-based equivalents.”&lt;ref&gt;''United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts'', Preamble, Jun. 7, 2006, https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/conventions/electronic_communications/status&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China signed the [[wikipedia:Universal_Copyright_Convention|Universal Copyright Convention]] in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;''Universal Copyright Convention, with Appendix Declaration relating to Article XVII and Resolution concerning Article XI'', Sep. 16, 1955, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “undertakes to provide for the adequate and effective, protection of the rights of authors and other copyright proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, engravings and sculpture.”&lt;ref&gt;Universal Copyright Convention, Article 1, https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/universal-copyright-convention-appendix-declaration-relating-article-xvii-and-resolution-concerning&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Law and the Media in China''' ==
There are some that believe there are three aims of communication: truth, beauty, and dialogue. These aims are furthered by the elements of communications law. There are three such elements that are most relevant to China. First, the means of transmission. Second, the sender and receiver. Third, the message. These are most relevant to China because the government seeks to control all three. As a result, the three aims of communications: truth, beauty, and dialogue are threatened daily. Truth, because certain historical events and facts are banned. Beauty, because words are good, they allow us to think and develop our thoughts which is a beautiful thing for the human person. Finally, dialogue, because a person cannot say what they wish without fear of retaliation.

=== '''''The Means of Transmission''''' ===
The means of transmission of the message may include its code, channel, mode, and nature. However, “[a] major constraint on regulatory state building is the political environment in which Chinese regulators have had to operate. The Administration of Press, Publications, Radio, Film, and TV, for example, operate at the behest of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organs, especially the CCP Central Committee Propaganda Department.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=D.L.|date=2017|title=China’s Illiberal Regulatory State in Comparative Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0059-x|journal=Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. 2, 114–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; In China television is regulated by the [[wikipedia:National_Radio_and_Television_Administration|National Radio and Television Administration]]. Regarding the nature of the communications, “[t]he Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party sends a detailed notice to all media every day that includes editorial guidelines and censored topics.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the “[s]tate-run Chinese Central TV (CCTV) is China's largest media company.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; The government released a statement summing up the CCTV’s main tasks.&lt;blockquote&gt;[The CCTV's] principal responsibilities will be to propagate the theories, political line and policies of the Party; to plan and manage major propaganda reports; to organize the production of radio and television; to produce and broadcast premium radio and television products; to channel hot social topics; to strengthen and improve supervision by public opinion, to promote the integrated development of multimedia; to strengthen the building of international broadcasting capacity; to tell China’s story well.&lt;ref&gt;safeguardDefenders'', Ownership and control of Chinese media'' (Jun. 14, 2021), https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/ownership-and-control-chinese-media&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, “[a]ll of China's 2,600-plus radio stations are state-owned”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; as well as “around 1,900 newspapers. Each city has its own title, usually published by the local government, as well as a local Communist Party daily.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, ''China media guide'' (Aug. 22, 2023), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017881&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the means and nature of the communications are subject to the government’s control.
[[File:Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism.png|thumb|'''Guess on China's Great Firewall Mechanism''']]
Internet censoring in China has been dubbed “the great firewall.” The [[wikipedia:Golden_Shield_Project|Golden Shield Project’s]] aim is “to monitor and censor what can and cannot be seen through an online network in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Conrad|last2=et al.|date=2011|title=Free Speech vs Maintaining Social Cohesion A Closer Look at Different Policies|url=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/FreeExpressionVsSocialCohesion/china_policy.html|journal=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popular sites such as “Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Instagram are all blocked in the mainland.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chandel|first=Sonali|last2=et al.|date=2019|title=The Golden Shield Project of China: A Decade Later An in-depth study of the Great Firewall|url=https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~yunnanyu/files/papers/Golden.pdf|journal=College of Engineering and Computing Sciences, New York Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, China has blocked the use of Starlink. In 2025 China penalized a foreign vessel after an inspection revealed the vessel employing Starlink had “continued transmitting data after entering Chinese territorial waters, in violation of national telecommunications and radio regulations.”&lt;ref&gt;The Editorial Team, ''China imposes penalty to vessel using Starlink in its waters'', Saftery4Sea (Dec. 23, 2025), https://safety4sea.com/china-imposes-penalty-to-vessel-using-starlink-in-its-waters/&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, “[t]he long-standing blocks on international communications platforms have helped to enable the exponential growth of local services such as Tencent’s WeChat and Sina Weibo, which are subject to the government’s strict censorship demands.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; The regulatory agencies discussed above play a crucial role in maintaining the “great firewall”. For example, in 2017 MIIT banned the use of unlicensed [[wikipedia:Virtual_private_network|VPNs]].&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in 2020 the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]]  “suspended 281 websites, and shut down 2,686 websites and 31,000 accounts” as well as 179,000 social media accounts.&lt;ref&gt;Cyberspace Administration of China, ''The national cybersecurity administrative law enforcement work was carried out solidly in the second quarter'' (Jul. 18, 2020), https://www.cac.gov.cn/2020-07/21/c_1596879319813780.html; ''see also'' Qiao Long; Editor: Hu Lihan; Web Editor: Rui Zhe, ''China shut down more than 2,000 websites in the second quarter, triggering another large-scale internet crackdown'', rfa (Jul. 24, 2020), https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/meiti/ql1-07242020062431.html&lt;/ref&gt;  Finally, “[i]n February 2021, authorities blocked the newly emerged mobile audio app Clubhouse, after thousands of users in China had flocked to the app to discuss detention camps in Xinjiang.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''The Sender and Receiver''''' ===
There are two key principles in this element of communications, namely, the centrality of the person and freedom. The principle of the centrality of the person holds that communications are for the human person, this is why human rights are so integral to communication law. In China, communications are for the government, or the centrality of the party. For example, “[t]housands of cyber-police watch the web and material deemed politically and socially sensitive is filtered. Blocked resources include Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and human rights sites.”&lt;ref&gt;Freedom House, ''China,'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freedomhouse.org/country/china&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; As opposed to fostering a government that supports the human person’s ability to attain truth and enter into dialogue, the government jealously protects access to information. This is seen in China’s restrictions on internet cafés where individuals may access the web. Startlingly, “between June and September 2002, the government shutdown 150,000 unlicensed Internet cafes. [today], police routinely ‘[raid]’ internet cafes to see whether there is any ‘illegal’ activity going on.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Haiping|first=Zheng|date=Jan. 4, 2013|title=Regulating the Internet: China’s Law and Practice|url=https://content.scirp.org/pdf/blr_2013032615421340.pdf|journal=School of Law, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter point is connected to the second key principle, freedom.
[[File:Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China 1310759.jpg|thumb|Statue of Deng Xiaoping in Lianhuashan Park Shenzen China]]
The principle of freedom in any communication holds that you are free to express your opinion and those who hear it will tolerate it. This principle has not found a permanent home in China historically. In 1898, following the Hundred Days Reform, “the dynasty imposed a general prohibition of privately published newspaper” for “spreading rumours and confusing the people’s thoughts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=DeLisle|first=Jacques|last2=et al.|date=Jan. 16, 2014|title=The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2379959|journal=University of Pennsylvania}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1927, the Guomindang built “a system of censorship boards and licensing obligations for films, radio, publications and newspapers.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; Starting in 1980, [[wikipedia:Deng_Xiaoping|Deng Xiaoping]], former Chairman of the Central Military Commission, further restricting freedom of communication. From then on, “political debate would be an intra-Party matter only, and official media were to be the mouthpiece of the Party.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; This time saw a growing administrative state taking control of the communications field by “laying the basis for the current regulatory structure by creating an administrative department to govern the print sector, and by centralizing licensing procedures.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt; The introduction of the internet saw “central and local governments [establish] special Internet information management departments.”&lt;ref&gt;DeLisle,&amp;#x20;Jacques&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;et al.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 16, 2014).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Privilege of Speech and New Media: Conceptualizing China's Communications Law in the Internet Era&quot;.&amp;#x20;''University of Pennsylvania''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''The Message''''' ===
Within this element there is the key principle of objectivity and context. This principle holds that journalists, and other professions, ought to give the proper context when communicating and do so in as objective a manner as possible. In China, if a journalist wishes to obtain to renew their press cards they “must download the [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Study Xi]], Strengthen the Country propaganda application that can collect their personal data.”&lt;ref&gt;China, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/china&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, journalists and everyday citizens alike are restricted in how they can communicate their messages because certain words are banned. For example, no one cannot search for “dictatorship,” “Great Firewall of China,” or “Go, Hong Kong.”&lt;ref&gt;Leigh Hartman, ''In China, you can’t say these words'', ShareAmerica (Jun. 3, 2020), https://archive-share.america.gov/america.gov/in-china-you-cant-say-these-words/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; China’s approach to [[wikipedia:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|Tiananmen Square Massacre]] is an example of the principle of objectivity and context. After the Chinese military killed possible thousands during a protest in 1989 the government has tried to “erase what it calls the ‘political turmoil’ of 1989 from the collective memory. It bans any public commemoration or mention of the June 4 crackdown, scrubbing references from the internet.”&lt;ref&gt;Ken Moritsugu, ''Tiananmen Square anniversary shows China's ability to suppress history'', PBS News (Jun. 4, 2025), https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/tiananmen-square-anniversary-shows-chinas-ability-to-suppress-history#:~:text=Security%20was%20tight%20Wednesday%20around,gatherings%20can%20still%20take%20place&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, China was the top jailer of journalists in the world, holding 14% of the world’s journalists in their jails.&lt;ref&gt;Arlene Getx, ''In record year, China, Israel, and Myanmar are world’s leading jailers of journalists'', Committee to Protect Journalists (Jan. 16, 2025), https://cpj.org/special-reports/in-record-year-china-israel-and-myanmar-are-worlds-leading-jailers-of-journalists/&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Censorship &amp; Violent Content''' ==
[[File:Hong Kong Protests P1240680 Umbrella revolution - protest in Nathan road, Hong Kong (15375576579).jpg|thumb|'''Hong Kong protests against the national security law.''']]China practices rigorous censorship in various forms of speech. A foundational principle of freedom of speech is that of no prior restraint which allows speech to enter the marketplace, and its issuer must deal with the consequences after the fact. This principle is not welcome in China. Related to this principal China’s justification for much of their prior restraint, national security. Most clearly demonstrated in the [[wikipedia:2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law|Hong Kong National Security Law]], China has enforced expansive prior restraints on speech and jailed those who have attempted to speak out.

=== '''''No Prior Restraint''''' ===
The principle of no [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraint]] says that speech cannot be stopped before it takes place. Rather, one may say what they wish but may have to deal with the consequences after. This principle is well known in the West.&lt;blockquote&gt;The liberty of the press is indeed essential to the nature of a free state: but this consists in laying no prior restraints upon publications, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published. Every freeman has an undoubted right to lay what sentiments he pleases before the public: to forbid this, is to destroy the freedom of the press: but if he publishes what is improper, mischievous, or illegal, he must take the consequence of his own temerity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zeigler|first=Sara L.|last2=Vile|first2=John R.|date=Jan. 1, 2009|title=William Blackstone|url=https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/william-blackstone/|journal=Free Speech Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This principle ensures that ideas are free to enter the marketplace in nations that have chosen to adopt this concept, like the United States. However, China has not adopted this principle. Rather, China is diametrically opposed to the principle of no prior restraint. The Chinese government requires people to “ask the government's permission before they are allowed to publish.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “[t]he Communist Party has the right and the ability to screen works prior to publication, and stop publication of those works it finds objectionable.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; One of the main methods of enforcing [[wikipedia:Prior_restraint|prior restraints]] in China is their licensing scheme…” where “the government requires individuals to obtain a license, permit, or other authorization in order to legally engage in publishing.”&lt;ref&gt;Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ''Prior Restraints'', https://www.cecc.gov/prior-restraints&lt;/ref&gt; Such requirements ensure that the government approves of any speech before it can enter the marketplace.

A notable piece of Chinese legislation is the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing.&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Regulations states that “publishing businesses shall adhere to the path of serving the people and serving socialism, adhere to the guidance of [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]], Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, and promulgate and accumulate scientific technology and cultural knowledge that is advantageous to economic development and social progress.”&lt;ref&gt;Regulations on the Administration of Publishing (2001.12.25), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/regulation-on-the-administration-of-publishing-chinese-and-english-text&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires that anything published in China aligns with their preferred thought. This is exactly what the marketplace of ideas sought to prevent. A healthy competition of ideas is best for humanity, not a forced set of ideas. A breach of the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing has grave consequences. In 2019 “[a] Chinese court slapped a dozen of people with varying jail terms for illegally publishing books related to the Communist Party of China.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt; The Intermediate People's Court of Yueyang in Hunan province stated that “[t]he accused were convicted of violating state regulations by illegally reprinting and selling huge volumes of publications, which seriously endangered the social order and disrupted the legitimate publishing market.”&lt;ref&gt;Zehra Nur Duz, ''China jails 12 for illegal publications about party'', Ankara (Dec. 26, 2019), [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877? https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-jails-12-for-illegal-publications-about-party/1684877?]&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important piece of legislation is the eloquently named Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications.&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Article 3 of the Measures says that “[t]he scope of the important topics… shall be adjusted and promulgated by the General Administration of Press and Publication.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; Such important topics include “works and literature concerning any former or current leaders of the party ” ,&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; “topics which deal with maps of China's borders,”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; and even “topics which deal with any significant historical matters or important historical figures in the history of the Chinese Communist Party.”&lt;ref&gt;Notice Regarding the Printing and Promulgation of the &quot;Measures on the Recording of Important Topics of Books, Periodicals, Audio/Visual Productions and Electronic Publications&quot; (1997.10.10), Article 3, https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-regarding-the-printing-and-promulgation-of-the-measures-on-the&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation requires government approval prior to publishing on important topics. While the complete list of important topics is much longer these three are notable because they are meant to shape the way, one understands Chinese history and China’s place in the world. This dystopian law enforces not only a specific world view, like the Regulations on the Administration of Publishing, but also a specific understanding of China’s history and how they arrived at their present communist government. Thus, these measures bolster the Chinese Communist Party’s control over all speech in China.

=== '''''National Security''''' ===
The Chinese Party often censors speech under the pretense of protecting national security. An example occurred recently in Hong Kong. In 2020 China introduced the [[wikipedia:2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law|National Security Law]] (“NSL”) to Hong Kong. The NSL “criminalises anything considered as secession, which is breaking away from China; subversion, which is undermining the power or authority of the central government; terrorism, which is using violence or intimidation against people; and collusion with foreign or external forces.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; This Law has resulted in “[n]umerous pro-democracy news outlets in Hong Kong [being] shut down, including Lai's Apple Daily, which was known to be critical of the mainland Chinese leadership.”&lt;ref&gt;BBC, ''Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?'' (Mar. 18, 2024), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in 2021 “Hong Kong's national security police raided the offices of ''Stand News'' for suspected breaches of the NSL and separately arrested six senior staff members and one former senior staff member for conspiracy to publish seditious publications.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Barrios|first=Ricardo|date=Nov. 15, 2023|title=Hong Kong Under the National Security Law|url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47844|journal=Congress.Gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NSL has also impacted other forms of speech as shut down of the Tiananmen vigil in 2002 when “authorities announced they were closing Victoria Park—the traditional site of the Tiananmen vigil—citing ‘Police's observation that some people are using different channels to incite the participation of unauthorised assemblies’ and these assemblies' potential to affect ‘public safety and public order.’”&lt;ref&gt;Barrios,&amp;#x20;Ricardo&amp;#x20;(Nov. 15, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;Hong Kong Under the National Security Law&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Congress.Gov''.&lt;/ref&gt; These alarming instances demonstrates China’s use of overbroad justifications, such as national security, to exert control over China and its special administrative regions. Finally, China’s desire for a tighter grip on information does not stop at its borders. In 2015 China signed the [[wikipedia:History_of_Sino-Russian_relations|Sino-Russian]] Cybersecurity Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement “has two key features: mutual assurance on non-aggression in cyberspace and language advocating cyber-sovereignty.”&lt;ref&gt;Sino-Russian Cybersecurity Agreement 2015, https://jsis.washington.edu/news/china-russia-cybersecurity-cooperation-working-towards-cyber-sovereignty/&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Truth, Honor, &amp; Tolerance''' ==
Chinese censorship has ensured that there is only one product to be bought and sold in the marketplace of ideas, the Chinese Communist Party’s. This booth peddles China’s view of history, as seen in their memory laws, and their chosen religions. China’s failure to encourage a marketplace of ideas has not only impacted freedom of expression in China but also hindered their economic and scientific growth. This limited marketplace extends to how certain historical events are seen. Finally, it is notable that China does allow the practice of religion in their Constitution, and to an extent in practice. However, examples such as the Chinese oppression of Muslims and requiring the Vatican to agree to bishop appointments demonstrates the fact that the Chinese Communist Party is firmly in control of this marketplace.

=== '''''The Marketplace of Ideas''''' ===
The marketplace of ideas is a western concept that has been adopted in the United States. The concept of the marketplace of ideas says that “[t]he best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market.” This concept is seen in robust public discourse, protests, debate, etc. These all further the belief that government should foster a lively discourse that allows everyone to choose which ideas they believe are best. This concept has not been adopted by China. Rather, “while China has increased economic freedom, it has protected the Party’s iron grip on power and suppressed freedom of expression — there is no free market for ideas. Without such a market, the Chinese people are subservient to the state and their range of choices limited.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dorn|first=James A.|date=Feb. 4, 2017|title=China Needs a Free Market for Ideas|url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/china-needs-free-market-ideas#:~:text=The%20lack%20of%20a%20free,of%20the%20Chinese%20Communist%20Party|journal=CATO Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese censorship is pervasive and leaves no stall at the marketplace of ideas uncaptured. For example, “significant amendments were made to both the [Constitution], further consolidating the dominant leadership of the CCP. While these changes were not explicitly centered on censorship, this strengthened power structure indirectly set the stage for a reshaped censorship framework, presenting an illiberal substance under a facade of legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Ge|date=2025-26|title=How China Curbs Free Speech Beyond Its Borders: Legal Strategies of Transnational Censorship|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4621776|journal=J. Int'l Media &amp; Ent. L., 11(1), 1-41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While the lack of a robust coemption of ideas certainly treads on individual rights, some also argue that it also limits China’s potential, “[b]ecause the freedom to supply ideas, choose ideas, and criticize ideas is severely limited, the creativity of the Chinese people is underutilized and their innovative potential undertapped.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Ning|date=Winter 2017|title=China’s Future and the Determining Role of the Market for Ideas|journal=CATO Journal (Vol. 37, No. 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “without the freedom to think, speak, and innovate openly, China’s economic growth could stagnate” and as a result “lead to a lack of critical thinking and creativity, which are vital for addressing complex challenges and advancing technological and social innovation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zou|first=Heng-Fu|date=April 2021|title=A Free Market For Ideas In China|url=https://down.aefweb.net/WorkingPapers/w664.pdf|journal=The World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; China’s suppression of the market place of ideas not only violates individual rights but is likely harming both the Chinese economy and even society itself.

=== '''''Memory Laws''''' ===
For China “[t]here is only one correct interpretation of the national past, and it is the party-state – and the party-state alone – that promulgates and polices it.”&lt;ref&gt;Chang,&amp;#x20;Vincent K.L.&amp;#x20;(May 2, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Verfassungsblog''.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, after an incident where Chinese youths cosplayed as Japanese Imperial soldiers and took phots at a war monument in Shanghai, China passed the [[wikipedia:Law_on_the_Protection_of_Heroes_and_Martyrs|Heroes and Martyrs Protection Law]].&lt;ref&gt;Guang Yang, ''China’s National Memory Laws and the War on Storytelling'', Australian Institute of International Affairs (May 3, 2023), https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/chinas-national-memory-laws-and-the-war-on-storytelling/. ''See also'' Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, 中华人民共和国英雄烈士保护法, (adopted Apr. 27, 2018, effective May 1, 2018), https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/peoples-republic-of-china-law-on-protection-of-heroes-and-martyrs/.&lt;/ref&gt; This law “calls on citizens to ‘respect, study, and defend’ national heroes and criminalises their defamation.”&lt;ref&gt;Vincent K.L. Chang, ''China’s Memory Laws The Global Reach of Beijing’s Push to Juridify Memory'', Verfassungsblog (May 2, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/chinas-memory-laws/&lt;/ref&gt; China’s use of memory laws, or selective history, has resulted in the erasure of historical events that are not flattering or supportive of the Chinese Communist Party. For example, in 2012 a professor teaching in Hong Kong “asked his class of more than forty students from China, all of whom were born in the 1980s, ‘Have any of you heard of June Fourth, Liu Binyan, or Fang Lizhi?’ However, the students simply gazed at one another in silence.”&lt;ref&gt;Yan Lianke, ''China’s National Amnesia'', The Dial (Apr. 23, 2024), https://www.thedial.world/articles/news/issue-15/china-national-strategy-forgetting&lt;/ref&gt; As discussed, nowhere is this amnesia seen better than in the case of Tiananmen Square.

An example of such memory laws in action was seen in 2016 where a group of individuals who promoted liquor bottles that had labels commemorating June 4, 1989, the date of the [[wikipedia:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|Tiananmen Square Massacre]].&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; One man was “criminally detained on suspicion of ‘inciting subversion of state power’ while [another] was detained on suspicion of ‘picking quarrels and provoking trouble.’”&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, ''China: Further information: Two More Activists Detained for “June 4 Baijiu”'' (Jun. 21, 2016), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/4298/2016/en/.]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, one of the men received a three and a half year sentence by a court in southwestern China.&lt;ref&gt;Radio Free Asia, ''Court in China's Sichuan Jails Fourth Man Over Tiananmen Massacre Liquor'' (Apr. 4, 2019), https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/liquor-04042019105951.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Tolerance as Applied to Religion''''' ===
[[File:Cardinal Joseph Zen (2019).jpg|thumb|'''Cardinal Joseph Zen, former bishop of Hong Kong and arrested by the CCP.''']]
The Chinese Constitution explicitly allows for freedom of religion, Article 36 states that “[c]itizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief.”&lt;ref&gt;XIANFA [Constitution] Dec. 4, 1982, art. 36 (China), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Embassy in South Africa published a paper on religious freedom stating “[r]eligious disputes are unknown in China. Religious believers and non-believers respect each other, are united and have a harmonious relationship.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; However, while China allows for the practice of religion, the Chinese Communist Party has worked to force religion to align with its worldview. As a result, “China is pursuing a policy of ‘[[wikipedia:Sinicization|Sinicization]]’ that requires religious groups to align their doctrines, customs and morality with Chinese culture.”&lt;ref&gt;Pew Research Center, 10 things to know about China’s policies on religion (Oct. 23, 2023),

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/23/10-things-to-know-about-chinas-policies-on-religion/&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 the Vatican agreed to a deal with the Chinese Communist Party regarding the appointment of bishops. Following this “[[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Joseph Zen]]… said it would legitimise the Communist Party’s control over Chinese Catholics, and be like ‘giving the flock into the mouths of the wolves.’”&lt;ref&gt;Economist, ''China wants to “sinicise” its Catholics'' (Nov. 22, 2022), https://www.economist.com/china/2022/11/22/china-wants-to-sinicise-its-catholics&lt;/ref&gt; China’s concern with religions such as Islam and Christianity is not that they are new to China, they are not. Rather, “Muslims are part of Islam’s global ''[[wikipedia:Ummah|umma]]'' (Arabic for ‘community’) of believers” and “Christians, meanwhile, are thought to have strong overseas ties either to the Vatican, for Catholics, or to overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia and the West, for Protestants in particular.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=May 14, 2024|title=China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All|url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/china-reversing-its-crackdown-some-religions-not-all|journal=Council on Foreign Relations}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, China sees these religions as non-Chinese. Other religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religions the states are viewed as “so-called indigenous faiths.”&lt;ref&gt;Johnson,&amp;#x20;Ian&amp;#x20;(May 14, 2024).&amp;#x20;&quot;China Is Reversing Its Crackdown on Some Religions, but Not All&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Council on Foreign Relations''.&lt;/ref&gt; A key law impacting religious tolerance is the Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups.&lt;ref&gt;Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 5 of the measures states that “[r]eligious groups must follow the leadership of the Communist Party of China… persist in the direction of sinification of religion[, and] practice the Core Socialist Values.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 5, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, under Article 6, “[r]eligious groups shall accept the supervision, oversight, and administration of people's governments religious affairs departments.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 17, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Article 17 states that “[r]eligious groups shall publicize the Communist Party of] China's directives and policies.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Measures for the Administration of Religious Groups, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/measures-for-the-administration-of-religious-groups/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, “[t]he legal protection of citizens' right to the freedom of religious belief in China is basically in accordance with the main contents of the concerned international documents and conventions in this respect.”&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt; The Embassy goes on to list the following international agreements: the United Nations Charter, the [[wikipedia:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convenient on Civil and Political Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, and the Vienna Declaration and Action Program.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of South Africa, ''Freedom of Religious Belief in China'' (October 1997) Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China June 1996, Beijing, https://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/zgrq/200604/t20060425_7639036.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Cultural and Religious Expressions''' ==
In China there are many festivals and cultural events, with the [[wikipedia:Chinese_New_Year|Chinese New Year]] being the most famous and one of the oldest. This holiday is lauded as important for many reasons, but it is allowed because it promotes Chinese identity. Some religions, and religious symbols, do not receive an equally welcoming invite from the Chinese Communist Party. While religious worship is allowed theoretically, China has cracked down on the Church in China and on religious symbols.

=== '''''Festivals, The Chinese New Year or Spring Festival''''' ===
Feasts and festivals are thousands of years old. Key aspects of festivals include bringing people together, feasting over food, a reason to celebrate, and the symbolization of the shared joy. China has a long history of festivals. Perhaps the largest and most important is the [[wikipedia:Chinese_New_Year|Chinese New Year]]. The Chinese New Year is thousands of years old. It likely “originated in the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC), when people held sacrificial ceremonies in honor of gods and ancestors at the beginning or the end of each year.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Timothy S.Y.|title=History of Chinese New Year|url=https://lammuseum.wfu.edu/education/teachers/chinese-new-year/history-of-chinese-new-year/|journal=Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology}}&lt;/ref&gt; This festival has become an integral part of the Chinese nation. However, Chinese Americans, and those around the world, can also be seen celebrating this festival. As a result, this festival is intimately intertwined with the Chinese identity.
[[File:Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore, 20240122 0852 2963.jpg|thumb|Chinese New Year decorations in Chinatown, Singapore]]
[[File:The Lucky Red Envelopes or Packets in Lunar New Year.jpg|thumb|Red Envelopes]]
There are many traditions that play critical roles in the Chinese New Year festival season. The legend of the Chinese New Year began with a mythical beast called that would eat crops and people. Legend states “a wise old man figured out that [[wikipedia:Nian|Nian]] was scared of loud noises (firecrackers) and the color red. So, people put red lanterns and red scrolls on their windows and doors to stop Nian from coming inside. Crackling bamboo (later replaced by firecrackers) was lit to scare [[wikipedia:Nian|Nian]] away.”&lt;ref&gt;Lam,&amp;#x20;Timothy S.Y..&amp;#x20;&quot;History of Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Wake Forest University, Museum of Anthropology''.&lt;/ref&gt; The famous tradition of exchanging red envelopes began with the mythical beast Sui, who would scare children while they slept. As a result, “[e]lders began to give out red envelopes of coins to children for them to play with and keep them awake throughout the night.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Kaysey A.|date=Jan. 27, 2022|title=A Brief History of the Chinese New Year|url=https://worldtreasures.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-chinese-new-year|journal=World Treasures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “round dumplings shaped like the full moon are shared as a symbol of the family unit and perfection.”&lt;ref&gt;Richardson,&amp;#x20;Kaysey A.&amp;#x20;(Jan. 27, 2022).&amp;#x20;&quot;A Brief History of the Chinese New Year&quot;.&amp;#x20;''World Treasures''.&lt;/ref&gt; These traditions give the Chinese people tangible things to pass down to future generations. It is incredible to see how consistent these traditions have been, indicating how important they are to the Chinese people’s cultural expression.

A critical law in the area of cultural and religious expression in China is the Law of the People's Republic of China on [[wikipedia:Intangible_cultural_heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage]].&lt;ref&gt;Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Under Article 1 of the Law, it’s stated purpose is  that “of inheriting and promoting the distinguished traditional culture of the Chinese nation, promoting the building of the socialist spiritual civilization and strengthening the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 1, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; Article 6 of the law requires the local governments to “include the protection and preservation of intangible cultural heritage in the national economic and social development plans at their same levels and include the protection and preservation funding into the financial budgets.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage, February 25, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/336567&lt;/ref&gt; According to a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization report “[d]uring [Chinese New Year] in 2024, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the PRC mobilized the whole country to widely carry out Spring Festival [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[wikipedia:Intangible_cultural_heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage]]] activities. A total of more than 45,400 ICH promotion and display activities were carried out nationwide.”&lt;ref&gt;nited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Periodic reporting on the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2004), https://ich.unesco.org/en/periodic-reporting-00460&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Religious Symbols''''' ===
While religious exercise is allowed in China to some extent, the display of certain items has come under attack. According to a recent report, “Chinese officials have ordered the removal of crosses from churches and have replaced images of Christ and the Virgin Mary with images of President Xi Jinping”.&lt;ref&gt;Tyler Arnold, ''China is Removing Crosses From Churches, Replacing Images of Christ With Xi Jinping'', The National Catholic Register (Oct. 1, 2024), https://www.ncregister.com/cna/china-is-removing-crosses-from-churches-replacing-images-of-christ-with-xi-jinping&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, “new rules to ensure that sites of religious worship, like mosques, look adequately “Chinese,” and to mandate the cultivation of “patriotic” religious leaders.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin Lavička, ''A New Round of Restrictions Further Constrains Religious Practice in Xinjiang'', China File (Apr. 19, 2024), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/new-round-of-restrictions-further-constrains-religious-practice-xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; Article 26 of the 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations states that “Religious activity sites that are newly built, renovated, expanded, or rebuilt should reflect Chinese characteristics and style in terms of architecture, sculptures, paintings, decorations, etc.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 26, 2024 Xinjiang Religious Affairs Regulations, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/xj-religious-affairs/&lt;/ref&gt; These actions indicate the Chinese Communist Parties attempt to more deeply accelerate [[wikipedia:Sinicization|sinicization]].

=== '''''The Church in China''''' ===
[[File:20251016 Shangqiu Catholic Church 04.jpg|thumb|Shangqiu Catholic Church]]
In China there are two faces to the Catholic Church. The first is the [[wikipedia:Chinese_Catholic_Patriotic_Association|Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association]] (the “CCPA”). The CCPA is obedient to the “the State Council's Religious Affairs Bureau, which is an agency under the United Front Department of the Communist Party. It does not recognize the supreme administrative, legislative, and judicial authority of the Pope.”&lt;ref&gt;The Cardinal Kung Foundation, ''Catholic Church in China, It Is Now Known As An Underground Church'',  http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/rc/RCrelfreedom.php&lt;/ref&gt; The second face is the “[[wikipedia:Underground_church|Underground Catholic Church]]” which is not governed by the Chinese Communist Party. Recently, the CCPA held the 10th National Congress of Catholicism in China. The CCPA “delegates also unanimously accepted the Work Report of the 9th Standing Committee on Church efforts and activities in the promotion of patriotism, socialism, and [[wikipedia:Sinicization|sinicization]] in the Catholic Church as outlined by President Xi Jinping.”&lt;ref&gt;Union of Catholic Asian News, ''China's Catholic leaders vow to accelerate sinicization''''',''' https://www.ucanews.com/news/chinas-catholic-leaders-vow-to-accelerate-sinicization/98499&lt;/ref&gt; Opposed to the CCPA are the underground Church leaders like [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Joseph Zen]]. [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Zen]] is critical of the Chinese persecution of Catholics and heavily criticized the 2018 deal the Vatican made with China which requires Chinese approval of bishops.&lt;ref&gt;Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding the deal, [[wikipedia:Joseph_Zen|Cardinal Zen]] stated that “[t]hey’re [sending] the flock into the mouths of the wolves. It’s an incredible betrayal.”&lt;ref&gt;''See'' Harriet Sherwood, ''Vatican signs historic deal with China – but critics denounce sellout'', The Guardian (Sep. 22, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/22/vatican-pope-francis-agreement-with-china-nominating-bishops&lt;/ref&gt; In China it is “illegal for the priest to instruct the children of the parish in the Faith or give them any materials to read.”&lt;ref&gt;Michael Schmiesing, ''A Hidden Church in'' China, Catholic Answers (Dec. 12, 2024), https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/a-hidden-church-in-china&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “minors are not allowed to attend the Mass in some areas of China.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Aly Rothfus, ''Catholic Church in China Faces'' Crisis, The Irish Rover (Nov. 19, 2025), https://irishrover.net/2025/11/catholic-church-in-china-faces-crisis/&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, it must be noted that the Holy See does not recognize the Chinese communist Party as the leader of China. Rather, “the Vatican has maintained formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan.”&lt;ref&gt;Abhishank Mishra &amp; Ananya Sharma, ''China-Taiwan, and a Vatican'' conversion, the interpreter (Jul. 9, 2024), https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-taiwan-vatican-conversion&lt;/ref&gt;

As discussed above, China has set a clear policy goal of maintaining, celebrating, and promulgating traditional Chinese festivals to the public. Religious festivals do not enjoy the same support. Article 42 of the Religious Affairs Regulations 2017 provides that “[w]here a large-scale religious activity is held that is beyond the accommodation capacity of a religious activity site the religious group… sponsoring the activity shall, 30 days before the activity is to be held, submit an application to the religious affairs department of the people’s government for the province.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 42, Religious Affairs Regulations 2017, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/religious-affairs-regulations-2017/&lt;/ref&gt; On Easter Sunday 2011, a [c]hurch in Beijing planned to hold an outdoor worship service in a plaza amid high-rise office and commercial buildings. However the police sealed off the plaza and dispelled gathering congregants… Thirty six of the congregants were taken to police stations for interrogation.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fenggang|first=Yang|date=May 12, 2011|title=The Chinese House Church Goes Public|url=https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/chinese-house-church-goes-public-fenggang-yang|journal=The University of Chicago {{!}} Divinity School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Privacy and Data Protection''' ==
Our private thoughts and actions are intimate to who we are as people. However, in China, the government wishes to be included in that inner circle. They seek to accomplish this by a program of [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]]. While artificial intelligence has been an incredible breakthrough for the world it has also been taken advantage of by nefarious actors. Chief among these is perhaps China. China has employed artificial intelligence to better control its citizens and ensure compliance. Another technology breakthrough, cryptocurrency, has had mixed reactions from China. Cryptocurrency allows transactions to be kept private, a no-go for the Chinese Communist Party. As a result, China has banned cryptocurrency use.

=== '''''Mass Surveillance and Artificial Intelligence''''' ===
It is no surprise that China is renowned for its [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]]. Citizens are watched almost constantly to ensure compliance with the Chinese Communist Party’s ideals. In fact the “[p]eople in China are among the most surveilled in the world, taking 16 of the top 20 spots on the most surveilled cities list based on the number of cameras per 1,000 people in an annual assessment.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gates|first=Megan|date=Jun. 1, 2021|title=The Rise of the Surveillance State|url=https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/monthly-issues/security-technology/archive/2021/june/The-Rise-of-The-Surveillance-State|journal=Security Management}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, “documents from one Shanghai district detail plans for AI-powered cameras and drones to ‘automatically discover and intelligently enforce the law,’ including potentially alerting police to crowd gatherings.”[116] China has also begun using artificial intelligence in satellite surveillance, “China is deploying AI-enabled Sun-synchronous satellites over regions that the CCP views as politically sensitive, including Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hong Kong and Macau.”&lt;ref&gt;Fergus Ryan, et al., ''The party’s AI How China’s new AI systems are reshaping human rights'', ASPI (dec. 2025), https://aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/27122307/The-partys-AI-How-Chinas-new-AI-systems-are-reshaping-human-rights.pdf. ''See also'', Jinghe Fan, Xin Zhang, ‘Small, swift, and effective’ legislation in China: Towards adaptive governance of AI?, Computer Law &amp; Security Review, Volume 61, 2026, 106329, ISSN 2212-473X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106329.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Xinjiang region China uses mobile apps, biometric data, and artificial intelligence to monitor millions of Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Gates,&amp;#x20;Megan&amp;#x20;(Jun. 1, 2021).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Rise of the Surveillance State&quot;.&amp;#x20;''Security Management''.&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence is not limited to technical uses. China has begun using artificial intelligence to help it draft policies, “[i]n one case, a ChatGPT user ‘likely connected to a [Chinese] government entity’ asked the AI model to help write a proposal for a tool that analyzes the travel movements and police records of the Uyghur minority— a Turkic-speaking, predominantly Muslim ethnic minority—and other ‘high-risk’ people, according to the OpenAI report.”&lt;ref&gt;Sean Lyngaas &amp; Jim Sclutto, ''Suspected Chinese government operatives used ChatGPT to shape mass surveillance proposals, OpenAI says'', CNN (Oct. 7, 2025), https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/07/politics/china-chatgpt-surveillance&lt;/ref&gt; The use of artificial intelligence in China is alarming. While surveillance in Chian has grown alongside technology since the Chinese Communist Party took power, the introduction of artificial intelligence is the biggest leap that has yet to occur. Moreover, the “[[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC’s]] approach to regulating AI or algorithms is centered on the regime of Algorithm Registry. Providers of certain recommendation algorithms, deep synthesis, and generative AI technologies must register detailed information with the [[wikipedia:Cyberspace_Administration_of_China|CAC]] before offering services in China.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Wayne Wei|last2=et al.|date=2025|title=Artificial Intelligence “Law(s)” in China: Retrospect and Prospect|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5039316|journal=Part I, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 29-36, 2025 &amp; Part II, Journal of AI Law and Regulation (AIRe), Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 139-157, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Cryptocurrency in China''''' ===
If someone were to analyze an individual’s last year of credit card transactions it is likely one could learn quite a bit about them. For a [[wikipedia:Mass_surveillance_in_China|mass surveillance]] state like China this is appealing. As a result, cryptocurrencies present an issue for China. Cryptocurrencies like [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Bitcoin]] and [[wikipedia:Ethereum|Ethereum]] use a technology called blockchain that acts as a digital ledger of transactions. This allows individuals to exchange value without the need of an intermediary like a bank. These blockchains enhance “transactional privacy by removing the need for users to reveal their real identities. Confidential transactions and encryption techniques ensure only the involved parties know the details. Zero-knowledge proofs, ring signatures, and stealth addresses advances further strengthen privacy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zaware|first=Rajendra|title=Data Privacy in Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain|url=https://blogs.infosys.com/emerging-technology-solutions/iedps/data-privacy-in-cryptocurrencies-and-blockchain.html|journal=Infosys}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, while all transactions on the blockchain are visible, the identity of who made the transaction is private unless shared.

Importantly, “China’s central bank defined [[wikipedia:Cryptocurrency|cryptocurrency]] as a specified virtual commodity. This legal attribute is not clear, which brings difficulties in consumer protection and criminal identification.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Jiye|date=Apr. 25, 2023|title=The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4423780|journal=China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School}}&lt;/ref&gt; China was renowned for its large cryptocurrency market and “[p]rior to 2017, China had the world’s largest cryptocurrency market—with 80% of Bitcoin, the world’s leading digital coin, transactions conducted in yuan.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=Richard|title=China’s Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Regulatory Environment|url=https://www.ecovis.com/focus-china/chinas-cryptocurrency/|journal=ECOVIS}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, after years of increasing restrictions, China banned cryptocurrency trading and mining in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=OxKira|date=Oct. 9, 2025|title=Crypto in China: A 2025 guide to the crypto landscape|journal=Arham}}&lt;/ref&gt; This time period saw a flurry of laws implemented regarding digital assets and crypto currencies, “[o]n January 1, 2020, the ‘[[wikipedia:Cryptography_law|Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China]]’ came into effect. ‘Data Security Law’ was adopted on June 10, 2021, and ‘Personal Information Protection Law’ was adopted on August 20, 2021.”&lt;ref&gt;Hu,&amp;#x20;Jiye&amp;#x20;(Apr. 25, 2023).&amp;#x20;&quot;The Regulation of Cryptocurrency in China&quot;.&amp;#x20;''China University of Political Science and Law, Business School; Business School''&lt;/ref&gt; The People’s Bank of China “warned financial institutions against providing banking and clearing services to virtual currency-related businesses.”&lt;ref&gt;Xiuhao, et al, ''China steps up crypto crackdown, will vet real-world asset tokens'', Reuters (Feb. 6, 2026), https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-vows-tighten-virtual-currency-restrictions-2026-02-06/&lt;/ref&gt; This warning has not been without teeth. In 2025 a Chinese court convicted five people of transacting more than $160 million worth of cryptocurrency.&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt; The court said that these individuals “violated China’s Anti-Money Laundering Law and Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, both of which prohibit unauthorized cross-border fund transfers.”&lt;ref&gt;Prashant Jha, ''Five People Jailed in China Just for Moving USDT'', Yahoo! Finance (Oct. 29, 2025), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/five-people-jailed-china-just-080215125.html&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:E-CNY logo.svg|thumb|E-CNY logo, this is the digital asset employed by China.]]
While these penalties are steep, people in China have persisted in using cryptocurrencies to ensure their transactions remain private. Reports indicate “that there are still around 59 million crypto users in China as of 2025. That is roughly 10% of the global crypto user base, even though most users must operate outside official channels.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; Interestingly, “[w]hile private cryptocurrencies face heavy restrictions, China has fully embraced its own central bank digital currency (CBDC) known as the digital yuan ([[wikipedia:Digital_renminbi|e-CNY]]). By late 2025, e-CNY platforms had processed over 14.2 trillion yuan in transactions and were used by more than 260 million wallets.”&lt;ref&gt;Faari Labinjo, ''The Truth About China’s Crypto Ban: Adoption, Underground Markets and Billions in OTC Trading (2025–2026)'', DeFiPlanet (Mar. 17, 2026), https://defi-planet.com/2026/03/the-truth-about-chinas-crypto-ban-adoption-underground-markets-and-billions-in-otc-trading-2025-2026/&lt;/ref&gt; While this may seem contradictory at first, there is a strategy. Banning cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin ensures private transactions will not occur. Introducing the digital yuan, which is subject to surveillance, will allow China to “create a mechanism through which the government can access reams of digital data that may prove helpful to Beijing in the global race to develop artificial intelligence.”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;  To that end, “[u]nlike Bitcoin and other cyber currencies, all digital-yuan users will register with the [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[wikipedia:People's_Bank_of_China|People's Bank of China]]] under a system described by government officials as “controllable anonymity,’ which will give the government the ability to track illicit transactions and presumably the activities of citizens who attract the attention of security services.”&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy Mark, ''Why China’s digital currency threatens the country’s tech giants'', Atlantic Council (Jul. 15, 2021), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/why-chinas-digital-currency-threatens-the-countrys-tech-giants/#:~:text=Unlike%20Bitcoin%20and%20other%20cyber,who%20attract%20the%20attention%20of&lt;/ref&gt;

Other reasons for adopting the digital yuan include payment efficiency, increased state oversight and support of the yuan as a strategy tool. According to a 2021 report by the working group for the e-CNY, “the issuance of e-CNY will fully meet the public’s daily payment needs, further improve the efficiency of the retail payment system and reduce the cost of retail payment.”&lt;ref&gt;Working Group on E-CNY Research and Development of the People’s Bank of China, ''Progress of Research &amp; Development of E-CNY in China'' (July 2021), https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/8c1d1ea1-a8f7-402c-9f08-edf6863237bc/content&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Right to Bodily, Spiritual and Digital Identity''' ==
An individual’s identity is the essence of who they are and what they believe. In our digital age people have taken on digital identities. In many parts of the world people cannot get by without a digital identity. China is currently attempting to enroll its citizenry in a government issues digital identity. This identity will allow China to compile all enrollees’ personal information. On the other side of the identity coin, China has also sought to compile massive amount of biometric date such as DNA and facial recognition. These data collections have also been extended to individuals visiting China.

=== '''''Digital Identity''''' ===
In a world that has become intensely digital it makes sense that we humans would take on digital identities. These identities are demonstrated by social media, bank accounts, online use, and more. We use these identities to interact with other humans in the digital world. The Chinese government has introduced the National Online Identity Authentication Public Service. This is a “government-controlled digital identity system [which] will allow citizens to register by providing official government documents and then will shield their information from Internet services.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/.&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese authorities say “that the new measure intends to establish a trusted digital identity framework within the public service infrastructure.”&lt;ref&gt;Shane Yi &amp; Michael Caster, ''China: New Internet ID System a threat to online expression'', Article19 (Jun. 25, 2025), [https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/ https://www.article19.org/resources/china-new-internet-id-system-a-threat-to-online-expression/.]&lt;/ref&gt; However, “[t]he Chinese government has not provided details about how the system is constructed or the policies in place to protect the data from misuse… for digital-rights activists, the danger is clear.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Lemos, ''China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns'', Chinese Human Rights Defenders (Jul. 23, 2025),

https://www.nchrd.org/2025/07/china-introduces-national-cyber-id-amid-privacy-concerns/&lt;/ref&gt; The digital identity offered by China is proffered under the guise of ease of use. However, in exchange for this ease, Chinese citizens will need to give over intimate personal information to the government. While the program is optional for now it is possible necessary resources online could soon require one to obtain a government controlled digital identity.

=== '''''Biometric Data''''' ===
Despite the increasing importance of the digital identity and personal digital information, there is still information about ourselves that is intimate. Biometric data includes things like DNA, fingerprints, and even voice scans. In China “legislation and regulation are carefully crafted to give public security organs broad powers to harvest and use biometric data in conjunction with the performance of their law enforcement and national security duties.”&lt;ref&gt;Mercator Institute for China, ''China’s Handling of Biometric Data: Trends and Implications for Europe'' (Jun. 14, 2022), https://merics.org/en/events/chinas-handling-biometric-data-trends-and-implications-europe.&lt;/ref&gt; A main biometric tool used by the Chinese government is facial recognition which “is deployed to identify citizens for law enforcement purposes, such as performing identity verification at airports, train stations, or specific public areas, and for commercial purposes to enhance business operations’ efficiency.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Jianyu|last2=Stevenson|first2=Jennifer|date=2022|title=Assessing Legal Protection of Biometric Data in China: Gaps, Principles, and Policy Recommendations|url=https://commons.stmarytx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1776&amp;context=facarticles.|journal=St. Mary’s University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such collections are not limited to Chinese citizens however. China has begun requiring foreign nationals “to submit their fingerprints and undergo a facial scan at self-help kiosks at their port of entry to the People's Republic of China. These self-help kiosks will issue a receipt once your biometric data is received and that receipt must be given to the border inspector for verification as part of the entry process.”&lt;ref&gt;Duke Travel Registry, ''Announcements: China now requires collection of biometric data upon arrival'', https://duke-travel.terradotta.com/index.cfm?FuseAction=Announcements.Announcement&amp;Announcement_ID=3026&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, China has recently combined blockchain technology with biometric data, “the new digital ID service stores cryptographic keys on-chain after a real-name verification process. According to reports, the system authenticates users’ legal name, facial recognition, and government ID before allowing users to create an infinite number of public-private key pairs to register on online platforms.”&lt;ref&gt;Wahid Pessarlay, ''China blockchain=based ID experiment aims to stop data leaks'', Coingeek (Dec. 29, 2023), https://coingeek.com/china-blockchain-based-id-experiment-aims-to-stop-data-leaks/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''AI-Powered Judges''''' ===
China has taken the concept of [[wikipedia:Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China|AI-generated personas]] to the next level with the creation of AI judges. Since 2019, millions of legal cases of been decided by these “smart courts” or “internet courts”. These courts make use of “non-human judges, powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and allows participants to register their cases online and resolve their matters via a digital court hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; These courts have decided cases on various topics such as “intellectual property, e-commerce, financial disputes related to online conduct, loans acquired or performed online, domain name issues, property and civil rights cases involving the Internet, product liability arising from online purchases and certain administrative disputes.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; The “judge” appears “by hologram and are artificial creations — there is no real judge present. The holographic judge looks like a real person but is a synthesized, 3D image of different judges, and sets schedules, asks litigants questions, takes evidence and issues dispositive rulings.”&lt;ref&gt;Tara Vasdani, Robot justice: China’s use of Internet courts, LexisNexis (Feb. 2020), https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-ca/ihc/robots-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to efficiency, there are other motives at play behind these smart courts, party control. Interestingly, these “[s]mart courts allow the party to intervene in court decisions without upending the entire normative system by automatically detecting and filtering cases that require political intervention.”&lt;ref&gt;Dory Reiling &amp; Straton Papagianneas, ''Lessons from China’s Smart Court Reform'', International Journal for Court Administration (2015), https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.679.&lt;/ref&gt; Judges are still involved in the cases process but the use of AI allows them to process cases faster “the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court said each judge in the city had handled an average of 744 cases in 2025 – up by 249 cases from the previous year.”&lt;ref&gt;William Zheg, ''AI helped Shenzhen judges handle cases 50% faster. Is this the future for China?'', South China Morning Post (May 4, 2026), https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3352161/ai-helped-shenzhen-judges-handle-cases-50-faster-future-china. &lt;/ref&gt; However, &quot;all the final decisions and responsibilities belong to human judges, thereby strictly upholding legal, ethical and security boundaries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cao, Yin, ''Officials seek limited use of AI in judiciary'', China Daily (Apr. 24, 2025), https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202504/24/WS68098e46a3104d9fd382130e.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Right to Reject Information, Clothing &amp; Human Exhibitions''' ==
In China people are bombarded with propaganda in a daily basis. As such it is virtually impossible to be free from unwanted content. In fact, one may not even realize they are ingesting content they do not want. China has a systemic practice of planting stories in the news and on social media. Furthermore, the government requires Chinese schools to incorporate propaganda into their lessons from the youngest of ages. Also, alarming is China’s oppression of religious clothing. Chief among these is China’s ban on certain Muslim garb in the [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] Uighur Autonomous Region. As such, people are prohibited from outwardly expressing what is most essential to their identity, their faith.

=== '''''Unwanted Content''''' ===
Do individuals in China have the power to reject unwanted content? In reality the answer is no. The Chinese government controls all forms of media in China and there is no way to really block this onslaught of propaganda. Somedays up to 30 percent of a newspapers content will be planted by the state.&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; A recent study showed that “state-scripted propaganda on newsstands is a near-daily phenomenon in China, with some form of scripted propaganda in the news around 90 percent of days. And, on average, at least one front-page article in party newspapers is planted by the state.”&lt;ref&gt;University of Oregon, ''New research shows that propaganda is on the rise in'' China, (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079250&lt;/ref&gt; While one could choose not to pick up a newspaper in China, for many this is their main source of information and a necessity. Other forms of media are subject to the same with researchers identifying “over 18,000 central or local government accounts on Douyin, China’s version of TikTok, that produce 5 million videos per year.” Notably “[t]he largest share of these accounts belongs to the public security apparatus (34%), followed by state media (24%) and propaganda organs (12%) at the county, city, provincial, or central level.”

In addition to media, the Chinese government requires schools to teach its chosen ideology. Namely, “[[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]]-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping Thought]] on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 6, Section 1, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt; China recently introduced the Patriotic Education Law&lt;ref&gt;Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm.&lt;/ref&gt; which “mandates that love of the country and the ruling Chinese Communist Party be incorporated into work and study for everyone – from the youngest children to workers and professionals across all sectors.”&lt;ref&gt;Chris Lau &amp; Simone McCarthy, ''China feels the country isn’t patriotic enough. A new law aims to change'' that, CNN (Jan. 6, 2024), https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/06/china/china-patriotic-education-law-intl-hnk#:~:text=2%2C%202009.&amp;text=The%20new%20law%20also%20orders,subject%20to%20punishments%2C%20she%20said.&lt;/ref&gt; Article 15 states that “[s]chools at all levels and of all types shall provide coherent patriotic education throughout their curriculum, provide high-quality theoretical and political lessons, and integrate patriotic education into various subjects and textbooks.”&lt;ref&gt;Article 15, Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China, 2023, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-10/24/c_1058444.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Xuexi Qiangguo]] seeks to blend both media and education. [[wikipedia:Xuexi_Qiangguo|Xuexi Qiangguo]] is an app run by the Chinese Communist Party that citizens are encouraged to download.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Liang|first=Fan|last2=et al.|date=2021|title=The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416|journal=University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt; This app allows “users to see state media news reports, video chat with their friends, make a personal schedule and send ‘red envelopes’ of money to friends. The app comes with a Snapchat-like messaging function where messages disappear after being read.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; However,, the most important feature of the app is that it allows people to study Xi Jinping’s thought while taking quizzes and earning points. The app appears to hold political significance for the government because “[a] university in Zhejiang called on all party groups to use the app in order to form a ‘stronghold’ for [[wikipedia:Xi_Jinping_Thought|Xi Jinping thought]].&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, some are reporting that “their employers are requiring them to score a certain number of points.”&lt;ref&gt;Lily Kuo &amp; Kate Lyons, China's most popular app brings Xi Jinping to your pocket, The Guardian (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/chinas-most-popular-app-brings-xi-jinping-to-your-pocket.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the app’s more lighthearted features, it’s “control models prioritize ideological content and get users to read specific information. This means that the Chinese state could transform the platform into a centralized communication model for manipulating information circulation and directing user behavior.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt; A study shows that the app tracks President Xi’s political goals and helps promote them. For example, “the study channel recommended an online course about blockchain on October 25, 2019, since Xi Jinping announced the support for blockchain technology on October 24, 2019.”&lt;ref&gt;Fan Liang, Yuchen Chen, Fangwei Zhao, ''The Platformization of Propaganda:How Xuexi Qiangguo Expands Persuasion and Assesses Citizens in China'', University of Michigan: International Journal of Communication (2021), https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16484/3416.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''''Religious Clothing in China''''' ===
[[File:China Xinjiang Northern location map.svg|thumb|Xinjiang region, northwestern China]]
In China, certain religious garb is subject to scrutiny. China has introduced “counterterrorism” laws that seek to “ban wearing long beards, full face coverings, and religious dress.”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; These laws also ban “wearing clothes associated with ‘religious extremism.’ These regulations do not define ‘abnormal’ or ‘religious extremism.’”&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Department of State, ''China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang): Xinjian'', https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/xinjiang&lt;/ref&gt; The ban of Muslim women’s head garb has been particular prominence with “regional authorities outlaw[ing] [[wikipedia:Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country|Islamic veils]] from all public spaces in the regional capital of China’s [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR)… [the ban] empowers Chinese police to punish violators and dole out fines of up to… $800 for those who fail to enforce the prohibition.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt; The Chinese Communist Party has sought to promote alternatives to these veils such as hats and braided hair. As part of this campaign, “XUAR officials launched ‘[[wikipedia:Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China|Project Beauty]]’ in 2011: a five-year, $8 million dollar campaign aimed at developing [[wikipedia:Xinjiang|Xinjiang’s]] fashion and cosmetics industries while encouraging Muslim women to ‘look towards ‘modern’ culture’ by removing their veils.”&lt;ref&gt;Timothy Grose &amp; James Leibold, ''Why China Is Banning Islamic Veils'', ChinaFile (Feb. 4, 2015), https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/why-china-banning-islamic-veils&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''References''' ==
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    <title>Media and war</title>
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      <text bytes="32387" sha1="7dkwkfbc89tu7d6xclenhu8bq6mynkm" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-03-27 interview with Fordham University Professor Emerita of Communications [[w:Robin Andersen|Robin Andersen]]&lt;ref name=Andersen&gt;&lt;!--Robin Andersen--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132982358}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her research on media and war. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-04-04 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Media and war.webm|thumb|2026-03-27 interview of Fordham University Communications professor Robin Andersen about media and war.]]
[[File:Media and war.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-03-27 interview of Fordham University Communications professor Robin Andersen about media and war.]]

Fordham University Professor Emerita of Communications [[w:Robin Andersen|Robin Andersen]]&lt;ref name=Andersen/&gt; discusses her research on media and war with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andersen earned a PhD from UC-Irvine in 1986 with a dissertation on, &quot;The United States Press Coverage of Conflict in the Third World: The Case of El Salvador&quot;. She has expanded that work since with numerous publications including the 2006 book on ''A Century of Media, A Century of War'', which shared the [[w:Alpha Sigma Nu|Alpha Sigma Nu]] Book Award the following year with four others.&lt;ref&gt;Ralston (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; She also has ''THE COMPLICIT LENS: US Media Coverage of Israel’s Genocide in Gaza'', scheduled to be officially released this coming June 2. 

== Discussions of her work == 

=== ''A Century of Media, A Century of War'' ===

Anderson's (2006) ''A Century of Media, A Century of War'' was reviewed favorably by Richard Lance Keeble for [[w:Journalism (journal)|''Journalism'']].&lt;ref&gt;Keeble (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Russell Branca&lt;ref&gt;Branca (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; ended his review of ''A Century of Media'' by quoting Anderson (2006, p. 317) that, {{quote| 

If America is to live up to its democratic principles, the process of war must be made transparent. If seeing “war as it really is,” turns the public against war, then a democratic process will put an end to war. Those who wish to perpetuate war have also declared war on freedom of thought, expression, and emotional autonomy.}}

Mark Hampton reviewed the book for ''[[w:American Journalism Historians Association#Publications|American Journalism]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Hapton (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Jonathan Lawson in a review for ''Democratic Communiqué''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Democratic Communique--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797793}}&lt;/ref&gt; said, {{quote|

Independent, critical journalism, always a prerequisite for the informed debate that characterizes a functioning democracy, is especially important during times of crisis and war. The failure of the American establishment media to promote or sustain such public debate during the Bush administration's drive towards war in 2002 and 2003 has been catastrophic both for American democracy and for the hundreds of thousands of people whose lives have been torn apart in the rubble of lraq. ... In describing what she calls the &quot;military-entertainment complex,&quot; ... Andersen has provided the new essential casebook for anyone wishing to understand the linkages between media and militarism in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;Lawson (2007).&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== CIA - Contra - Cocaine ===

[[w:Paper Tiger Television|Paper Tiger Television]] featured her in a 1990 special titled, &quot;Robin Andersen Exposes the Real-Deal: CIA - Contra - Cocaine&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (1990).&lt;/ref&gt; later documented in chapter 9 of her (2006) ''A Century of Media: A Century of War''. 

=== Treme and Katrina ===

Andersen (2018) ''HBO’s Treme and the Stories of the Storm: From New Orleans as Disaster Myth to Groundbreaking Television'' documented how [[w:Treme (TV series)|''Treme'' (TV series)]] debunked the racist reporting following [[w:Hurricane Katrina|Hurricane Katrina]]. For example, one [[w:Yahoo|Yahoo]] report 'identified a black victim as “looting” food and a white victim as “finding” food.' One of the characters in ''Treme'' threw &quot;a newscaster’s microphone into the river after listening to the reporter tell an international audience that the city is too ramshackle to rebuild. Her book was featured in a report for ''Inside Fordham'',&lt;ref&gt;Sassi (2018).&lt;/ref&gt; reviewed for ''Democratic Communiqué'', &lt;ref&gt;Wittebols (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; and mentioned in a lead editorial for a 2019 issue of ''Critical Studies in Television: The International Journal of Television Studies''.&lt;ref&gt;McCabe et al. (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Refugee crisis ===

Andersen and Bergman (2020) ''Media, Central American Refugees, and the U.S. Border Crisis: Security Discourses, Immigrant Demonization, and the Perpetuation of Violence'' document how &quot;media frames ... distort, mislead, and omit&quot; the role of US interventions in foreign countries, support the overthrow of democratically elected governments, denying equal protection of the laws to most of their citizens, so multinational businesses can confiscate the property of citizens, driving them to flee under threat of death of they remain, as summarized in a report on ''Fordham Now''.&lt;ref&gt;Verel (2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Highlights == 

The following are extracts from the podcast lightly edited for clarity; it may not be completely accurate and may be subject to change. 

=== Primary drivers === 

Graves asked Andersen, &quot;Is it fair to say that primary drivers of every major conflict include differences between the media that the different parties find credible?&quot; She replied, {{quote|

Absolutely. We're supposed to hear from both parties, aren't we? We're supposed to hear both sides of the story. The journalism principles that I talk about and how they were violated are frequently violated in the coverage of war. We don't hear what our quote-unquote enemy really says. We usually hear it through the mouths of somebody else. ... A lot about [[w:Hamas| Hamas]] [comes] from Israeli officials. Not very much real journalism, recorded speeches, actual recorded messages from Hamas.

Those enemies, once they become identified as our enemy, and we're going to go in and attack them, they're immediately demonized. This is the case in every war we can think of. Saddam Hussein was demonized during the [[w:war on terror|war on terror]].}}

Graves added, &quot;But in the 80s, he was a great friend of the United States.&quot;

Anderson replied, &quot;That's right.&quot;

Graves continued, &quot;To the point even that some of his nuclear weapons experts were invited to a top-secret briefing on a certain technology regarding the construction and production of nuclear weapons, right?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Milhollin (1992).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Andersen replied, &quot;That's exactly right. ... We actually funded both sides in the notorious [[w:Iran–Iraq War|Iran-Iraq War]].&quot; 

=== On ''The Complicit Lens'' ===

Graves asked Andersen to summarize the major claims of her ''Complicit Lens'', to be released June 2. 

Andersen replied, {{quote|

Richard Sanders&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!-- Richard Sanders--&gt;{{cite Q|Q24705106}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a British filmmaker. He did a documentary about [[w:October 7 attacks|October 7th, 2023]], in which he points out that all over social media, Hamas was posting their training videos, kind of what they were doing. They were learning how to get on those balloons and blow them up, the ones they took over the fence into Israel from Gaza. The Israelis ignored those videos. Nobody seems to really know why. They weren't there protecting the border area. Richard Sanders looked at hours of footage from the helmets of Hamas fighters who were either killed or captured. ... They went immediately to Israeli military bases that surround Gaza and on the border of Israel. They weren't fortified. They weren't ready for an attack. ...

[But] they were certainly ready with their propaganda campaigns. ...

What I think of as incitement to a genocide, ... in Israeli media and the US and Western media, they were ... quoted and reported on without much pushback, without ... pointing out what this might mean as it moved forward, what the consequences would be. ... [Israeli Major General [[w:Ghassan Alian|Ghassan Alian]] said], &quot;Hamas has turned into ISIS, and the residents of Gaza, instead of being appalled, are celebrating. Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water in Gaza, there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell.&quot; 

Right there, he's declaring that he's going to commit war crimes, ... because war crimes are disproportionate violence, and the attacks on civilian populations for what their leaders did, what is called [[w:Collective punishment|collective punishment]]. ... 

In my view, it wasn't a war between Israel or Hamas or Israel, and an army. It was Israel attacks on a civilian population, but we never talked about them that way.}}

=== Compare with September 11, 2001 === 

Graves asked Andersen to compare that with [[w:September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]]. She said, {{quote|

In terms of media, there are quite a few parallels. If you remember, George W. Bush said to academics and all the people, you better watch what you say. ... Don't criticize U.S. foreign policy to at all. I remember down in Times Square in New York City. People were there, They had big talks and discussions. They had posters with explanations as to what our policies had been in the Middle East and why they would want to attack us and how we needed to change our policy. And within about a week, those things were completely removed. ...&lt;ref&gt;Nine days after the September 11 attacks, President [[w:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] issued an &quot;Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People&quot;, which includes the claim that, &quot;Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.&quot; (Bush 2001). Hitchens (2006) described how President Bush's [[w:White House Press Secretary|Press Secretary]], [[w:Ari Fleischer|Ari Fleischer]], had worked to stifle dissent and public discussion of background and alternative responses. Miller (2007, &quot;Epilogue: After 9/11&quot;, pp. 200-201) describes how &quot;Questions of security and safety were ... used as justification for ... [t]he criminalization of spontaneous memorials ... . We can no longer represent our own memories and questions. ... What could possibly be of such compelling government interest that expressions of grief should be criminalized?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  

The big Sunday morning programs [featured] former generals, ... always tied to [[w:Military–industrial complex|military-industrial complex]]. Just as after 9-11, just as we started with the retaliation in Ukraine, and then the same with Israel: The people who are invited into the discussion about what's going to happen with Israel, what should we do, are primarily, ex-officials, ex-US military men who are heavily invested in the U.S. weaponry companies.}}

=== &quot;Anyone can go into Baghdad. Real men go into Tehran&quot; === 

Graves recalled that he had recently interviewed [[Media literacy to dispel myths and improve public policy|Sacred Heart University communications professor Bill Yousman]], who said that neocons have been planning this for a very long time. After the disastrous invasion of Iraq, a common neocon phrase was, &quot;Anyone can go into Baghdad. Real men go into Tehran.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ahmad (2026). This article by Ahmad appeared 2026-01-26, thirty-three days before 2026-02-28, when &quot;Israel and the United States launched surprise airstrikes on multiple sites and cities across Iran, killing Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and numerous other Iranian officials.&quot;, according to the Wikipedia article on &quot;[[w:2026 Iran war|2026 Iran war&quot;]], accessed 2026-03-15.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Andersen replied, &quot;I think you can see that horrible, macho, egotistical, testosterone-laden stuff from [[w:Pete Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]]. ... Tehran has ... proven that it has some staying power and was well prepared for this war, unlike the United States, which doesn't seem to be clear at all about what its goals are, how it's fighting the war, what it's doing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (2026a) describes how US &quot;militainment&quot; is &quot;Gaming the Iran war and the Gaza Genocide Syndrome&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== &quot;Jesus has anointed President Trump to initiate Armageddon in Iran.&quot; === 

Graves noted that the [[w:Military Religious Freedom Foundation|Military Religious Freedom Foundation]] reported on March 3 that they had received over 200 reports from active duty military in over 50 different installations saying that their commanders had told them that Jesus has anointed President Trump to initiate [[w:Armageddon|Armageddon]] in Iran.&lt;ref&gt;Mordowanec (2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

Andersen agreed that many believe in a &quot;[[w:Rapture|rapture]]&quot;. &quot;That explains a lot of the support for the war in Iran, and any war, really. They believe that there's going to be a rapture. [I]f these ideas and battles are carried through, it will be their end times. I don't even profess to understand how anybody could think that way. But ... I have read also that U.S. commanders have been telling soldiers that Trump, of all people, is the savior on Earth. And they're going to follow him into battle in Iran, and it is going to be Armageddon. If you recall, George W. Bush also called it a holy war.&quot; 

Graves suggested that if Hegseth and the right two or three generals or admirals believe that Jesus has anointed them to initiate a nuclear attack on Russia, they could make it happen and claim that Trump ordered it.&lt;ref&gt;Retired major general Randy Manner said Pete Hegseth is not qualified to be Secretary of defense and is a 'potential war criminal' according to Ghosh (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Andersen concurred that, &quot;there's a lot of people who are very worried about that. ...  They pulled out of treaties. ... Instead of mutual assured destruction, they went strategic nuclear weaponry. ...&quot; 

===Provocations for the &quot;unprovoked&quot; October 7 attacks===

Andersen continued, {{quote|

A program I watch on [[w:Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] is called ''[[w:The Listening Post|The Listening Post]]''. It is a media criticism program. I was on it a couple times talking about &quot;[[Wiktionary:militainment|militainment]]&quot;. They did a piece called &quot;The Pentagon's Grip on Hollywood,&lt;ref&gt;e.g., Muirhead (2012).&lt;/ref&gt; and I appeared in a couple of those. ...&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (2003) describes how embedded journalist turned war into &quot;Militainment&quot;, a reality show. Andersen (2007) describes how the US military fabricated public relations hero stories from the routine military mishaps experienced by [[w:Jessica Lynch|Jessica Lynch]] and [[w:Pat Tillman|Pat Tillman]]. The military assault to &quot;save private Lynch&quot; was staged and filmed by the military screaming, 'go, go, go,' with guns and blanks without bullets, and the sound of explosions after the Iraqi military had already left, handcuffing and terrifying patients and the doctors who had struggled to save her Lynch's life. When the hospital attempted to deliver Lynch to a US outpost the day before the raid, the ambulance driver was fired on and forced to retreat. Tillman was killed by friendly fire. The US military went to extreme lengths to prevent the truth from coming out including burning his uniform and body armor with bullet holes that could prove he had been killed with US weapons and fabricated a hero myth, claiming he was killed by enemy gunfire as he led his team to help another group of ambushed soldiers. See also Andersen and Jonathan Gray, eds. (2008, section on &quot;Presidential stagecraft and militainment&quot;, pp. 376-381).&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[w:2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|In 2021, in May, from about the 10th to the 15th, Israel started to kick Palestinian]] residents out of [[w:East Jerusalem|East Jerusalem]] in a neighborhood close to the [[w:Al-Aqsa Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]]. There were protests on the part of Palestinians. They were displacing them and making room for settlers. And they were also doing what they've been doing frequently to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, attacking worshippers, and getting Israelis in there. After that, Hamas lobbed some missiles into Israel, killing 12 Israelis. 

This is an example of what has happened before October 7th. Everyone said, this came out of nowhere, these are just terrorists with no explanation. It was such a surprise. We've done nothing. We're just innocent. We've done nothing to make this happen. 

After Hamas sent the missiles into Israel, Israel took out four large apartment buildings, including the media offices of Al Jazeera and the [[w:Associated Press|AP]]. And they killed over 200 people and wounded a bunch of people and basically destroyed that neighborhood. [[w:Amnesty International|Amnesty International]] said this looks a lot like war crimes. We should investigate it. And Amnesty called it disproportionate violence and collective punishment, which Israel continues to do. ... 

But a ''Listening Post'' story came out about the subsequent media coverage in Israel of those events, and they characterized it as incitement. They characterized the Israeli media as having incited and justified the attacks. The Israeli population seems to be  ... pretty much brainwashed. They don't understand what's going on, or they don't want to.

But I like to think of [[w:Gideon Levy|Gideon Levy]]'s work with Israel's oldest newspaper, ''[[w:Haaretz|Haaretz]]''. ... He says things like, this is not a war between Israel and Palestine, or Israel and Hamas. This is an occupation, and this occupation has been going on for years, and nothing will end unless the occupation stops.&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (2026b, p. 303) quotes Levy (2023) saying, &quot;There is no Israeli Palestinian conflict. There is a brutal Israeli Occupation that must come to its end.&quot; This matches conclusions by Samuelson (2025) based on analyzing a database of 60 insurgencies since World War II discussed in detail by Lawrence (2015), compiled by the &lt;!--The Dupuy Institute--&gt;{{cite Q|Q135969462}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

And he also says things like, &quot;There are three things that Israeli believe that cause this: (A) They're the chosen people, so how can they ever do anything wrong? Nobody can tell them anything, because they're the chosen people. (B) They're the victims. They're always the victims.&quot; And he quotes Golda Meir saying, &quot;I'll never forgive the Palestinians for forcing us to kill their children.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;The [[w:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]] article on [[q:Golda Meir|Golda Meir]] includes her saying, &quot;When peace comes, we will perhaps in time be able to forgive the Arabs for killing our sons, but it will be harder for us to forgive them for having forced us to kill their sons.&quot; For this, they cite Meier (1973, p. 242), edited by [[w:Marie Syrkin|Marie Syrkin]]. This Wikiquote article lists this quote as &quot;disputed&quot;, because Rachlin (2015) said he was unable to find a primary source to better document the exact wording and context. However, the book is listed as &quot;An Oral Autobiography by Golda Meir&quot;, edited by Syrkin. If the book was actually &quot;An Oral Autobiography by Golda Meir&quot;, then clearly Meir wanted to take credit for that statement -- unless Syrkin added that without consulting Meier. Jones (2025) repeated the quote while insisting that it is often not true, saying, &quot;Courageous exceptions aside, Israeli society is awash with genocidal mania. At best, there is indifference to the mass slaughter of Palestinian children and babies. Some have even relished it.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  

And then the last thing he says is that they truly believe that Palestinians are not human. ... They're some other form of being. They're not human like us.}}

=== Media coverage of Palestinian nonviolence === 

Graves noted that when the [[w:First Intifada|First Intifada]] began, [[w:Yitzhak Rabin|Yitzhak Rabin]] was the Israeli Defense Minister. He ordered his troops to shoot to wound. They got so much bad press, he couldn't do that. He issued clubs and ordered them to break bones. They got more bad press, and thousands of Israeli soldiers refused to serve in the West Bank and occupied territories in Lebanon. He court-martialed a hundred of them and sent them to prison. He realized he couldn't win that way, so he ran for prime minister on a platform of negotiating with the Palestinians. And he said, told his followers, &quot;I can get Arafat to end the nonviolence.&quot; And that's what he did.&lt;ref&gt;According to Usher (1993, p. 28), in 1993-09, Rabin explained that the Palestinians would be better at protecting Israeli interests in the occupied territories than the Israeli military, &quot;because they will allow no appeals to the Supreme Court and will prevent the Israeli Association of Civil Rights from criticizing the conditions there by denying it access to the area. They will rule by their own methods, freeing, and this is most important, the Israeli army soldiers from having to do what they will do.&quot; For more on this, see the section on [[How might the world be different if the PLO had followed Gandhi?#The nonviolence of the First Intifada|The nonviolence of the First Intifada]] in the Wikiversity article on [[How might the world be different if the PLO had followed Gandhi?]], accessed 2026-03-31.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Andersen replied, &quot;Everybody says that Hamas are the most violent terrorists. But ... I really think that&quot; the [[w:2018–2019 Gaza border protests|Great March of Return]] &quot;showed the world that Israel was not interested in peace in their country. It was not interested in a two-state solution and was not interested in any reform at all to their desires for what we now call [[w:Greater Israel|Greater Israel]]. One of the reasons they've never negotiated, really, over all these years, is that they've always never wanted to give up their expansion into future territories. ... From the end of March to December 2018 ... 60,000 Palestinians were injured doing peaceful protests, not organized by Hamas, organized by civil society in Gaza, and international groups helping. ... Every Friday, they went out and they marched. ... And they were constantly sniped by Israeli snipers. They aimed for their legs, so there were so many amputees and children were also killed. There were over 100 children that had to have prosthetic limbs. ... It was completely nonviolent. Human Rights Watch [and] other organizations said these are war crimes: They were not threatening Israeli security. They were not really threatening violence. No Israeli was killed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Andersen (2026b, pp. 33-36) includes a section on &quot;Closing Democratic and Non-Violent Pathways for Change&quot; with 13 notes citing 10 different sources. The Wikipedia article on these events consulted 2026-03-31 describes some Palestinian violence but are largely consistent with Andersen's summary.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Anderson noted that chapter 4 in her ''Complicit Lens'' discusses, &quot;A Compromised Media Landscape&quot;. The Israeli office of the ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'' are in a house that was occupied in 1948 by a BBC journalist. During the [[w:Nakba|Nakba]], that journalist and his family got in a cab and fled, leaving their house and all their belongings forever. An NYT Israel bureau chief contacted a daughter of the BBC journalist who fled with his family in 1948. The bureau chief said, &quot;You know, I think I live in your house.&quot; The woman went there and said, &quot;Yeah, this is my house.&quot; {{quote|

One of the NYT's public editors at one point said, &quot;Why don't we have some people living on the West Bank or in Gaza? They're going to get a very different view of this conflict than you're going to get from Jerusalem. That never happened. In recent years, lobbying groups like the [[w:Canary Mission|Canary Mission]] and [[w:HonestReporting|HonestReporting]] intervened with the New York Times and compelled them to fire one of their Palestinian journalists who worked in Gaza.}} 

At the same time, children of ''New York Times'' staff in Jerusalem were in the Israeli military. And the husband of [[w:Isabel Kershner|Isabel Kirshner]], who is still writing for the ''Times'', worked for a think tank, where his job was to promote the Israeli military.

=== Media and the US military === 

Regarding media and the US military, Andersen said, {{quote|

If your country is at war all the time, if you have no discussion of how the military budget is being spent, you have no real meaningful discussion within Congress about how much money and what you're going to give to this growing and expanding military that's 10 times bigger than the next ten biggest countries combined -- the biggest military ever known by humankind  -- then we are living under conditions where inherently, our freedom to express and freedom to dissent from that has already been curtailed. ... 

We only have enemies of our very own making. The media now is all over how [[w:Hezbollah|Hezbollah]] is a terrorist organization. ... Hezbollah was created in 1982 as resistance to what Israel and the United States were doing in Lebanon at the time. 

So, we have enemies of our own making. ...

We're the bad guys here now.&lt;ref&gt;Rodríguez et al. (2025) summarize the impact of economic sanctions by the US, the EU, and the UN between 1971 and 2021. Such sanctions have grown from 8% of countries in the 1960s to 25% of all countries in the 2010–22 period. They &quot;estimated that unilateral sanctions were associated with an annual toll of 564 258 deaths (95% CI 367 838–760 677), similar to the global mortality burden associated with armed conflict.&quot; Hickel et al. (2025) summarize this as, &quot;US and EU sanctions have killed 38 million people since 1970&quot;. Choonara et al. (2021) insist that economic sanctions target civilian populations and appear to involve multiple violations of international law.&lt;/ref&gt; We're the ones that are the real warmongers.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* &lt;!--Junaid S. Ahmad (2026-01-16) &quot;“Real men go to Tehran” — The Zion-Con fantasy of regime change in Iran&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138679702}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2003-05-01) &quot;That’s Militainment! The Pentagon's media-friendly 'reality' war&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138857764}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2006) ''A Century of Media, A Century of War''--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138795568}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2007-05-01)  &quot;Mission Accomplished,&quot; Four Years Later--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138857943}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2018)  HBO’s Treme and the Stories of the Storm: From New Orleans as Disaster Myth to Groundbreaking Television--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797871}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2026-03-29a) &quot;Gaming the Iran war and the Gaza Genocide Syndrome&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138858297|date=2026a}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen (2026-06-02b) THE COMPLICIT LENS: US Media Coverage of Israel’s Genocide in Gaza--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138796307|date=2026b}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen and Adrian Bergmann (2020) Media, Central American Refugees, and the U.S. Border Crisis: Security Discourses, Immigrant Demonization, and the Perpetuation of Violence---&gt;{{cite Q|Q138798059|}}
* &lt;!--Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray, eds. (2008) Battleground the media, volumes 1 and 2--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138858084}}
* &lt;!--Russell Branca (2007-02)  A Century of Media, a Century of War by Robin Andersen--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797648}}
* &lt;!--George W. Bush (2001-09-20) &quot;Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138857242}}
* &lt;!--Imti Choonara, Maurizio Bonati, Paul Jonas (2021-12-14) &quot;Economic sanctions on countries are indiscriminate weapons and should be banned&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q114074519}}
* &lt;!--Sanchari Ghosh (2026-03-26) &quot; Retired Major General slams Pete Hegseth as a potential ‘war criminal,’ claiming his only real credential is being close to Trump&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138857614}}
* &lt;!--Mark Andrew Hampton (2007-01-01)  Book review : A century of media, a century of war--&gt;{{Cite Q|Q138797469}}
* &lt;!-- Jason Hickel, Dylan Sullivan, and Omer Tayyab (2025-09-03) &quot; US and EU sanctions have killed 38 million people since 1970&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138853438}}
* &lt;!--Christopher Hitchens (2006-09-11) &quot;Fear Factor: How did we survive Ari Fleischer’s reign of terror?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138855844}}
* &lt;!--Owen Jones (2025-09-07) &quot;We can forgive you for killing our sons. But we will never forgive you for making us kill yours.&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138858495}}
* &lt;!--Richard Lance Keeble (2007-12) Book review: Robin Andersen Century of Media: Century of War--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138796937}}
* &lt;!--Christopher A. Lawrence (2015)  America's Modern Wars: Understanding Iraq, Afghanistan, and Vietnam--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136130919}} 
* &lt;!--Jonathan Lawson (2007)  A Century of Media, A Century of War by Robin Andersen--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797828}}
* &lt;!--Gideon Levy (2023-12-12) &quot;Hidden Palestine&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138844167}}
* &lt;!--Janet McCabe, Hannah Andrews, Stephen Lacey, and Elke Weissmann (2019-08-12) Editorial for Volume 14, issue 3 of Critical Studies in Television--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797972}}
* &lt;!--Golda Meir (1973)  A Land of Our Own : An Oral Autobiography--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138844678}}
* &lt;!-- Gary Milhollin (1992-03-08) &quot;Building Saddam Hussein's bomb--&gt;{{cite Q|Q106044626}}
* &lt;!--Kristine F. Miller (2007)  Designs on the Public: The Private Lives of New York’s Public Spaces--&gt;{{cite Q|Q136189504}}
* &lt;!--Nick Mordowanec (2026-03-03) &quot;Commanders Accused of Framing Iran War as Biblical Mandate, Jesus' 'Return'&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138840951}}
* &lt;!--Nic Muirhead (2012-07-01) &quot;Listening Post - Feature: The Pentagon's grip on Hollywood&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138842873}}
* &lt;!--Harvey Rachlin (2015-06-10) &quot;The Mystery Of Golda’s Golden Gems--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138844617}} 
* &lt;!--David T. Ralston, Jr. (2007) &quot;2007 Alpha Sigma Nu Book Awards&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138796249}}
* &lt;!-- Francisco Rodríguez, Silvio Rendón, Mark Weisbrot (2025-08) &quot;Effects of international sanctions on age-specific mortality: a cross-national panel data analysis&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138853642}}
* &lt;!--Douglas A. Samuelson (2025-09-26)  Assessing Israel’s Approach in Gaza--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138843324}}
* &lt;!--Janet Sassi (2018)  A TV Show That Took On the Post-Katrina Disaster Myth--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797930}}
* &lt;!-- Graham Usher (1996) &quot;The Politics of Internal Security: The PA's New Intelligence Services&quot;, Journal of Palestine Studies--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127171442}}
* &lt;!--Patrick Verel (2019-08-08) &quot;New Book Presents Novel Perspective on Border Crisis&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138798081}}
* &lt;!--James Henry Wittebols (2020-03-25)  HBO’s Treme and the Stories of the Storm: From New Orleans as Disaster Myth to Groundbreaking Television bk rev.--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138797950}}

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[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Social media]]
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[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
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    <title>Pluringualism in the CEFR</title>
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      <text bytes="26240" sha1="atysypqtgkpeiym8qp375hcikk2jy6n" xml:space="preserve">The CEFR is used to describe and assess the language skills. It organises languages proficiency in six levels : A1 to C2

I heard of language levels at primary school, because I had foreign students in my class and then when I started working in Cpia. The CEFR is referred to whenever it is necessary to measure and standardize language skills. It is used in educational and professional contexts{{Portal|Plurilingual education|Logo PEP.jpg}}
{{Education}}{{Course}}
== Starting activity ==
Start by thinking about the following: 

* What do you know about the CEFR? 
* In what context is the CEFR discussed? You can search online to find information about the CEFR.
* In what context have you heard of language levels (A1 to C2)?

Consult the first edition of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001). You will find different language versions [https://www.coe.int/fr/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/cefr-and-its-language-versions on this page in French] and [https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/cefr-and-its-language-versions this page in English]. Read the (short) section 1.3, which defines the term ‘plurilingualism’ for the authors of the CEFR. List what you consider important, for example:

* the distinction made between multilingualism and plurilingualism;
* what the plurilingual approach emphasises;
* what a plurilingual person is capable of doing;
* the objective of language teaching and learning according to the CEFR.

== Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you should be able to…

* explain how the CEFR, in its original version and its Companion Volume (CEFR-CV), defines and addresses plurilingualism and plurilingual education;
* identify the developments and differences between the original 2001 version and the Companion Volume;
* provide a critical opinion on the status of plurilingualism in the CEFR and the CEFR-CV.

== Key-words ==
Plurilingualism, CEFR, Companion Volume, plurilingual competence, plurilingual education

== Introduction ==
In 2001, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001) proposed a new approach to language teaching and learning. It promoted an ‘action-oriented’ approach that has become widely adopted in Europe and beyond – at least in theory. It also provides (primarily) competence descriptors for various language activities. These have also become widely adopted internationally. The authors of the Framework make another suggestion that has been less successful. They propose changing the objective of language teaching and learning. The aim would no longer be to achieve proficiency in several languages, but to help learners develop plurilingual and pluricultural competence. This should enable them to 

* manage their entire language repertoire to communicate more effectively by drawing on all their resources;
* and to activate their existing knowledge and skills to learn new languages.

The authors thus aim to overcome the compartmentalisation of language teaching and learning. This could have been a revolution, but its implementation has remained limited in education systems. However, various projects have been funded by the Council of Europe through the European Centre for Modern Languages (in particular the development of a ''Framework of reference for pluralistic approaches'' (Candelier et al., 2007, 2012)) and others by the European Commission. The Council of Europe very quickly recognised the difficulty of moving from an educational language policy objective to the reality of language teaching and learning in institutions. It therefore published various guides and additional studies (Beacco, 2007; Beacco et al., 2016; Beacco &amp; Byram, 2003; Coste et al., 2009; Lenz &amp; Berthele, 2010) and, finally, a Companion Volume to the CEFR. This reaffirms the commitment to establishing plurilingual education and emphasises its importance.

This section will highlight this evolution from the original volume to the Companion Volume.

== History ==
Plurilingualism is both a human characteristic and a social practice. This phenomenon has existed for far longer than the terms used today to describe it. The history of humanity thus offers numerous examples of plurilingualism. Let us take just one illustrative example: Giovanni Pontano, known as the ‘Gran Pontano’. A politician and intellectual at the court of King Ferdinand in Naples (1458–1494), he practised plurilingualism in his daily life. His example also reflects a largely plurilingual society at the end of the 15th century (Bistagne, 2019).

Similarly, the idea of teaching plurilingualism does not date from the Council of Europe’s recent language policies. It has deep historical roots. 

The educator Jan Amos Comenius is regarded as one of the first to have developed an educational approach to plurilingualism. In his *Didactica Magna* (1657), he recommends learning only those languages that will be useful in the future — such as the languages of neighbouring countries, academic or professional languages — in addition to one’s mother tongue. For him, the aim was not to achieve perfection in all languages, but to develop functional proficiency.

Furthermore, many education systems have incorporated the use of multiple languages, but this does not always mean they aim for plurilingualism. Some models, such as the Utraquist schools in the Austrian part of the Habsburg Monarchy, facilitate transitions from one language to another, without seeking to keep all languages in use. Other approaches, however, explicitly aim to preserve a minority language. This is the case with the community schools established in France from the 1970s onwards, such as Diwan (in Breton), Ikastola (in Basque) or Calandreta (in Occitan), which are examples of plurilingual educational models.

== From the original volume to the Companion Volume ==

=== Definition of &quot;plurilingualism&quot; and goal of the CEFR ===
Let us go back for a moment to the first activity on the concept of plurilingualism in the CEFR (reading chapter 1.3). In the following chapter (1.4), the text establishes a link between language and culture. Plurilingualism is placed within a broader framework: that of pluriculturalism. Thus, plurilingual competence is presented as a component of pluricultural competence.

To highlight this link, and drawing on a preparatory study for the Framework (Coste, Moore &amp; Zarate, 2009, though an earlier version from 1997 exists), the CEFR defines the concept of plurilingual and pluricultural competence as follows (Chapter 8.1):

the ability to use languages for the purposes of communication and to take part in intercultural interaction, where a person, viewed as a social agent has proficiency, of varying degrees, in several languages and experience of several cultures. This is not seen as the superposition or juxtaposition of distinct competences, but rather as the existence of a complex or even composite competence on which the user may draw (Council of Europe, 2001, p. 168).

In other words, it is not about separate competences for each language or culture, but rather a single, holistic and flexible competence, within which a person can draw on different resources depending on the situation. This plurilingual and pluricultural competence encompasses all of an individual’s languages and cultural experiences — that is to say, their entire linguistic repertoire. With regard to language curricula, the CEFR recommends approaching different languages in relation to one another, rather than as separate entities. It identifies three main approaches to achieving this:

* linking the learning of one language to the other languages offered, with a focus on linguistic diversity;
* avoiding redundancy and encouraging the transfer of competences between languages;
* providing for cross-curricular or transferable knowledge, as part of a holistic language education.

The ultimate goal of the curriculum, according to the CEFR, is to enable learners to develop an early plurilingual and pluricultural repertoire, as well as greater awareness, knowledge and confidence in their own competences, so that they can actively draw upon them (Council of Europe, 2001, pp. 129–134).

=== The paradoxes of the CEFR (2001 version) ===
The CEFR promotes the development of plurilingual competence but provides no real guidance on how to achieve this, nor any descriptors relating to it. All the descriptors in the 2001 version can be used to assess levels of competence in specific languages, but they overlook plurilingual competence. 

The same applies to the grids of the European Language Portfolio (ELP), a Council of Europe project launched in line with the CEFR concept. The self-assessment section and the passport encourage learners to self-assess their competences in various languages. The passport allows users to visualise a profile of competences across various languages. It thus partly corresponds to the definition by Coste, Moore and Zarate adopted by the CEFR. This definition states that plurilingual and pluricultural competence is a “existence of a complex or even composite competence on which the social actor may draw (Coste et al. 2009, p. v).

”. The portfolio helps one recognise that one does not possess a homogeneous level in a single language or across different languages. However, this remains fairly close to a conception of plurilingualism that juxtaposes competences across different languages.

The dynamic nature of plurilingual competence is particularly evident in the reflective section of the PEL.

The Companion Volume aims to address the absence of this dimension by proposing specific descriptors for plurilingual competence and mediation.

=== Development of the Companion Volume (CEFR-CV) ===
The CEFR-CV is the result of in-depth reflection on the impact of the CEFR published in 2001, and on the need to incorporate more recent developments in the field of language teaching and learning. Five years after its publication, a survey showed that the CEFR had become the most important document in Europe for language teaching. It helped to harmonise approaches to language teaching and learning by creating a common metalanguage and common reference points. However, despite this success, it did not lead to a fundamental reform of language education based on the concepts it introduced.

It is primarily the levels and descriptors that have attracted attention. Widely adopted, they are sometimes perceived not as a reference system, but as rigid standards. As Coste (2007, p. 4) observes:&lt;blockquote&gt;[…] the Framework was seen as a European standard, a kind of prescription or injunction, with contexts being forced, willy-nilly, to fit it - because it came from a European institution, and because other countries, regions, educational establishments, textbook publishers or authors, curriculum planners and test developers took its B2 or C1 as their target and benchmark.&lt;/blockquote&gt;In contrast, other concepts have had less impact, such as the action-oriented approach, mediation and plurilingualism (North 2023, p. 2), or the view of the learner as a social actor (CEFR Expert Group, 2023, p. 17). Plurilingualism is thus one of the concepts whose adoption has remained limited since the publication of the CEFR.

Several explanations, both conceptual and practical, can be put forward.

The simplistic interpretation of the distinction between plurilingualism (individual) and multilingualism (society) does not reflect the complexity of the concept. The CEFR-CV therefore emphasises the idea that the addition of distinct languages (multilingualism) and the overcoming of the separation of languages (plurilingualism) can be achieved both in individuals and within communities (CEFR Expert Group, 2023, p. 32).

The CEFR does not provide descriptors for plurilingual competence or for mediation. The operational contribution of the CEFR-CV fills this gap (Yüce, 2019, p. 96).

The CEFR is sometimes regarded as complex and difficult to understand. The CEFR-CV has therefore been designed to be clearer, more accessible and easier to use than the previous version (Council of Europe, 2020, pp. 13–15; North, 2023, p. 1).

=== Plurilingualism in the Companion Volume ===
It should be noted from the outset that the CEFR-CV introduces a series of significant changes that go beyond the issue of plurilingualism alone. Among these changes is the adaptation to sign language, with the development of descriptors for signing proficiency. In this section, only the developments relating to plurilingualism will be presented.

The CEFR-CV forms part of a broader framework: among the recent developments it takes into account (mentioned at the start of the previous section) is the Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture (RFCDC). For an overview of all the developments, please refer to section 2.2 of the 2023 Guide. The philosophy of the RFCDC plays a key role in the CEFR-CV: it broadens the scope of language education by promoting inclusive, plurilingual and intercultural education in the service of democracy, social justice and human rights (CEFR Expert Group, 2023, p. 3). 

Plurilingualism is highlighted in the CEFR-CV and addressed more explicitly than in the 2001 version. The CEFR-CV offers a broader vision of this, showing that plurilingualism can be understood in various ways: as a sociological and historical fact, as a personal characteristic or aspiration, as an educational philosophy or approach, or even as a socio-political objective aimed at preserving linguistic diversity. This broader vision is also reflected in the link established with the concept of ‘translanguaging’, which is considered here as part of plurilingualism (Council of Europe, 2021, p. 29).

With regard to plurilingualism, perhaps the most significant contribution of the CEFR-CV is the introduction of illustrative descriptors for plurilingual and pluricultural competence — tools that were lacking in the original version (North, 2023, p. 4). This competence builds on the CEFR 2001, reaffirming ‘[…] that plurilinguals have a ''single'', interrelated, repertoire that they combine with their general competences and various strategies in order to accomplish tasks’, and that plurilingual competence “involves the ability to call flexibly upon an interrelated, uneven, plurilinguistic repertoire” (Council of Europe, 2020, p. 30).

In Chapter 4, the new descriptors are presented. They are grouped into three distinct categories:&lt;blockquote&gt;
* Building on plurilingual repertoire
** recognising and acting on cultural, socio-pragmatic and sociolinguistic conventions/cues;
** recognising and interpreting similarities and differences in perspectives, practices and events;
** evaluating neutrally and critically (Council of Europe, 2020, 124).
* Plurilingual comprehension
** openness and flexibility to work with different elements from different languages;
** exploiting cues;
** exploiting similarities, recognising “false friends” (from B1 up);
** exploiting parallel sources in different languages (from B1 up);
** collating information from all available sources (in different languages) (Council of Europe, 2020, 126). 
* Building on plurilingual repertoire
** flexible adaptation to the situation;
** anticipation as to when and to what extent the use of several languages is useful and appropriate;
** adjusting language according to the linguistic skills of interlocutors;
** blending and alternating between languages where necessary;
** explaining and clarifying in different languages;
** encouraging people to use different languages by giving an example (Council of Europe, 2020, 127).
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Pros and cons of the new developments: expected changes and criticism ===
The publication of the CEFR-V is accompanied by hopes of revitalising language teaching and learning, placing greater emphasis on key concepts such as plurilingual and pluricultural competence (as well as the action-oriented approach, mediation and the recognition of the learner as a social actor) — rather than continuing to focus solely on proficiency levels and descriptors.

However, the CEFR-CV has also been the subject of criticism, with some even questioning its entire approach: for instance, Coste (2021) highlights the paradox of attempting to adapt something as dynamic as plurilingualism to fixed levels. Maurer and Puren’s (2019) critique focuses on conceptual ambiguities and confusions which they regard as structural, particularly in relation to the pluricultural competence grid. In their view, the CEFR-CV seeks above all to modernise the CEFR for the benefit of certification organisations (Maurer &amp; Puren, p. 140). Volle (2022) goes further and refers to a dissolution of language in action. She sees the CEFR(-CV) as an ‘incredible tool for standardising and uniformising language teaching methods’ (Volle 2022, p. 144) within a managerial framework.

== Take home messages ==

* The CEFR promotes the development of plurilingual (and pluricultural) competence as an objective of language teaching and learning.
* The 2001 version does not provide descriptors for plurilingual competence.
* This lack of specific descriptors and the difficulty in moving towards a policy objective of plurilingual education led to the drafting and publication of a Companion Volume to the CEFR.
* The CEFR-CV is the result of in-depth reflection on the impact of the 2001 CEFR and on the need to incorporate more recent developments in the field of language teaching and learning (such as the CRCCD).
* The CEFR-CV promotes plurilingualism (as well as mediation, the action-oriented approach, and sign language) and adds new descriptors for plurilingual education.
* The new descriptors for plurilingual and pluricultural competence are grouped into three categories: pluricultural repertoire, plurilingual comprehension and plurilingual repertoire.
* Critics argue that the CEFR-CV contributes to the standardisation of language learning on a questionable conceptual basis.

== Self-assessment ==

=== Multiple choice ===
&lt;quiz&gt;
{Which of the recommendations made in the CEFR (2001) has been particularly successful in language teaching and learning in Europe?}

+1.     Proficiency levels
-2.     Plurilingualism
-3.     The action-oriented approach
-4.     Mediation
-5.     Pluriculturalism
 
{Which new descriptors were introduced in the CEFR-CV (2020)?}

+1.     Descriptors for plurilingual competence
+2.     Descriptors for signing (using sign language)
-3.     Descriptors for communicative action
-4.     Descriptors for task-based teaching
 
{Which of the following statements are correct?} 

-1.     The CEFR-CV fundamentally modifies the concept of multilingualism proposed in the CEFR 2001.
+2.     In the CEFR-CV, plurilingualism is conceived as a component of a culture of democracy.
-3.     Sign languages are included in the CEFR 2001. 
+4.     Sign languages are included in the CEFR-CV.
+5.     The CEFR-CV adopts the concept of a language repertoire.
&lt;/quiz&gt;

=== Reflection ===
Consider the criticisms directed at the CEFR. Is the CEFR-CV better suited to promoting reform in language teaching and learning than its previous version?

Make a list of arguments ‘for’ and ‘against’.

== Resources to go further ==

* Webinar &quot;Aligning to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages – Companion Volume: a continuous process&quot;   (19 Sep 2024): https://www.youtube.com/live/5xslG-J7NTw
* Webinar &quot;Opportunities and challenges for plurilingual and intercultural education in times of AI&quot;  (04 Feb 2025)
** Webinar in English: https://youtube.com/live/byO8nno1jmk
** Webinar in French: https://youtube.com/live/Z-FtmjB9VBk
* CEFR Expert Group. (2023). ''A guide to action-oriented, plurilingual and intercultural Education''. Council of Europe Publishing. https://rm.coe.int/a-guide-to-action-oriented-plurilingual-and-intercultural-education-en/1680b52354
* ECML: Plurilingual and intercultural education. https://www.ecml.at/en/Thematic-areas/Plurilingual-and-intercultural-education
* Linguistic Diversity in the European Union. https://www.anefore.lu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Linguistic-diversity-in-the-European-Union.pdf
* PlurCur: https://www.ecml.at/en/ECML-Programme/Programme-2012-2015/PlurCur
* Language friendly schools: https://languagefriendlyschool.org
* Online-books in different languages / Bilderbücher in verschiedenen Sprachen: https://www.amira-lesen.de/#
* Schule Merhsprachig Hefte. https://www.schule-mehrsprachig.at/trio/trio-ausgaben 
* ALL: http://all-literature.wikidot.com/multilingual-online-sources-of-texts 
* Lost Wor(l)ds: https://www.multilingualism-in-schools.net/category/activities/

== Bibliography ==
Beacco, J.-C. (2007). ''Guide pour le développement et la mise en oeuvre de curriculums pour une éducation plurilingue et interculturelle (version intégrale)''. Conseil de l’Europe. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/Guide_Main_Beacco2007_FR.doc

Beacco, J.-C., &amp; Byram, M. (2003). ''De la diversité linguistique à l’éducation plurilingue. Guide pour l’élaboration des politiques linguistiques éducatives en Europe:'' Conseil de l’Europe. https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016802fc3ab

Beacco, J.-C., Byram, M., Cavalli, M., Coste, D., Cuenat, M. E., Goullier, F., &amp; Panthier, J. (2016). ''Guide pour le développement et la mise en oeuvre de curriculums pour une éducation plurilingue et interculturelle''. Editions du Conseil de l’Europe.

Bistagne, F (2019). Le plurilinguisme, objet d’histoire ? Le royaume de Naples et Giovanni Pontano. Étude de cas linguistique .In ''Écrire l’histoire - Histoire, Littérature, Esthétique'', 19, 117-125. https://hal.science/hal-02610631v1

Candelier, M., Camilleri-Grima, A., Castellotti, V., de Pietro, J.-F., Lörincz, I., Meißner, F.-J., Noguerol, A., &amp; Schröder-Sura, A. (2007). ''CARAP : cadre de référence pour les approches plurielles des langues et des cultures''. Centre européen pour les langues vivantes.

Candelier, M., Camilleri-Grima, A., Castellotti, V., de Pietro, J.-F., Lörincz, I., Meißner, F.-J., Noguerol, A., &amp; Schröder-Sura, A. (with Molinié, M.). (2012). ''CARAP : cadre de référence pour les approches plurielles des langues et des cultures''. Centre européen pour les langues vivantes / Conseil de l’Europe. https://www.ecml.at/Portals/1/documents/ECML-resources/CARAP-FR.pdf?ver=2018-03-20-120658-740

Caravolas, J.A. (2011). J.A. Comenius (1592-1670) et le plurilinguisme. In ''Documents pour l’histoire du français langue étrangère ou seconde'' [En ligne], 43 | 2009. https://doi.org/10.4000/dhfles.826

CEFR Expert Group. (2023). A guide to action-oriented, plurilingual and intercultural Education. Editions du Conseil de l’Europe, Strasbourg. Council of Europe Publishing. https://rm.coe.int/a-guide-to-action-oriented-plurilingual-and-intercultural-education-en/1680b52354

Conseil de l’Europe. (2001). ''Un cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues : Apprendre, enseigner, évaluer''. Didier ; Conseil de l’Europe. https://rm.coe.int/16802fc3a8

Conseil de l’Europe. (2021). ''Un cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues : apprendre, enseigner, évaluer – Volume complémentaire''. Éditions du Conseil de l’Europe. https://www.coe.int/lang-cecr.

Coste, D. (2007). Contextualising uses of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. In Council of Europe, ''The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and the development of language policies: challenges and responsibilities''. Intergovernmental Language Policy Forum. Report. Council of Europe.

Coste, D., Moore, D., &amp; Zarate, G. (2009). ''Compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle : Vers un cadre européen commun de référence pour l’enseignement et l’apprentissage des langues vivantes. Version révisée et enrichie d’un avant-propos et d’une bibliographie complémentaire''. Éditions du Conseil de l’Europe. https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/SourcePublications/CompetencePlurilingue09web_FR.pdf

Coste, D. (2021). De Rüschlikon au Volume complémentaire ou Du risque qu’il y a à passer sous les échelles. Vogt, K., &amp; Quetz, J.(Éds.). ''Der neue Begleitband zum Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmen für Sprachen''. Peter Lang, 35-45.

Council of Europe (Éd.). (2001). ''Common European framework of reference for languages : Learning, teaching, assessment''. Press syndicate of the University of Cambridge.

Council of Europe. (2020). ''Common European framework of reference for languages : Learning, teaching, assessment. Companion volume''. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/common-european-framework-of-reference-for-languages-learning-teaching/16809ea0d4.

Lenz, P., &amp; Berthele, R. (2010). ''Prise en compte des compétences plurilingue et interculturelle dans l’évaluation''. Conseil de l’Europe. https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/Source2010_ForumGeneva/Assessment2010_Lenz_FRrev.pdf

Maurer, B. &amp; Puren, C. (2019). ''CECR : par ici la sortie !'' Éditions des archives contemporaines. https://eac.ac/publications/9782813003522

North, B. (2023). The CEFR companion volume and the action-oriented approach. In ''ItalianoLinguadue'', 14(2), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/19566

Volle, R.-M. (2022): Le CECR: une conception instrumentale et managériale des langues. ''Didactique du FLES: Recherches et Pratiques 1(1):'' 139-145).

Yüce, E. (2019). Plurilingualism and pluriculturalism in the CEFR companion volume. In ''Schriften zur Sprache und Literatur III'' (pp.93-99). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337243142

== Credits ==
This resource has been created by [[User:Projet PEP|Projet PEP]] ([[User talk:Projet PEP|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Projet PEP|contribs]]) (Erasmus+ project, co-financed by the European Commission)

* Christian Ollivier (Université de La Réunion)
* Eva Vetter (Universität Wien)</text>
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{{Education}}{{Course}}
== Starting activity ==
Start by thinking about the following: 

* What do you know about the CEFR? 
* In what context is the CEFR discussed? You can search online to find information about the CEFR.
* In what context have you heard of language levels (A1 to C2)?

Consult the first edition of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001). You will find different language versions [https://www.coe.int/fr/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/cefr-and-its-language-versions on this page in French] and [https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/cefr-and-its-language-versions this page in English]. Read the (short) section 1.3, which defines the term ‘plurilingualism’ for the authors of the CEFR. List what you consider important, for example:

* the distinction made between multilingualism and plurilingualism;
* what the plurilingual approach emphasises;
* what a plurilingual person is capable of doing;
* the objective of language teaching and learning according to the CEFR.

== Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you should be able to…

* explain how the CEFR, in its original version and its Companion Volume (CEFR-CV), defines and addresses plurilingualism and plurilingual education;
* identify the developments and differences between the original 2001 version and the Companion Volume;
* provide a critical opinion on the status of plurilingualism in the CEFR and the CEFR-CV.

== Key-words ==
Plurilingualism, CEFR, Companion Volume, plurilingual competence, plurilingual education

== Introduction ==
In 2001, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001) proposed a new approach to language teaching and learning. It promoted an ‘action-oriented’ approach that has become widely adopted in Europe and beyond – at least in theory. It also provides (primarily) competence descriptors for various language activities. These have also become widely adopted internationally. The authors of the Framework make another suggestion that has been less successful. They propose changing the objective of language teaching and learning. The aim would no longer be to achieve proficiency in several languages, but to help learners develop plurilingual and pluricultural competence. This should enable them to 

* manage their entire language repertoire to communicate more effectively by drawing on all their resources;
* and to activate their existing knowledge and skills to learn new languages.

The authors thus aim to overcome the compartmentalisation of language teaching and learning. This could have been a revolution, but its implementation has remained limited in education systems. However, various projects have been funded by the Council of Europe through the European Centre for Modern Languages (in particular the development of a ''Framework of reference for pluralistic approaches'' (Candelier et al., 2007, 2012)) and others by the European Commission. The Council of Europe very quickly recognised the difficulty of moving from an educational language policy objective to the reality of language teaching and learning in institutions. It therefore published various guides and additional studies (Beacco, 2007; Beacco et al., 2016; Beacco &amp; Byram, 2003; Coste et al., 2009; Lenz &amp; Berthele, 2010) and, finally, a Companion Volume to the CEFR. This reaffirms the commitment to establishing plurilingual education and emphasises its importance.

This section will highlight this evolution from the original volume to the Companion Volume.

== History ==
Plurilingualism is both a human characteristic and a social practice. This phenomenon has existed for far longer than the terms used today to describe it. The history of humanity thus offers numerous examples of plurilingualism. Let us take just one illustrative example: Giovanni Pontano, known as the ‘Gran Pontano’. A politician and intellectual at the court of King Ferdinand in Naples (1458–1494), he practised plurilingualism in his daily life. His example also reflects a largely plurilingual society at the end of the 15th century (Bistagne, 2019).

Similarly, the idea of teaching plurilingualism does not date from the Council of Europe’s recent language policies. It has deep historical roots. 

The educator Jan Amos Comenius is regarded as one of the first to have developed an educational approach to plurilingualism. In his *Didactica Magna* (1657), he recommends learning only those languages that will be useful in the future — such as the languages of neighbouring countries, academic or professional languages — in addition to one’s mother tongue. For him, the aim was not to achieve perfection in all languages, but to develop functional proficiency.

Furthermore, many education systems have incorporated the use of multiple languages, but this does not always mean they aim for plurilingualism. Some models, such as the Utraquist schools in the Austrian part of the Habsburg Monarchy, facilitate transitions from one language to another, without seeking to keep all languages in use. Other approaches, however, explicitly aim to preserve a minority language. This is the case with the community schools established in France from the 1970s onwards, such as Diwan (in Breton), Ikastola (in Basque) or Calandreta (in Occitan), which are examples of plurilingual educational models.

== From the original volume to the Companion Volume ==

=== Definition of &quot;plurilingualism&quot; and goal of the CEFR ===
Let us go back for a moment to the first activity on the concept of plurilingualism in the CEFR (reading chapter 1.3). In the following chapter (1.4), the text establishes a link between language and culture. Plurilingualism is placed within a broader framework: that of pluriculturalism. Thus, plurilingual competence is presented as a component of pluricultural competence.

To highlight this link, and drawing on a preparatory study for the Framework (Coste, Moore &amp; Zarate, 2009, though an earlier version from 1997 exists), the CEFR defines the concept of plurilingual and pluricultural competence as follows (Chapter 8.1):

the ability to use languages for the purposes of communication and to take part in intercultural interaction, where a person, viewed as a social agent has proficiency, of varying degrees, in several languages and experience of several cultures. This is not seen as the superposition or juxtaposition of distinct competences, but rather as the existence of a complex or even composite competence on which the user may draw (Council of Europe, 2001, p. 168).

In other words, it is not about separate competences for each language or culture, but rather a single, holistic and flexible competence, within which a person can draw on different resources depending on the situation. This plurilingual and pluricultural competence encompasses all of an individual’s languages and cultural experiences — that is to say, their entire linguistic repertoire. With regard to language curricula, the CEFR recommends approaching different languages in relation to one another, rather than as separate entities. It identifies three main approaches to achieving this:

* linking the learning of one language to the other languages offered, with a focus on linguistic diversity;
* avoiding redundancy and encouraging the transfer of competences between languages;
* providing for cross-curricular or transferable knowledge, as part of a holistic language education.

The ultimate goal of the curriculum, according to the CEFR, is to enable learners to develop an early plurilingual and pluricultural repertoire, as well as greater awareness, knowledge and confidence in their own competences, so that they can actively draw upon them (Council of Europe, 2001, pp. 129–134).

=== The paradoxes of the CEFR (2001 version) ===
The CEFR promotes the development of plurilingual competence but provides no real guidance on how to achieve this, nor any descriptors relating to it. All the descriptors in the 2001 version can be used to assess levels of competence in specific languages, but they overlook plurilingual competence. 

The same applies to the grids of the European Language Portfolio (ELP), a Council of Europe project launched in line with the CEFR concept. The self-assessment section and the passport encourage learners to self-assess their competences in various languages. The passport allows users to visualise a profile of competences across various languages. It thus partly corresponds to the definition by Coste, Moore and Zarate adopted by the CEFR. This definition states that plurilingual and pluricultural competence is a “existence of a complex or even composite competence on which the social actor may draw (Coste et al. 2009, p. v).

”. The portfolio helps one recognise that one does not possess a homogeneous level in a single language or across different languages. However, this remains fairly close to a conception of plurilingualism that juxtaposes competences across different languages.

The dynamic nature of plurilingual competence is particularly evident in the reflective section of the PEL.

The Companion Volume aims to address the absence of this dimension by proposing specific descriptors for plurilingual competence and mediation.

=== Development of the Companion Volume (CEFR-CV) ===
The CEFR-CV is the result of in-depth reflection on the impact of the CEFR published in 2001, and on the need to incorporate more recent developments in the field of language teaching and learning. Five years after its publication, a survey showed that the CEFR had become the most important document in Europe for language teaching. It helped to harmonise approaches to language teaching and learning by creating a common metalanguage and common reference points. However, despite this success, it did not lead to a fundamental reform of language education based on the concepts it introduced.

It is primarily the levels and descriptors that have attracted attention. Widely adopted, they are sometimes perceived not as a reference system, but as rigid standards. As Coste (2007, p. 4) observes:&lt;blockquote&gt;[…] the Framework was seen as a European standard, a kind of prescription or injunction, with contexts being forced, willy-nilly, to fit it - because it came from a European institution, and because other countries, regions, educational establishments, textbook publishers or authors, curriculum planners and test developers took its B2 or C1 as their target and benchmark.&lt;/blockquote&gt;In contrast, other concepts have had less impact, such as the action-oriented approach, mediation and plurilingualism (North 2023, p. 2), or the view of the learner as a social actor (CEFR Expert Group, 2023, p. 17). Plurilingualism is thus one of the concepts whose adoption has remained limited since the publication of the CEFR.

Several explanations, both conceptual and practical, can be put forward.

The simplistic interpretation of the distinction between plurilingualism (individual) and multilingualism (society) does not reflect the complexity of the concept. The CEFR-CV therefore emphasises the idea that the addition of distinct languages (multilingualism) and the overcoming of the separation of languages (plurilingualism) can be achieved both in individuals and within communities (CEFR Expert Group, 2023, p. 32).

The CEFR does not provide descriptors for plurilingual competence or for mediation. The operational contribution of the CEFR-CV fills this gap (Yüce, 2019, p. 96).

The CEFR is sometimes regarded as complex and difficult to understand. The CEFR-CV has therefore been designed to be clearer, more accessible and easier to use than the previous version (Council of Europe, 2020, pp. 13–15; North, 2023, p. 1).

=== Plurilingualism in the Companion Volume ===
It should be noted from the outset that the CEFR-CV introduces a series of significant changes that go beyond the issue of plurilingualism alone. Among these changes is the adaptation to sign language, with the development of descriptors for signing proficiency. In this section, only the developments relating to plurilingualism will be presented.

The CEFR-CV forms part of a broader framework: among the recent developments it takes into account (mentioned at the start of the previous section) is the Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture (RFCDC). For an overview of all the developments, please refer to section 2.2 of the 2023 Guide. The philosophy of the RFCDC plays a key role in the CEFR-CV: it broadens the scope of language education by promoting inclusive, plurilingual and intercultural education in the service of democracy, social justice and human rights (CEFR Expert Group, 2023, p. 3). 

Plurilingualism is highlighted in the CEFR-CV and addressed more explicitly than in the 2001 version. The CEFR-CV offers a broader vision of this, showing that plurilingualism can be understood in various ways: as a sociological and historical fact, as a personal characteristic or aspiration, as an educational philosophy or approach, or even as a socio-political objective aimed at preserving linguistic diversity. This broader vision is also reflected in the link established with the concept of ‘translanguaging’, which is considered here as part of plurilingualism (Council of Europe, 2021, p. 29).

With regard to plurilingualism, perhaps the most significant contribution of the CEFR-CV is the introduction of illustrative descriptors for plurilingual and pluricultural competence — tools that were lacking in the original version (North, 2023, p. 4). This competence builds on the CEFR 2001, reaffirming ‘[…] that plurilinguals have a ''single'', interrelated, repertoire that they combine with their general competences and various strategies in order to accomplish tasks’, and that plurilingual competence “involves the ability to call flexibly upon an interrelated, uneven, plurilinguistic repertoire” (Council of Europe, 2020, p. 30).

In Chapter 4, the new descriptors are presented. They are grouped into three distinct categories:&lt;blockquote&gt;
* Building on plurilingual repertoire
** recognising and acting on cultural, socio-pragmatic and sociolinguistic conventions/cues;
** recognising and interpreting similarities and differences in perspectives, practices and events;
** evaluating neutrally and critically (Council of Europe, 2020, 124).
* Plurilingual comprehension
** openness and flexibility to work with different elements from different languages;
** exploiting cues;
** exploiting similarities, recognising “false friends” (from B1 up);
** exploiting parallel sources in different languages (from B1 up);
** collating information from all available sources (in different languages) (Council of Europe, 2020, 126). 
* Building on plurilingual repertoire
** flexible adaptation to the situation;
** anticipation as to when and to what extent the use of several languages is useful and appropriate;
** adjusting language according to the linguistic skills of interlocutors;
** blending and alternating between languages where necessary;
** explaining and clarifying in different languages;
** encouraging people to use different languages by giving an example (Council of Europe, 2020, 127).
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Pros and cons of the new developments: expected changes and criticism ===
The publication of the CEFR-V is accompanied by hopes of revitalising language teaching and learning, placing greater emphasis on key concepts such as plurilingual and pluricultural competence (as well as the action-oriented approach, mediation and the recognition of the learner as a social actor) — rather than continuing to focus solely on proficiency levels and descriptors.

However, the CEFR-CV has also been the subject of criticism, with some even questioning its entire approach: for instance, Coste (2021) highlights the paradox of attempting to adapt something as dynamic as plurilingualism to fixed levels. Maurer and Puren’s (2019) critique focuses on conceptual ambiguities and confusions which they regard as structural, particularly in relation to the pluricultural competence grid. In their view, the CEFR-CV seeks above all to modernise the CEFR for the benefit of certification organisations (Maurer &amp; Puren, p. 140). Volle (2022) goes further and refers to a dissolution of language in action. She sees the CEFR(-CV) as an ‘incredible tool for standardising and uniformising language teaching methods’ (Volle 2022, p. 144) within a managerial framework.

== Take home messages ==

* The CEFR promotes the development of plurilingual (and pluricultural) competence as an objective of language teaching and learning.
* The 2001 version does not provide descriptors for plurilingual competence.
* This lack of specific descriptors and the difficulty in moving towards a policy objective of plurilingual education led to the drafting and publication of a Companion Volume to the CEFR.
* The CEFR-CV is the result of in-depth reflection on the impact of the 2001 CEFR and on the need to incorporate more recent developments in the field of language teaching and learning (such as the CRCCD).
* The CEFR-CV promotes plurilingualism (as well as mediation, the action-oriented approach, and sign language) and adds new descriptors for plurilingual education.
* The new descriptors for plurilingual and pluricultural competence are grouped into three categories: pluricultural repertoire, plurilingual comprehension and plurilingual repertoire.
* Critics argue that the CEFR-CV contributes to the standardisation of language learning on a questionable conceptual basis.

== Self-assessment ==

=== Multiple choice ===
&lt;quiz&gt;
{Which of the recommendations made in the CEFR (2001) has been particularly successful in language teaching and learning in Europe?}

+1.     Proficiency levels
-2.     Plurilingualism
-3.     The action-oriented approach
-4.     Mediation
-5.     Pluriculturalism
 
{Which new descriptors were introduced in the CEFR-CV (2020)?}

+1.     Descriptors for plurilingual competence
+2.     Descriptors for signing (using sign language)
-3.     Descriptors for communicative action
-4.     Descriptors for task-based teaching
 
{Which of the following statements are correct?} 

-1.     The CEFR-CV fundamentally modifies the concept of multilingualism proposed in the CEFR 2001.
+2.     In the CEFR-CV, plurilingualism is conceived as a component of a culture of democracy.
-3.     Sign languages are included in the CEFR 2001. 
+4.     Sign languages are included in the CEFR-CV.
+5.     The CEFR-CV adopts the concept of a language repertoire.
&lt;/quiz&gt;

=== Reflection ===
Consider the criticisms directed at the CEFR. Is the CEFR-CV better suited to promoting reform in language teaching and learning than its previous version?

Make a list of arguments ‘for’ and ‘against’.

== Resources to go further ==

* Webinar &quot;Aligning to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages – Companion Volume: a continuous process&quot;   (19 Sep 2024): https://www.youtube.com/live/5xslG-J7NTw
* Webinar &quot;Opportunities and challenges for plurilingual and intercultural education in times of AI&quot;  (04 Feb 2025)
** Webinar in English: https://youtube.com/live/byO8nno1jmk
** Webinar in French: https://youtube.com/live/Z-FtmjB9VBk
* CEFR Expert Group. (2023). ''A guide to action-oriented, plurilingual and intercultural Education''. Council of Europe Publishing. https://rm.coe.int/a-guide-to-action-oriented-plurilingual-and-intercultural-education-en/1680b52354
* ECML: Plurilingual and intercultural education. https://www.ecml.at/en/Thematic-areas/Plurilingual-and-intercultural-education
* Linguistic Diversity in the European Union. https://www.anefore.lu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Linguistic-diversity-in-the-European-Union.pdf
* PlurCur: https://www.ecml.at/en/ECML-Programme/Programme-2012-2015/PlurCur
* Language friendly schools: https://languagefriendlyschool.org
* Online-books in different languages / Bilderbücher in verschiedenen Sprachen: https://www.amira-lesen.de/#
* Schule Merhsprachig Hefte. https://www.schule-mehrsprachig.at/trio/trio-ausgaben 
* ALL: http://all-literature.wikidot.com/multilingual-online-sources-of-texts 
* Lost Wor(l)ds: https://www.multilingualism-in-schools.net/category/activities/

== Bibliography ==
Beacco, J.-C. (2007). ''Guide pour le développement et la mise en oeuvre de curriculums pour une éducation plurilingue et interculturelle (version intégrale)''. Conseil de l’Europe. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/Guide_Main_Beacco2007_FR.doc

Beacco, J.-C., &amp; Byram, M. (2003). ''De la diversité linguistique à l’éducation plurilingue. Guide pour l’élaboration des politiques linguistiques éducatives en Europe:'' Conseil de l’Europe. https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016802fc3ab

Beacco, J.-C., Byram, M., Cavalli, M., Coste, D., Cuenat, M. E., Goullier, F., &amp; Panthier, J. (2016). ''Guide pour le développement et la mise en oeuvre de curriculums pour une éducation plurilingue et interculturelle''. Editions du Conseil de l’Europe.

Bistagne, F (2019). Le plurilinguisme, objet d’histoire ? Le royaume de Naples et Giovanni Pontano. Étude de cas linguistique .In ''Écrire l’histoire - Histoire, Littérature, Esthétique'', 19, 117-125. https://hal.science/hal-02610631v1

Candelier, M., Camilleri-Grima, A., Castellotti, V., de Pietro, J.-F., Lörincz, I., Meißner, F.-J., Noguerol, A., &amp; Schröder-Sura, A. (2007). ''CARAP : cadre de référence pour les approches plurielles des langues et des cultures''. Centre européen pour les langues vivantes.

Candelier, M., Camilleri-Grima, A., Castellotti, V., de Pietro, J.-F., Lörincz, I., Meißner, F.-J., Noguerol, A., &amp; Schröder-Sura, A. (with Molinié, M.). (2012). ''CARAP : cadre de référence pour les approches plurielles des langues et des cultures''. Centre européen pour les langues vivantes / Conseil de l’Europe. https://www.ecml.at/Portals/1/documents/ECML-resources/CARAP-FR.pdf?ver=2018-03-20-120658-740

Caravolas, J.A. (2011). J.A. Comenius (1592-1670) et le plurilinguisme. In ''Documents pour l’histoire du français langue étrangère ou seconde'' [En ligne], 43 | 2009. https://doi.org/10.4000/dhfles.826

CEFR Expert Group. (2023). A guide to action-oriented, plurilingual and intercultural Education. Editions du Conseil de l’Europe, Strasbourg. Council of Europe Publishing. https://rm.coe.int/a-guide-to-action-oriented-plurilingual-and-intercultural-education-en/1680b52354

Conseil de l’Europe. (2001). ''Un cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues : Apprendre, enseigner, évaluer''. Didier ; Conseil de l’Europe. https://rm.coe.int/16802fc3a8

Conseil de l’Europe. (2021). ''Un cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues : apprendre, enseigner, évaluer – Volume complémentaire''. Éditions du Conseil de l’Europe. https://www.coe.int/lang-cecr.

Coste, D. (2007). Contextualising uses of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. In Council of Europe, ''The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and the development of language policies: challenges and responsibilities''. Intergovernmental Language Policy Forum. Report. Council of Europe.

Coste, D., Moore, D., &amp; Zarate, G. (2009). ''Compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle : Vers un cadre européen commun de référence pour l’enseignement et l’apprentissage des langues vivantes. Version révisée et enrichie d’un avant-propos et d’une bibliographie complémentaire''. Éditions du Conseil de l’Europe. https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/SourcePublications/CompetencePlurilingue09web_FR.pdf

Coste, D. (2021). De Rüschlikon au Volume complémentaire ou Du risque qu’il y a à passer sous les échelles. Vogt, K., &amp; Quetz, J.(Éds.). ''Der neue Begleitband zum Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmen für Sprachen''. Peter Lang, 35-45.

Council of Europe (Éd.). (2001). ''Common European framework of reference for languages : Learning, teaching, assessment''. Press syndicate of the University of Cambridge.

Council of Europe. (2020). ''Common European framework of reference for languages : Learning, teaching, assessment. Companion volume''. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/common-european-framework-of-reference-for-languages-learning-teaching/16809ea0d4.

Lenz, P., &amp; Berthele, R. (2010). ''Prise en compte des compétences plurilingue et interculturelle dans l’évaluation''. Conseil de l’Europe. https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/Source2010_ForumGeneva/Assessment2010_Lenz_FRrev.pdf

Maurer, B. &amp; Puren, C. (2019). ''CECR : par ici la sortie !'' Éditions des archives contemporaines. https://eac.ac/publications/9782813003522

North, B. (2023). The CEFR companion volume and the action-oriented approach. In ''ItalianoLinguadue'', 14(2), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/19566

Volle, R.-M. (2022): Le CECR: une conception instrumentale et managériale des langues. ''Didactique du FLES: Recherches et Pratiques 1(1):'' 139-145).

Yüce, E. (2019). Plurilingualism and pluriculturalism in the CEFR companion volume. In ''Schriften zur Sprache und Literatur III'' (pp.93-99). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337243142

== Credits ==
This resource has been created by [[User:Projet PEP|Projet PEP]] ([[User talk:Projet PEP|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Projet PEP|contribs]]) (Erasmus+ project, co-financed by the European Commission)

* Christian Ollivier (Université de La Réunion)
* Eva Vetter (Universität Wien)</text>
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    <title>Dominant language constellation</title>
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      <text bytes="14894" sha1="s9ckemq97lc6pitdw8uo8o9onv9iln4" xml:space="preserve">== Starting activity ==
'''Activity A''' 

Visualise your own language constellations by following the steps below:
[[File:Dominant language constellation - Activity 1.png|alt=Dominant language constellation - Activity 1|thumb|Figure 1 - Dominant language constellation - Activity 1]]
1. Copy the exercise onto a worksheet (cf. Figure 1). 

2. Name each language, dialect or variety that you use in your daily life (write them in the coloured bubbles).

3. Complete the sentences in the boxes. For example:

* I use it at home with my grandmother.
* For example, I say: “Wie geht es dir?”  (= How are you?)

4. List your languages, dialects and varieties and write the number in the central square 

'''Activity B'''
[[File:Dominant language constellation - Activity 2.png|alt=Dominant language constellation - Activity 2|thumb|Figure 2 - Dominant language constellation - Activity 2]]
1. Copy the exercise onto a sheet of paper (cf. Figure 2).

2.&amp;nbsp;Place the languages / dialects / varieties you listed earlier into the three circles below

* Circle A: Languages, dialects and varieties that you use frequently.
* Circle B: Languages, dialects and varieties that you use occasionally.
* Circle C: Languages, dialects and varieties that you rarely use, but which you sometimes hear or know people who speak them.

3.&amp;nbsp;Write down why you have placed them in each circle.

'''Activity C'''

Think about the results:

* How proficient are you in the languages, dialects and varieties of the circles A, B and C? To what extent can you understand them (in writing and orally), write them and speak them? 
* Does anything surprise you? What might that mean?

(Exercise adapted from Xu &amp; Krulatz, 2024, p. 283)

== Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you should be able to…

* distinguish the dominant language constellation from other concepts related to plurilingualism/multilingualism (e.g. the linguistic repertoire)
* describe and analyse the DLC (and its development)
* apply the DLC theory in an educational context

== Keywords ==
plurilinguism, multilinguism, linguistic repertoire, communicative practices, institutional linguistic policy

== Pre-requisites ==
There are no prerequisites, but an understanding of concepts such as linguistic repertoire or ''translanguaging'' will help you gain a deeper understanding of the content.

== Introduction ==
The Dominant Language Constellation (DLC) was proposed by Larissa Aronin and her colleagues (2006, 2016, 2019; Aronin &amp; Singleton 2012) as a way of addressing the dynamic diversity of globalised language practices.  A DLC refers to the group of languages, dialects and/or varieties most relevant to an individual or a group for meeting all their linguistic needs in a multilingual environment. The components of a DLC function as a unit. In other words, the DLC describes the inner circle of personal languages that ‘fulfil the most vital functions of language” (Aronin, 2016, p.147).

== History of the concept ==
The DLC is one of many critical responses to the challenge  to the historically and culturally entrenched notion that monolingualism is ‘natural’ or preferable, whether at the level of individuals, groups or nations. This kind of monolingual ideology has been widely propagated by nationalism, Romanticism and state education systems.&lt;blockquote&gt;''A short historical example:'' 

''A key example of this link between language policy and nation-building is Talleyrand’s speech in 1791, during the French Revolution, in which he argued for the exclusive use of the national language in schools. Dialects and regional languages were described in it as “corrupted languages”, associated with a “feudal order that must be abolished” (Talleyrand-Périgord, 1791, p. 472, our translation).''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Even today, monolingualism remains a deeply entrenched social and political system, underpinned by nationalist ideologies, notions of modernised rationality and efficiency-driven approaches (one might cite, for example, certain language policies in the United States under the Trump administration, such as the designation of English as the official language of the United States (White House online, March 2025).

Linguistic practices, however, are diverse and multilingual, and have been so long before globalisation. DLC, therefore, reflects the plurilingual realities experienced in everyday life. By identifying the languages actually used in the various contexts of an individual’s life, DLC proposes a model of plurilingual identity, distributed across different domains of use and rooted in concrete communication practices. This is a relatively recent concept, which has become particularly prominent in the field of multilingualism studies since the 21st century. Examples of edited volumes devoted to DLCs include the 2020 collection ''Dominant Language Constellations: A New Perspective on Multilingualism'', edited by Joseph Lo Bianco and Larissa Aronin. Four further volumes have since followed (Aronin &amp; Vetter, 2021; Aronin &amp; Melo-Pfeifer, 2023; Aronin &amp; Vetter, 2025), all available on the website dedicated to the CLD approach (Dominant Language Constellations (DLC)).

== Definition ==
Given that DLC focuses on language practices, it is an inherently pluralistic and dynamic concept, based on the idea that contemporary social practices draw upon multiple modes of communication, different forms of literacy and a variety of languages (Aronin &amp; Vetter, 2021, p. 7).  To put it simply, the following brief definition could be proposed:

CLD refers to the set of languages—often three—that play a particularly important role for an individual or a group in order to meet their linguistic needs in a multilingual environment (Lo Bianco &amp; Aronin, 2020, pp. 15-18).

At this point, it is necessary to distinguish DLC from the concept of the linguistic repertoire, which has been used to refer to the totality of languages, dialects, styles, registers, codes and routines that characterise interaction in everyday life (Gumperz, 1968; Busch, 2017). Whilst the linguistic repertoire aims to account for the entirety of an individual’s linguistic experiences, the DLC refers exclusively to the components considered most essential (Lo Bianco &amp; Aronin, 2020, pp. 15–18). The two concepts can thus be regarded as complementary.

Furthermore, a constellation such as that proposed by DLC always forms within a specific multilingual context, and as this context may change throughout life, the DLC may also change. It can evolve according to geographical, social or cultural frameworks – a diversity clearly highlighted by international studies on local language practices (Vetter, 2024, pp. 229–231). The characteristics of a DLC are not, however, limited to the sum of the languages, dialects and varieties that comprise it.  It must also be regarded as a unit that extends beyond the sum of its parts (which, in any case, cannot be viewed as strictly separate from one another).

== Conceptions ==
Currently, DLC is emerging as a new perspective on multilingualism (Lo Bianco &amp; Aronin 2020) and research method to explore it (Aronin 2019), reflecting the many developments in the field. To clarify these two perspectives, let’s look at them in more detail:

* As an innovative approach to multilingualism, it is used to study complex linguistic situations. One example is Karpava’s (2020) study of the Russian community in Cyprus, which highlights the individual and social factors that influence the dynamics of DLCs (composed of the same languages).
* As a research method, DLC opens the door to new research questions, as demonstrated by Aronin (2019, 19f). To give an example, DLC can serve as a starting point for describing the linguistic composition of a country, an organisation or the world. Questions arise regarding languages leaving the DLC or returning to it. 

Just as with conceptual perspectives, the themes addressed by research on DLC have diversified over time and cover a wide range of issues, from multilingual syntactic development (Fernández-Berkes &amp; Flynn, 2019) to educational contexts (Björklund et al., 2019). Others focus on the impact of identity, emotions and attitudes in different minority and majority contexts (Nightingale, 2020; Vetter, 2024). Language policy in the broadest sense is one of the areas in which DLC research yields particularly promising results: a DLC perspective opens up interesting avenues for understanding institutional language policy, particularly in the field of education, where it proves to be a powerful tool for raising awareness and fostering critical reflection (Vetter, 2021). On a more general political level, DLC encourages the involvement of language activists, policy-makers and researchers in a dialogue on appropriate language policy. It can thus serve as a framework for language policy in multilingual communities facing controversial political directions.

== Take home messages ==
The concept of DLC encompasses only the most significant languages, dialects and varieties through which an individual or group can meet their communicative needs. It is, therefore, a concept rooted in practical communication and real needs. The DLC represents a critical response to the notion of ‘natural’ or preferred monolingualism and forms part of modern theories on multilingualism and calls for multicultural practices. It can be interpreted as an innovative perspective to understand multilingualism and a research method, showing particular promise for institutional language policy and the field of education.

== Self-assessment ==

* How can the concept of the Dominant Language Constellation (DLC) be defined?
* What is the difference between the concept of a repertoire and the DLC?
* What topics can be addressed by research into DLCs?

== Further readings ==

* Official website of the DLC-approach: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.dominant-language-constellations.com/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Aronin, L. (2019). Challenges of multilingual education : streamlining affordances through Dominant Language Constellations. ''Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus'', ''2019''(58), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.5842/58-0-845 
* Aronin, L. &amp; Melo-Pfeifer, S. (2023). ''Language Awareness and Identity. Insights via Dominant Language Constellation Approach''. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37027-4. 
* Aronin, L. &amp; Vetter, E. (Eds.) (2025 in print). ''Dominant Language Constellations for Teachers: A practical dimension''.  Springer.
* Vetter, E., &amp; Jessner, U. (2019). ''International research on multilingualism: breaking with the monolingual perspective''. Springer. 

== References ==
Aronin, L. (2006). Dominant language constellations: An approach to multilingualism studies. In M. Ó Laoire (Ed.), ''Multilingualism in educational settings'' (pp. 140–159). Schneider Publications.

Aronin, L. &amp; Singleton, D. (2012). ''Multilingualism''. John Benjamins.

Aronin, L. (2016). Multicompetence and dominant language constellation. In V. Cook &amp;  Li Wei (Eds.), ''The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Multicompetence'' (pp.142-163). Cambridge University Press.

Aronin, L. (2019). Dominant language constellation as a method of research. In E. Vetter &amp; U. Jessner (Eds.), ''International research on multilingualism. Breaking with the monolingual perspective'' (pp. 13–26). Springer. 

Aronin, L., &amp; Vetter, E. (2021). ''Dominant Language Constellations Approach in Education and Language Acquisition'' (1st Edition 2021, Vol. 51). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70769-9 

Björklund, S., Björklund, M. &amp; Sjöholm, K. (2020). Societal Versus Individual Patterns of DLCs in a Finnish Educational Context – Present State and Challenges for the Future. In J. Lo Bianco, L. Aronin (Eds.), ''Dominant Language Constellations: A New Perspective on Multilingualism'' (pp. 97–115). Springer. 

Busch, B. (2017). Expanding the Notion of the Linguistic Repertoire: On the Concept of Spracherleben —The Lived Experience of Language. ''Applied Linguistics'', ''38''(3),  340-358. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amv030 

Fernández-Berkes, É. &amp; Flynn, S. (2020). Where DLC Meets Multilingual Syntactic Development. In J. Lo Bianco, L. Aronin (Eds.), ''Dominant Language Constellations: A New Perspective on'' ''Multilingualism'' (pp. 57-74). Springer.

Gumperz, J. J. (1968). The speech community. In Sills, D. L. &amp; Merton, R. K. (Eds.), ''International encyclopedia of the social sciences'' (pp. 381-386). Macmillan Company &amp; the Free Press. 

Karpava, S. (2020). Dominant Language Constellations of Russian Speakers in Cyprus. ​​In J. Lo Bianco &amp; L. Aronin (Eds.), ''Dominant language constellations. A new perspective on multilingualism'' (pp. 228-257). Springer.  

Lo Bianco, J., &amp; Aronin, L. (Eds.) (2020). ''Dominant language constellations. A new perspective on multilingualism''. Springer.

Nightingale, R. (2020). A Dominant Language Constellations Case Study on Language Use and the Affective Domain. In: ''Dominant language constellations. A new perspective'' ''on multilingualism'' (pp. 231-259). Springer. 

OJ  2018/C 189/01, Recommandation du Conseil du 22 mai 2018 relative aux compétences clés pour l’éducation et la formation tout au long de la vie. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018H0604(01) 

Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de. (1791). Rapport par M. Talleyrand-Périgord, ancien évêque d’Autun, sur l’instruction publique, en annexe de la séance du 10 septembre 1791. In ''Archives Parlementaires de 1787 à 1860.'' Tome XXX (pp. 447-480). https://www.persee.fr/doc/arcpa_0000-0000_1888_num_30_1_12472_t1_0447_0000_8 

The White House. (March 2025). Designating English as the Official Language of The United States. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/designating-english-as-the-official-language-of-the-united-states/

UNESCO.  (2025).  ''Les langues comptent : orientations mondiales pour l’éducation multilingue''. https://doi.org/10.54675/UTXF6991 

Vetter, E. (2021). Language Education Policy Through a DLC Lens: The Case of Urban Multilingualism. In Aronin, L., &amp; Vetter, E. (Eds.) ''Dominant Language Constellations Approach in Education and Language Acquisition.'' Springer. 

Vetter, E. (2024). Dominant Instead of Hidden? A Critical Discussion on a European DLC Including Endangered Languages. In ''Modern Approaches to Researching Multilingualism'' (pp. 227–247). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52371-7_14 

Xu, Y., Krulatz, A., Gabryś-Barker, D., &amp; Vetter, E. (2024). Employing Dominant Language Constellation in Teacher Professional Development: The Impact on EAL Teachers’ Beliefs, Practices, and Multilingual Identity. In ''Modern Approaches to Researching Multilingualism'' (pp. 271–293). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52371-7_16</text>
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    <title>Online platforms' effects on public health, safety and democracy</title>
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      <comment>add video and audio</comment>
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      <text bytes="10583" sha1="0sdbojxsrl67aql189dqniojwega7p3" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-06 interview with [[w:Yael Eisenstat|Yael Eisenstat]] about the impact of online platforms on public health, safety and democracy. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-05-16 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Online platforms' effects on public health, safety and democracy.webm|thumb|2026-05-06 interview with [[w:Yaël Eisenstat| Yaël Eisenstat]] about how some online platforms have been degrading public health, safety and democracy]]

[[File:Online platforms' effects on public health, safety and democracy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from 2026-05-06 interview with [[w:Yaël Eisenstat|Yaël Eisenstat]] about how some online platforms have been degrading public health, safety and democracy.]]

[[w:Yaël Eisenstat|Yaël Eisenstat]] discusses the impact of online platforms on public health, safety and democracy. She is currently&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Yael Eisenstat--&gt;{{cite Q|Q82046593}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Director of Policy and Impact at Cybersecurity for Democracy (C4D),&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Cybersecurity for Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139568543}}&lt;/ref&gt; working on policy solutions for how to hold social media and other online platforms accountable for their effects on public safety and democracy. Previously, she was Vice President at the [[w:Anti-Defamation League|Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) Center for Technology &amp; Society (CTS). She was a Facebook election integrity head in 2018 and later became a whistleblower, speaking publicly about the dangers to democracy stemming from the company's decisions and products. She has held other other positions protecting democracy including as an intelligence officer, diplomat, and White House advisor.  C4D contributed to the recent March 24, 2026, jury verdict in a civil case against Internet companies in [[w:New Mexico|New Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;McQue (2026), &lt;!--C4D and the Courts: Meta Guilty Verdicts--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139572464}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Eisenstat is interviewed by Spencer Graves.&lt;ref name=Graves&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Eisenstat's work == 

Eisenstat's work includes a [[w:TED (conference)|TED Talk]] and an [[w:South by Southwest|SXSW panel]] in 2020 and a 2024 Tech platforms and political violence. 

=== 2020 TED talk === 

In Eisenstat's (2020) TED talk, she said that around 2015 she began to notice that she was losing the ability to engage with others who were thought differently. Conversations with others in the US were becoming more difficult than conversations she had had as a CIA officer and diplomat drinking tea and talking with outspoken anti-Western clerics and suspected terrorists in Africa. Many of those engagements began with mutual suspicion but none degenerated into shouting or insults. In some cases she built collaboration on areas of mutual interest. Her most powerful tools were to listen, learn and build empathy. Most of her contacts wanted to feel heard, validated and respected. But social media companies like [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] incentivize inflammatory content contributing to a culture of political polarization and mistrust. This generates revenue for Facebook and similar companies that make money from clicks, &quot;because the shortest path to a click is anger or hate&quot;, in the words of [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen]], interviewed 2024-08-19 for this Media &amp; Democracy series. When Facebook asked Eisenstat in 2018 to lead their work to support global elections integrity for political ads, she agreed. She left six months later, speaking openly about Facebook's inability to meet its responsibility to secure elections, subsequently documented, e.g., in the thousands of internal Facebook documents that [[w:Frances Haugen|Haugen]] released to the [[w:Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] and ''[[w:The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal]]'' in 2021.

=== 2020 SXSW panel === 

Eisenstat was part of a &quot;panel about the Future of Tech Responsibility&quot; for the 2020 [[w:South by Southwest|South by Southwest]] festival. The festival was cancelled due to COVID-19, but the panel was held virtually. This panel included a discussion of [[w:Section 230|Section 230]] of the [[w:Communications Act of 1934|Communications Act of 1934]], as amended by the [[w:Communications Decency Act|Communications Decency Act]] of 1996.&lt;ref&gt;Reid (2020).&lt;/ref&gt; It was &quot;written before platforms such as [[w:Facebook|Facebook]], [[w:YouTube|YouTube]] and [[w:X (social network)|Twitter]] existed&quot; -- written while [[w:Google|Google]] was a research project by [[w:Stanford University|Stanford]] [[w:Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] students [[w:Larry Page|Larry Page]] and [[w:Sergey Brin|Sergey Brin]]. Section 230 includes, &quot;No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--47 U.S. Code § 230 - Protection for private blocking and screening of offensive material--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139570261}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eisenstat says that it's time to revisit Section 230, to demand accountability where Internet companies promote or suppress information based on the content while protecting web freedom otherwise. This is similar to the [[Dean Baker on Internet companies threatening democracy internationally and how to fix that|recommendations of]] [[w:Dean Baker|Dean Baker]] that when Internet companies make money by promoting information differentially based on content, they should be liable as are legacy media under the US Supreme Court decision in ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|NYT v. Sullivan]]'' (1964). In other cases, they should be treated as [[w:Common carrier|common carrier]]s like telephone companies. 

=== 2024: Tech platforms and political violence === 

More recently, Eisenstat et al. (2024a, b) are insisting that, &quot;Tech Platforms Must Do More to Avoid Contributing to Potential Political Violence&quot;. ''The New York Times'' had reported that, &quot;a steady undercurrent of violence and physical risk has become a new normal,&quot; particularly targeting public officials and democratic institutions. A survey from the Brennan Center found that 38% of election officials have experienced violent threats. They attributed these threats primarily to tech platforms and gave seven recommendations in four themes &quot;congruent with any number of papers that academics and civil society leaders have published over the years.&quot; They said that platforms 
* must develop robust standards for threat assessment and engage in scenario planning, crisis training, and engagement with external stakeholders, with as much transparency as possible.
* should enforce clear and actionable content moderation policies that address election integrity.
* should enforce their rules uniformly, not exempting politicians and other political influencers. 
* must clearly explain important content moderation decisions, ensuring transparency especially when it comes to high profile accounts.

They hope that increasing demands for accountability will prompt platforms to act more responsibly and prioritize the risk of political violence both in the United States and abroad. 

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Bobby Allyn (2026-03-25) &quot;Jury finds Meta and Google negligent in social media harms trial--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139572103}}
* &lt;!--Yaël Eisenstat (2020-08) &quot;Dear Facebook, this is how you're breaking democracy&quot;--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138844363}}
* &lt;!--Yaël Eisenstat (2021) &quot;Section 230 Revisited: Web Freedom vs Accountability--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139568755|date=2021}}
* &lt;!-- Yaël Eisenstat, Justin Hendrix, and Daniel Kreiss (2024-05-22, 2024a) &quot;
Preventing Tech-Fueled Political Violence: What online platforms can do to ensure that they do not contribute to election-related violence&quot;, The Bulletin of Technology &amp; Public Life--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139571027|date=2024a}} 
* &lt;!-- Yaël Eisenstat, Justin Hendrix, and Daniel Kreiss (2024-05-22, 2024b) &quot;
Tech Platforms Must Do More to Avoid Contributing to Potential Political Violence
&quot;, Tech Policy Press and Just Security--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139571163}}
* &lt;!--Katie McQue (2026-04-24) &quot; Meta ordered to pay $375m after being found liable in child exploitation case--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139572337}}
* &lt;!--Blake E. Reid (2020-09-04) &quot;Section 230 of… what?--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139570229}} 

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Suicide]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Safety]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Google]]
[[Category:Internet]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>User:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide/The Paper</title>
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      <comment>/* OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE) */ Arie et. al (2008)</comment>
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      <text bytes="13477" sha1="k4hufszuyfzaa643zpd3aois9atugs0" xml:space="preserve">''Better translated as the &quot;thinking space&quot; vs. an actual paper.''

''What we doing?'' Integrating OGM → suicidal ideation within a structured model (IMV + mechanisms); Value comes from THEORY INTEGRATION and &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; &quot;OGM x SI&quot; [new findings]. 

--&gt; &quot;OGM may represent an underdeveloped autobiographical-memory mechanism contributing to entrapment, hopelessness, and SI within the IMV framework&quot; 

==Introduction==
'''[[w:Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory|Overgeneral autobiographical memory]]''' (OGM) describes a reduced ability to recall specific events in one's autobiographical memory. For example, one may remember attending a birthday party at some point in their life, but they could not uniquely recall a specific instance of attending a birthday party. OGM has been empirically associated with depression, with depressed individuals reporting higher levels of OGM than non-depressed individuals&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Given the association of depression and suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chachamovich|first=Eduardo|last2=Stefanello|first2=Sabrina|last3=Botega|first3=Neury|last4=Turecki|first4=Gustavo|date=2009-05|title=[Which are the recent clinical findings regarding the association between depression and suicide?]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565147|journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)|volume=31 Suppl 1|pages=S18–25|doi=10.1590/s1516-44462009000500004|issn=1516-4446|pmid=19565147}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utilizing suicide models, such as the '''Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model''', provides a theoretical cognitive framework to increase understanding of where OGM may fit in the escalation to suicidal ideation and/or suicide.

The IMV model portrays suicidal behavior as an escalating, behavioral process divided into three phases: pre-motivational phase, motivational phase, and volitional phase. The motivational phase is characterized by suicidal ideation formation, where feelings of entrapment (described as a &quot;proximal [predictor] of suicidal ideation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053985/|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=1471-2970|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;), poor problem-solving abilities, brooding, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) may transition the individual to the volitional phase. When looking at the IMV model and assessing where OGM could play a part in the transition to suicidal ideation, OGM may impair problem-solving capabilities and the ability to learn from the past through reduced retrieval of specific past experiences, leading to hopelessness&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316563205|title=The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior|last=van Heeringen|first=Kees|date=2018-08-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56320-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The current literature aims to shed light on a neglected niche of suicide research: autobiographical memory. Despite the overwhelming research suggesting correlations between OGM and depression and suicidal ideation, research has not thoroughly explored OGM's exact role in a cognitive, theoretical framework of suicidal ideation (specifically within the IMV model). By conducting a narrative review and integrating research on OGM's role in suicidal ideation, this paper furthers understanding on OGM's role in suicidal ideation within the IMV framework. 

==OGM as a Vulnerability==
Evidence suggests that OGM is a cognitive vulnerability associated with depression and suicidal ideation, though its predictive relevance may vary depending on the population. 

A meta analysis performed by Sumner et. al (2010) found that OGM accounted for about 1-2% of the variance in depressive symptoms at follow-up&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. A 2020 study found that OGM was associated with depressed patients' current suicidal ideation state and worse-point suicidal ideation, while OGM affected the healthy patients' worse-point suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. However, Crane et. al (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of n≈5800 adolescents from ages 13 to 16 and found that OGM was not significantly associated with depression and did not moderate the effect of life events, suggesting OGM may not be as generalizable to community samples vs. high-risk populations&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Even though the findings indicated that OGM was not significantly associated with depression, the study highlights that OGM may function as a vulnerability within high-risk populations. This suggests that OGM's predictive relevance may depend on the risk-level of the population.

OGM persists even past depression, as found in Hallford et. al (2022). A meta-analysis indicated that participants with remitted depression continue to experience small to moderate deficiencies in being able to recall &quot;specific, event-level personal memories&quot;. This indicates that OGM isn't merely a symptom of depression, but may function as a risk factor for future depressive episodes&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.    

Considering the above, the analysis suggests that OGM may function as a cognitive vulnerability that is further exacerbated in high-risk populations vs. the general population.    

==Mechanisms==
The inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory may lead to inefficient problem-solving abilities, which can impact one's ability to deal with difficult situations as they lack past experiences to rely on&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Arie|first=Miri|last2=Apter|first2=Alan|last3=Orbach|first3=Israel|last4=Yefet|first4=Yael|last5=Zalzman|first5=Gil|date=2008-01-01|title=Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X07000922|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–29|doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004|issn=0010-440X}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Failing to deal with difficult situations can drive an individual to hopelessness. In 1986, an article by Mark J. Williams and Keith Broadbent stipulated that individuals who recently attempted suicide had biased latencies in autobiographical memory retrieval and had reduced specificity in responses to especially positive cues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/02699938808410925|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. OGM may not have a direct effect on suicide, but the evidence suggests that OGM intensifies the risk of suicidal ideation through deteriorating cognitive functioning.   

Rumination involves maladaptive dwelling on one's past negative emotions and feelings&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Treynor|first=Wendy|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Richard|last3=Nolen-Hoeksema|first3=Susan|date=2003-06-01|title=Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561|journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=247–259|doi=10.1023/A:1023910315561|issn=1573-2819}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and is associated with suicidal behavior/ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=0962-8436|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;. One may reflect on their negative emotions and question such emotions in an abstract manner (&quot;How did I get to feel this way?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, &quot;Why did this happen to me?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|date=2012-02|title=The mechanisms underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory: an evaluative review of evidence for the CaR-FA-X model|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3246105/|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=32|issue=1|pages=34–48|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.003|issn=1873-7811|pmc=3246105|pmid=22142837}}&lt;/ref&gt;), which causes one's memory retrieval to capture negative intermediate conceptual information (ex, &quot;I'm a failure&quot;) instead of specific memories. Repeated rumination strengthens these negative self-beliefs, leading to frequent capture of negative conceptual themes and impeding memory retrieval. This association of rumination and general memory aligns with the CaR-FA-X model&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stange|first=Jonathan P.|last2=Hamlat|first2=Elissa J.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Jessica L.|last4=Abramson|first4=Lyn Y.|last5=Alloy|first5=Lauren B.|date=2013-02|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory, emotional maltreatment, and depressive symptoms in adolescence: evidence of a cognitive vulnerability-stress interaction|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530666/|journal=Journal of Adolescence|volume=36|issue=1|pages=201–208|doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.11.001|issn=1095-9254|pmc=3530666|pmid=23186994}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Within the IMV model, we propose that OGM falls under '''Threat to Self Moderators (TSM)'''. TSMs spur entrapment (a perceived sense of being trapped by defeat/humilitation), which can lead to suicidal ideation depending on the effects of '''Motivational Moderators (MM).''' Positive factors, such as motivation to live, positive future thinking, and belongingess can offset the transition of entrapment → suicidal ideation, though negative factors, such as thwarted belongingness, very little social support, and perceived burdensomeness, may increase the chance of entrapment converting into suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.  

==OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE)==
The research suggests that OGM is not just associated with depression, but is a contributing factor towards suicidal ideation (especially in high-risk populations). Jiang et. al (2020) found in a study of 365 participants, with roughly 51% of the participants clinically depressed while the other roughly 49% of participants were classified as &quot;healthy&quot;, that OGM was stronger in the depressed group vs. the &quot;healthy&quot; group. WSI (worst suicidal thoughts one has ever had [at a certain point]) and CSI (current point of suicidal ideation) were significantly affected by OGM in the depressed group. OGM was also found to be a mediator between CSI and childhood trauma in depressed patients. As OGM leads to negative memory biases and, therefore, the maintenance of a negative mental state, the researchers suggested that OGM is a consistent contributor to suicidal ideation in depressed patients&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. These findings are corroborated by a more recent (2025) study on depressed patients with varying levels of SI, where the researchers concluded that OGM may be &quot;a maladaptive cognitive avoidance strategy&quot; rather than simply a deterioration in memory. Zhu et. al (2025) further explain that individuals with OGM have a difficult time recalling positive memories, which reinforce negative recallings, spurring hopelessness and the transition to suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Ying|last2=Yin|first2=Qianlan|last3=Xu|first3=Huijing|last4=Xiao|first4=Fang|last5=Jiang|first5=Qian|last6=Liang|first6=Meng|last7=Cheng|first7=Qi|last8=Liu|first8=Taosheng|date=2025-11-24|title=Speech feature identification model for depressed individuals with suicidal ideation based on autobiographical memory|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1154|doi=10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|issn=1471-244X|pmc=12713288|pmid=41286790}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In a 2008 study on autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem-solving skills, and suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults, Arie et. al (2008) found that OGM was significantly associated with hopelessness and poor problem-solving abilities in adolescents. This suggests that being able to retrieve specific memories in one's autobiographical memory improves problem-solving skills, as they are able to draw back from past experiences to address challenging interpersonal situations&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==Contradictions / Nuances==
==Conclusion==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide Poster]]</text>
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      <comment>/* OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE) */ Kaviani et. al (2011)</comment>
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      <text bytes="14231" sha1="lz8s5fzu1kqfdxputekbwla808bdqqj" xml:space="preserve">''Better translated as the &quot;thinking space&quot; vs. an actual paper.''

''What we doing?'' Integrating OGM → suicidal ideation within a structured model (IMV + mechanisms); Value comes from THEORY INTEGRATION and &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; &quot;OGM x SI&quot; [new findings]. 

--&gt; &quot;OGM may represent an underdeveloped autobiographical-memory mechanism contributing to entrapment, hopelessness, and SI within the IMV framework&quot; 

==Introduction==
'''[[w:Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory|Overgeneral autobiographical memory]]''' (OGM) describes a reduced ability to recall specific events in one's autobiographical memory. For example, one may remember attending a birthday party at some point in their life, but they could not uniquely recall a specific instance of attending a birthday party. OGM has been empirically associated with depression, with depressed individuals reporting higher levels of OGM than non-depressed individuals&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Given the association of depression and suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chachamovich|first=Eduardo|last2=Stefanello|first2=Sabrina|last3=Botega|first3=Neury|last4=Turecki|first4=Gustavo|date=2009-05|title=[Which are the recent clinical findings regarding the association between depression and suicide?]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565147|journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)|volume=31 Suppl 1|pages=S18–25|doi=10.1590/s1516-44462009000500004|issn=1516-4446|pmid=19565147}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utilizing suicide models, such as the '''Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model''', provides a theoretical cognitive framework to increase understanding of where OGM may fit in the escalation to suicidal ideation and/or suicide.

The IMV model portrays suicidal behavior as an escalating, behavioral process divided into three phases: pre-motivational phase, motivational phase, and volitional phase. The motivational phase is characterized by suicidal ideation formation, where feelings of entrapment (described as a &quot;proximal [predictor] of suicidal ideation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053985/|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=1471-2970|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;), poor problem-solving abilities, brooding, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) may transition the individual to the volitional phase. When looking at the IMV model and assessing where OGM could play a part in the transition to suicidal ideation, OGM may impair problem-solving capabilities and the ability to learn from the past through reduced retrieval of specific past experiences, leading to hopelessness&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316563205|title=The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior|last=van Heeringen|first=Kees|date=2018-08-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56320-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The current literature aims to shed light on a neglected niche of suicide research: autobiographical memory. Despite the overwhelming research suggesting correlations between OGM and depression and suicidal ideation, research has not thoroughly explored OGM's exact role in a cognitive, theoretical framework of suicidal ideation (specifically within the IMV model). By conducting a narrative review and integrating research on OGM's role in suicidal ideation, this paper furthers understanding on OGM's role in suicidal ideation within the IMV framework. 

==OGM as a Vulnerability==
Evidence suggests that OGM is a cognitive vulnerability associated with depression and suicidal ideation, though its predictive relevance may vary depending on the population. 

A meta analysis performed by Sumner et. al (2010) found that OGM accounted for about 1-2% of the variance in depressive symptoms at follow-up&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. A 2020 study found that OGM was associated with depressed patients' current suicidal ideation state and worse-point suicidal ideation, while OGM affected the healthy patients' worse-point suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. However, Crane et. al (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of n≈5800 adolescents from ages 13 to 16 and found that OGM was not significantly associated with depression and did not moderate the effect of life events, suggesting OGM may not be as generalizable to community samples vs. high-risk populations&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Even though the findings indicated that OGM was not significantly associated with depression, the study highlights that OGM may function as a vulnerability within high-risk populations. This suggests that OGM's predictive relevance may depend on the risk-level of the population.

OGM persists even past depression, as found in Hallford et. al (2022). A meta-analysis indicated that participants with remitted depression continue to experience small to moderate deficiencies in being able to recall &quot;specific, event-level personal memories&quot;. This indicates that OGM isn't merely a symptom of depression, but may function as a risk factor for future depressive episodes&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.    

Considering the above, the analysis suggests that OGM may function as a cognitive vulnerability that is further exacerbated in high-risk populations vs. the general population.    

==Mechanisms==
The inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory may lead to inefficient problem-solving abilities, which can impact one's ability to deal with difficult situations as they lack past experiences to rely on&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Arie|first=Miri|last2=Apter|first2=Alan|last3=Orbach|first3=Israel|last4=Yefet|first4=Yael|last5=Zalzman|first5=Gil|date=2008-01-01|title=Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X07000922|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–29|doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004|issn=0010-440X}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Failing to deal with difficult situations can drive an individual to hopelessness. In 1986, an article by Mark J. Williams and Keith Broadbent stipulated that individuals who recently attempted suicide had biased latencies in autobiographical memory retrieval and had reduced specificity in responses to especially positive cues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/02699938808410925|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. OGM may not have a direct effect on suicide, but the evidence suggests that OGM intensifies the risk of suicidal ideation through deteriorating cognitive functioning.   

Rumination involves maladaptive dwelling on one's past negative emotions and feelings&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Treynor|first=Wendy|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Richard|last3=Nolen-Hoeksema|first3=Susan|date=2003-06-01|title=Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561|journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=247–259|doi=10.1023/A:1023910315561|issn=1573-2819}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and is associated with suicidal behavior/ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=0962-8436|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;. One may reflect on their negative emotions and question such emotions in an abstract manner (&quot;How did I get to feel this way?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, &quot;Why did this happen to me?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|date=2012-02|title=The mechanisms underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory: an evaluative review of evidence for the CaR-FA-X model|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3246105/|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=32|issue=1|pages=34–48|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.003|issn=1873-7811|pmc=3246105|pmid=22142837}}&lt;/ref&gt;), which causes one's memory retrieval to capture negative intermediate conceptual information (ex, &quot;I'm a failure&quot;) instead of specific memories. Repeated rumination strengthens these negative self-beliefs, leading to frequent capture of negative conceptual themes and impeding memory retrieval. This association of rumination and general memory aligns with the CaR-FA-X model&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stange|first=Jonathan P.|last2=Hamlat|first2=Elissa J.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Jessica L.|last4=Abramson|first4=Lyn Y.|last5=Alloy|first5=Lauren B.|date=2013-02|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory, emotional maltreatment, and depressive symptoms in adolescence: evidence of a cognitive vulnerability-stress interaction|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530666/|journal=Journal of Adolescence|volume=36|issue=1|pages=201–208|doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.11.001|issn=1095-9254|pmc=3530666|pmid=23186994}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Within the IMV model, we propose that OGM falls under '''Threat to Self Moderators (TSM)'''. TSMs spur entrapment (a perceived sense of being trapped by defeat/humilitation), which can lead to suicidal ideation depending on the effects of '''Motivational Moderators (MM).''' Positive factors, such as motivation to live, positive future thinking, and belongingess can offset the transition of entrapment → suicidal ideation, though negative factors, such as thwarted belongingness, very little social support, and perceived burdensomeness, may increase the chance of entrapment converting into suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.  

==OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE)==
The research suggests that OGM is not just associated with depression, but is a contributing factor towards suicidal ideation (especially in high-risk populations). Jiang et. al (2020) found in a study of 365 participants, with roughly 51% of the participants clinically depressed while the other roughly 49% of participants were classified as &quot;healthy&quot;, that OGM was stronger in the depressed group vs. the &quot;healthy&quot; group. WSI (worst suicidal thoughts one has ever had [at a certain point]) and CSI (current point of suicidal ideation) were significantly affected by OGM in the depressed group. OGM was also found to be a mediator between CSI and childhood trauma in depressed patients. As OGM leads to negative memory biases and, therefore, the maintenance of a negative mental state, the researchers suggested that OGM is a consistent contributor to suicidal ideation in depressed patients&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. These findings are corroborated by a more recent (2025) study on depressed patients with varying levels of SI, where the researchers concluded that OGM may be &quot;a maladaptive cognitive avoidance strategy&quot; rather than simply a deterioration in memory. Zhu et. al (2025) further explain that individuals with OGM have a difficult time recalling positive memories, which reinforce negative recallings, spurring hopelessness and the transition to suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Ying|last2=Yin|first2=Qianlan|last3=Xu|first3=Huijing|last4=Xiao|first4=Fang|last5=Jiang|first5=Qian|last6=Liang|first6=Meng|last7=Cheng|first7=Qi|last8=Liu|first8=Taosheng|date=2025-11-24|title=Speech feature identification model for depressed individuals with suicidal ideation based on autobiographical memory|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1154|doi=10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|issn=1471-244X|pmc=12713288|pmid=41286790}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In a 2008 study on autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem-solving skills, and suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults, Arie et. al (2008) found that OGM was significantly associated with hopelessness and poor problem-solving abilities in adolescents. This suggests that being able to retrieve specific memories in one's autobiographical memory improves problem-solving skills, as they are able to draw back from past experiences to address challenging interpersonal situations&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Kaviani et. al (2011) found that depressed individuals with more severe suicidal ideation levels had more difficulty in retrieving specific thoughts in comparison to depressed individuals with less severe suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaviani|first=H.|last2=Rahimi|first2=M.|last3=Rahimi-Darabad|first3=P.|last4=Naghavi|first4=K. Kamyar H.|date=2003|title=HOW AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY DEFICITS AFFECT PROBLEM-SOLVING IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS|url=https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/2663|journal=Acta Medica Iranica|language=en-US|pages=194–198|issn=1735-9694}}&lt;/ref&gt;. These findings suggest that OGM plays a unique factor in spurring suicidal ideation as a self-deprecating coping mechanism rather than a symptom of depression.

==Contradictions / Nuances==
==Conclusion==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide Poster]]</text>
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      <comment>/* OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE) */ minor edit(s)</comment>
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      <text bytes="14253" sha1="gtqyv7ydcvnm4ccn86jubyr1od0cizo" xml:space="preserve">''Better translated as the &quot;thinking space&quot; vs. an actual paper.''

''What we doing?'' Integrating OGM → suicidal ideation within a structured model (IMV + mechanisms); Value comes from THEORY INTEGRATION and &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; &quot;OGM x SI&quot; [new findings]. 

--&gt; &quot;OGM may represent an underdeveloped autobiographical-memory mechanism contributing to entrapment, hopelessness, and SI within the IMV framework&quot; 

==Introduction==
'''[[w:Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory|Overgeneral autobiographical memory]]''' (OGM) describes a reduced ability to recall specific events in one's autobiographical memory. For example, one may remember attending a birthday party at some point in their life, but they could not uniquely recall a specific instance of attending a birthday party. OGM has been empirically associated with depression, with depressed individuals reporting higher levels of OGM than non-depressed individuals&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Given the association of depression and suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chachamovich|first=Eduardo|last2=Stefanello|first2=Sabrina|last3=Botega|first3=Neury|last4=Turecki|first4=Gustavo|date=2009-05|title=[Which are the recent clinical findings regarding the association between depression and suicide?]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565147|journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)|volume=31 Suppl 1|pages=S18–25|doi=10.1590/s1516-44462009000500004|issn=1516-4446|pmid=19565147}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utilizing suicide models, such as the '''Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model''', provides a theoretical cognitive framework to increase understanding of where OGM may fit in the escalation to suicidal ideation and/or suicide.

The IMV model portrays suicidal behavior as an escalating, behavioral process divided into three phases: pre-motivational phase, motivational phase, and volitional phase. The motivational phase is characterized by suicidal ideation formation, where feelings of entrapment (described as a &quot;proximal [predictor] of suicidal ideation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053985/|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=1471-2970|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;), poor problem-solving abilities, brooding, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) may transition the individual to the volitional phase. When looking at the IMV model and assessing where OGM could play a part in the transition to suicidal ideation, OGM may impair problem-solving capabilities and the ability to learn from the past through reduced retrieval of specific past experiences, leading to hopelessness&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316563205|title=The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior|last=van Heeringen|first=Kees|date=2018-08-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56320-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The current literature aims to shed light on a neglected niche of suicide research: autobiographical memory. Despite the overwhelming research suggesting correlations between OGM and depression and suicidal ideation, research has not thoroughly explored OGM's exact role in a cognitive, theoretical framework of suicidal ideation (specifically within the IMV model). By conducting a narrative review and integrating research on OGM's role in suicidal ideation, this paper furthers understanding on OGM's role in suicidal ideation within the IMV framework. 

==OGM as a Vulnerability==
Evidence suggests that OGM is a cognitive vulnerability associated with depression and suicidal ideation, though its predictive relevance may vary depending on the population. 

A meta analysis performed by Sumner et. al (2010) found that OGM accounted for about 1-2% of the variance in depressive symptoms at follow-up&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. A 2020 study found that OGM was associated with depressed patients' current suicidal ideation state and worse-point suicidal ideation, while OGM affected the healthy patients' worse-point suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. However, Crane et. al (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of n≈5800 adolescents from ages 13 to 16 and found that OGM was not significantly associated with depression and did not moderate the effect of life events, suggesting OGM may not be as generalizable to community samples vs. high-risk populations&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Even though the findings indicated that OGM was not significantly associated with depression, the study highlights that OGM may function as a vulnerability within high-risk populations. This suggests that OGM's predictive relevance may depend on the risk-level of the population.

OGM persists even past depression, as found in Hallford et. al (2022). A meta-analysis indicated that participants with remitted depression continue to experience small to moderate deficiencies in being able to recall &quot;specific, event-level personal memories&quot;. This indicates that OGM isn't merely a symptom of depression, but may function as a risk factor for future depressive episodes&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.    

Considering the above, the analysis suggests that OGM may function as a cognitive vulnerability that is further exacerbated in high-risk populations vs. the general population.    

==Mechanisms==
The inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory may lead to inefficient problem-solving abilities, which can impact one's ability to deal with difficult situations as they lack past experiences to rely on&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Arie|first=Miri|last2=Apter|first2=Alan|last3=Orbach|first3=Israel|last4=Yefet|first4=Yael|last5=Zalzman|first5=Gil|date=2008-01-01|title=Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X07000922|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–29|doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004|issn=0010-440X}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Failing to deal with difficult situations can drive an individual to hopelessness. In 1986, an article by Mark J. Williams and Keith Broadbent stipulated that individuals who recently attempted suicide had biased latencies in autobiographical memory retrieval and had reduced specificity in responses to especially positive cues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/02699938808410925|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. OGM may not have a direct effect on suicide, but the evidence suggests that OGM intensifies the risk of suicidal ideation through deteriorating cognitive functioning.   

Rumination involves maladaptive dwelling on one's past negative emotions and feelings&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Treynor|first=Wendy|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Richard|last3=Nolen-Hoeksema|first3=Susan|date=2003-06-01|title=Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561|journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=247–259|doi=10.1023/A:1023910315561|issn=1573-2819}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and is associated with suicidal behavior/ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=0962-8436|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;. One may reflect on their negative emotions and question such emotions in an abstract manner (&quot;How did I get to feel this way?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, &quot;Why did this happen to me?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|date=2012-02|title=The mechanisms underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory: an evaluative review of evidence for the CaR-FA-X model|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3246105/|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=32|issue=1|pages=34–48|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.003|issn=1873-7811|pmc=3246105|pmid=22142837}}&lt;/ref&gt;), which causes one's memory retrieval to capture negative intermediate conceptual information (ex, &quot;I'm a failure&quot;) instead of specific memories. Repeated rumination strengthens these negative self-beliefs, leading to frequent capture of negative conceptual themes and impeding memory retrieval. This association of rumination and general memory aligns with the CaR-FA-X model&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stange|first=Jonathan P.|last2=Hamlat|first2=Elissa J.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Jessica L.|last4=Abramson|first4=Lyn Y.|last5=Alloy|first5=Lauren B.|date=2013-02|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory, emotional maltreatment, and depressive symptoms in adolescence: evidence of a cognitive vulnerability-stress interaction|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530666/|journal=Journal of Adolescence|volume=36|issue=1|pages=201–208|doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.11.001|issn=1095-9254|pmc=3530666|pmid=23186994}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Within the IMV model, we propose that OGM falls under '''Threat to Self Moderators (TSM)'''. TSMs spur entrapment (a perceived sense of being trapped by defeat/humilitation), which can lead to suicidal ideation depending on the effects of '''Motivational Moderators (MM).''' Positive factors, such as motivation to live, positive future thinking, and belongingess can offset the transition of entrapment → suicidal ideation, though negative factors, such as thwarted belongingness, very little social support, and perceived burdensomeness, may increase the chance of entrapment converting into suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.  

==OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE)==
The research suggests that OGM is not just associated with depression, but is a contributing factor towards suicidal ideation (especially in high-risk populations). Jiang et. al (2020) found in a study of 365 participants, with roughly 51% of the participants clinically depressed while the other roughly 49% of participants were classified as &quot;healthy&quot;, that OGM had an increased presence in the depressed group vs. the &quot;healthy&quot; group. WSI (worst suicidal thoughts one has ever had [at a certain point]) and CSI (current point of suicidal ideation) were significantly affected by OGM in the depressed group. OGM was also found to be a mediator between CSI and childhood trauma in depressed patients. As OGM leads to negative memory biases and, therefore, the maintenance of a negative mental state, the researchers suggested that OGM is a consistent contributor to suicidal ideation in depressed patients&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. These findings are corroborated by a more recent (2025) study on depressed patients with varying levels of SI, where the researchers concluded that OGM may be &quot;a maladaptive cognitive avoidance strategy&quot; rather than simply a deterioration in memory. Zhu et. al (2025) further explain that individuals with OGM have a difficult time recalling positive memories, which reinforce negative recallings, spurring hopelessness and the transition to suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Ying|last2=Yin|first2=Qianlan|last3=Xu|first3=Huijing|last4=Xiao|first4=Fang|last5=Jiang|first5=Qian|last6=Liang|first6=Meng|last7=Cheng|first7=Qi|last8=Liu|first8=Taosheng|date=2025-11-24|title=Speech feature identification model for depressed individuals with suicidal ideation based on autobiographical memory|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1154|doi=10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|issn=1471-244X|pmc=12713288|pmid=41286790}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In a 2008 study on autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem-solving skills, and suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults, Arie et. al (2008) found that OGM was significantly associated with hopelessness and poor problem-solving abilities in adolescents. This suggests that being able to retrieve specific memories in one's autobiographical memory improves problem-solving skills, as they are able to draw back from past experiences to address challenging interpersonal situations&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Kaviani et. al (2011) found that depressed individuals with more severe suicidal ideation levels had more difficulty in retrieving specific thoughts in comparison to depressed individuals with less severe suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaviani|first=H.|last2=Rahimi|first2=M.|last3=Rahimi-Darabad|first3=P.|last4=Naghavi|first4=K. Kamyar H.|date=2003|title=HOW AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY DEFICITS AFFECT PROBLEM-SOLVING IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS|url=https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/2663|journal=Acta Medica Iranica|language=en-US|pages=194–198|issn=1735-9694}}&lt;/ref&gt;. These findings suggest that OGM plays a unique factor in contributing to suicidal ideation through maladaptive cognitive processing rather than a symptom of depression.

==Contradictions / Nuances==
==Conclusion==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide Poster]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14257" sha1="278bdach31ebmt4s1qmx54u0cz39ucf" xml:space="preserve">''Better translated as the &quot;thinking space&quot; vs. an actual paper.''

''What we doing?'' Integrating OGM → suicidal ideation within a structured model (IMV + mechanisms); Value comes from THEORY INTEGRATION and &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; &quot;OGM x SI&quot; [new findings]. 

--&gt; &quot;OGM may represent an underdeveloped autobiographical-memory mechanism contributing to entrapment, hopelessness, and SI within the IMV framework&quot; 

==Introduction==
'''[[w:Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory|Overgeneral autobiographical memory]]''' (OGM) describes a reduced ability to recall specific events in one's autobiographical memory. For example, one may remember attending a birthday party at some point in their life, but they could not uniquely recall a specific instance of attending a birthday party. OGM has been empirically associated with depression, with depressed individuals reporting higher levels of OGM than non-depressed individuals&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Given the association of depression and suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chachamovich|first=Eduardo|last2=Stefanello|first2=Sabrina|last3=Botega|first3=Neury|last4=Turecki|first4=Gustavo|date=2009-05|title=[Which are the recent clinical findings regarding the association between depression and suicide?]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565147|journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)|volume=31 Suppl 1|pages=S18–25|doi=10.1590/s1516-44462009000500004|issn=1516-4446|pmid=19565147}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utilizing suicide models, such as the '''Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model''', provides a theoretical cognitive framework to increase understanding of where OGM may fit in the escalation to suicidal ideation and/or suicide.

The IMV model portrays suicidal behavior as an escalating, behavioral process divided into three phases: pre-motivational phase, motivational phase, and volitional phase. The motivational phase is characterized by suicidal ideation formation, where feelings of entrapment (described as a &quot;proximal [predictor] of suicidal ideation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053985/|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=1471-2970|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;), poor problem-solving abilities, brooding, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) may transition the individual to the volitional phase. When looking at the IMV model and assessing where OGM could play a part in the transition to suicidal ideation, OGM may impair problem-solving capabilities and the ability to learn from the past through reduced retrieval of specific past experiences, leading to hopelessness&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316563205|title=The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior|last=van Heeringen|first=Kees|date=2018-08-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56320-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The current literature aims to shed light on a neglected niche of suicide research: autobiographical memory. Despite the overwhelming research suggesting correlations between OGM and depression and suicidal ideation, research has not thoroughly explored OGM's exact role in a cognitive, theoretical framework of suicidal ideation (specifically within the IMV model). By conducting a narrative review and integrating research on OGM's role in suicidal ideation, this paper furthers understanding on OGM's role in suicidal ideation within the IMV framework. 

==OGM as a Vulnerability==
Evidence suggests that OGM is a cognitive vulnerability associated with depression and suicidal ideation, though its predictive relevance may vary depending on the population. 

A meta analysis performed by Sumner et. al (2010) found that OGM accounted for about 1-2% of the variance in depressive symptoms at follow-up&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. A 2020 study found that OGM was associated with depressed patients' current suicidal ideation state and worse-point suicidal ideation, while OGM affected the healthy patients' worse-point suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. However, Crane et. al (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of n≈5800 adolescents from ages 13 to 16 and found that OGM was not significantly associated with depression and did not moderate the effect of life events, suggesting OGM may not be as generalizable to community samples vs. high-risk populations&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Even though the findings indicated that OGM was not significantly associated with depression, the study highlights that OGM may function as a vulnerability within high-risk populations. This suggests that OGM's predictive relevance may depend on the risk-level of the population.

OGM persists even past depression, as found in Hallford et. al (2022). A meta-analysis indicated that participants with remitted depression continue to experience small to moderate deficiencies in being able to recall &quot;specific, event-level personal memories&quot;. This indicates that OGM isn't merely a symptom of depression, but may function as a risk factor for future depressive episodes&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.    

Considering the above, the analysis suggests that OGM may function as a cognitive vulnerability that is further exacerbated in high-risk populations vs. the general population.    

==Mechanisms==
The inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory may lead to inefficient problem-solving abilities, which can impact one's ability to deal with difficult situations as they lack past experiences to rely on&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Arie|first=Miri|last2=Apter|first2=Alan|last3=Orbach|first3=Israel|last4=Yefet|first4=Yael|last5=Zalzman|first5=Gil|date=2008-01-01|title=Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X07000922|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–29|doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004|issn=0010-440X}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Failing to deal with difficult situations can drive an individual to hopelessness. In 1986, an article by Mark J. Williams and Keith Broadbent stipulated that individuals who recently attempted suicide had biased latencies in autobiographical memory retrieval and had reduced specificity in responses to especially positive cues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/02699938808410925|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. OGM may not have a direct effect on suicide, but the evidence suggests that OGM intensifies the risk of suicidal ideation through deteriorating cognitive functioning.   

Rumination involves maladaptive dwelling on one's past negative emotions and feelings&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Treynor|first=Wendy|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Richard|last3=Nolen-Hoeksema|first3=Susan|date=2003-06-01|title=Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561|journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=247–259|doi=10.1023/A:1023910315561|issn=1573-2819}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and is associated with suicidal behavior/ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=0962-8436|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;. One may reflect on their negative emotions and question such emotions in an abstract manner (&quot;How did I get to feel this way?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, &quot;Why did this happen to me?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|date=2012-02|title=The mechanisms underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory: an evaluative review of evidence for the CaR-FA-X model|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3246105/|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=32|issue=1|pages=34–48|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.003|issn=1873-7811|pmc=3246105|pmid=22142837}}&lt;/ref&gt;), which causes one's memory retrieval to capture negative intermediate conceptual information (ex, &quot;I'm a failure&quot;) instead of specific memories. Repeated rumination strengthens these negative self-beliefs, leading to frequent capture of negative conceptual themes and impeding memory retrieval. This association of rumination and general memory aligns with the CaR-FA-X model&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stange|first=Jonathan P.|last2=Hamlat|first2=Elissa J.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Jessica L.|last4=Abramson|first4=Lyn Y.|last5=Alloy|first5=Lauren B.|date=2013-02|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory, emotional maltreatment, and depressive symptoms in adolescence: evidence of a cognitive vulnerability-stress interaction|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530666/|journal=Journal of Adolescence|volume=36|issue=1|pages=201–208|doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.11.001|issn=1095-9254|pmc=3530666|pmid=23186994}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Within the IMV model, we propose that OGM falls under '''Threat to Self Moderators (TSM)'''. TSMs spur entrapment (a perceived sense of being trapped by defeat/humilitation), which can lead to suicidal ideation depending on the effects of '''Motivational Moderators (MM).''' Positive factors, such as motivation to live, positive future thinking, and belongingess can offset the transition of entrapment → suicidal ideation, though negative factors, such as thwarted belongingness, very little social support, and perceived burdensomeness, may increase the chance of entrapment converting into suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.  

==OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE)==
The research suggests that OGM is not just associated with depression, but is a contributing factor towards suicidal ideation (especially in high-risk populations). Jiang et. al (2020) found in a study of 365 participants, with roughly 51% of the participants clinically depressed while the other roughly 49% of participants were classified as &quot;healthy&quot;, that OGM had an increased presence in the depressed group vs. the &quot;healthy&quot; group. WSI (worst suicidal thoughts one has ever had [at a certain point]) and CSI (current point of suicidal ideation) were significantly affected by OGM in the depressed group. OGM was also found to be a mediator between CSI and childhood trauma in depressed patients. As OGM leads to negative memory biases and, therefore, the maintenance of a negative mental state, the researchers suggested that OGM may be a consistent contributor to suicidal ideation in depressed patients&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. These findings are corroborated by a more recent (2025) study on depressed patients with varying levels of SI, where the researchers concluded that OGM may be &quot;a maladaptive cognitive avoidance strategy&quot; rather than simply a deterioration in memory. Zhu et. al (2025) further explain that individuals with OGM have a difficult time recalling positive memories, which reinforce negative recallings, spurring hopelessness and the transition to suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Ying|last2=Yin|first2=Qianlan|last3=Xu|first3=Huijing|last4=Xiao|first4=Fang|last5=Jiang|first5=Qian|last6=Liang|first6=Meng|last7=Cheng|first7=Qi|last8=Liu|first8=Taosheng|date=2025-11-24|title=Speech feature identification model for depressed individuals with suicidal ideation based on autobiographical memory|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1154|doi=10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|issn=1471-244X|pmc=12713288|pmid=41286790}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In a 2008 study on autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem-solving skills, and suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults, Arie et. al (2008) found that OGM was significantly associated with hopelessness and poor problem-solving abilities in adolescents. This suggests that being able to retrieve specific memories in one's autobiographical memory improves problem-solving skills, as they are able to draw back from past experiences to address challenging interpersonal situations&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Kaviani et. al (2011) found that depressed individuals with more severe suicidal ideation levels had more difficulty in retrieving specific thoughts in comparison to depressed individuals with less severe suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaviani|first=H.|last2=Rahimi|first2=M.|last3=Rahimi-Darabad|first3=P.|last4=Naghavi|first4=K. Kamyar H.|date=2003|title=HOW AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY DEFICITS AFFECT PROBLEM-SOLVING IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS|url=https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/2663|journal=Acta Medica Iranica|language=en-US|pages=194–198|issn=1735-9694}}&lt;/ref&gt;. These findings suggest that OGM plays a unique factor in contributing to suicidal ideation through maladaptive cognitive processing rather than a symptom of depression.

==Contradictions / Nuances==
==Conclusion==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide Poster]]</text>
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      <comment>/* OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE) */ grammar</comment>
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      <text bytes="14270" sha1="phs7j5vo773o1dufew2hifdhvjkhxnq" xml:space="preserve">''Better translated as the &quot;thinking space&quot; vs. an actual paper.''

''What we doing?'' Integrating OGM → suicidal ideation within a structured model (IMV + mechanisms); Value comes from THEORY INTEGRATION and &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; &quot;OGM x SI&quot; [new findings]. 

--&gt; &quot;OGM may represent an underdeveloped autobiographical-memory mechanism contributing to entrapment, hopelessness, and SI within the IMV framework&quot; 

==Introduction==
'''[[w:Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory|Overgeneral autobiographical memory]]''' (OGM) describes a reduced ability to recall specific events in one's autobiographical memory. For example, one may remember attending a birthday party at some point in their life, but they could not uniquely recall a specific instance of attending a birthday party. OGM has been empirically associated with depression, with depressed individuals reporting higher levels of OGM than non-depressed individuals&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Given the association of depression and suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chachamovich|first=Eduardo|last2=Stefanello|first2=Sabrina|last3=Botega|first3=Neury|last4=Turecki|first4=Gustavo|date=2009-05|title=[Which are the recent clinical findings regarding the association between depression and suicide?]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565147|journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)|volume=31 Suppl 1|pages=S18–25|doi=10.1590/s1516-44462009000500004|issn=1516-4446|pmid=19565147}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utilizing suicide models, such as the '''Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model''', provides a theoretical cognitive framework to increase understanding of where OGM may fit in the escalation to suicidal ideation and/or suicide.

The IMV model portrays suicidal behavior as an escalating, behavioral process divided into three phases: pre-motivational phase, motivational phase, and volitional phase. The motivational phase is characterized by suicidal ideation formation, where feelings of entrapment (described as a &quot;proximal [predictor] of suicidal ideation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053985/|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=1471-2970|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;), poor problem-solving abilities, brooding, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) may transition the individual to the volitional phase. When looking at the IMV model and assessing where OGM could play a part in the transition to suicidal ideation, OGM may impair problem-solving capabilities and the ability to learn from the past through reduced retrieval of specific past experiences, leading to hopelessness&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316563205|title=The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior|last=van Heeringen|first=Kees|date=2018-08-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56320-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The current literature aims to shed light on a neglected niche of suicide research: autobiographical memory. Despite the overwhelming research suggesting correlations between OGM and depression and suicidal ideation, research has not thoroughly explored OGM's exact role in a cognitive, theoretical framework of suicidal ideation (specifically within the IMV model). By conducting a narrative review and integrating research on OGM's role in suicidal ideation, this paper furthers understanding on OGM's role in suicidal ideation within the IMV framework. 

==OGM as a Vulnerability==
Evidence suggests that OGM is a cognitive vulnerability associated with depression and suicidal ideation, though its predictive relevance may vary depending on the population. 

A meta analysis performed by Sumner et. al (2010) found that OGM accounted for about 1-2% of the variance in depressive symptoms at follow-up&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. A 2020 study found that OGM was associated with depressed patients' current suicidal ideation state and worse-point suicidal ideation, while OGM affected the healthy patients' worse-point suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. However, Crane et. al (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of n≈5800 adolescents from ages 13 to 16 and found that OGM was not significantly associated with depression and did not moderate the effect of life events, suggesting OGM may not be as generalizable to community samples vs. high-risk populations&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Even though the findings indicated that OGM was not significantly associated with depression, the study highlights that OGM may function as a vulnerability within high-risk populations. This suggests that OGM's predictive relevance may depend on the risk-level of the population.

OGM persists even past depression, as found in Hallford et. al (2022). A meta-analysis indicated that participants with remitted depression continue to experience small to moderate deficiencies in being able to recall &quot;specific, event-level personal memories&quot;. This indicates that OGM isn't merely a symptom of depression, but may function as a risk factor for future depressive episodes&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.    

Considering the above, the analysis suggests that OGM may function as a cognitive vulnerability that is further exacerbated in high-risk populations vs. the general population.    

==Mechanisms==
The inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory may lead to inefficient problem-solving abilities, which can impact one's ability to deal with difficult situations as they lack past experiences to rely on&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Arie|first=Miri|last2=Apter|first2=Alan|last3=Orbach|first3=Israel|last4=Yefet|first4=Yael|last5=Zalzman|first5=Gil|date=2008-01-01|title=Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X07000922|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–29|doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004|issn=0010-440X}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Failing to deal with difficult situations can drive an individual to hopelessness. In 1986, an article by Mark J. Williams and Keith Broadbent stipulated that individuals who recently attempted suicide had biased latencies in autobiographical memory retrieval and had reduced specificity in responses to especially positive cues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/02699938808410925|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. OGM may not have a direct effect on suicide, but the evidence suggests that OGM intensifies the risk of suicidal ideation through deteriorating cognitive functioning.   

Rumination involves maladaptive dwelling on one's past negative emotions and feelings&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Treynor|first=Wendy|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Richard|last3=Nolen-Hoeksema|first3=Susan|date=2003-06-01|title=Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561|journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=247–259|doi=10.1023/A:1023910315561|issn=1573-2819}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and is associated with suicidal behavior/ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=0962-8436|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;. One may reflect on their negative emotions and question such emotions in an abstract manner (&quot;How did I get to feel this way?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, &quot;Why did this happen to me?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|date=2012-02|title=The mechanisms underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory: an evaluative review of evidence for the CaR-FA-X model|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3246105/|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|volume=32|issue=1|pages=34–48|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.003|issn=1873-7811|pmc=3246105|pmid=22142837}}&lt;/ref&gt;), which causes one's memory retrieval to capture negative intermediate conceptual information (ex, &quot;I'm a failure&quot;) instead of specific memories. Repeated rumination strengthens these negative self-beliefs, leading to frequent capture of negative conceptual themes and impeding memory retrieval. This association of rumination and general memory aligns with the CaR-FA-X model&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stange|first=Jonathan P.|last2=Hamlat|first2=Elissa J.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Jessica L.|last4=Abramson|first4=Lyn Y.|last5=Alloy|first5=Lauren B.|date=2013-02|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory, emotional maltreatment, and depressive symptoms in adolescence: evidence of a cognitive vulnerability-stress interaction|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530666/|journal=Journal of Adolescence|volume=36|issue=1|pages=201–208|doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.11.001|issn=1095-9254|pmc=3530666|pmid=23186994}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Within the IMV model, we propose that OGM falls under '''Threat to Self Moderators (TSM)'''. TSMs spur entrapment (a perceived sense of being trapped by defeat/humilitation), which can lead to suicidal ideation depending on the effects of '''Motivational Moderators (MM).''' Positive factors, such as motivation to live, positive future thinking, and belongingess can offset the transition of entrapment → suicidal ideation, though negative factors, such as thwarted belongingness, very little social support, and perceived burdensomeness, may increase the chance of entrapment converting into suicidal ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.  

==OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE)==
The research suggests that OGM is not just associated with depression, but is a contributing factor towards suicidal ideation (especially in high-risk populations). Jiang et. al (2020) found in a study of 365 participants, with roughly 51% of the participants clinically depressed while the other roughly 49% of participants were classified as &quot;healthy&quot;, that OGM had an increased presence in the depressed group vs. the &quot;healthy&quot; group. WSI (worst suicidal thoughts one has ever had [at a certain point]) and CSI (current point of suicidal ideation) were significantly affected by OGM in the depressed group. OGM was also found to be a mediator between CSI and childhood trauma in depressed patients. As OGM leads to negative memory biases and, therefore, the maintenance of a negative mental state, the researchers suggested that OGM may be a consistent contributor to suicidal ideation in depressed patients&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. These findings are corroborated by a more recent (2025) study on depressed patients with varying levels of SI, where the researchers concluded that OGM may be &quot;a maladaptive cognitive avoidance strategy&quot; rather than simply a deterioration in memory. Zhu et. al (2025) further explain that individuals with OGM have a difficult time recalling positive memories, which reinforce negative recallings, spurring hopelessness and the transition to suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Ying|last2=Yin|first2=Qianlan|last3=Xu|first3=Huijing|last4=Xiao|first4=Fang|last5=Jiang|first5=Qian|last6=Liang|first6=Meng|last7=Cheng|first7=Qi|last8=Liu|first8=Taosheng|date=2025-11-24|title=Speech feature identification model for depressed individuals with suicidal ideation based on autobiographical memory|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1154|doi=10.1186/s12888-025-07635-0|issn=1471-244X|pmc=12713288|pmid=41286790}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In a 2008 study on autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem-solving skills, and suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults, Arie et. al (2008) found that OGM was significantly associated with hopelessness and poor problem-solving abilities in adolescents. This suggests that being able to retrieve specific memories in one's autobiographical memory improves problem-solving skills, as they are able to draw back from past experiences to address challenging interpersonal situations&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. Kaviani et. al (2011) found that depressed individuals with more severe suicidal ideation levels had more difficulty in retrieving specific thoughts in comparison to depressed individuals with less severe suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaviani|first=H.|last2=Rahimi|first2=M.|last3=Rahimi-Darabad|first3=P.|last4=Naghavi|first4=K. Kamyar H.|date=2003|title=HOW AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY DEFICITS AFFECT PROBLEM-SOLVING IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS|url=https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/2663|journal=Acta Medica Iranica|language=en-US|pages=194–198|issn=1735-9694}}&lt;/ref&gt;. These findings suggest that OGM plays a unique factor in contributing to suicidal ideation through maladaptive cognitive processing rather than being merely a symptom of depression.

==Contradictions / Nuances==
==Conclusion==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Athena problem</title>
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      <text bytes="10473" sha1="c23l0ofr04vtjowcdfkqawgzluaey2q" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]]. Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:radix|base]] ''b'', write all [[:w:prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:positional notation|positional notation]] with base ''b'', and regard them as [[:w:string (computer science)|string]]s, and find the [[:w:set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements, in other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a finite set.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 &lt;= ''b'' &lt;= 28:

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>c23l0ofr04vtjowcdfkqawgzluaey2q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808425</id>
      <parentid>2808423</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T20:44:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808425</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10473" sha1="99z0btyc2qc6xdtzha6tt3aqjm9an16" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]]. Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:radix|base]] ''b'', write all [[:w:prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:positional notation|positional notation]] with base ''b'', and regard them as [[:w:string (computer science)|string]]s, and find the [[:w:set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a finite set.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 &lt;= ''b'' &lt;= 28:

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>99z0btyc2qc6xdtzha6tt3aqjm9an16</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808426</id>
      <parentid>2808425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T20:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808426</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10491" sha1="4c3y30uf5rbzsw51il177p0dnstr8xb" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]]. Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:radix|base]] ''b'', write all [[:w:prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:positional notation|positional notation]] with base ''b'', and regard them as [[:w:string (computer science)|string]]s, and find the [[:w:set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 &lt;= ''b'' &lt;= 28:

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>4c3y30uf5rbzsw51il177p0dnstr8xb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808427</id>
      <parentid>2808426</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T20:45:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808427</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10527" sha1="1ajwo572msz3j1990d8b51v5v1369fr" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]]. Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:radix|base]] ''b'', and regard them as [[:w:string (computer science)|string]]s, and find the [[:w:set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 &lt;= ''b'' &lt;= 28:

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length &lt;= 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>1ajwo572msz3j1990d8b51v5v1369fr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808430</id>
      <parentid>2808427</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T20:48:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10807" sha1="a2nm999kjt4kxznde4jmh0cz28o77dj" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]]. Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:radix|base]] ''b'', and regard them as [[:w:string (computer science)|string]]s, and find the [[:w:set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 28: (some large primes are only [[:w:probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie-PSW test]] and the [[:w:strong pseudoprime|strong test]] (the [[:w:Miller-Rabin test|Miller-Rabin test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>a2nm999kjt4kxznde4jmh0cz28o77dj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808431</id>
      <parentid>2808430</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T20:49:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808431</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10824" sha1="rt6nw7tjmmsq5epphnix6dvimcr91r8" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]]. Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:radix|base]] ''b'', and regard them as [[:w:string (computer science)|string]]s, and find the [[:w:set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 28: (some large primes are only [[:w:probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie-PSW test|Baillie-PSW test]] and the [[:w:strong pseudoprime|strong test]] (the [[:w:Miller-Rabin test|Miller-Rabin test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>rt6nw7tjmmsq5epphnix6dvimcr91r8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808432</id>
      <parentid>2808431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T20:53:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808432</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10980" sha1="580gypcdov7xfcndwhmiqa1bw0gh161" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]]. Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 28: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie-PSW test|Baillie-PSW test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong test]] (the [[:w:Miller-Rabin test|Miller-Rabin test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>580gypcdov7xfcndwhmiqa1bw0gh161</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808433</id>
      <parentid>2808432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T20:56:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11043" sha1="ovu6iauz0q26rl486nrk60a2p5e6gih" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]]. Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 28: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>ovu6iauz0q26rl486nrk60a2p5e6gih</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808434</id>
      <parentid>2808433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:09:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11077" sha1="826eds686zj5b19u7xeearqg3bd0skv" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 28: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>826eds686zj5b19u7xeearqg3bd0skv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808435</id>
      <parentid>2808434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808435</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12804" sha1="ep54a83a3j4wuapvzrqcdw02i2zsx8o" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 28: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Algebraic factorization|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Germain's identity|Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5


The [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there is 

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>ep54a83a3j4wuapvzrqcdw02i2zsx8o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808436</id>
      <parentid>2808435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808436</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14306" sha1="66ftprfc6n2jblh0zr22kajmi7gusxq" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 28: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Algebraic factorization|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>66ftprfc6n2jblh0zr22kajmi7gusxq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808437</id>
      <parentid>2808436</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:39:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808437</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14784" sha1="6yalz9x64c0iepp8hy4yemx0kffc5ee" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 28: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Algebraic factorization|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>6yalz9x64c0iepp8hy4yemx0kffc5ee</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808438</id>
      <parentid>2808437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808438</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16394" sha1="sb3lqtwqr9cbl2t4ykpkr0awupx00dt" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Algebraic factorization|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>sb3lqtwqr9cbl2t4ykpkr0awupx00dt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808440</id>
      <parentid>2808438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:47:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16579" sha1="2h0mpo3wzeyazbtuoihjxq79uio58q5" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if probable primes are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Algebraic factorization|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808441</id>
      <parentid>2808440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
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      <text bytes="16609" sha1="qa1vncb2og2d2eyq1j33gsk7rgf0x57" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if probable primes are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Algebraic factorization|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>qa1vncb2og2d2eyq1j33gsk7rgf0x57</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808442</id>
      <parentid>2808441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:52:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16614" sha1="kombns9f9pid2ttqsw7okue7t8oypjv" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if probable primes are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, for example, family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>kombns9f9pid2ttqsw7okue7t8oypjv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808443</id>
      <parentid>2808442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:53:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16606" sha1="n1xk34aa6m603ebjmmvo2tj526lgdok" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if probable primes are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>n1xk34aa6m603ebjmmvo2tj526lgdok</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808445</id>
      <parentid>2808443</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:58:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16893" sha1="phgbxqhx56fb8v317j5zb983ouzdego" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if probable primes are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 minimal primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 minimal primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known minimal primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known minimal primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known minimal primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>phgbxqhx56fb8v317j5zb983ouzdego</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808446</id>
      <parentid>2808445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T21:59:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16789" sha1="8njo906v4jyjdzfckg1emqndnvoqvep" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if probable primes are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>8njo906v4jyjdzfckg1emqndnvoqvep</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808449</id>
      <parentid>2808446</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T00:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
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      <text bytes="16799" sha1="msx6rvzzgnyvnv57p54e3kw0bg8hb6o" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>msx6rvzzgnyvnv57p54e3kw0bg8hb6o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808450</id>
      <parentid>2808449</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T00:02:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
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      <origin>2808450</origin>
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      <text bytes="16825" sha1="3e5a8e6684sj7vdi39qo5lzph49qsab" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, which has ''b'' elements), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering, thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>3e5a8e6684sj7vdi39qo5lzph49qsab</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808451</id>
      <parentid>2808450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T00:04:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808451</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16913" sha1="5aa9rd8kymoo3uxxtf7jm8oixtnviyy" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, which has ''b'' elements), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering (i.e. the subsequence ordering is always a [[:w:Well-quasi-ordering|well quasi order]]), thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]].

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>5aa9rd8kymoo3uxxtf7jm8oixtnviyy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808453</id>
      <parentid>2808451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T00:06:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808453</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17463" sha1="kq0g2k6x1gecp40y7wi71ryee99scyp" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, which has ''b'' elements), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering (i.e. the subsequence ordering is always a [[:w:Well-quasi-ordering|well quasi order]]), thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]], e.g. in [[:w:Decimal|decimal]] (base ''b'' = 10), this set has exactly 77 elements: {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}.

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed.

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>kq0g2k6x1gecp40y7wi71ryee99scyp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808454</id>
      <parentid>2808453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T00:08:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808454</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17796" sha1="9d67kmco41tikqx3w34dzmnrt2n1inx" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering (i.e. the subsequence ordering is always a [[:w:Well-quasi-ordering|well quasi order]]), thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]], e.g. in [[:w:Decimal|decimal]] (base ''b'' = 10), this set has exactly 77 elements: {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}.

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed. For bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, Athena problem is solved (if probable primes are allowed) except 768 families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}).

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
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      <text bytes="17809" sha1="7rulvn7sjit3cxtz5titi2f8urgsf5w" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering (i.e. the subsequence ordering is always a [[:w:Well-quasi-ordering|well quasi order]]), thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]], e.g. in [[:w:Decimal|decimal]] (base ''b'' = 10), this set has exactly 77 elements: {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}.

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed. For the unsolved bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, Athena problem is solved (if probable primes are allowed) except 771 families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}).

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proving]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808471</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-12T02:07:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>雅典娜241</username>
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      <text bytes="17808" sha1="bg571rudnrqb55e89jg9hu1tyb3wlxp" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering (i.e. the subsequence ordering is always a [[:w:Well-quasi-ordering|well quasi order]]), thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]], e.g. in [[:w:Decimal|decimal]] (base ''b'' = 10), this set has exactly 77 elements: {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}.

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed. For the unsolved bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, Athena problem is solved (if probable primes are allowed) except 771 families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}).

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proved]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>bg571rudnrqb55e89jg9hu1tyb3wlxp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808472</id>
      <parentid>2808471</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T02:16:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>雅典娜241</username>
        <id>3071373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Results */</comment>
      <origin>2808472</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18669" sha1="ne2wjalrbav1sdvz4lp2v9gbbw32z7c" xml:space="preserve">'''Athena problem''' is an [[:w:List of unsolved problems in mathematics|unsolved problem]] in [[:w:Number theory|number theory]] and [[:w:Formal language theory|formal language theory]] and [[:w:Order theory|order theory]], this problem is named after the ancient Greek goddess [[:w:Athena|Athena]] (which is associated with wisdom). Athena problem is: Give a [[:w:Natural number|natural number]] ''b'' &gt; 1, write all [[:w:Prime number|prime number]]s &gt; ''b'' in the [[:w:Positional notation|positional notation]] with [[:w:Radix|base]] ''b'' (the [[:w:Numerical digit|digit]]s are 0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1), and regard them as [[:w:String (computer science)|string]]s (with [[:w:Alphabet (formal languages)|alphabet]] ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the [[:w:Set (mathematics)|set]] of the [[:w:Minimal element|minimal element]]s of the set of these strings under the [[:w:Subsequence|subsequence]] [[:w:Partially ordered set|ordering]].

By [[:w:Higman's lemma|Higman's lemma]], there are no [[:w:Infinite set|infinite]] [[:w:Antichain|antichain]]s for the subsequence ordering (i.e. the subsequence ordering is always a [[:w:Well-quasi-ordering|well quasi order]]), thus there must be only finitely many such minimal elements. In other words, the set of such minimal elements must be a [[:w:Finite set|finite set]], e.g. in [[:w:Decimal|decimal]] (base ''b'' = 10), this set has exactly 77 elements: {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}.

For bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36, Athena problem is fully solved in bases ''b'' = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, and also solved in bases ''b'' = 11, 13, 16, 22, 30 if [[:w:Probable prime|probable prime]]s are allowed. For the unsolved bases ''b'' = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, Athena problem is solved (if probable primes are allowed) except 771 families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}).

== Results ==

These are the results of the Athena problem in bases 2 ≤ ''b'' ≤ 36: (some large primes are only probable primes, i.e. not definitely primes, since they are too large to be [[:w:Elliptic curve primality|ECPP proved]] and [[:w:Pocklington primality test#Extensions and variants|neither ''N''−1 nor ''N''+1 can be ≥ 1/3 factored]], all of them pass the [[:w:Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW primality test]] and the [[:w:Strong pseudoprime|strong primality test]] (i.e. the [[:w:Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin primality test]]) with all prime bases ''p'' ≤ 61)

To solve the Athena problem for a given base ''b'', we must [[:w:Computing|compute]] the elememt up to families of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}), and find the smallest prime &gt; ''b'' in all such families. Some families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' by [[:w:Covering set|covering congruence]], [[:w:Factorization of polynomials|algebraic factorization]] (e.g. [[:w:Difference of two squares|difference of two squares]], [[:w:Sum of two cubes|sum of two cubes]], [[:w:Sophie Germain's identity|Sophie Germain's identity of ''x''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;+4×''y''&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;]]), or combine of them, e.g.

* The base 9 family 2{7}: Always divisible by 2 or 5
* The base 16 family {8}F: Always divisible by 3, 7, or 13
* The base 21 family {7}D: Always divisible by 2, 13, or 17
* The base 23 family {D}GA: Always divisible by 2, 5, 7, 37, or 79
* The base 9 family 3{8}: Can be written as 4×9&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 8 family 1{0}1: Can be written as 8&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1 and can be factored as (2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)
* The base 16 family {4}1: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−49)/15 and can be factored as (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−7) × (2×3&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+7) / 15
* The base 16 family {C}D: Can be written as (4×16&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1)/5 and can be factored as (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) × (2×4&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+2×2&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 5
* The base 14 family 8{D}: Can be written as 9×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (3×14&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) if ''n'' is even
* The base 12 family {B}9B: Can be written as 12&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−25, it is divisible by 13 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−5) × (12&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+5) if ''n'' is even
* The base 17 family 1{9}: Can be written as (25×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−9)/16, it is divisible by 2 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−3) × (5×17&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+3) / 16 if ''n'' is even
* The base 19 family 1{6}: Can be written as (4×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''&lt;/sup&gt;−1)/3, it is divisible by 5 if ''n'' is odd and can be factored as (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;−1) × (2×19&lt;sup&gt;''n''/2&lt;/sup&gt;+1) / 3 if ''n'' is even

By the [[:w:Prime number theorem|prime number theorem]], the [[:w:Probability|chance]] that a [[:w:Random number|random]] ''n''-digit base ''b'' number is prime is [[:w:Asymptotic analysis|approximately]] 1/''n'' (more accurately, the chance is approximately 1/(''n''×''ln''(''b'')), where ''ln'' is the [[:w:Natural logarithm|natural logarithm]]). If one conjectures the numbers ''x''{''d''}''y'' behave similarly (i.e. the numbers ''x''{''d''}''y'' is a [[:w:Pseudorandomness|pseudorandom sequence]]) you would expect [[:w:Harmonic_series (mathematics)|1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... = ∞]] primes of the form ''x''{''d''}''y'' (of course, this does not always happen, since some ''x''{''d''}''y'' families can be ruled out to contain no prime &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them), but it is at least a reasonable conjecture in the absence of evidence to the contrary. Hence, the [[:w:Heuristic argument|heuristic argument]] suggests there are always infinitely many primes in family ''x''{''d''}''y'' (where ''x'' and ''y'' are strings with alphabet ''Σ''&lt;sub&gt;''b''&lt;/sub&gt; = {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}, ''d'' is a base-''b'' digit (i.e. an element in {0, 1, 2, ..., ''b''−1}) if it cannot be ruled out to contain no prime or only contain finitely many primes, by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them. However, some families ''x''{''d''}''y'' could not be proven to contain no primes &gt; ''b'' (by covering congruence, algebraic factorization, or combine of them) but no primes &gt; ''b'' could be found in the family, even after searching through numbers with over 100000 digits, e.g. the smallest (probable) prime in the family A{3}A in base ''b'' = 13 is A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A, which written in decimal contains 659677 digits (it is only probable prime, i.e. not definitely prime).

All numbers are written in ''b'', using A to Z to represent digit values 10 to 35, &quot;{}&quot; means repeating, e.g. family 12{3}45 means the sequence {1245, 12345, 123345, 1233345, 12333345, 123333345, ...} (where the members are expressed as base ''b'' strings), subscripts are used to indicate repetitions of digits, e.g. 123&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;567 means 123333567 (all subscripts are written in decimal).

Base 2: 1 prime (the largest of which has 2 digits): {11}

Base 3: 3 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {12, 21, 111}

Base 4: 5 primes (the largest of which has 3 digits): {11, 13, 23, 31, 221}

Base 5: 22 primes (the largest of which has 96 digits): {12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 104, 111, 131, 133, 313, 401, 414, 3101, 10103, 14444, 30301, 33001, 33331, 44441, 300031, 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013}

Base 6: 11 primes (the largest of which has 5 digits): {11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 45, 51, 4401, 4441, 40041}

Base 7: 71 primes (the largest of which has 17 digits): {14, 16, 23, 25, 32, 41, 43, 52, 56, 61, 65, 113, 115, 131, 133, 155, 212, 221, 304, 313, 335, 344, 346, 364, 445, 515, 533, 535, 544, 551, 553, 1022, 1051, 1112, 1202, 1211, 1222, 2111, 3031, 3055, 3334, 3503, 3505, 3545, 4504, 4555, 5011, 5455, 5545, 5554, 6034, 6634, 11111, 11201, 30011, 30101, 31001, 31111, 33001, 33311, 35555, 40054, 100121, 150001, 300053, 351101, 531101, 1100021, 33333301, 5100000001, 33333333333333331}

Base 8: 75 primes (the largest of which has 221 digits): {13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 35, 37, 45, 51, 53, 57, 65, 73, 75, 107, 111, 117, 141, 147, 161, 177, 225, 255, 301, 343, 361, 401, 407, 417, 431, 433, 463, 467, 471, 631, 643, 661, 667, 701, 711, 717, 747, 767, 3331, 3411, 4043, 4443, 4611, 5205, 6007, 6101, 6441, 6477, 6707, 6777, 7461, 7641, 47777, 60171, 60411, 60741, 444641, 500025, 505525, 3344441, 4444477, 5500525, 5550525, 55555025, 444444441, 744444441, 77774444441, 7777777777771, 555555555555525, 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447}

Base 9: 151 primes (the largest of which has 1161 digits): {12, 14, 18, 21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 45, 47, 52, 58, 65, 67, 74, 78, 81, 87, 117, 131, 135, 151, 155, 175, 177, 238, 272, 308, 315, 331, 337, 355, 371, 375, 377, 438, 504, 515, 517, 531, 537, 557, 564, 601, 638, 661, 702, 711, 722, 735, 737, 751, 755, 757, 771, 805, 838, 1011, 1015, 1101, 1701, 2027, 2207, 3017, 3057, 3101, 3501, 3561, 3611, 3688, 3868, 5035, 5051, 5071, 5101, 5501, 5554, 5705, 5707, 7017, 7075, 7105, 7301, 8535, 8544, 8555, 8854, 20777, 22227, 22777, 30161, 33388, 50161, 50611, 53335, 55111, 55535, 55551, 57061, 57775, 70631, 71007, 77207, 100037, 100071, 100761, 105007, 270707, 301111, 305111, 333035, 333385, 333835, 338885, 350007, 500075, 530005, 555611, 631111, 720707, 2770007, 3030335, 7776662, 30300005, 30333335, 38333335, 51116111, 70000361, 300030005, 300033305, 351111111, 1300000007, 5161111111, 8333333335, 300000000035, 311111111161, 544444444444, 2000000000007, 5700000000001, 7270000000007, 88888888833335, 100000000000507, 5111111111111161, 7277777777777777707, 8888888888888888888335, 30000000000000000000051, 1000000000000000000000000057, 56111111111111111111111111111111111111, 7666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662, 27777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777707, 300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011}

Base 10: 77 primes (the largest of which has 31 digits): {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 227, 251, 257, 277, 281, 349, 409, 449, 499, 521, 557, 577, 587, 727, 757, 787, 821, 827, 857, 877, 881, 887, 991, 2087, 2221, 5051, 5081, 5501, 5581, 5801, 5851, 6469, 6949, 8501, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9551, 9649, 9851, 9949, 20021, 20201, 50207, 60649, 80051, 666649, 946669, 5200007, 22000001, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049, 80555551, 555555555551, 5000000000000000000000000000027}

Base 11: 1068 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: 57&lt;sub&gt;62668&lt;/sub&gt;)

Base 12: 106 primes (the largest of which has 42 digits): {11, 15, 17, 1B, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 3B, 45, 4B, 51, 57, 5B, 61, 67, 6B, 75, 81, 85, 87, 8B, 91, 95, A7, AB, B5, B7, 221, 241, 2A1, 2B1, 2BB, 401, 421, 447, 471, 497, 565, 655, 665, 701, 70B, 721, 747, 771, 77B, 797, 7A1, 7BB, 907, 90B, 9BB, A41, B21, B2B, 2001, 200B, 202B, 222B, 229B, 292B, 299B, 4441, 4707, 4777, 6A05, 6AA5, 729B, 7441, 7B41, 929B, 9777, 992B, 9947, 997B, 9997, A0A1, A201, A605, A6A5, AA65, B001, B0B1, BB01, BB41, 600A5, 7999B, 9999B, AAAA1, B04A1, B0B9B, BAA01, BAAA1, BB09B, BBBB1, 44AAA1, A00065, BBBAA1, AAA0001, B00099B, AA000001, BBBBBB99B, B0000000000000000000000000009B, 400000000000000000000000000000000000000077}

Base 13: 3197 primes (including 4 unproven probable primes: C5&lt;sub&gt;23755&lt;/sub&gt;C, 80&lt;sub&gt;32017&lt;/sub&gt;111, 95&lt;sub&gt;197420&lt;/sub&gt;, A3&lt;sub&gt;592197&lt;/sub&gt;A)

Base 14: 650 primes, the largest of which has 19699 digits

Base 15: 1284 primes, the largest of which has 157 digits

Base 16: 2347 primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: DB&lt;sub&gt;32234&lt;/sub&gt;, 4&lt;sub&gt;72785&lt;/sub&gt;DD, 3&lt;sub&gt;116137&lt;/sub&gt;AF)

Base 17: 10415 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 12 unsolved families (1{7}, 1F{0}7, 4{7}A, 70F{0}D, 8{B}9, 9{5}9, A{D}F, B{0}B3, {B}E9, {B}EE, F1{9}, FD0{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 18: 549 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 19: 31417 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 17 unsolved families (4B5{0}H, {5}3, 5{H}05, 5{H}0H, 5{H}5, 66{B}, 71{0}177, 7AF{0}H, 97{0}3, C{H}C, EE1{6}, F{7}5, F{B}G, F{D}F, H0F{0}7A, HB{0}5B5, II{D}, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 20: 3314 primes, the largest of which has 6271 digits

Base 21: 13386 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 8 unsolved families (5{0}DJ, {9}D, B3{0}EB, B{H}6H, C{F}0K, {F}35, G{0}FK, H{0}7771, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 22: 8003 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: BK&lt;sub&gt;22001&lt;/sub&gt;5)

Base 23: 65178 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 87 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 24: 3409 primes, the largest of which has 8134 digits

Base 25: 133639 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 85 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 26: 25256 known primes (including 7 unproven probable primes: 5&lt;sub&gt;19391&lt;/sub&gt;6F, 7&lt;sub&gt;20279&lt;/sub&gt;OL, LD0&lt;sub&gt;20975&lt;/sub&gt;7, 6K&lt;sub&gt;23300&lt;/sub&gt;5, J0&lt;sub&gt;44303&lt;/sub&gt;KCB, M0&lt;sub&gt;61186&lt;/sub&gt;2BB, 85M&lt;sub&gt;197060&lt;/sub&gt;B) and 3 unsolved families ({A}6F, {H}MH, {I}GL, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 27: 102852 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 44 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 28: 25528 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: N6&lt;sub&gt;24051&lt;/sub&gt;LR, 5OA&lt;sub&gt;31238&lt;/sub&gt;F, O4O&lt;sub&gt;94535&lt;/sub&gt;9) and 1 unsolved family (O{A}F, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 709070, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 29: 355242 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 125 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 30: 2619 primes (including 1 unproven probable prime: I0&lt;sub&gt;24608&lt;/sub&gt;D)

Base 31: 569323 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 77 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 32: 168882 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 120 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 33: 280012 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 81 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 34: 184785 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 47 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 35: 720002 known primes (including many unproven probable primes) and 60 unsolved families (no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 100000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)

Base 36: 35286 known primes (including 3 unproven probable primes: 7K&lt;sub&gt;26567&lt;/sub&gt;Z, S0&lt;sub&gt;75007&lt;/sub&gt;8H, P&lt;sub&gt;81993&lt;/sub&gt;SZ) and 4 unsolved families (B{0}EUV, HM{0}N, N{0}YYN, O{L}Z, no primes or probable primes with length ≤ 200000, nor can be proven to only contain composites)</text>
      <sha1>ne2wjalrbav1sdvz4lp2v9gbbw32z7c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>How women are centered and silenced in the major media</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2808328</id>
      <parentid>2808274</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T12:37:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>add ref&gt;Butler in Wikidata</comment>
      <origin>2808328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5386" sha1="ml9rogtt2pg3huqsxedxvko02y0pc67" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-14 interview with communications professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler&gt;&lt;!--Allison Butler--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132918386}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her new book on ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture''.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-05-30 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--[[File:2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler regarding gender differences in major media.WebM|thumb|2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler on how the major media center and silence women.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler regarding gender differences in major media.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler on how the major media center and silence women.]]--&gt;

Communications professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; discusses her new book, ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture'' with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; She compares how women like [[w:Britney Spears|Britney Spears]], [[w:Anita Hill|Anita Hill]], and [[w:Monica Lewinsky|Monica Lewinsky]] have been portrayed with the treatment of comparable males. She notes, for example, that, &quot;in the years since the ''[[w:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs]]'' (2022) decision, fully sentient female bodies have fewer legal rights than either fetuses or embryos.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 246). She continues, &quot;Within one year of the ''Dobbs'' decision, the number of ''legal'' abortions increased by about 2 percent, and by 2024, legal abortions increased by another 1 percent.&quot; (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; She asks, &quot;Why aren't women allowed to be complicated?&quot;, documenting how men are allowed to abuse their power for personal gain, but women are more likely to be demonized for comparable offenses.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; Her recommendations&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, pp. 246ff),&lt;/ref&gt; include critical media literacy,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Critical media literacy&quot; is distinguished from &quot;[[w:Media literacy|media literacy]]&quot; that is not &quot;critical&quot; by its efforts &quot;[[w:Media literacy#Power|to analyze and understand the power structures]] that shape media representations and the ways in which audiences&quot; derive meaning from those representations. Accessed 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt; asking how stories are told, and who gets to tell them. &quot;The vast majority of the mainstream media in the United States are approved, produced, and distributed by private, for-profit corporations whose primary priority is profit. ... Once we understand that, we can work to make a change. We can say 'no' to unfair or limiting stories of women and girls by simply ignoring them (and therefore not contributing to further views, clicks, or likes of them, online), and we can actively push back by demanding change from media producers. Media producers profit off our attention; if we shift that attention, we may be able to shift their power.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2025, p. 256).&lt;/ref&gt; 

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2026-03-08) The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139740356}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Safety]]
[[Category:Women's studies]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ml9rogtt2pg3huqsxedxvko02y0pc67</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808349</id>
      <parentid>2808328</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T15:56:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add 4 books by Butler</comment>
      <origin>2808349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6809" sha1="jigir63sk5qk8tegqtlgdeuy3vcfp1l" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2026-05-14 interview with communications professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler&gt;&lt;!--Allison Butler--&gt;{{cite Q|Q132918386}}&lt;/ref&gt; about her new book on ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture''.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026).&lt;/ref&gt; A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2026-05-30 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.''&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--[[File:2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler regarding gender differences in major media.WebM|thumb|2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler on how the major media center and silence women.]]--&gt; 
&lt;!--[[File:2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler regarding gender differences in major media.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-14 interview with Allison Butler on how the major media center and silence women.]]--&gt;

Communications professor Allison Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; discusses her new book, ''The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture'' with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; She compares how women like [[w:Britney Spears|Britney Spears]], [[w:Anita Hill|Anita Hill]], and [[w:Monica Lewinsky|Monica Lewinsky]] have been portrayed with the treatment of comparable males. She notes, for example, that, &quot;in the years since the ''[[w:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs]]'' (2022) decision, fully sentient female bodies have fewer legal rights than either fetuses or embryos.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 246). She continues, &quot;Within one year of the ''Dobbs'' decision, the number of ''legal'' abortions increased by about 2 percent, and by 2024, legal abortions increased by another 1 percent.&quot; (p. 247).&lt;/ref&gt; She asks, &quot;Why aren't women allowed to be complicated?&quot;, documenting how men are allowed to abuse their power for personal gain, but women are more likely to be demonized for comparable offenses.&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, p. 250).&lt;/ref&gt; Her recommendations&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2026, pp. 246ff),&lt;/ref&gt; include critical media literacy,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Critical media literacy&quot; is distinguished from &quot;[[w:Media literacy|media literacy]]&quot; that is not &quot;critical&quot; by its efforts &quot;[[w:Media literacy#Power|to analyze and understand the power structures]] that shape media representations and the ways in which audiences&quot; derive meaning from those representations. Accessed 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt; asking how stories are told, and who gets to tell them. &quot;The vast majority of the mainstream media in the United States are approved, produced, and distributed by private, for-profit corporations whose primary priority is profit. ... Once we understand that, we can work to make a change. We can say 'no' to unfair or limiting stories of women and girls by simply ignoring them (and therefore not contributing to further views, clicks, or likes of them, online), and we can actively push back by demanding change from media producers. Media producers profit off our attention; if we shift that attention, we may be able to shift their power.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Butler (2025, p. 256).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Butler&lt;ref name=Butler/&gt; is a senior lecturer and associate chair of Communication and Director of the Media Literacy Certificate Program at the [[w:University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts Amherst]]. She is author or co-author of multiple books and articles on the need for and implementation of critical media literacy, including the following: 

* ''Educating media literacy: The need for critical media literacy in teacher education'' (Butler 2020), 
* ''Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham'' (Butler 2021), 
* ''Critical media literacy and civic learning: Interactive explorations for students and teachers'' (Maloy et al. 2021), and 
* ''The media and media: A guide to critical media literacy for young people'' (Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective 2022).

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media &amp; Democracy lessons for the future]]. 

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2020) Educating Media Literacy: The Need for Critical Media Literacy in Teacher Education--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139742576}} 
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2021)  Key scholarship in media literacy: David Buckingham--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743119}}
* &lt;!--Allison T. Butler (2026-03-08) The Judgment of Gender: How Women Are Centered and Silenced in Pop Culture--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139740356}}
* &lt;!--Robert W. Maloy, Torrey Trust, Allison Butler and Chenyang Xu (2021) Critical Media Literacy and Civic Learning: Interactive Explorations for Students and Teachers--&gt;{{cite Q|Q139743214}}
* &lt;!--Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people--&gt;{{cite Q|Q138912399}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Safety]]
[[Category:Women's studies]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
[[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jigir63sk5qk8tegqtlgdeuy3vcfp1l</sha1>
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    <title>File:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260511.pdf</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-11T13:09:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Information
|Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2A traditional (20260511 - 20260507)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2026-05-11
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="282" sha1="ivwfhpl5ogmy35g93d49js0m6kre4kd" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2A traditional (20260511 - 20260507)
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== Licensing ==
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== Licensing ==
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== Licensing ==
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== Licensing ==
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    <title>User talk:~2026-28496-53</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-11T17:01:56Z</timestamp>
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{{test}} [[User:Quinlan83|Quinlan83]] ([[User talk:Quinlan83|discussione]] • [[Special:Contributions/Quinlan83|contributi]]) 17:01, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{test}} [[User:Quinlan83|Quinlan83]] ([[User talk:Quinlan83|discussione]] • [[Special:Contributions/Quinlan83|contributi]]) 17:01, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

== Avviso ==

{{{icon|[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]]}}} Your recent editing history {{&lt;includeonly&gt;safesubst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;#if:{{{1|}}}|at [[:{{{1}}}]]|}} shows that you are currently engaged in an '''[[Wikipedia:Edit warring|edit war]]'''. An ''edit war'' occurs when two or more users begin repeatedly reverting content on a page in a back-and-forth fashion to restore it back to how they think it should be, despite knowing that other editors disagree with their changes. To resolve the content dispute, please do not revert or undo the edits made by other editors when your changes are reverted. Instead, please use the '''[[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk page]]''' to work toward creating a version of the page that represents [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among the editors involved. The best practice at this time is to ''stop editing the page'' and to discuss the disagreements, issues, and concerns at-hand with the other editors involved in the dispute. Wikipedia provides a page that helps to detail [[Wikipedia:Editing policy#Talking and editing|how this is accomplished]]. If discussions reach an impasse, you can post a request for help at a relevant [[Wikipedia:Noticeboards|noticeboard]], or seek [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|dispute resolution]]. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|page protection]] while a discussion to resolve the dispute is ongoing.

'''Being involved in an edit war can result in being [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]'''&amp;mdash;especially as the page in question is currently under restrictions from the [[WP:ARBCOM|Arbitration Committee]], if you violate the [[Wikipedia:Edit warring#Other revert rules|one-revert rule]], which states that an editor must not perform more than one [[Help:Reverting|revert]] on a single page with active Arbitration Committee restrictions within a 24-hour period.  Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert.  Also keep in mind that while violating the one-revert rule often leads to a block, you can still be blocked for edit warring&amp;mdash;'''even if you do not violate the one-revert rule'''&amp;mdash;should your behavior indicate that you intend to continue reverting repeatedly.{{&lt;includeonly&gt;safesubst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;#if:{{{2|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{2}}}|}}&lt;!-- Template:uw-1rr --&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; [[User:Quinlan83|Quinlan83]] ([[User talk:Quinlan83|discussione]] • [[Special:Contributions/Quinlan83|contributi]]) 17:09, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="4007" sha1="7rd5eexcxkmhwjt9o7ruhkr17lt8zwa" xml:space="preserve">== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29907192 --&gt;</text>
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    <ns>3</ns>
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      <text bytes="464" sha1="irnlyxyxy16dc3djl4u2snlxvh4ksg7" xml:space="preserve">== Warning ==

[[File:Information orange.svg|24px]] Please do not make test edits on Wikiversity, even if you want to remove them later. Edits like these are seen as [[Project:Vandalism|vandalism]] and may have been reverted. If you would like to do more tests, please use the [[Project:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. &lt;!-- Template:Test2 --&gt; 
—[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:08, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Per the [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action&amp;oldid=2808455#Call_for_custodians_and_bureaucrats call] made by {{user|Jtneill}}, I am self-nominating for bureaucrat. I have had advanced user rights here for years and have been an bureaucrat on [[:oversight:]] and a CheckUser on [[:species:]], among other wikis where I am an admin/sysop. I would be happy to help here as needed. ~~~~&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="678" sha1="kjbo49fq9bq4yj0v8zv35wdx179c92c" xml:space="preserve">Per the [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action&amp;oldid=2808455#Call_for_custodians_and_bureaucrats call] made by {{user|Jtneill}}, I am self-nominating for bureaucrat. I have had advanced user rights here for years and have been an bureaucrat on [[:oversight:]] and a CheckUser on [[:species:]], among other wikis where I am an admin/sysop. I would be happy to help here as needed. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 06:48, 12 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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table.sequences td {padding: 4px;}


table.sequences th.key {color: darkgray;}
table.sequences td.val {font-weight: bold;}
table.sequences td.border {border-left: 2px solid darkgray;}
table.sequences td.light {color: gray; font-size: 80%;}

table.sequences span.base {border: 2px solid red; padding: 2px;}
table.sequences span.fact {border: 2px solid green; padding: 2px;}</text>
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table.sequences td.border {border-left: 2px solid darkgray;}
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table.sequences td.small {color: gray; font-size: 80%;}

table.sequences span.base {border: 2px solid red; padding: 2px;}
table.sequences span.fact {border: 2px solid green; padding: 2px;}</text>
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table.sequences td {padding: 4px 8px;}


table.sequences th.key {color: darkgray;}
table.sequences td.val {font-weight: bold;}
table.sequences td.border {border-left: 2px solid darkgray;}
table.sequences td.right {text-align: right;}
table.sequences td.small {color: gray; font-size: 80%;}

table.sequences span.base {border: 2px solid red; padding: 2px;}
table.sequences span.fact {border: 2px solid green; padding: 2px;}</text>
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      <text bytes="487" sha1="kdewhhe02vey6gk6lb4kdr0bxikam91" xml:space="preserve">table.sequences {text-align: center;}
table.sequences td {padding: 4px 8px;}


table.sequences th.key {color: darkgray;}
table.sequences td.val {font-weight: bold;}
table.sequences td.border, table.sequences th.border {border-left: 2px solid darkgray;}
table.sequences td.right {text-align: right;}
table.sequences td.small {color: gray; font-size: 80%;}

table.sequences span.base {border: 2px solid red; padding: 2px;}
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        <id>137431</id>
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      <origin>2808499</origin>
      <model>sanitized-css</model>
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      <text bytes="487" sha1="0whvd2gnhycaxt9p497hyv57o192nu4" xml:space="preserve">table.sequences {text-align: center;}
table.sequences td {padding: 4px 8px;}


table.sequences th.key {color: darkgray;}
table.sequences td.val {font-weight: bold;}
table.sequences td.border, table.sequences th.border {border-left: 2px solid darkgray;}
table.sequences td.right {text-align: right;}
table.sequences td.small {color: gray; font-size: 70%;}

table.sequences span.base {border: 2px solid red; padding: 2px;}
table.sequences span.fact {border: 2px solid green; padding: 2px;}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-12T10:13:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;noinclude&gt; {{Separator}}  * {{tl|Walsh permutation/sequences/styles.css}} * {{tl|Walsh permutation/sequences/A002884}}  &lt;syntaxhighlight&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Walsh permutation/sequences/styles.css&quot;/&gt;  {| class=&quot;wikitable sequences&quot; |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 0 |class=&quot;val&quot;|  | |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 1 |class=&quot;val&quot;|  | |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 2 |class=&quot;val&quot;|  | |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 3 |class=&quot;val&quot;|  | |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 4 |class=&quot;val&quot;|  | |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 5 |class=&quot;val&quot;|  | |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 6 |class...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="520" sha1="fi5kdg81ikhtlbdu10y7qf7t0wio7av" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Separator}}

* {{tl|Walsh permutation/sequences/styles.css}}
* {{tl|Walsh permutation/sequences/A002884}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Walsh permutation/sequences/styles.css&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sequences&quot;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 
|
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 
|
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 
|
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 
|
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 
|
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 
|
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Walsh permutation/sequences/A002884</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-12T10:41:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Walsh permutation/sequences/styles.css&quot;/&gt;  {| class=&quot;wikitable sequences&quot; |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 0 |class=&quot;val&quot;| 1 | &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 1 |class=&quot;val&quot;| 1 | &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 2 |class=&quot;val&quot;| 6 | &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; |- !class=&quot;key&quot;| 3 |class=&quot;val&quot;| 168 | &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;6&lt;...&quot;</comment>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable sequences&quot;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 1
| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 1
| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 6
| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 168
| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 20160
| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;840&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 9999360
| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;83328&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;120&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 20158709760
| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;27998208&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;720&lt;/span&gt;
|}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>2808489</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T11:09:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
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      <origin>2808496</origin>
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      <text bytes="1644" sha1="cxmf47b43f8f46vtdekikfcf6fbcdro" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Walsh permutation/sequences/styles.css&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sequences&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;border&quot;| {{oeis|A023758}}
!class=&quot;border&quot;| 
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| 
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;|  (2−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (4−2) · (4−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 2 · 3
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 168
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (8−4) · (8−2) · (8−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 4 · 6 · 7
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 20160
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (16−8) · (16−4) · (16−2) · (16−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 8 · 12 · 14 · 15
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;840&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 9999360
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (32−16) · (32−8) · (32−4) · (32−2) · (32−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 16 · 24 · 28 · 30 · 31
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;83328&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;120&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 20158709760
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;|  (64−32) · (64−16) · (64−8) · (64−4) · (64−2) · (64−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 32 · 48 · 56 · 60 · 62 · 63
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;27998208&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;720&lt;/span&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>cxmf47b43f8f46vtdekikfcf6fbcdro</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>2808496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T11:15:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>137431</id>
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      <origin>2808498</origin>
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      <text bytes="1854" sha1="5q6yh1rewphwrkbqiv3qqp35j4m5791" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Walsh permutation/sequences/styles.css&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sequences&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;border&quot;| {{oeis|A023758}}
!class=&quot;border&quot;| 
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| 
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;|  (2−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (4−2)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(4−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 2 · 3
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 168
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (8−4)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(8−2)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(8−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 4 · 6 · 7
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 20160
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (16−8)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(16−4)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(16−2)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(16−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 8 · 12 · 14 · 15
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;840&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 9999360
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (32−16)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(32−8)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(32−4)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(32−2)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(32−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 16 · 24 · 28 · 30 · 31
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;83328&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;120&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 20158709760
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;|  (64−32)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(64−16)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(64−8)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(64−4)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(64−2)&amp;thinsp;·&amp;thinsp;(64−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 32 · 48 · 56 · 60 · 62 · 63
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;27998208&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;720&lt;/span&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>5q6yh1rewphwrkbqiv3qqp35j4m5791</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2808500</id>
      <parentid>2808498</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T11:17:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2808500</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1644" sha1="cxmf47b43f8f46vtdekikfcf6fbcdro" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Walsh permutation/sequences/styles.css&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sequences&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;border&quot;| {{oeis|A023758}}
!class=&quot;border&quot;| 
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| 
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;|  (2−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (4−2) · (4−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 2 · 3
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 168
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (8−4) · (8−2) · (8−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 4 · 6 · 7
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 20160
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (16−8) · (16−4) · (16−2) · (16−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 8 · 12 · 14 · 15
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;840&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 9999360
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;| (32−16) · (32−8) · (32−4) · (32−2) · (32−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 16 · 24 · 28 · 30 · 31
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;83328&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;120&lt;/span&gt;
|-
!class=&quot;key&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;val&quot;| 20158709760
|class=&quot;border small right&quot;|  (64−32) · (64−16) · (64−8) · (64−4) · (64−2) · (64−1)
|class=&quot;right&quot;| 32 · 48 · 56 · 60 · 62 · 63
|class=&quot;border&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;27998208&lt;/span&gt; · &lt;span class=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;720&lt;/span&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>cxmf47b43f8f46vtdekikfcf6fbcdro</sha1>
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