Wikipedia ffwiki https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_ja%C9%93%C9%93orgo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2714 173999 92330 2026-06-18T07:53:46Z EmausBot 1373 Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Sappo e joweeɗiɗi]] vers [[17 (binndi)]] 173999 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[17 (binndi)]] [[Category:Stub]] fl55j8rbop354bqvfp5zrcm70m509hu 0 4635 173997 154811 2026-06-18T07:19:08Z MOIBARDE 10068 173997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Church of St. Anthony & St. Patrick, Hartford, Connecticut.jpg|thumb|Eklesiya Antoni & Patrik, Hartford, Connecticut.jpg (hello sifaa)]] '''Kwara''' (/ˈkwɑːrə/; heɗtoR) ko diiwaan gonɗo e Hirnaange Naajeeriya, keeri mum ko diiwaan Kogi to fuɗnaange mum, diiwaan Nijeer to fuɗnaange mum, diiwaanuuji Ekiti, Osun, e Oyo to fuɗnaange mum, keeri mum hirnaange ina waɗi feccere e keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Benin.[5] Laamorde mayre ko wuro Ilorin e diiwaan oo ina jogii nokkuuji 16 laamu nokkuuji. E nder diiwanuuji 36 leydi Naajeeriya, Kwara woni leydi nayaɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e nokkuuji kono ko ndi jeegom ɓurndi famɗude yimɓe e nder leydi ndi, tawi ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 3,2 neɗɗo e hitaande 2016.[7] To bannge geɗe leydi, Kwara ina feccii hakkunde savanna Sudaan hirnaange to fuɗnaange e ekoregion mosaïque ladde–savanna Gine to heddiiɓe e dowla oo. Geɗel gootel teeŋtungel ina jeyaa heen maayooji ɗi Niiseer ina njillondiri e keerol worgo ngol haa e nder maayo Jebba hade mum en jokkude wonde keeri ɗii tawa maayooji Awun, Asa, Aluko, e Oyun ina njillondiri e nder leydi ndii. E nder fuɗnaange-rewo diiwaan oo, ko taƴre Borgu e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Kainji National Park, ko nokku biyeteeɗo park ngenndiijo mawɗo ina waɗi ƴiye daneeje, kob, hippopotamus, elefant ladde Afrik, baboon olive, e antelope roan, yantude e yoga e liɗɗi Afrik hirnaange heddiiɗi e dow leydi[][8] To bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, nokku tokooso e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Oyo National Park ina waɗi ƴiye koronaawiris, ƴiye martial, ƴiye Afrik, ƴiye oribi, e ƴiye patas.[11][12][13] Diiwal Kwara ɗon jooɗi nder duuɓi ɗuuɗɗi bee leƴƴi feere-feere, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo dow yimɓe Yoruba'en jooɗiiɓe nder diiwal man fuu. Woodi kadi ɗuuɗal yimɓe Nupe haa woyla-fuunaange, yimɓe Bariba (Baatonu) e yimɓe Busa (Bokobaru) haa hirnaange, e yimɓe Fulani haa Ilorin e yahdugo nder jiha kan bana durooɓe.[14] [[Catégorie:Diiwal dow e Naajeeriya]] [[Catégorie:Naajeeriya]] [[Catégorie:Diiwal]] [[Category:Stub]] chbwxyvd8vpgc8wnjms4d7cj1jm806t 174035 173997 2026-06-18T09:01:50Z MOIBARDE 10068 I added links and references 174035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Church of St. Anthony & St. Patrick, Hartford, Connecticut.jpg|thumb|Eklesiya Antoni & Patrik, Hartford, Connecticut.jpg (hello sifaa)]] '''Kwara''' (/ˈkwɑːrə/; heɗtoR) ko diiwaan gonɗo e Hirnaange [[Naajeeriya]], keeri mum ko diiwaan Kogi to fuɗnaange mum, diiwaan Nijeer to fuɗnaange mum, diiwaanuuji Ekiti, Osun, e Oyo to fuɗnaange mum, keeri mum hirnaange ina waɗi feccere e keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Benin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last1=Onyeakagbu|first1=Adaobi|title=See how all the 36 Nigerian states got their names|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/see-how-all-the-36-nigerian-states-got-their-names/g8bkn2c|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811220711/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/see-how-all-the-36-nigerian-states-got-their-names/g8bkn2c|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Creation">{{Cite news|title=This is how the 36 states were created|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|date=24 October 2017|access-date=22 December 2021|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612192656/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e|url-status=live}}</ref> Laamorde mayre ko wuro Ilorin e diiwaan oo ina jogii nokkuuji 16 laamu nokkuuji. E nder diiwanuuji 36 leydi [[Naajeeriya]], Kwara woni leydi nayaɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e nokkuuji kono ko ndi jeegom ɓurndi famɗude yimɓe e nder leydi ndi, tawi ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 3,2 neɗɗo e hitaande 2016.<ref name=":52">{{cite web|title=Population 2006–2016|url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474|website=[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214205233/https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474|url-status=live}}</ref> To bannge geɗe leydi, Kwara ina feccii hakkunde ''savanna'' Sudaan hirnaange to fuɗnaange e ekoregion mosaïque ladde–savanna Gine to heddiiɓe e dowla oo. Geɗel gootel teeŋtungel ina jeyaa heen maayooji ɗi Niiseer ina njillondiri e keerol worgo ngol haa e nder maayo Jebba hade mum en jokkude wonde keeri ɗii tawa maayooji Awun, Asa, Aluko, e Oyun ina njillondiri e nder leydi ndii. E nder fuɗnaange-rewo diiwaan oo, ko taƴre Borgu e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Kainji ''National Park'', ko nokku biyeteeɗo park ngenndiijo mawɗo ina waɗi ƴiye daneeje, kob, hippopotamus, elefant ladde [[Afrik]], baboon olive, e ''antelope'' roan, yantude e yoga e liɗɗi [[Afrik]] hirnaange heddiiɗi e dow leydi<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fingesi|first1=U. I.|last2=Tyowua|first2=B. T.|last3=Fajobi|first3=E. A.|last4=Jamilu|first4=S. M.|title=Species richness and diversity of birds in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria|journal=World News of Natural Sciences|date=18 November 2018|url=http://www.worldnewsnaturalsciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/WNOFNS-22-2019-1-11.pdf|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228195543/http://www.worldnewsnaturalsciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/WNOFNS-22-2019-1-11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ajayi|first1=S. R.|last2=Ejidike|first2=B. N.|last3=Ogunjemite|first3=B. G.|last4=Olaniyi|first4=O. E.|last5=Adeola|first5=A. J.|title=Population status of olive baboon Papio anubis (lesson, 1827) in Kainji lake national park, Nigeria|journal=Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment|date=6 August 2020|volume=12|issue=2|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jrfwe/article/view/198391|archive-date=19 January 2025|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119070827/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jrfwe/article/view/198391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Animal population grows at Kainji Lake National Park|url=https://guardian.ng/news/animal-population-grows-at-kainji-lake-national-park/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian, Nigeria|The Guardian]]|date=3 March 2017|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228195540/https://guardian.ng/news/animal-population-grows-at-kainji-lake-national-park/|url-status=live}}</ref> To bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, nokku tokooso e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Oyo National Park ina waɗi ƴiye koronaawiris, ƴiye martial, ƴiye [[Afrik]], ƴiye oribi, e ƴiye patas.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Okosodo|first1=Ehi Francis|last2=Orimaye|first2=Oluwafemi Jacob|last3=Awoyemi|first3=A. G.|title=Diversity and Abundance of Avian Species in Old Oyo National Park Southwest Nigeria|journal=Merit Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science|date=December 2016|volume=4|issue=11|url=https://www.meritresearchjournals.org/articles/143218082023|archive-date=19 January 2025|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119071003/https://www.meritresearchjournals.org/articles/143218082023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oyeleke|first1=Oo|last2=Odewumi|first2=Os|last3=Mustapha|first3=Ra|title=Assessment of management practices for ungulates in old Oyo National Park, Nigeria|journal=Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management|date=4 August 2015|volume=8|issue=5|pages=548|doi=10.4314/ejesm.v8i5.8|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Halidu|first1=Shafiu Kilishi|last2=Adebayo|first2=Olaoluwa Ayodeji|last3=Chikezie|first3=Jude|last4=Ibrahim|first4=Azeez Olalekan|last5=Adedeji|first5=Olushola Emmanuel|title=Ecology of Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus Patas) in Buffer Zone Ranges, Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria|journal=Journal of Bioresource Management|date=23 April 2021|volume=8|issue=2|pages=29–37|doi=10.35691/JBM.1202.0178|doi-access=free}}</ref> Diiwal Kwara ɗon jooɗi nder duuɓi ɗuuɗɗi bee leƴƴi feere-feere, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo dow yimɓe Yoruba'en jooɗiiɓe nder diiwal man fuu. Woodi kadi ɗuuɗal yimɓe Nupe haa woyla-fuunaange, yimɓe Bariba (Baatonu) e yimɓe Busa (Bokobaru) haa hirnaange, e yimɓe [[Fulani]] haa Ilorin e yahdugo nder jiha kan bana durooɓe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwara {{!}} state, Nigeria {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kwara|access-date=28 June 2022|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909142535/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kwara|url-status=live}}</ref> E jamaanu ko adii koloñaal, ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ɗi hannde woni dowla Kwara ɗii, ko e nder Laamu Oyo, heen geɗal hirnaange e nder Laamuuji Borgu, ko yimɓe Bariba, Boko e Bissa, e Laamu Nupe (1531–1835). E cakkital kitaale 1800, jihaadi [[Fulɓe]] heɓti won e nokkuuji ko woni hannde dowla Kwara, waɗti nokku oo e les njiimaandi Gwandu Kalifaandi Sokoto. E kitaale 1890 e 1900, njilluuji Biritaannaaɓe keɓti nokku oo, naatni ɗum e nder Protectorat Fuɗnaange Nijeer. Protectorate woyla [[Naajeeriya]] ɓaawo man hawti bee [[Naajeeriya]] Biritaniya nder hitaande 1914, ko adi nastugo nder lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] jeytaare nder hitaande 1960. Arannde, lesdi Kwara jey hannde man laati nder diiwal woylaare ɓaawo jeytaare haa hitaande 1967, wakkati diiwal man fecci, nokku man warti lesdi hirnaange cakaari. E hitaande 1976, diiwaan oo wayli innde mum, diiwaan Kwara, innde ndee heddii haa kitaale 1990 nde fuɗnaange-rewo mum feccitaa ngam waɗde feccere e [[Diiwal Kogi|diiwaan Kogi]], diiwaan mum Borgu to woɗɗude worgo-fuɗnaange, naatnaa e diiwaan Borgu diiwaan Nijeer.[citation needed] To bannge faggudu, dowla Kwara ɓuri tuugnaade ko e ndema, ko ɓuri heewde ko e kafe, kosam, njuumri, kakawo, nebam, e ndema kola. Industiriiji goɗɗi teeŋtuɗi ko sarwisaaji, haa teeŋti noon e nder wuro Ilorin, e durngol jawdi e njulaagu jawdi, be’i, e baali. Diiwaan Kwara ina jogii Indeks ƴellitaare aadee ɓurɗo toowde e nder leydi ndi e duɗe jaŋde toownde keewɗe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Development Indices|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/|website=Global Data Lab|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314102820/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Tariya == Dowla Kwara sosaa ko ñalnde 27 [[lewru]] Mbooy hitaande 1967,<ref name="kwasang.org.uk">{{Cite web|title=History of Kwara State – Kwara State Association of Nigeria|url=https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|access-date=31 December 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124032137/https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> nde laamu konu fedde nde, hono Seneraal [[Yakubu Gowon]], fecci diiwanuuji nay ɗi ndeen woni Fedde [[Naajeeriya]], ɗi mbaɗti ɗi dowlaaji 12. E sosde mayre, dowla oo ina waɗi diiwanuuji Ilorin e Kabba ɓooyɗi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo e oon sahaa, e fuɗɗoode nde inniraa ko Dowla Cakaare Hirnaange kono caggal ɗuum wayliima wonti "Kwara", innde nokkuure nde [[Maayo Niiser|maayo Niiseer]], e ɗemngal Hausa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A brief history of our state...|url=https://kwarastate.gov.ng/about-the-state/|access-date=5 July 2024|website=kwarastate.gov.ng|archive-date=31 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531112917/https://kwarastate.gov.ng/about-the-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Diwal Kwara gila hitaande 1976 ustii no feewi sabu ɓeydagol golle sosde diiwaan e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 13 feebariyee 1976, feccere diiwaan Idah/Dekina ƴettaa, hawraa e feccere diiwaan Benue/Plateau ndeen, ngam waɗde diiwaan Benue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Kwara State – Kwara State Association of Nigeria|url=https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|access-date=3 June 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124032137/https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ñalnde 27 lewru bowte hitaande 1991, nokkuuji joy laamu nokkuuji, hono Oyi, Yagba, [[Okene]], Okehi e Kogi kadi ndartinaama ngam jeyeede e dowla Kogi keso oo, nokku go’o, nokku laamu nokku [[Borgu]], hawraa e dowla Niiseer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kwara/|access-date=3 June 2021|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603103607/https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kwara/|url-status=live}}</ref> Laamuuji nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe ko Ilorin e [[Offa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Kwara State – Kwara State Association of Nigeria|url=https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|access-date=20 June 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124032137/https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dowla Kwara ina jogii jawdi keewndi ko wayi no turmalin, tantalite, e geɗe keewɗe e nder feccere worgo. Kakao e kosam e nder nokkuuji Fuɗnaange Oke Ero, Ekiti e Isin LGA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwara State|url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/kwara-state/|date=9 January 2019|website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|language=en-US|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528222359/https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ummatore == Haa hitaande 2006, ɗuuɗal yimɓe Kwaran'en ɗon mari miliyonji 2.37, bana limngal [[Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 2006. Ndee ɗoo keewal yimɓe ina tolnoo e 1,69% e nder yimɓe leydi ndii fof, tawi tuugnii ko e immigration ngam ɓeydagol yimɓe e ƴellitaare renndo-faggudu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/Nigeria06CensusFigs.html|title=Nigeria 2006 Census Figures|work=Nigeria master web|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821125730/http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/Nigeria06CensusFigs.html|archive-date=21 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leƴƴi ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko Yoruba en, Nupe en, Fulani en, e Baruba en.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Gemma|first=Wilson|title=Kwara: the making of a new state|publisher=Bookcraft|year=2012|pages=12–13}}</ref> Yimɓe lesdi Kwara, haa lewru Siilo 2024, ɗon waɗa 3,390,330.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 January 2019|title=Kwara State|url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/kwara-state/|access-date=5 July 2024|website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|language=en-US|archive-date=5 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705202649/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hoɗɓe e diiwaan oo ina mbiyee Kwarans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/no-plans-to-impose-fresh-taxes-on-kwarans-ahmed/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=No plans to impose fresh taxes on Kwarans|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617010701/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/no-plans-to-impose-fresh-taxes-on-kwarans-ahmed/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Kerecee’en, Lislaam e diineeji aadaaji ina kawri e nder dowri ndii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kwarastate.gov.ng/discover-kwara/history-society/|title=History & Society|publisher=[[Kwara State Government]]|access-date=8 February 2026|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116084845/https://kwarastate.gov.ng/discover-kwara/history-society/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ɗemɗe == Ɗemɗe leydi Kwara ɗe LGA limti:<ref name="e22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=10 January 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219232852/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kwasang.org.uk2">{{Cite web|title=History of Kwara State – Kwara State Association of Nigeria|url=https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|access-date=31 December 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124032137/https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɗemɗe LGA Asa yoruba Baruten Baatonum Edu Nupe Yoruba Ekiti Ifelodun yoruba Ilorin fuɗnaange yoruba Ilorin yoruba fombina Ilorin hirnaange yoruba Isin yoruba Irepodun yoruba Kayama Bokobaru Moro yoruba Offa yoruba Oke ero yoruba Oyun yoruba Pategi nupe Ɗemɗe goɗɗe kaaleteeɗe e Diiwaan Kwara ina jeyaa heen Busa, Fula, Boko, e Sorko. == Nokkuuji laamuuji nokkuuji == Ƴeew kadi: Doggol gure e nder diiwaan Kwara Dowla Kwara ina waɗi nokkuuji laamuuji nokkuuji sappo e jeegom.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 October 2018|title=List Of Local Government Areas In Kwara State And Their Headquarters|url=https://oldnaija.com/2018/10/16/list-of-local-government-areas-in-kwara-state-and-their-headquarters/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=OldNaija|language=en-GB|last1=Omipidan|first1=Teslim|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015093213/https://oldnaija.com/2018/10/16/list-of-local-government-areas-in-kwara-state-and-their-headquarters/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ɓe lati: Asa Baruten Edu Ekiti Ifelodun Ilorin Fuɗnaange Ilorin Fuɗnaange Ilorin hirnaange Irepodun Isin Kayaama Moro Offa Oke Ero Oyun Pategi == Politik == Bana kala lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], lesdi Kwara woodi kawtal Gomnatiiji siwil'en e sooja'en. Gomnaajo arandeejo diiwal Kwara on woni [[David Bamigboye]]. Gomnaajo lesdi Kwara jooni woni Gomnaajo [[Abdulrazaq Abdulrahman]], mo wurti bee nasaraaku nder cuɓi 9 mars 2019, les laamu APC. [[AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq|Abdulrahman Abdulrazak]] huniima ñalnde 29 [[lewru]] nduu hitaande 2019, ɗum waɗii o laatii guwerneer 4ɓo e nder diiwaan Kwara, e guwerneer 20ɓo e nder diiwaan Kwara e nder leydi ndi fof. Kayode Alabi woni cukko guwerneer diiwaan Kwara e les laamu Abdul Rahmaan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2021|title=Profile: AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq, Governor of Kwara State, Nigeria [2019 -]|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/profiles/438474-profile-abdulrahman-abdulrazaq-governor-of-kwara-state-nigeria-2019.html|access-date=27 March 2022|language=en-GB|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327202542/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/profiles/438474-profile-abdulrahman-abdulrazaq-governor-of-kwara-state-nigeria-2019.html|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian States|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|access-date=27 March 2022|website=www.worldstatesmen.org|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023231430/https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ñalnde 19 mars 2023, Abdulrazak heɓi woote gardagol leydi<ref>{{Cite news|title=AbdulRazaq wins re-election as Kwara gov|url=https://punchng.com/abdulrazaq-wins-re-election-as-kwara-gov/|access-date=5 July 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|date=19 March 2023}}</ref>, o woni guwerneer haa hitaande 2027 nde doosgal leydi ndi waawata suɓaade laamu tataɓuru.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 October 2019|title=Nigeria presidency says Buhari will not seek unconstitutional 3rd term|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/10/03/nigeria-presidency-says-buhari-will-not-seek-unconstitutional-3rd-term/|access-date=5 July 2024|website=Africanews|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705202649/https://www.africanews.com/2019/10/03/nigeria-presidency-says-buhari-will-not-seek-unconstitutional-3rd-term/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gomnaajo on ardii kawtal hooreejo lesdi Kwara. Leydi ndii ko suudu sarɗiiji leydi Kwara. == Jaangirde == Ƴeew kadi: Doggol duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan Kwara Dowla Kwara ina jogii duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Ilorin, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde dowla, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde dowla Kwara, e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirdeeji jeeɗiɗi goɗɗi jeyaaɗi e yimɓe: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Al-Hikmah, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Landmark, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ''Summit'', duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde [[Offa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Summit University, Offa|url=https://summituniversity.edu.ng/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=summituniversity.edu.ng|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623063246/https://summituniversity.edu.ng/|url-status=live}}</ref> Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ''Crown Hill'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crown-Hill University Ilorin {{!}}{{!}} Home|url=https://www.crownhilluniversity.edu.ng/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=www.crownhilluniversity.edu.ng|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220222533/https://www.crownhilluniversity.edu.ng/|url-status=live}}</ref> duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde [[Thomas Adewumi]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://apu.com.ng/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=Ahman Pategi University|language=en-US}}</ref> duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Ahman Pategi<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 April 2021|title=How many Universities are in Kwara State? – Kwara News|url=https://theinformant247.com/full-list-of-universities-in-kwara-state-location-and-year-established/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=15 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 April 2020|title=Exclusive: How Kwara North lost KWASU VC slot|url=https://theinformant247.com/exclusive-how-kwara-north-lost-kwasu-vc-slot/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=17 January 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012139/https://theinformant247.com/exclusive-how-kwara-north-lost-kwasu-vc-slot/|url-status=live}}</ref> e Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde O<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 April 2021|title=List of Colleges of Education in Kwara State – Kwara News|url=https://theinformant247.com/list-of-colleges-of-education-in-kwara-state/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=15 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414175850/https://theinformant247.com/list-of-colleges-of-education-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dowla Kwara kadi ina jogii politeknikuuji joy jaɓaaɗi ; politeknik fedde, Politeknik fedde [[Offa]], politeknik laamu, Politeknik dowla Kwara, e tati jeyaaɓe e yimɓe: Politeknik [[Igbo]] Owu, Politeknik Lens, Politeknik [[Offa]] e ''Graceland''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 April 2021|title=How many Polytechnics are in Kwara State? – Kwara News|url=https://theinformant247.com/how-many-polytechnics-are-in-kwara-state/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=15 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103004849/https://theinformant247.com/how-many-polytechnics-are-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> E nder koleeji jaŋde sappo e joyi e nder diiwaan Kwara, sappo e goo ko jeyi njuɓɓudi keeriindi : Kolleeji jaŋde Ilemona, Kolleeji jaŋde Muhyideen, Kolleeji jaŋde Kinsey, Ilorin, diiwaan Kwara, Kolleeji jaŋde Moje, Kolleeji Erin-Ile, Kolleeji jaŋde Imam Hamzat Naffadu, Kolleeji jaŋde Effadu, Kolleeji jaŋde Effadu Jaŋde, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Adesina e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pan [[Afrik]]. Kolleji janngirde nayi nder jiha Kwara ɗon mari ceede ko laamu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]]: Kolleeji janngirde lesdi Kwara Ilorin, Kolleeji janngirde Oro, Kolleji janngirde lesdi Kwara (''Technical'') Lafiagi, e janngirde laamu lesdi feere hokkata NCE, janngirde konu [[Naajeeriya]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 April 2021|title=How many Polytechnics are in Kwara State? – Kwara News|url=https://theinformant247.com/how-many-polytechnics-are-in-kwara-state/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=15 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103004849/https://theinformant247.com/how-many-polytechnics-are-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ina woodi kadi duɗal laana ndiwoowa, duɗal laana ndiwoowa leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] ganndal cellal, Irra ''Road'', Offa, e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laana ndiwoowa, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laana ndiwoowa hakkunde leyɗeele, Ilorin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to International Aviation College, Ilorin|url=http://aviation.africhoice.website/|website=aviation.africhoice.website|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115220153/http://aviation.africhoice.website/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cellal == Dowla Kwara ina jogii opitaaluuji keewɗi e safaaraaji cellal; ina jeyaa heen:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospital Locations|url=https://hmb.kw.gov.ng/hospital-locations/|access-date=12 June 2023|website=Kwara State Hospital Management Board|language=en-US|archive-date=12 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612150438/https://hmb.kw.gov.ng/hospital-locations/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ospitaal janngirde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kwara<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/kwara-govt-approves-conversion-of-general-hospital-to-kwasu-teaching-hospital/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Kwara Govt approves conversion of general hospital to KWASU teaching hospital|date=14 December 2023|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817153310/https://guardian.ng/news/kwara-govt-approves-conversion-of-general-hospital-to-kwasu-teaching-hospital/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://leadership.ng/kwara-assembly-passes-teaching-hospital-education-varsity-bills/|title=Kwara Assembly Passes Teaching Hospital, Education Varsity Bills|date=29 May 2024|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archive-date=17 August 2024|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817153307/https://leadership.ng/kwara-assembly-passes-teaching-hospital-education-varsity-bills/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://leadership.ng/kwara-assembly-passes-teaching-hospital-education-varsity-bills/|title=Kwara Assembly Passes Teaching Hospital, Education Varsity Bills|date=29 May 2024|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archive-date=17 August 2024|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817153307/https://leadership.ng/kwara-assembly-passes-teaching-hospital-education-varsity-bills/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ospitaal janngirde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ilorin<ref>{{Cite news|last=Olesin|first=Abdullahi|date=10 December 2022|title=Hospital Tasks Nurses On ICT, Mulls Digital Services|url=https://leadership.ng/hospital-tasks-nurses-on-ict-mulls-digital-services/|access-date=5 January 2023|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105132442/https://leadership.ng/hospital-tasks-nurses-on-ict-mulls-digital-services/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Olesin|first=Abdullahi|date=10 December 2022|title=Hospital Tasks Nurses On ICT, Mulls Digital Services|url=https://leadership.ng/hospital-tasks-nurses-on-ict-mulls-digital-services/|access-date=5 January 2023|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105132442/https://leadership.ng/hospital-tasks-nurses-on-ict-mulls-digital-services/|url-status=live}}</ref> Opitaal Abicare Opitaal Line Nguurndam Opitaal Lifefount Yusjib nokkuure nyawndiigu <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/how-oliha-died-doctor/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=How Oliha died – Doctor|date=30 June 2013|access-date=5 December 2024|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823214612/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/how-oliha-died-doctor/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/hospital-saves-2-snipper-patients-in-ilorin/|title=Hospital saves 2 snipper patients in Ilorin|date=10 August 2019|access-date=5 December 2024|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208002649/https://tribuneonlineng.com/hospital-saves-2-snipper-patients-in-ilorin/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> Opitaal Balm Opitaal Sadiku Ospitaal laamu Kwara Opitaal keeriiɗo Sobi Opitaal Ankere Opitaal Mimtaz Opitaal Asa Dam Kabaaru goɗɗo: Kala Cukalel ina Lima == Turismo == Ko ɓuri teeŋtude e nokkuuji turism e nder diiwaan Kwara ina jeyaa heen Esie ''Museum'', ɓulli Owu, gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e ɓurɗi teskin'de e nder Afrik hirnaange.[23] Koɗorɗe kaaƴe Imoleboja, Ogunjokoro, nokkuuje ngenndiije maayo Kainji, jooni ko e diiwaan Nijeer, e tufnde Agbonna—Dewgal mawngal Awon to Shao. Won kadi Sobi Hill e nder woɗɓe, ko ɗum woni leydi ɓurndi mawnude e nder Ilorin, laamorgo leydi ndii.[50] Reservoir naturelle mawɗo kadi ina fecci dowla oo e Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange. Ko ndiyam Ero Omola kadi woni nokku njillu [51]. == Wakati == Kwara woni ko e tooweeki 286,86 meeter (941,1 ft) dow koye maayo, ina jogii weeyo Tropical ɓuuɓngo e yoorngo walla savanna (Classification: Aw). Nguleeki wuro ngo hitaande kala ko 29,54 °C (85,17 °F) e ngu ɓuri 0,08% e nguleeki leydi Najeriya. Kwara ina heewi heɓde 101,45 mm (4 in) toɓo, ina jogii 148,38 balɗe toɓo (40,65% e sahaa) hitaande kala.[52] Tablo les ɗo mari limngal hitaande fuu bana limngal limgal limngal 12+ limgal taariiha ngam Ilorin.[53] Lewru Ñalawma Jemma Ñalɗi Toɓo Yarkoma 36 °C 21 °C 1 Feebariyee 38 °C 23 °C 1 Ñalnde 38 °C 24 °C 4 Abriil 36 °C 25 °C 9 lewru mee 34 °C 24 °C 15 lewru juko 31 °C 23 °C 17 Ñalnde 29 °C 22 °C 18 Ñalnde 28 °C 22 °C 18 Suwee 29 °C 22 °C 20 Oktoobar 31 °C 23 °C 15 Noowammbar 35 °C 23 °C 1 Desammbar 36 °C 21 °C 0 == Kewuuji == Ƴeew kadi: Musiiba laana Kwara E wiyde kabaruuji, laana ndiwoowa yani, fecci ɗiɗi ñalnde 12 lewru juko hitaande 2023, to maayo Niger sara Pategi, to diiwaan Kwara, to leydi Nijeer. Hoɓɓe wonnooɓe e laana kaa, ko adii fof ko motooji ngarata, kono toɓo mawngo ngoo addi ɓe ŋoŋɗi. Ko famɗi fof 108 neɗɗo maayi heen, heewɓe ngalaa heen.[5] Ñalnde 25 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, lekki yani e yimɓe ɗiɗo, ko famɗi fof njoyo ngañii heen.[54][55] Ñalnde 2 feebariyee 2024, Ejire Adeyemi Toun, laamɗo aadaaji waraa e nder galle mum, debbo mum nanngaa.[56] Ñalnde 4 lewru juko hitaande 2025, ownooɓe ɓe nganndaaka njani e nokku ministeer to Oreke-Okeigbo, ownooɓe ɓee mbari poliseeɓe ɗiɗo, balloowo hooreejo leydi Haruna Watsai e inspekteer Tukur Ogah. Ñaawooɓe ɓee kadi nanngi gollotooɓe ɗiɗo David Adenaiye e ɓiy leydi Siin biyeteeɗo Sam Xie Wie.[57][58] == Moota == Korporaasiyoŋ laana njoorndi leydi Naajeeriya ina yaaji e golle mum gila Lagos rewrude e diiwaan hee haa woyla leydi ndi. Aeroport Ilorin ko nokku mawɗo ngam diwooje nder leydi e nder leyɗeele goɗɗe, jooni noon ko nokku ɗo diwooje njolnata.[59] == Sigga == Demal woni ko ɓuri heewde e faggudu leydi ndii, tee geɗe kaalis ɓurɗe teeŋtude ɗee ko : kosam, kakawo, kafe, kola, tuuba, sesame e geɗe palme. Diiwal Kwara woni wuro Shonga Farms, ko ɗum huunde nde eɓɓoore Back-to-Farm nde gooto e ardiiɓe diiwal ngal ɓooyngal, Dr. Abubakar Bukola Saraki. Shonga Farms ina waɗi remooɓe 13 njulaagu. Jawdi mineraal nder diiwal ngal ko petroŋ, kaŋŋe, kaaƴe dime, marbere, feldspat, loope, kaolin, kuuraa, granit, e laterite tawaaɗe ko ɓuri heewde e Omuaran.[60] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, diiwaan Kwara waɗii golle ngam ɓamtude karallaagal e ƴellitaare e nder peeje mum ngam ɓeydude faggudu. Ilorin ''Innovation Hub'' ko gooto e eɓɓooje baɗɗe faayiida ngam wallitde fuɗɗotooɓe e ƴellitde karallaagal diwtugol e nder diiwaan hee kala.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=Population 2006–2016|url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474|website=[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214205233/https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovation Hub|url=https://kwarastate.gov.ng/education/innovation-hub/|access-date=1 August 2025|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616130848/https://kwarastate.gov.ng/education/innovation-hub/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Koɗkiiji === '''Laabi e laaɓal''' Laamu leydi [[Naajeeriya]] ina ɓeydoo anndude caɗeele ummoriiɗe e ŋakkeende cellal e nder nokkuuji, kadi diiwaan Kwara ina golloo ngam moƴƴinde nokkuuji mum e ŋakkeende cellal.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adedibu|first1=Afolabi A.|title=Solid waste management and a new environmental edict: a case study from Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria|journal=The Environmentalist|date=March 1986|volume=6|issue=1|pages=63–68|doi=10.1007/BF02240232|bibcode=1986ThEnv...6...63A}}</ref> Ñalnde 22 [[lewru]] Seeɗto hitaande 2020, guwerneer diiwaan Kwara fuɗɗii e dow laabi kampaañ ‘''Clean'' Kwara’ ngam haɗde ɓuuɓri udditiindi e ƴellitde laaɓal moƴƴal e nder diiwaan hee.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Olesin|first=Abdullahi|date=22 September 2020|title=Nigeria: Abdulrazaq Launches Clean Kwara Campaign, to End Open Defecation|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202009220758.html|access-date=22 September 2020|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001230308/https://allafrica.com/stories/202009220758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Laamu leydi ndii ina golloo ngam feewnude denndaangal laabi e laabi ndiyam ngam waawde huutoraade ndiyam ɗam,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Environmental Sanitation: Govt assures of a clean Kwara, to supply waste receptacle containers – RoyalFM 95.1MHz, Ilorin|url=http://royalfm.net/environmental-sanitation-govt-assures-of-a-clean-kwara-to-supply-waste-receptacle-containers/|access-date=22 September 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410183651/http://royalfm.net/environmental-sanitation-govt-assures-of-a-clean-kwara-to-supply-waste-receptacle-containers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ina waɗa heen doole ngam waawde huutoraade ndiyam laaɓɗam,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Alhaji|date=19 November 2019|title=Nigeria inaugurates water plants in Kwara State|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/nigeria-inaugurates-water-plants-in-kwara-state/|access-date=22 September 2020|website=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002010118/https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/nigeria-inaugurates-water-plants-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> mahde cuuɗi ɓuuɓɗi, e waɗde ndiyam laaɓɗam ina heɓee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Alhaji|date=19 November 2019|title=Nigeria inaugurates water plants in Kwara State|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/nigeria-inaugurates-water-plants-in-kwara-state/|access-date=22 September 2020|website=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002010118/https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/nigeria-inaugurates-water-plants-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ɗumɗoo kadi ko ngam ƴellitde paandaale ƴellitaare duumotoonde 3 & 6 (heɓde ndiyam njareteeɗam laaɓɗam e moƴƴam e heɓde laaɓal laaɓtungal e potal, laaɓal wonande yimɓe fof, e joofnude ɓuuɓri udditiindi haa hitaande 2030)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Olesin|first=Abdullahi|date=22 September 2020|title=Nigeria: Abdulrazaq Launches Clean Kwara Campaign, to End Open Defecation|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202009220758.html|access-date=22 September 2020|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001230308/https://allafrica.com/stories/202009220758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Pijirlooji == Golle dingiral ko Komisiyoŋ dingiral diiwaan Kwara toppitii ɗum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://independent.ng/ksc-at-three-upgrading-sports-council-to-commission-is-huge-for-kwara-sports-pioneer-executive-chairman/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=KSC at Three: Upgrading Sports Council to Commission is Huge for Kwara Sports – Pioneer Executive Chairman – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|date=6 August 2024|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806203016/https://independent.ng/ksc-at-three-upgrading-sports-council-to-commission-is-huge-for-kwara-sports-pioneer-executive-chairman/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/03/kwara-sports-commission-gets-chairman-dg/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Kwara Sports Commission gets Chairman, DG|date=3 August 2021|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817171243/https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/03/kwara-sports-commission-gets-chairman-dg/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Nafoore nde dingiral jogii, addani ɗum mahde dingiral, ina wiyee—Kompleks dingiral dowla Kwara. Ko woni e nder nokku hee ko mainbowl, saal dingiral nder suudu, hostel, nokku jaayndeeji fijooji kam e piscine mawnugol Olimpiya. Dowla oo ina jogii darnde tiiɗnde e nder fuku koyɗe e ''basket''. Diiwal ngal woni wuro kawtal fuku koyɗe Kwara United, ABS FC e kawtal fuku koyɗe Kwara ''Falcons''. Yimɓe teskinaaɓe [[Abdul Rahmaan Abdul Razaq]], dawriyanke [[Daawuuda Abioye]], diineyanke [[Abimbola Abolarinwa]], ganndo ko faati e ƴiiƴam [[Korneliyus Adebay]]<nowiki/>o, dawriyanke [[Femi Adebayo]], fijoowo e peewnoowo filmuuji [[Tunde Adebimpe]], jimoowo Laamɗo biyeteeɗo [[Samuel Adedoyin]], ko golloowo e golloowo moƴƴo [[Kemi Adesoye]], winndiyanke [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]], banke e dawriyanke [[Simon Ajibola]], dawriyanke [[Mustafaa Akanb]]<nowiki/>i (ganndo ko faati e sariya), ganndo ko faati e sariya [[Mustafa Akanbi]] (ganndo), ganndo e awokaa [[Aadama Abdullaah Al-Ilori]], ganndo [[Lislaamu|lislaam]] [[Sarah Alade]], gonnooɗo guwerneer CBN [[Lola Ashiru]], ko mahoowo e politik [[Kunle afolayon|Kunle Afolayan]], fiyoowo, gardinooɗo filmo e peewnoowo [[Ayeloyun]], ko jimoowo [[Yuusuf Ayo Babalola]], diineyanke [[Daawuuda Bamigboye]], koninke [[Teofilus Bamigboye]], koninke e dawriyanke [[Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore]], kiitaaji e gonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi [[Najeriya]] [[Oga Bello]], fijoowo e peewnoowo (innde goonga Adebayo Salami) [[Ibraahiima Gambari]], dipolomaasi [[Yuusuf Gobir]], gardiiɗo [[Ola Ibraahiima]], ofisee laana ndiwoowa [[Rafiu Adebayo Ibraahiima]], dawriyanke [[Tunde Idiagbon]], sooje [[Ahmed Muhammed Inuwa]], dawriyanke Seneraal [[Ayinla Kollington|Ayinla Kolington]], jimoowo [[Joana Nnazua Kolo]], komisinaajo ko feewti e ƴellitaare sukaaɓe e dingiral [[Farooq Kperogi]], jaaynoowo [[Muhammed Shaaba Lafiagi]], dawriyanke [[Lagbaja|Lagbája]], jimoowo [[Salaadeen latinwo]], koninke [[Arinola Fatimoh Lawal]], depiteejo [[Mohammed Lawal]], ofisee konu ndiyam [[Lai Mohammed]], awokaa e dawriyanke [[Salihu Mustafa|Saliu Mustafaa]], dawriyanke [[Ibraahiima Yahaya Oloriegbe]], dawriyanke [[Abdulkadir Orire]], Khadi mawɗo gadano e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi Kwara [[Oye Owolewa]], ko o dawriyanke [[Daawuuda Oyedepo]], diineyanke [[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma|Wasiu alabi pasuma]], musicfoowo [[Bukola Saraki]], dawriyanke [[Gbemisola Saraki]], dawriyanke [[Olusola Saraki]], neɗɗo dawriyanke [[Toyin Saraki]], balloowo cellal [[Abdulfatai Yahaya Serik]]<nowiki/>i, neɗɗo dawriyanke [[AbdulRazzaq Ibraahiima Salmaan]], diine [[Bola Shagaya]], jom njulaagu [[Rukayat Shittu]], jaayndiyanke e dawriyanke [[Tony Tetuila|Toni Tetuila]], ko jimoowo [[Rashidi Yekini]], jolfo fuku koyɗe [[Salihu Yakubu-Danladi]], Kawtorɗo dawriyanke == Ƴeew kadi == Diiso doosɗe leydi Kwara == Tuugnorgal == [[Catégorie:Diiwal dow e Naajeeriya]] [[Catégorie:Naajeeriya]] [[Catégorie:Diiwal]] [[Category:Stub]] gdrogxuueqvl8a581rivowclwbi90ii 174117 174035 2026-06-18T10:30:27Z MOIBARDE 10068 Add image and references 174117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Church of St. Anthony & St. Patrick, Hartford, Connecticut.jpg|thumb|Eklesiya Antoni & Patrik, Hartford, Connecticut.jpg (hello sifaa)]] '''Kwara''' (/ˈkwɑːrə/; heɗtoR) ko diiwaan gonɗo e Hirnaange [[Naajeeriya]], keeri mum ko diiwaan Kogi to fuɗnaange mum, diiwaan Nijeer to fuɗnaange mum, diiwaanuuji Ekiti, Osun, e Oyo to fuɗnaange mum, keeri mum hirnaange ina waɗi feccere e keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Benin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last1=Onyeakagbu|first1=Adaobi|title=See how all the 36 Nigerian states got their names|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/see-how-all-the-36-nigerian-states-got-their-names/g8bkn2c|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811220711/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/see-how-all-the-36-nigerian-states-got-their-names/g8bkn2c|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Creation">{{Cite news|title=This is how the 36 states were created|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|date=24 October 2017|access-date=22 December 2021|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612192656/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e|url-status=live}}</ref> Laamorde mayre ko wuro Ilorin e diiwaan oo ina jogii nokkuuji 16 laamu nokkuuji. E nder diiwanuuji 36 leydi [[Naajeeriya]], Kwara woni leydi nayaɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e nokkuuji kono ko ndi jeegom ɓurndi famɗude yimɓe e nder leydi ndi, tawi ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 3,2 neɗɗo e hitaande 2016.<ref name=":52">{{cite web|title=Population 2006–2016|url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474|website=[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214205233/https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474|url-status=live}}</ref> To bannge geɗe leydi, Kwara ina feccii hakkunde ''savanna'' Sudaan hirnaange to fuɗnaange e ekoregion mosaïque ladde–savanna Gine to heddiiɓe e dowla oo. Geɗel gootel teeŋtungel ina jeyaa heen maayooji ɗi Niiseer ina njillondiri e keerol worgo ngol haa e nder maayo Jebba hade mum en jokkude wonde keeri ɗii tawa maayooji Awun, Asa, Aluko, e Oyun ina njillondiri e nder leydi ndii. E nder fuɗnaange-rewo diiwaan oo, ko taƴre Borgu e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Kainji ''National Park'', ko nokku biyeteeɗo park ngenndiijo mawɗo ina waɗi ƴiye daneeje, kob, hippopotamus, elefant ladde [[Afrik]], baboon olive, e ''antelope'' roan, yantude e yoga e liɗɗi [[Afrik]] hirnaange heddiiɗi e dow leydi<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fingesi|first1=U. I.|last2=Tyowua|first2=B. T.|last3=Fajobi|first3=E. A.|last4=Jamilu|first4=S. M.|title=Species richness and diversity of birds in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria|journal=World News of Natural Sciences|date=18 November 2018|url=http://www.worldnewsnaturalsciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/WNOFNS-22-2019-1-11.pdf|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228195543/http://www.worldnewsnaturalsciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/WNOFNS-22-2019-1-11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ajayi|first1=S. R.|last2=Ejidike|first2=B. N.|last3=Ogunjemite|first3=B. G.|last4=Olaniyi|first4=O. E.|last5=Adeola|first5=A. J.|title=Population status of olive baboon Papio anubis (lesson, 1827) in Kainji lake national park, Nigeria|journal=Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment|date=6 August 2020|volume=12|issue=2|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jrfwe/article/view/198391|archive-date=19 January 2025|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119070827/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jrfwe/article/view/198391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Animal population grows at Kainji Lake National Park|url=https://guardian.ng/news/animal-population-grows-at-kainji-lake-national-park/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian, Nigeria|The Guardian]]|date=3 March 2017|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228195540/https://guardian.ng/news/animal-population-grows-at-kainji-lake-national-park/|url-status=live}}</ref> To bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, nokku tokooso e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Oyo National Park ina waɗi ƴiye koronaawiris, ƴiye martial, ƴiye [[Afrik]], ƴiye oribi, e ƴiye patas.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Okosodo|first1=Ehi Francis|last2=Orimaye|first2=Oluwafemi Jacob|last3=Awoyemi|first3=A. G.|title=Diversity and Abundance of Avian Species in Old Oyo National Park Southwest Nigeria|journal=Merit Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science|date=December 2016|volume=4|issue=11|url=https://www.meritresearchjournals.org/articles/143218082023|archive-date=19 January 2025|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119071003/https://www.meritresearchjournals.org/articles/143218082023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oyeleke|first1=Oo|last2=Odewumi|first2=Os|last3=Mustapha|first3=Ra|title=Assessment of management practices for ungulates in old Oyo National Park, Nigeria|journal=Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management|date=4 August 2015|volume=8|issue=5|pages=548|doi=10.4314/ejesm.v8i5.8|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Halidu|first1=Shafiu Kilishi|last2=Adebayo|first2=Olaoluwa Ayodeji|last3=Chikezie|first3=Jude|last4=Ibrahim|first4=Azeez Olalekan|last5=Adedeji|first5=Olushola Emmanuel|title=Ecology of Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus Patas) in Buffer Zone Ranges, Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria|journal=Journal of Bioresource Management|date=23 April 2021|volume=8|issue=2|pages=29–37|doi=10.35691/JBM.1202.0178|doi-access=free}}</ref> Diiwal Kwara ɗon jooɗi nder duuɓi ɗuuɗɗi bee leƴƴi feere-feere, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo dow yimɓe Yoruba'en jooɗiiɓe nder diiwal man fuu. Woodi kadi ɗuuɗal yimɓe Nupe haa woyla-fuunaange, yimɓe Bariba (Baatonu) e yimɓe Busa (Bokobaru) haa hirnaange, e yimɓe [[Fulani]] haa Ilorin e yahdugo nder jiha kan bana durooɓe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwara {{!}} state, Nigeria {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kwara|access-date=28 June 2022|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909142535/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kwara|url-status=live}}</ref> E jamaanu ko adii koloñaal, ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ɗi hannde woni dowla Kwara ɗii, ko e nder Laamu Oyo, heen geɗal hirnaange e nder Laamuuji Borgu, ko yimɓe Bariba, Boko e Bissa, e Laamu Nupe (1531–1835). E cakkital kitaale 1800, jihaadi [[Fulɓe]] heɓti won e nokkuuji ko woni hannde dowla Kwara, waɗti nokku oo e les njiimaandi Gwandu Kalifaandi Sokoto. E kitaale 1890 e 1900, njilluuji Biritaannaaɓe keɓti nokku oo, naatni ɗum e nder Protectorat Fuɗnaange Nijeer. Protectorate woyla [[Naajeeriya]] ɓaawo man hawti bee [[Naajeeriya]] Biritaniya nder hitaande 1914, ko adi nastugo nder lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] jeytaare nder hitaande 1960. Arannde, lesdi Kwara jey hannde man laati nder diiwal woylaare ɓaawo jeytaare haa hitaande 1967, wakkati diiwal man fecci, nokku man warti lesdi hirnaange cakaari. E hitaande 1976, diiwaan oo wayli innde mum, diiwaan Kwara, innde ndee heddii haa kitaale 1990 nde fuɗnaange-rewo mum feccitaa ngam waɗde feccere e [[Diiwal Kogi|diiwaan Kogi]], diiwaan mum Borgu to woɗɗude worgo-fuɗnaange, naatnaa e diiwaan Borgu diiwaan Nijeer.[citation needed] To bannge faggudu, dowla Kwara ɓuri tuugnaade ko e ndema, ko ɓuri heewde ko e kafe, kosam, njuumri, kakawo, nebam, e ndema kola. Industiriiji goɗɗi teeŋtuɗi ko sarwisaaji, haa teeŋti noon e nder wuro Ilorin, e durngol jawdi e njulaagu jawdi, be’i, e baali. Diiwaan Kwara ina jogii Indeks ƴellitaare aadee ɓurɗo toowde e nder leydi ndi e duɗe jaŋde toownde keewɗe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Development Indices|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/|website=Global Data Lab|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314102820/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Tariya == Dowla Kwara sosaa ko ñalnde 27 [[lewru]] Mbooy hitaande 1967,<ref name="kwasang.org.uk">{{Cite web|title=History of Kwara State – Kwara State Association of Nigeria|url=https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|access-date=31 December 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124032137/https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> nde laamu konu fedde nde, hono Seneraal [[Yakubu Gowon]], fecci diiwanuuji nay ɗi ndeen woni Fedde [[Naajeeriya]], ɗi mbaɗti ɗi dowlaaji 12. E sosde mayre, dowla oo ina waɗi diiwanuuji Ilorin e Kabba ɓooyɗi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo e oon sahaa, e fuɗɗoode nde inniraa ko Dowla Cakaare Hirnaange kono caggal ɗuum wayliima wonti "Kwara", innde nokkuure nde [[Maayo Niiser|maayo Niiseer]], e ɗemngal Hausa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A brief history of our state...|url=https://kwarastate.gov.ng/about-the-state/|access-date=5 July 2024|website=kwarastate.gov.ng|archive-date=31 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531112917/https://kwarastate.gov.ng/about-the-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Diwal Kwara gila hitaande 1976 ustii no feewi sabu ɓeydagol golle sosde diiwaan e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 13 feebariyee 1976, feccere diiwaan Idah/Dekina ƴettaa, hawraa e feccere diiwaan Benue/Plateau ndeen, ngam waɗde diiwaan Benue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Kwara State – Kwara State Association of Nigeria|url=https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|access-date=3 June 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124032137/https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ñalnde 27 lewru bowte hitaande 1991, nokkuuji joy laamu nokkuuji, hono Oyi, Yagba, [[Okene]], Okehi e Kogi kadi ndartinaama ngam jeyeede e dowla Kogi keso oo, nokku go’o, nokku laamu nokku [[Borgu]], hawraa e dowla Niiseer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kwara/|access-date=3 June 2021|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603103607/https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kwara/|url-status=live}}</ref> Laamuuji nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe ko Ilorin e [[Offa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Kwara State – Kwara State Association of Nigeria|url=https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|access-date=20 June 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124032137/https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dowla Kwara ina jogii jawdi keewndi ko wayi no turmalin, tantalite, e geɗe keewɗe e nder feccere worgo. Kakao e kosam e nder nokkuuji Fuɗnaange Oke Ero, Ekiti e Isin LGA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwara State|url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/kwara-state/|date=9 January 2019|website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|language=en-US|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528222359/https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ummatore == Haa hitaande 2006, ɗuuɗal yimɓe Kwaran'en ɗon mari miliyonji 2.37, bana limngal [[Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 2006. Ndee ɗoo keewal yimɓe ina tolnoo e 1,69% e nder yimɓe leydi ndii fof, tawi tuugnii ko e immigration ngam ɓeydagol yimɓe e ƴellitaare renndo-faggudu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/Nigeria06CensusFigs.html|title=Nigeria 2006 Census Figures|work=Nigeria master web|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821125730/http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/Nigeria06CensusFigs.html|archive-date=21 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leƴƴi ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko Yoruba en, Nupe en, Fulani en, e Baruba en.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Gemma|first=Wilson|title=Kwara: the making of a new state|publisher=Bookcraft|year=2012|pages=12–13}}</ref> Yimɓe lesdi Kwara, haa lewru Siilo 2024, ɗon waɗa 3,390,330.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 January 2019|title=Kwara State|url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/kwara-state/|access-date=5 July 2024|website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|language=en-US|archive-date=5 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705202649/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hoɗɓe e diiwaan oo ina mbiyee Kwarans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/no-plans-to-impose-fresh-taxes-on-kwarans-ahmed/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=No plans to impose fresh taxes on Kwarans|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617010701/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/no-plans-to-impose-fresh-taxes-on-kwarans-ahmed/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Kerecee’en, Lislaam e diineeji aadaaji ina kawri e nder dowri ndii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kwarastate.gov.ng/discover-kwara/history-society/|title=History & Society|publisher=[[Kwara State Government]]|access-date=8 February 2026|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116084845/https://kwarastate.gov.ng/discover-kwara/history-society/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ɗemɗe == Ɗemɗe leydi Kwara ɗe LGA limti:<ref name="e22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=10 January 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219232852/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kwasang.org.uk2">{{Cite web|title=History of Kwara State – Kwara State Association of Nigeria|url=https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|access-date=31 December 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124032137/https://kwasang.org.uk/history-of-kwara-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɗemɗe LGA Asa yoruba Baruten Baatonum Edu Nupe Yoruba Ekiti Ifelodun yoruba Ilorin fuɗnaange yoruba Ilorin yoruba fombina Ilorin hirnaange yoruba Isin yoruba Irepodun yoruba Kayama Bokobaru Moro yoruba Offa yoruba Oke ero yoruba Oyun yoruba Pategi nupe Ɗemɗe goɗɗe kaaleteeɗe e Diiwaan Kwara ina jeyaa heen Busa, Fula, Boko, e Sorko. == Nokkuuji laamuuji nokkuuji == Ƴeew kadi: Doggol gure e nder diiwaan Kwara Dowla Kwara ina waɗi nokkuuji laamuuji nokkuuji sappo e jeegom.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 October 2018|title=List Of Local Government Areas In Kwara State And Their Headquarters|url=https://oldnaija.com/2018/10/16/list-of-local-government-areas-in-kwara-state-and-their-headquarters/|access-date=20 June 2021|website=OldNaija|language=en-GB|last1=Omipidan|first1=Teslim|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015093213/https://oldnaija.com/2018/10/16/list-of-local-government-areas-in-kwara-state-and-their-headquarters/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ɓe lati: Asa Baruten Edu Ekiti Ifelodun Ilorin Fuɗnaange Ilorin Fuɗnaange Ilorin hirnaange Irepodun Isin Kayaama Moro Offa Oke Ero Oyun Pategi == Politik == Bana kala lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], lesdi Kwara woodi kawtal Gomnatiiji siwil'en e sooja'en. Gomnaajo arandeejo diiwal Kwara on woni [[David Bamigboye]]. Gomnaajo lesdi Kwara jooni woni Gomnaajo [[Abdulrazaq Abdulrahman]], mo wurti bee nasaraaku nder cuɓi 9 mars 2019, les laamu APC. [[AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq|Abdulrahman Abdulrazak]] huniima ñalnde 29 [[lewru]] nduu hitaande 2019, ɗum waɗii o laatii guwerneer 4ɓo e nder diiwaan Kwara, e guwerneer 20ɓo e nder diiwaan Kwara e nder leydi ndi fof. Kayode Alabi woni cukko guwerneer diiwaan Kwara e les laamu Abdul Rahmaan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2021|title=Profile: AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq, Governor of Kwara State, Nigeria [2019 -]|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/profiles/438474-profile-abdulrahman-abdulrazaq-governor-of-kwara-state-nigeria-2019.html|access-date=27 March 2022|language=en-GB|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327202542/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/profiles/438474-profile-abdulrahman-abdulrazaq-governor-of-kwara-state-nigeria-2019.html|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian States|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|access-date=27 March 2022|website=www.worldstatesmen.org|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023231430/https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ñalnde 19 mars 2023, Abdulrazak heɓi woote gardagol leydi<ref>{{Cite news|title=AbdulRazaq wins re-election as Kwara gov|url=https://punchng.com/abdulrazaq-wins-re-election-as-kwara-gov/|access-date=5 July 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|date=19 March 2023}}</ref>, o woni guwerneer haa hitaande 2027 nde doosgal leydi ndi waawata suɓaade laamu tataɓuru.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 October 2019|title=Nigeria presidency says Buhari will not seek unconstitutional 3rd term|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/10/03/nigeria-presidency-says-buhari-will-not-seek-unconstitutional-3rd-term/|access-date=5 July 2024|website=Africanews|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705202649/https://www.africanews.com/2019/10/03/nigeria-presidency-says-buhari-will-not-seek-unconstitutional-3rd-term/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gomnaajo on ardii kawtal hooreejo lesdi Kwara. Leydi ndii ko suudu sarɗiiji leydi Kwara. == Jaangirde == Ƴeew kadi: Doggol duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan Kwara Dowla Kwara ina jogii duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Ilorin, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde dowla, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde dowla Kwara, e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirdeeji jeeɗiɗi goɗɗi jeyaaɗi e yimɓe: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Al-Hikmah, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Landmark, duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ''Summit'', duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde [[Offa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Summit University, Offa|url=https://summituniversity.edu.ng/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=summituniversity.edu.ng|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623063246/https://summituniversity.edu.ng/|url-status=live}}</ref> Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ''Crown Hill'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crown-Hill University Ilorin {{!}}{{!}} Home|url=https://www.crownhilluniversity.edu.ng/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=www.crownhilluniversity.edu.ng|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220222533/https://www.crownhilluniversity.edu.ng/|url-status=live}}</ref> duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde [[Thomas Adewumi]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://apu.com.ng/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=Ahman Pategi University|language=en-US}}</ref> duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Ahman Pategi<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 April 2021|title=How many Universities are in Kwara State? – Kwara News|url=https://theinformant247.com/full-list-of-universities-in-kwara-state-location-and-year-established/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=15 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 April 2020|title=Exclusive: How Kwara North lost KWASU VC slot|url=https://theinformant247.com/exclusive-how-kwara-north-lost-kwasu-vc-slot/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=17 January 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012139/https://theinformant247.com/exclusive-how-kwara-north-lost-kwasu-vc-slot/|url-status=live}}</ref> e Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde O<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 April 2021|title=List of Colleges of Education in Kwara State – Kwara News|url=https://theinformant247.com/list-of-colleges-of-education-in-kwara-state/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=15 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414175850/https://theinformant247.com/list-of-colleges-of-education-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dowla Kwara kadi ina jogii politeknikuuji joy jaɓaaɗi ; politeknik fedde, Politeknik fedde [[Offa]], politeknik laamu, Politeknik dowla Kwara, e tati jeyaaɓe e yimɓe: Politeknik [[Igbo]] Owu, Politeknik Lens, Politeknik [[Offa]] e ''Graceland''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 April 2021|title=How many Polytechnics are in Kwara State? – Kwara News|url=https://theinformant247.com/how-many-polytechnics-are-in-kwara-state/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=15 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103004849/https://theinformant247.com/how-many-polytechnics-are-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> E nder koleeji jaŋde sappo e joyi e nder diiwaan Kwara, sappo e goo ko jeyi njuɓɓudi keeriindi : Kolleeji jaŋde Ilemona, Kolleeji jaŋde Muhyideen, Kolleeji jaŋde Kinsey, Ilorin, diiwaan Kwara, Kolleeji jaŋde Moje, Kolleeji Erin-Ile, Kolleeji jaŋde Imam Hamzat Naffadu, Kolleeji jaŋde Effadu, Kolleeji jaŋde Effadu Jaŋde, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Adesina e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pan [[Afrik]]. Kolleji janngirde nayi nder jiha Kwara ɗon mari ceede ko laamu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]]: Kolleeji janngirde lesdi Kwara Ilorin, Kolleeji janngirde Oro, Kolleji janngirde lesdi Kwara (''Technical'') Lafiagi, e janngirde laamu lesdi feere hokkata NCE, janngirde konu [[Naajeeriya]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 April 2021|title=How many Polytechnics are in Kwara State? – Kwara News|url=https://theinformant247.com/how-many-polytechnics-are-in-kwara-state/|location=Kwara, Nigeria|access-date=15 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Informant247]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103004849/https://theinformant247.com/how-many-polytechnics-are-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ina woodi kadi duɗal laana ndiwoowa, duɗal laana ndiwoowa leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] ganndal cellal, Irra ''Road'', Offa, e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laana ndiwoowa, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laana ndiwoowa hakkunde leyɗeele, Ilorin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to International Aviation College, Ilorin|url=http://aviation.africhoice.website/|website=aviation.africhoice.website|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115220153/http://aviation.africhoice.website/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cellal == Dowla Kwara ina jogii opitaaluuji keewɗi e safaaraaji cellal; ina jeyaa heen:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospital Locations|url=https://hmb.kw.gov.ng/hospital-locations/|access-date=12 June 2023|website=Kwara State Hospital Management Board|language=en-US|archive-date=12 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612150438/https://hmb.kw.gov.ng/hospital-locations/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ospitaal janngirde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kwara<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/kwara-govt-approves-conversion-of-general-hospital-to-kwasu-teaching-hospital/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Kwara Govt approves conversion of general hospital to KWASU teaching hospital|date=14 December 2023|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817153310/https://guardian.ng/news/kwara-govt-approves-conversion-of-general-hospital-to-kwasu-teaching-hospital/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://leadership.ng/kwara-assembly-passes-teaching-hospital-education-varsity-bills/|title=Kwara Assembly Passes Teaching Hospital, Education Varsity Bills|date=29 May 2024|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archive-date=17 August 2024|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817153307/https://leadership.ng/kwara-assembly-passes-teaching-hospital-education-varsity-bills/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://leadership.ng/kwara-assembly-passes-teaching-hospital-education-varsity-bills/|title=Kwara Assembly Passes Teaching Hospital, Education Varsity Bills|date=29 May 2024|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archive-date=17 August 2024|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817153307/https://leadership.ng/kwara-assembly-passes-teaching-hospital-education-varsity-bills/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ospitaal janngirde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ilorin<ref>{{Cite news|last=Olesin|first=Abdullahi|date=10 December 2022|title=Hospital Tasks Nurses On ICT, Mulls Digital Services|url=https://leadership.ng/hospital-tasks-nurses-on-ict-mulls-digital-services/|access-date=5 January 2023|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105132442/https://leadership.ng/hospital-tasks-nurses-on-ict-mulls-digital-services/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Olesin|first=Abdullahi|date=10 December 2022|title=Hospital Tasks Nurses On ICT, Mulls Digital Services|url=https://leadership.ng/hospital-tasks-nurses-on-ict-mulls-digital-services/|access-date=5 January 2023|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105132442/https://leadership.ng/hospital-tasks-nurses-on-ict-mulls-digital-services/|url-status=live}}</ref> Opitaal Abicare Opitaal Line Nguurndam Opitaal Lifefount Yusjib nokkuure nyawndiigu <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/how-oliha-died-doctor/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=How Oliha died – Doctor|date=30 June 2013|access-date=5 December 2024|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823214612/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/how-oliha-died-doctor/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/hospital-saves-2-snipper-patients-in-ilorin/|title=Hospital saves 2 snipper patients in Ilorin|date=10 August 2019|access-date=5 December 2024|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208002649/https://tribuneonlineng.com/hospital-saves-2-snipper-patients-in-ilorin/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> Opitaal Balm Opitaal Sadiku Ospitaal laamu Kwara Opitaal keeriiɗo Sobi Opitaal Ankere Opitaal Mimtaz Opitaal Asa Dam Kabaaru goɗɗo: Kala Cukalel ina Lima [[File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|thumb|Bammbaaji nder wuro Ijomu Oro, nder diiwal Kwara.]] == Turismo == Ko ɓuri teeŋtude e nokkuuji turism e nder diiwaan Kwara ina jeyaa heen Esie ''Museum'', ɓulli Owu, gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e ɓurɗi teskin'de e nder [[Afrik]] hirnaange.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Gemma|first=Wilson|title=Kwara: the making of a new state|publisher=Bookcraft|year=2012|pages=12–13}}</ref> Koɗorɗe kaaƴe Imoleboja, Ogunjokoro, nokkuuje ngenndiije maayo Kainji, jooni ko e diiwaan Nijeer, e tufnde Agbonna—Dewgal mawngal Awon to Shao. Won kadi Sobi Hill e nder woɗɓe, ko ɗum woni leydi ɓurndi mawnude e nder Ilorin, laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sule|first=Mariam|title=Off the beaten path: Western Nigeria's Sobi hill offers striking view, spiritual experience|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2022/03/31/nigeria-travel-sobi-hill-pray/7069110001/|access-date=28 June 2022|website=USA Today|language=en-US|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628214127/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2022/03/31/nigeria-travel-sobi-hill-pray/7069110001/|url-status=live}}</ref> Reservoir naturelle mawɗo kadi ina fecci dowla oo e Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange. Ko ndiyam Ero Omola kadi woni nokku njillu <ref>{{Cite web|last=Great|first=Dennis|date=6 August 2021|title=Ero-Omola Waterfall|url=https://www.bigtimeafrica.com.ng/ero-omola-waterfall/|access-date=25 February 2022|website=BTATnT – Big Time Africa Travels & Tours Company|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225100951/https://www.bigtimeafrica.com.ng/ero-omola-waterfall/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Wakati == Kwara woni ko e tooweeki 286,86 meeter (941,1 ft) dow koye maayo, ina jogii weeyo ''Tropical'' ɓuuɓngo e yoorngo walla savanna (''Classification'': Aw). Nguleeki wuro ngo hitaande kala ko 29,54 °C (85,17 °F) e ngu ɓuri 0,08% e nguleeki leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Kwara ina heewi heɓde 101,45 mm (4 in) toɓo, ina jogii 148,38 balɗe toɓo (40,65% e sahaa) hitaande kala.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Kwara, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data|url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/kwara#:~:text=Located%20at%20an%20elevation%20of,0.08%25%20higher%20than%20Nigeria%27s%20averages.|access-date=24 July 2023|website=tcktcktck.org|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724141831/https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/kwara#:~:text=Located%20at%20an%20elevation%20of,0.08%25%20higher%20than%20Nigeria%27s%20averages.|url-status=live}}</ref> Tablo les ɗo mari limngal hitaande fuu bana limngal limgal limngal 12+ limgal taariiha ngam Ilorin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ilorin Annual Weather Averages|url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/ilorin-weather/kwara/ng.aspx|access-date=24 July 2023|website=WorldWeatherOnline.com|language=en|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724144418/https://www.worldweatheronline.com/ilorin-weather/kwara/ng.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Lewru Ñalawma Jemma Ñalɗi Toɓo Yarkoma 36 °C 21 °C 1 Feebariyee 38 °C 23 °C 1 Ñalnde 38 °C 24 °C 4 Abriil 36 °C 25 °C 9 lewru mee 34 °C 24 °C 15 lewru juko 31 °C 23 °C 17 Ñalnde 29 °C 22 °C 18 Ñalnde 28 °C 22 °C 18 Suwee 29 °C 22 °C 20 Oktoobar 31 °C 23 °C 15 Noowammbar 35 °C 23 °C 1 Desammbar 36 °C 21 °C 0 == Kewuuji == Ƴeew kadi: Musiiba laana Kwara E wiyde kabaruuji, laana ndiwoowa yani, fecci ɗiɗi ñalnde 12 lewru juko hitaande 2023, to maayo Niger sara Pategi, to diiwaan Kwara, to leydi Nijeer. Hoɓɓe wonnooɓe e laana kaa, ko adii fof ko motooji ngarata, kono toɓo mawngo ngoo addi ɓe ŋoŋɗi. Ko famɗi fof 108 neɗɗo maayi heen, heewɓe ngalaa heen.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |last1=Onyeakagbu|first1=Adaobi|title=See how all the 36 Nigerian states got their names|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/see-how-all-the-36-nigerian-states-got-their-names/g8bkn2c|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811220711/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/see-how-all-the-36-nigerian-states-got-their-names/g8bkn2c|url-status=live}}</ref> Ñalnde 25 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, lekki yani e yimɓe ɗiɗo, ko famɗi fof njoyo ngañii heen.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Omidiji|first=Rachael|date=23 October 2023|title=Kwara: Fallen tree kills woman, injures 10 others|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/kwara-fallen-tree-kills-woman-injures-10-others/|access-date=29 October 2023|newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029091256/https://tribuneonlineng.com/kwara-fallen-tree-kills-woman-injures-10-others/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Olesin|first=Abdullahi|date=23 October 2023|title=2 Die As Tree Falls On Commuters In Kwara|url=https://leadership.ng/2-die-as-tree-falls-on-commuters-in-kwara/|access-date=29 October 2023|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029091256/https://leadership.ng/2-die-as-tree-falls-on-commuters-in-kwara/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ñalnde 2 feebariyee 2024, Ejire Adeyemi Toun, laamɗo aadaaji waraa e nder galle mum, debbo mum nanngaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.ng/news/police-confirm-killing-of-kwara/|title=Police confirm killing of Kwara monarch|date=2 February 2024|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312114949/https://www.chronicle.ng/news/police-confirm-killing-of-kwara/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ñalnde 4 lewru juko hitaande 2025, ownooɓe ɓe nganndaaka njani e nokku ministeer to Oreke-Okeigbo, ownooɓe ɓee mbari poliseeɓe ɗiɗo, balloowo hooreejo leydi Haruna Watsai e inspekteer Tukur Ogah. Ñaawooɓe ɓee kadi nanngi gollotooɓe ɗiɗo David Adenaiye e ɓiy leydi Siin biyeteeɗo Sam Xie Wie.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nigeria|first=The Journal|date=5 June 2025|title=Kwara Mining Tragedy: Police Officers Killed, Chinese Worker Abducted Amid Rising Attacks on Critical Sites|url=https://thejournalnigeria.com/kwara-mining-tragedy-police-officers-killed-chinese-worker-abducted-amid-rising-attacks-on-critical-sites/|access-date=13 August 2025|website=The Journal|language=en-US|archive-date=4 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204104938/https://thejournalnigeria.com/kwara-mining-tragedy-police-officers-killed-chinese-worker-abducted-amid-rising-attacks-on-critical-sites/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=5 June 2025|title=Two policemen killed, Chinese national abducted in Kwara|url=https://thesun.ng/two-policemen-killed-chinese-national-abducted-in-kwara/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=13 August 2025|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Ilorin Train Station, kwara state.jpg|thumb|Gartirgol laaɗe diwooje Ilorin to Kwara]] == Moota == Korporaasiyoŋ laana njoorndi leydi [[Naajeeriya]] ina yaaji e golle mum gila [[Lagos]] rewrude e diiwaan hee haa woyla leydi ndi. Aeroport Ilorin ko nokku mawɗo ngam diwooje nder leydi e nder leyɗeele goɗɗe, jooni noon ko nokku ɗo diwooje njolnata.<ref>{{Cite news|title=13 Airports Now Cargo Terminals – P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/06/19/13-airports-now-cargo-terminals/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=29 June 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126223359/https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/06/19/13-airports-now-cargo-terminals/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> == Sigga == Demal woni ko ɓuri heewde e faggudu leydi ndii, tee geɗe kaalis ɓurɗe teeŋtude ɗee ko : kosam, kakawo, kafe, kola, tuuba, sesame e geɗe palme. Diiwal Kwara woni wuro Shonga Farms, ko ɗum huunde nde eɓɓoore ''Back-to-Farm'' nde gooto e ardiiɓe diiwal ngal ɓooyngal, Dr. [[Abubakar Bukola Saraki]]. Shonga Farms ina waɗi remooɓe 13 njulaagu. Jawdi mineraal nder diiwal ngal ko petroŋ, kaŋŋe, kaaƴe dime, marbere, feldspat, loope, kaolin, kuuraa, granit, e laterite tawaaɗe ko ɓuri heewde e Omuaran.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Atulegwu|first=David|date=8 September 2020|title=List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Kwara State|url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natural-mineral-resources-found-in-kwara-state/|access-date=22 September 2020|website=Nigerian Infopedia|language=en-US|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026221924/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natural-mineral-resources-found-in-kwara-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, diiwaan Kwara waɗii golle ngam ɓamtude karallaagal e ƴellitaare e nder peeje mum ngam ɓeydude faggudu. Ilorin ''Innovation Hub'' ko gooto e eɓɓooje baɗɗe faayiida ngam wallitde fuɗɗotooɓe e ƴellitde karallaagal diwtugol e nder diiwaan hee kala.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=Population 2006–2016|url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474|website=[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214205233/https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovation Hub|url=https://kwarastate.gov.ng/education/innovation-hub/|access-date=1 August 2025|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616130848/https://kwarastate.gov.ng/education/innovation-hub/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Koɗkiiji === '''Laabi e laaɓal''' Laamu leydi [[Naajeeriya]] ina ɓeydoo anndude caɗeele ummoriiɗe e ŋakkeende cellal e nder nokkuuji, kadi diiwaan Kwara ina golloo ngam moƴƴinde nokkuuji mum e ŋakkeende cellal.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adedibu|first1=Afolabi A.|title=Solid waste management and a new environmental edict: a case study from Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria|journal=The Environmentalist|date=March 1986|volume=6|issue=1|pages=63–68|doi=10.1007/BF02240232|bibcode=1986ThEnv...6...63A}}</ref> Ñalnde 22 [[lewru]] Seeɗto hitaande 2020, guwerneer diiwaan Kwara fuɗɗii e dow laabi kampaañ ‘''Clean'' Kwara’ ngam haɗde ɓuuɓri udditiindi e ƴellitde laaɓal moƴƴal e nder diiwaan hee.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Olesin|first=Abdullahi|date=22 September 2020|title=Nigeria: Abdulrazaq Launches Clean Kwara Campaign, to End Open Defecation|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202009220758.html|access-date=22 September 2020|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001230308/https://allafrica.com/stories/202009220758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Laamu leydi ndii ina golloo ngam feewnude denndaangal laabi e laabi ndiyam ngam waawde huutoraade ndiyam ɗam,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Environmental Sanitation: Govt assures of a clean Kwara, to supply waste receptacle containers – RoyalFM 95.1MHz, Ilorin|url=http://royalfm.net/environmental-sanitation-govt-assures-of-a-clean-kwara-to-supply-waste-receptacle-containers/|access-date=22 September 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410183651/http://royalfm.net/environmental-sanitation-govt-assures-of-a-clean-kwara-to-supply-waste-receptacle-containers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ina waɗa heen doole ngam waawde huutoraade ndiyam laaɓɗam,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Alhaji|date=19 November 2019|title=Nigeria inaugurates water plants in Kwara State|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/nigeria-inaugurates-water-plants-in-kwara-state/|access-date=22 September 2020|website=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002010118/https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/nigeria-inaugurates-water-plants-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> mahde cuuɗi ɓuuɓɗi, e waɗde ndiyam laaɓɗam ina heɓee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Alhaji|date=19 November 2019|title=Nigeria inaugurates water plants in Kwara State|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/nigeria-inaugurates-water-plants-in-kwara-state/|access-date=22 September 2020|website=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002010118/https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/nigeria-inaugurates-water-plants-in-kwara-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ɗumɗoo kadi ko ngam ƴellitde paandaale ƴellitaare duumotoonde 3 & 6 (heɓde ndiyam njareteeɗam laaɓɗam e moƴƴam e heɓde laaɓal laaɓtungal e potal, laaɓal wonande yimɓe fof, e joofnude ɓuuɓri udditiindi haa hitaande 2030)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Olesin|first=Abdullahi|date=22 September 2020|title=Nigeria: Abdulrazaq Launches Clean Kwara Campaign, to End Open Defecation|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202009220758.html|access-date=22 September 2020|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001230308/https://allafrica.com/stories/202009220758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Pijirlooji == Golle dingiral ko Komisiyoŋ dingiral diiwaan Kwara toppitii ɗum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://independent.ng/ksc-at-three-upgrading-sports-council-to-commission-is-huge-for-kwara-sports-pioneer-executive-chairman/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=KSC at Three: Upgrading Sports Council to Commission is Huge for Kwara Sports – Pioneer Executive Chairman – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|date=6 August 2024|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806203016/https://independent.ng/ksc-at-three-upgrading-sports-council-to-commission-is-huge-for-kwara-sports-pioneer-executive-chairman/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/03/kwara-sports-commission-gets-chairman-dg/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Kwara Sports Commission gets Chairman, DG|date=3 August 2021|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817171243/https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/03/kwara-sports-commission-gets-chairman-dg/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Nafoore nde dingiral jogii, addani ɗum mahde dingiral, ina wiyee—Kompleks dingiral dowla Kwara. Ko woni e nder nokku hee ko mainbowl, saal dingiral nder suudu, hostel, nokku jaayndeeji fijooji kam e piscine mawnugol Olimpiya. Dowla oo ina jogii darnde tiiɗnde e nder fuku koyɗe e ''basket''. Diiwal ngal woni wuro kawtal fuku koyɗe Kwara United, ABS FC e kawtal fuku koyɗe Kwara ''Falcons''. Yimɓe teskinaaɓe [[Abdul Rahmaan Abdul Razaq]], dawriyanke [[Daawuuda Abioye]], diineyanke [[Abimbola Abolarinwa]], ganndo ko faati e ƴiiƴam [[Korneliyus Adebay]]<nowiki/>o, dawriyanke [[Femi Adebayo]], fijoowo e peewnoowo filmuuji [[Tunde Adebimpe]], jimoowo Laamɗo biyeteeɗo [[Samuel Adedoyin]], ko golloowo e golloowo moƴƴo [[Kemi Adesoye]], winndiyanke [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]], banke e dawriyanke [[Simon Ajibola]], dawriyanke [[Mustafaa Akanb]]<nowiki/>i (ganndo ko faati e sariya), ganndo ko faati e sariya [[Mustafa Akanbi]] (ganndo), ganndo e awokaa [[Aadama Abdullaah Al-Ilori]], ganndo [[Lislaamu|lislaam]] [[Sarah Alade]], gonnooɗo guwerneer CBN [[Lola Ashiru]], ko mahoowo e politik [[Kunle afolayon|Kunle Afolayan]], fiyoowo, gardinooɗo filmo e peewnoowo [[Ayeloyun]], ko jimoowo [[Yuusuf Ayo Babalola]], diineyanke [[Daawuuda Bamigboye]], koninke [[Teofilus Bamigboye]], koninke e dawriyanke [[Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore]], kiitaaji e gonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi [[Najeriya]] [[Oga Bello]], fijoowo e peewnoowo (innde goonga Adebayo Salami) [[Ibraahiima Gambari]], dipolomaasi [[Yuusuf Gobir]], gardiiɗo [[Ola Ibraahiima]], ofisee laana ndiwoowa [[Rafiu Adebayo Ibraahiima]], dawriyanke [[Tunde Idiagbon]], sooje [[Ahmed Muhammed Inuwa]], dawriyanke Seneraal [[Ayinla Kollington|Ayinla Kolington]], jimoowo [[Joana Nnazua Kolo]], komisinaajo ko feewti e ƴellitaare sukaaɓe e dingiral [[Farooq Kperogi]], jaaynoowo [[Muhammed Shaaba Lafiagi]], dawriyanke [[Lagbaja|Lagbája]], jimoowo [[Salaadeen latinwo]], koninke [[Arinola Fatimoh Lawal]], depiteejo [[Mohammed Lawal]], ofisee konu ndiyam [[Lai Mohammed]], awokaa e dawriyanke [[Salihu Mustafa|Saliu Mustafaa]], dawriyanke [[Ibraahiima Yahaya Oloriegbe]], dawriyanke [[Abdulkadir Orire]], Khadi mawɗo gadano e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi Kwara [[Oye Owolewa]], ko o dawriyanke [[Daawuuda Oyedepo]], diineyanke [[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma|Wasiu alabi pasuma]], musicfoowo [[Bukola Saraki]], dawriyanke [[Gbemisola Saraki]], dawriyanke [[Olusola Saraki]], neɗɗo dawriyanke [[Toyin Saraki]], balloowo cellal [[Abdulfatai Yahaya Serik]]<nowiki/>i, neɗɗo dawriyanke [[AbdulRazzaq Ibraahiima Salmaan]], diine [[Bola Shagaya]], jom njulaagu [[Rukayat Shittu]], jaayndiyanke e dawriyanke [[Tony Tetuila|Toni Tetuila]], ko jimoowo [[Rashidi Yekini]], jolfo fuku koyɗe [[Salihu Yakubu-Danladi]], Kawtorɗo dawriyanke == Ƴeew kadi == Diiso doosɗe leydi Kwara == Tuugnorgal == [[Catégorie:Diiwal dow e Naajeeriya]] [[Catégorie:Naajeeriya]] [[Catégorie:Diiwal]] [[Category:Stub]] j0uev8uygefazc3nvnlgwek8fyylff8 0 5369 173964 113373 2026-06-17T21:24:12Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Birnin Kebbi''' un gelle eɗe jooɗori nder hirna wayla [[Naajeeriya]]. Un gelle mawɗe ɗe diiwal [[Kebbi Musokotwane|Kebbi]] e hore hawtirɗe ɗeɗun laamorɗe Gwandu e 2007 gelle ɗen ɗun ƙiyastake ɗuuɗirka maaje bano 125,594 yimɓe. Kebbi un diiwal fulɓe hawsa’en hawti e Islama kanjum wooni diina mawɗun.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120209023101/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?men=gpro&des=gamelan&geo=368874419 | title=The World Gazetteer | access-date=2007-02-20 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Un hawtirɗe mawɗe ɗe ɓe laamorɗe Kebbi ɗe ɗun ɗarni jonderɗe Argungu ɓaawo ɓe ɗun wadgo Gwandu nder hiitamde dubi alif 1831.<ref>http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |work=WorldStatesmen.org |access-date=2010-10-08}}</ref> Inaare Nyaunuki (Asibitije) Birnin Kebbi e woodi asibitiji ɗuɗɗi e jaunir ɗe goɗde ɗen ɗe tiggama gaɗa koɗun hepta hore Naajeeriya gaɗa juɗe lamu boɗejo. Mislu banoo asibitiwal kiigal nder Birnin Kebbi un tiggaɗu emo modibbo Yahaya memorial asibitiwal hawtirɗe nyauɗirɗe ɗen bo haa eɗun woodi e Birnin Kebbi. Luttuɗe joɗoriɓe koemuueen asibitije ender haa: *Godiya asibitiwal Birnin Kebbi *Salima asibitiwal joɗorigal hore mun *Medical centre foundation Geografie Mago sokoto (weɗu) Birnin Kebbi eɗun joɗori e haaɗe mayo Sokoto e un jokkiɗiri eta laawi yaari argungu (45km waila fuuna), Jega (35km fombina-fuuna) e Bunza (45km fombina-hirna) ɗen e gelle ɗen un gelle ɗe lasgi kongol fulɓe.<ref>https://www.herald.ng/kebbi-to-launch-new-airport-by-august/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=.|language=en-US}}</ref> Jahaaleeji Gelle ɗen u joɗoɗi e Sir (modibbo) Ahmadu Deka jipporɗe piroje ɗe duniyaru. ==Hiimoɓe== {{Reflist}} jwgw7qjc3tk6udmvppiov944ijesz94 0 5534 173992 158554 2026-06-18T03:58:09Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173992 wikitext text/x-wiki == Namadi Sambo == (O ndanyaama ƴandeere 2 [[lewru]] Agustus hiitaande 1954) o ndan'yaama e gelle [[Zariya]] e [[Diwal Kaduna]] lesdii [[Naajeeriya]]. Ɗun ɓi lesdii [[Naajeeriya]] gimɗo siyaasajo [[Naajeeriya]], o meɗi wadgo gomnaajo Diiwal [[Kaduna]], o ɓeɗi lattiɗoo ballitoowo jagordo lesdii [[Naajeeriya]] les [[Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] hiitaade alif 2010 yaarii 2015.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231953/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/north/nt227082007.html</ref><ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namadi_Sambo</ref> ==Njande Maako(Education) == O waɗi njangirde haaɓe (baptist Primary) e gelle kakuri e [[Diiwal Kaduna]], bako o yaahan firamari Kobi e gelle Bauchi, [[Diiwal Bauchi]], nden boh o yeehi town school No.1 e gelle [[Zariya]]. iga hiitaade alif 1967 yaarii 1971, o waɗi njangirde (now Alhuda-Huda college) e [[zariya]]. Nden boh o waɗi njangirde famarde (basic school) e jaami'awa [[Ahmadu Bello]] e gelle [[Zariya]]. iga ɗon o saalii o waɗi degree edow njande lawol mahaale (Architecture) o ɓesdi wadgo degree ɗiɗaɗum e dow non e njangirde nden. O waɗi njanganaakii lysdii maako e diiwal Oyo Lesdii [[Naajeeriya]] be Ministiri Wowroojii e kuɗe (NYSC) hiitaade alif 1979. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090303194904/http://kadunastate.gov.ng/governor.html</ref> == Gomnaajo Diiwal Kaduna== O lattake lattiɗoo jagordo shubtaaɗo waɗoo'wo gomnaajo e Diiwal [[Kaduna]] hiitaade alif (2007) les jam'iyya maako ka PDP siyaasa [[Naajeeriya]]. o innii anniyaaji maako dow sembiɗinki rewɓe e sukaaɓe [[Diiwal Kaduna]]. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090303194904/http://kadunastate.gov.ng/governor.html</ref> == Ballitoowo jagordo lesdii Naajeeriya == Oɗon waɗa gomnaajo e Diiwal [[Kaduna]] e hiitaade 2007 yahrii 2010, ɗon jagordo Goodluck Ebele Jonathan hanko'on woni ronoowɗo sooy'towɗo(died) ardooɗo lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], hooƴimo wanginii anniya Maako dow o waɗa namo ballitoowo jagorɗown lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] e lewru (15 May, 2010). O lattake ballitoowo jagordo lesdii [[Naajeeriya]] les Goodluck Ebele Jonathan iga (May, 2010) yaarii (Febuary, 2015).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111002095107/http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201005185541038</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110427025349/http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100522050147/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/News/National/5570134-146/namadi_sambo_sworn_in_as_vice.csp</ref> == Hiimoɓe == 6qbz35133wemcjuw6nwhtobn8tjm58j 0 7812 173988 97923 2026-06-18T03:18:41Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173988 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kuugal == She previously played for Klepp IL in the Norwegian Toppserien. Mmadu played for Kolbotn in Oslo, Norway, for the 2010 season, helping them to 3rd place in the Toppserien league. She can be seen playing for Avaldsnes IL in an off-season tournament in Oslo on 5 February 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120803195339/http://www.fotball.no/Landslag_og_toppfotball/Toppfotball/1Divisjon_kvinner/2012/Lyn-vs-Avaldsnes-i-finale1/ Lyn-Avaldsnes Final 5 February 2012]</ref> [[Category:Stub]] p078orh41cc5hb0mnnqsr0eb5q83hch 0 7877 173977 90588 2026-06-18T01:00:21Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Jannatyamanch at CPIM State meet 2025 at Kollam 23.jpg|thumb]] '''Jana Natya Manch''' (Front Theatre People's; Janam ngam fuɗɗitinde) ko jaŋde jaŋde nde New Delhi, ko jaŋdaade nder jaŋde wuro haa fuɗɗam nder ɗemngal Hindi. Ɗum haɓɓii nder hitaande 1973 e dow yimɓe ɓe ɓe ɓe ɓeen ɓe ɓe ɓe ɓooyi nder nder wuro Delhi ɓe ɗaɓɓiti ɓe ɓe mbaɗa yimɓe ɓeen. Duuɓal suudu ndun Safdar Hashmi woni ɓurɗo anndude e nder suudu ndun. Janam ɗon jaɓɓa jaɓuɗe ɓaawo kala kuugal e ɗon ceede kuugal maako nder laawol ngol. Ngam haala siyasa, kuddere nden jaɓaay jaabawol malla jaabawol diga jaayɗe leydi, jaayɗe ko'e NGO. Kampaani ɗon waɗuki kuuɗe nder nder nder nder wuro bana boo nder nder suudu, nden boo ɗon haɓɓii habaru, habaru, kuugal, holla, holla film, ekn. Kampaani ɗon waɗi kuugal maɓɓe nder kuugalji ɗi Prithvi Theatre (Mumbai), National School of Drama ([[Delhi]]" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New Delhi">New Delhi), Sahitya Kala Parishad (New Delhi), Natrang Pratishthan (New Delhi); Sangeet Natak Akademi (Kerala), Natya Akademi (West Bengal) e feere feere. Yimɓe diisnugo diisnogo Delhi, ɓe ɗaɓɓiti ngam ɓe jaɓɓa diisnigo to yimɓe. Ɗum ɗon ɓamda nder ruuhu goomu yimɓe India (IPTA). Fuu nder cuuɗi ɗi o waɗi, ko fuɗɗam ɗum waɗi ngam waɗugo nder suudu, ɗum waɗaa nder cuuɗi e nder cuuɗi nder gure mawɗe e nder gure nder lesdi Indiya. O ɗon foondo bee ɓesngu nder nder nder nder wuro.Haa jooni, yimɓe ɓe ɗon ngaɗana hoore maɓɓe ɓe ngaɗani ko ɓuri 8,500 ngaɗugo nder nder nder nder gure 140 nder leydi Indiya. Kampaani ɗon waɗi nder lesdi Indiya go'o, nder hitaande 2007, nde ɓe ɗon yaasi nder lesdi Amerika, ɓe ɗon waɗa, ɓe ɗon jaajugo, ɓe ɗon waɗi kuugal nder suudu jaŋde e nder suudu jaangirde. == shigaTaariiha fuɗɗam == Janam haɓɓiti nder 1973 diga dow yimɓe mawɓe mawɓe dowla dowla dow Delhi, ɓe ɗaɓɓi yahugo dowla haa yimɓe. Ɗum ɓeydi ɓernde wonde Indian People's Theatre Yimɓe diisnugo diisnogo Delhi, ɓe ɗaɓɓiti ngam ɓe jaɓɓa diisnigo to yimɓe. Ɗum ɗon ɓamda nder ruuhu goomu yimɓe India (IPTA). Fuu nder cuuɗi ɗi o waɗi, ko fuɗɗam ɗum waɗi ngam waɗugo nder suudu, ɗum waɗaa nder cuuɗi e nder cuuɗi nder gure mawɗe e nder gure nder lesdi Indiya. O ɗon foondo bee ɓesngu nder nder nder nder wuro. (IPTA). Ko'e maɓɓe fuɗɗii, ko'e maɓɓe ɓe waɗi ngam ɓe mbaɗata nder suudu, ammaa ɓe mbaɗti nder cuuɗi ɗi ɓe mbaɗataa e nder wurooje mawɗe e nder gureeje nder Indiya. O ɗon foondo bee ɓesngu nder nder nder nder laawol. Janam'en laawol nder suudu nder nder nder nder laawol fuɗɗi nder lewru Oktoobar 1978. Ko'e aranndeeji masin e haalaji, e haalaji e haalaji ɗi'e hollitii huutoreeji golle nder nder nder suudu. Janam waɗi darnde mawnde nder ɓesdaade teeteeri gariiri bana laawol hollaago ɓernde e miijo yimɓe. O waɗi kuugal dow ɓeydagol ko'e ko'e, suɓaaji, ummatoore, kiilooji jawdi, kuugal, hakkeeji go'o, duniyaaru, hakkeeji rewɓe, sistemji jaango, ekn. Woɓɓe nder kuugal maako ɓurɗo anndugo ko ''Hatyare'', ''Samrath ko Nahi Dosh Gosain'', ''Aurat'', ''Raja ka Baja'', ''Apaharan Bhaichare Ka'', ''Halla Bol'', ''Mat Banto Insaan Ko'', ''Sangharsh Karenge Jitenge'', And Aaftaab Mangega, ''Jinhe Yakeen Nahin Tha'', ''Aartanaad'', ''Rahuul Boxer'', ''Nahin Qabul'', Voh Bol e Yeh Udiji Dil Mange More Guruji. Ɗuum footi ka laamateeri laati masin masin masin masin haa yimɓe huuwooɓe, fuɗɗooɓe e huwtotooɓe ummatoore. Kaŋkoore nder wuro ɗon haalde ko waɗi e haala ummatoore nden, e ɗon haalde ɗe to nokkuuje kuuɗe e jooɗorde yimɓe. == Safdar Hashmi == Safdar Hashmi woni Janam's Convenor, mo maayi nder nder huwugo nder hitaande 1989. Luttugal dow Janam waɗi nder 1 lewru Janaare hitaande nden, e Sahibabad, gariiri jaayɗe nder gariiri Delhi. Woniino huwugo ɗum ''Halla Bol'', ngam wallugo ko huuwɓe ɓeen yiɗi. Ɗuum fijirde, e fooyre mum ''Chakka Jam'', ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗi fuu ɗi waɗii ngam wallugo huutoreeɗe jeeɗiɗiɗe mawɗe mawɗe nder nder lewru Noofambar 1988. Gooto mo ɗon yi'a, Ram Bahadur, maayi boo nder nyau ndu. Woni huwugo ha nder lesdi fuu ɓaawo halkere nden nden, huwugo ɗu'um waɗi ha ɓaawo maajum haɓɓugo Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust (Sahmat) ha Delhi. Hashmi, go'o mo jaɓɓi Janam, o woni ardiiɗo miijooji e jaɓooɓe nder fijirde politik, ɓurna fuɗnaaku nder nder nder nder. O laatiɗo ɓernde feere feere, o laatiɗo ɗemngal, mo wurtinaako, mo wartirtaako, mo taƴaako e mo taƴanako. O winndi kadi ngam sukaaɓe. Fimji maako ɗi o waɗi ɗon mari yiɗde. O winndi dow fannuuji feere feere dow aada e haalaji hawtiɗi e nder nder nder nder kubaruuji e nder nder bolle. Safdar ɗon wondi go'o nder C.P.I. (M) . Nder anndal darnde maako nder nder nder nder suudu nder nder nder wuro e nder ɓesdaaku aada demokaraasi, Jaŋde Calcutta nder hitaande 1989 hokki Safdar darnde D.Litt. [[wiktionary:posthumously|ɓaawo maayde]]. Safdar jibini haa Haneef Hashmi e Qamar Azad haa 12 abriil 1954 to Delhi. O waɗi ɓiyum nder Aligarh nden o timmini jannde maako nder Delhi. O waɗi maggal maako nder ɗemngal Farayse nder Jaŋde Delhi. Caggal nde o janngini nder janngirɗe Garhwal, Kashmir e Delhi, o huuwi nder Press Institute of India nden o hawti nder hooreejo jaaynde habaru habaru dowla. nder West Bengal nder Delhi. Nder 1984 o acci golle maako ngam o huuwa bee wakkati fuu bana mo ɗon huuwa e kuuɗe siyasa e aada. E hitaande 1980, Habib Tanvir waɗi ko ''Moti Ram ka Satyagraha'' ngam Janam. Ko hitaande kala, Janam e CITU ɗon haɓɓita haade ngam haalde haadi ha Jhandapur, nder nokkuure nde hujja 1989 waɗi. == Janam caggal Safdar == Gila 1989 Janam ɗon hawta nder nder nder nder suudu nder nder nder wuro e nder suudu nder suudu nder wuro (go nder nder nder maɓɓe ɗon ''Moteram ka Satyagraha'', ''Satyaashodhak'', ''Varun ke Bete'', ''Hum Yahin Rahenge'', ''Ek Aurat Hypatia Bhi Thi''). Nder hitaande 1993 o fuɗɗi huutoreede ɗemngal ɗiɗi ''Nukkad Janam Samvaad'' e o waɗi kadi ko safdar Hashmi Memorial Lecture series. Nder janam'en ɓaawo ɓaawo'en nder kuugal laato nder suudu, ''Aazadi Ne Jab Dastak Di'', diga deftere Manini Chatterjee Do and Die. Nder lewru Janaare 2004, Janam waɗi ''Bush ka Matlab Jhadi'' (Bush ko hayre tan!), hollaade multimedia ngam mawnugo no'o ɗon haani laamu nder duuniyaaru. Woniino huutoreeji maski mawɗi, video projection, e music live ngam waɗugo hollude huutore dow darnde US-UK nder [[Irak|Iraak]], yiɗde maɓɓe dow laɓɓugo duniyaaru, e haɓugo yimɓe to ɗum. Yimɓe ɓeen ɓeen ɓe ko janam waɗi e yimɓe ɓeen ɓe ɓeen ɓe mbi'i Surajit Sarkar (moyɗo video), Arunkumar (moyjo), Kriti Arora (moyɓe), Kanishka Prasad (moyɗinoowo), e Ashish Ghosh (moyɗe mawɗo). Ɗu'um kuugal ɓurɗo 45 miniti waɗi nder jaaynde nde World Social Forum ha Mumbai. Ɓaawo e hitaande 2004 Janam waɗi ko'e maɓɓe ko'e nder defte ''Shambookvadh'' dow haala kaasi. Ɗuum fijirde ɗon ko Brijesh, haandi maako ɗon ko Kajal Ghosh, nden sudhanva Deshpande ɗon hoodi. Woni ko ɗum noddi nder festival ngal National School of Drama nder hitaande 2006, e nder festival Prithvi nder lewru Noofambar 2006. Nder lewru 2008, Janam waɗi ''Ulte Hor Zamaaney Ee'', ko ɗum waɗi ko Brijesh, e musical Kajal Ghosh e sudhanva Deshpande. Ɗu'um ko jokkondiral ɓaleejo dow debbo mo ɗon ɗaɓɓa ngam heɓugo jawdi ngam gorko maako, mo fuɗɗam ɓe ɗon taƴina bee ɓandu ɓanduɗo nder suudu ndun, ammaa ɓe ɗon maaki bana ɓandu ɓundu nde ɓe andira o ɗon huuwugo nder suudu. Nder nder nder nder nder kuuɗe nder gariiri ɗe Janam waɗi ɓaawo, ''Yeh Dil Mange More Guruji'' ɗon dow kuugal bandiraaɓe Hindu haa ɓe halki lesdi Indiya nder nder nder lesdi e nder lesdi demokaraasi; ''Aakhri Juloos'' ɗon dow hakke ngam hujja; ''Yeh Bhi Hinsa Hai'' ɗon dow kuuɗe ɓeydaago dow rewɓe; One Two ka Four ɗon dow kuuɗe ɗe ɓe ɗon wi'a dow dow dow dow lesdi, ''Nahi Qubool'', dow dow dow kuuɗe nukiliya; ''Yeh Hum Kyon Sahen'' ɗon dow kuuɗe mawɓe nder lesdi e ɓaawo Delhi. == Safar, suudu jaaynde == Nder hitaande 1997 Janam waɗi suudu jaaynde moƴƴo e moƴƴo, Safar (maaki ngam Safdar Rangmanch), ngam jaɓɓugo kuugal yeeso to nokkuuje kuugal. Safar ko mahol, mahol haandi haandi ha nder nder nder nder suudu, diga Janak Mistry. Ɗum ɗon haɓɓita diga yimɓe janam to ɓe ɗon njahi ngam waɗugo kuuɗe maɓɓe mawɗe, nden ɗon haɓɓito bee yiite e sistemol nanondiral. Ɗum waawaa huutoree ngam daliila feere feere, e feere feere feere waawaa waɗugo nder nder maajum. Ɗum waawi hawtaade yimɓe 600-700. == Studio Safdar, Shadipur == Nder hitaande 2012, Janam maaroyi to nokkuure maako. Wonande ko e 6 km hirnaange Connaught Place woni nokkuure anndiraa e Shadi Khampur, to bandiraaɗo ngal waɗi suudu darnde ɓaleere, biyeteeɗo Studio Safdar. &nbsp;Janam ɗon woodi suudu nder suudu maare nder suudu maaru, e ɗon naftira nder suudu maaro ngam waɗugo kuugal maako. Studio Safdar ɗon haani bana nokkuure nde teeteer e mawɓe arti'en feere waawi naftora ngam huutore nder, foondugo kuuɗe keso, e hollaɗum. Fuuji ɓurɗi ɗuuɗugo dow no nokku [http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/interviews/15-sudhanva-deshpande-interview.asp ɗo] mari e kuuɗe nder nder nder nder hitaande arande nder haɓɓugo maako sudhanva deshpande holli nder haalaaji [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/for-the-people/article4539944.ece ɗo] e ɗo. Haandi Studio Safdar woni Bookstore e Cafe May Day, je ɗon jaɓɓa e je ɗon jaɓa e LeftWord Books. == Nder aada yimɓe == Fim Hindi 1989, ''Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro'', nder darnde Saeed Akhtar Mirza, haani ha habaru Safdar Hashmi. Film Hindi 2008 ''Halla Bol'', mo Rajkumar Santoshi waɗi, waɗi nder nder nder nder nguurndam maako, o ɗon haani e nduuriɗo Safdar Hashmi, e boo o holli nokkuure, nder nder nderɗum o holli wonde go'o gollaaki nder suudu senioru nder nder nder laawol, haani o warti nder ko'e yimɓe nder film. == Ɗuɓɓugo == * Theatre of the Streets: The Jana Natya Manch Experience, tawtoreeki e Sudhanva Deshpande, Delhi: Janam, 2007. * Hakki to perform: Ɗe binndi safdar hashmi, Delhi: Sahmat, 1989. *   * Vijay Prashad, 'Safdar Hashmi Amar Rahe'.<ref>https://archive.today/20130415160258/http://www.pragoti.org/hi/node/2907</ref> * Eugene van Erven, 'Plays,Applause and Bullets: Safdar Hashmi's Street Theatre'. [1] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080838/http://www.pragoti.org/hi/node/2911] * Interview with Sudhanva Deshpande. == Firooji == <references /> [[Category:Rewɓe Naajeeriya]] [[Category:Rewɓe]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sb7we2uzendxcuynn8am6tjav8m6wo4 0 11783 173975 103613 2026-06-18T00:17:16Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Haruna Rone Jammeh''' (jibinaa ko 2 suwee 1991) ko Gammbinaajo fuku koyɗe, o fijiraa ko diɗɗal e nder fedde Hongiriyankoore wiyeteende Szeged II. Kugal Jammeh fuɗɗii golle mum ko e Samger FC. E nder ndunngu 2009, o ummii Gammbi, o fuɗɗii golle makko e nder Orop to Hong Kong, e nder kippu rezerw Budapest Honvéd FC o fiyi heen 26 pottital Nemzeti Bajnokság II o waɗi heen golle tati. Caggal duuɓi ɗiɗi, o yalti e fedde nde, o siifondiri e fedde wiyeteende Kaposvári Rákóczi FC.ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163046/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesg/gamb2-07.html Gambia (Second Level) 2007]<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 2014, Haruna siifondiri e Pápa nanondiral haa ñalnde 31 lewru juko hitaande 2015.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/gamb08.html Gambia 2008 – The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.]</ref> Teskorɗe [[Category:Stub]] nf6b00t7hkd22s5ej259ozd3djaj6ew 0 13355 174123 52627 2026-06-18T10:55:22Z MOIBARDE 10068 Add link and references 174123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Dauda Soroye Adegbenro''' (1909-1975) ko siyaasayanke [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], gardiiɗo ngenndi lannda fedde gollorde (AG) e jaagorgal leydi e golle. O teddinaama e leñol makko to Abeokuta, ɓe ndokki mo tiitooɗe laamu Balogun mo Owu Egba e Ekerin mo Egbaland.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Uwechue|first1=Raph|title=Makers of Modern Africa|date=1991|publisher=Africa Books Limited|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0903274183|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Historical dictionary of Nigeria|last=Toyin.|first=Falola|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|others=Genova, Ann.|isbn=9780810856158|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=310171807}}</ref> == Nguurndam adanɗam == O jibinaa ko hitaande 1909 to Ago-Owu, e nder diiwaan Ogun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mynewspapersonline.blogspot.com/2017/08/ds-adegbenro-owu-born-premier-of.html?m=1|title=D.S. Adegbenro: The Owu-born Premier of Western region}}</ref> Dauda Soroye Adegbenro janngii to duɗal [[Afrik]], Owowo ngam jaŋde mum leslesre hade mum yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Baptist, [[Abeokuta]] e duɗal Grammar [[Abeokuta]] ngam jaŋde mum hakkundeere. == Kugal == O fuɗɗi kuugal maako nder hukuumaaji pamari lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], o laati kuugal man diga hitaande 1930 haa hitaande 1937.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=Adegbenro Dauda Soroye|url=https://litcaf.com/adegbenro-dauda-soroye/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Litcaf|language=en-US}}</ref> Caggal ɗuum, o golliima e nder sosiyetee [[Afriknaajo]] denndinɗo.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Historical dictionary of Nigeria|last=Toyin.|first=Falola|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|others=Genova, Ann.|isbn=9780810856158|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=310171807}}</ref> == Politik == Adegbenro naataani e politik tiiɗɗo haa e kitaale 1940. Ko ndeen o naati e fedde Awolowo, [[Akintola]] e woɗɓe ngam udditde lannda Action Group e lewru abriil 1951. Lannda kaa ƴaañii e wooteeji 1951 ngam suɓaade suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan hirnaange kono o dañii ko ɓuri heewde e jooɗorɗe e Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e... [[Kamerun]] (NCNC) mo Adegoke Adelabu ardii e nder Diiwaan oo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/2019-nigeria-needs-prudent-leaders-rewane-adegbenro/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=2019: Nigeria needs prudent leaders - Rewane-Adegbenro|date=2018-11-10|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> Hay so tawii njeñtudi wooteeji ɗii ina moƴƴi e NCNC, diwgol caggal wooteeji ɗii rokkii AG ko ɓuri heewde.<ref name=":02">{{cite book|last1=Uwechue|first1=Raph|title=Makers of Modern Africa|date=1991|publisher=Africa Books Limited|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0903274183|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref> Adegbenro, hay so tawii noon, suɓaama e ko yaawi sabu ko o jom doole e nder politik Egba nokku oo. Ɓooytaani, o suɓaama e Asaambele diiwaan oo ngam wonde gooto e nulaaɓe mum e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii to Lagos. O arti e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan hirnaange e hitaande 1954 ngam wonde Sekreteruuji Parlemaa to jaagorde Ñaawooje, caggal ɗuum o woni jaagorde leydi e golle, caggal ɗuum o woni jaagorde laamu nokku. Ko o gardiiɗo baawɗo, hoolaare, artikulaasiyoŋ. O mahii jokkondiral tiiɗngal e lannda makko e ardiiɓe laamu nguu, haa teeŋti e mawɗo Awolowo mo wonnoo e oon sahaa gardiiɗo diiwaan oo. O fotnoo ko heddaade e gollodiiɗo mawɗo oo hay so tawii noon o yahrii e laana ndiwoowa ngenndiwal, o woni hooreejo luulndo e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii.<ref name=":03">{{cite book|last1=Uwechue|first1=Raph|title=Makers of Modern Africa|date=1991|publisher=Africa Books Limited|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0903274183|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref> Caggal ''Action Group Crisis'' (''Crisis Action Group'') mo Hirnaange [[Naajeeriya]] waɗi e nder kiris politik luggiɗiiɗo mo caggal mum ɓuuɓni leydi ndii fof, Adegbenro dartinaama e golle mum e nder kuudetaa militeeruuji baɗnooɗi e hitaande 1966. O ardii ''Action Group'' nde Awolowo e ardiiɓe lanndaaji goɗɗi ɗii ngoppitaa. E nder wolde hakkunde leyɗeele leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], o wonnoo ko jaagorgal njulaagu e njulaagu. O yalti e politik ko e hitaande 1971.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=Adegbenro Dauda Soroye|url=https://litcaf.com/adegbenro-dauda-soroye/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Litcaf|language=en-US}}</ref> O sankii ko hitaande 1975[<ref name=":04">{{cite book|last1=Uwechue|first1=Raph|title=Makers of Modern Africa|date=1991|publisher=Africa Books Limited|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0903274183|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == # ''Uweewu, Raf (1991). Waɗooɓe Afrik hannde (Ed. ɗiɗaɓo). Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi: Defte Afrik. p. 23. <nowiki>ISBN 0903274183</nowiki>.'' # ''Toyin., Falola (2009). Saggitorde taariindi leydi Najeriya. Jenowa, Ann. Lanham, Md.: Jaaynde kulɓiniinde. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810856158</nowiki>. OCLC 310171807.'' # ''"D.S. Adegbenro: Ardiiɗo diiwaan Hirnaange jibinaaɗo Owu".'' # ''"Adegbenro Dauda Soroye". Litkaf. 22/01-2016. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 27-04-2021.'' # ''"2019: Naajeeriya ina haani ardiiɓe hakkilantaagal - Rewane-Adegbenro". Leñol Naajeeriya. 11-2018. Keɓtinaa ko 16-03-2019.'' 8bkxktwwj82qosxw7xdeoiaoe402kb6 0 21593 173972 80344 2026-06-18T00:06:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Greenwell Matongo''' ko wuro wiyeteengo Windhoek, laamorgo leydi Namibiya. Greenwell Matongo inniraa ko haɓoowo ndimaagu, biyeteeɗo Greenwell Simasiku Matongo, jibinaaɗo e hitaande 1945.<ref>Shiremo, S. (2011, September 9). Greenwell Matongo: A celebrated freedom fighter of [[Namibia]](1945-1975). New Era, pp.7</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120316100223/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=12590 In memory of our Hero] New Era, 20 August 2010</ref> Matongo ko gonnooɗo konu ndimaagu yimɓe Namibi (PLAN), o maayi e hare hakkunde Dental Leyɗeele Dentuɗe ngam Ndimaagu Angalteer (UNITA) e konu Afrik worgo to Angalteer to Onjiva nyalnde 15 lewru nduu hitaande 1979.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Greenwell Matongo’s remains must come home|url=https://www.namibiansun.com/news/greenwell-matongos-remains-must-come-home|date=11 August 2015|newspaper=[[Namibian Sun]]|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Oo nokku hoɗorde ina anndaa e shebeenuuji e barkeeji keewɗi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shidolo|first=Miriam|date=April 2019|title=Perceptions of the effects of shebeens on the Community of Greenwell Matongo, Windhoek|url=https://repository.unam.edu.na/bitstream/handle/11070/2562/shidolo2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|publisher=[[University of Namibia]]|access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref> Koo nde o hawti e nokkuuje hawtuki ɗi'e, Greenwell Matongo ɗon hoolota deftere ummaatoore, Greenwell Matong Community Library <ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/greenwellmatongo/ Greenwell Matongo Community Library]</ref> ngam ɓesngu yimɓe. == Firooji == {{reflist}} [[Category:Namibiya]] n6dalhlj0ejnwdn6uf9hra0swtu7ccy 0 21948 173969 91374 2026-06-17T23:28:27Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173969 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Evilastus Kaaronda''' is a Namibian trade unionist. He served as the secretary general of the National Union of Namibian Workers (NUNW).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120527175949/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/april/article/kaaronda-to-be-investigated/ Kaaronda to be investigated] ''[[The Namibian]]'', 17 April 2011</ref> In April 2011, an investigation against Kaaronda was launched following allegations of misconduct; specifically, Kaaronda was alleged to have made unauthorized public statements which discredited NUNW-affiliated unions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120331025653/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=38250&title=Kaaronda%20under%20siege Kaaronda under siege] ''[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]'', 12 April 2011</ref> Kaaronda ina haani wonde ɓesngu keso wonde worgoowo, ko ɓuri ɓeydaade ɓesngu worgoowo ngam heɓugo hakkillo politik e kuugal laamu, o ɗon haani waɗugo no haani dow haalaji ɗuuɗɗi ɗi ɗon hawtaɓe worgoɓe. Hakkiilo maako hawti e jaɓugo dow dow dow dow ɓe ɗon mari dow dow dow heɓugo ceede dow yimɓe, be dow dow dow kuugal kuugal kugal e wakkati gaɗaaki ɗi TIPEEG program waɗi, be dow waɗugo ɓe ɗon njaɓɓa ceede ngam kuugal kuɓol ceede dowla dowla dowlaaji (GIPF) miliyaaruuji N600 (N$600 million) ɓe maayi ngam kuugal ceede nder kuugal fuɗɗam fuɗɗam haɓɓugo e siyasa, be dow ɓaawo ɗon ngam ɓesda darnde huuwooɓe ngam ɓe ɓesda bana kuugal lesdi. E hitaande 2012, Kaaronda wurtini diga NUNW e hooreejo mum [[Elias Manga]], ngam "teddungal e golle e hakkillaaji mum", "teddal, feccere e duɗal" e makko. Ɓe jeyaa [[Connie Pandeni]] e [[Alfred Angula]]. Nder 2014, Kaaronda waɗi gollal ngal haɓɓii ha tagdi lesdi Namibia National Labour Organisation (NANLO). == Firooji == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> [[Category:Namibian]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] ln85uqcaw04urs4ivac0ulclkwhb7p2 0 22130 173910 97526 2026-06-17T17:39:10Z Jmabel 9244 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Dunns River Falls plaque Photo D Ramey Logan.jpg]] → [[File:Dunns River Falls plaque Photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg]] [[c:Special:PermanentLink/1232765674#Mass_rename_requested]] 173910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Maayo Dunn''' ko ɓuuɓri lollundi sara Ocho Rios, to leydi Jamayka. == Ɓernde == E nder ko ina tolnoo e 180 meeteer (55 m) toowɗo e 600 meeteer (180 m) njuuteendi, ɓulli ɗii ko ɓulli tawaaɗi no ɓulli mawɗi nii. Laabi tokoosi keewɗi ina njirloo hakkunde taƴe gonɗe e dow ŋoral. [[File:Dunns River Falls plaque Photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|left|thumb|Dunns River Falls plaque]] == Firooji == [[Category:Maayo]] [[Category:Maayo Jamayka]] [[Category:Maaje]] [[Category:Stub]] lmd0tm4vclepa1s5u6zwf7tbxo6usie 0 22516 173991 91738 2026-06-18T03:56:42Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nagmeldin Ali Abubakr (jibinaa ko 22 feebariyee 1986) ko daɗndoowo Sudaannaajo, ɓurɗo waawde yahde ko e 400 meeter. O jibinaa ko to wuro Kartuum. Sahaa maako ɓurɗo ɓooyugo e nder yimɓe ko 44.93 seconds, ko heɓii nder lewru abriil 2005 e Makka. Ali waɗi gasa nder mita 400 nder juulde 2008 Summer Olympics to Beijing, o heɓii laawol haa e semifinals. O jooɗii nder Nyala, worgo Darfur, o jeyaa nder konu Sudan. Fedde maako woni nder Yimɓe Zaghawa (Beri) . <ref name="stuff.co.nz">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319004800/http://www.stuff.co.nz/ "Darfur athletes train as Olympic row rages"], Reuters, April 15, 2008</ref> == Ko heɓii == {| {{AchievementTable|width=auto|Event=yes}} |- ! colspan="6" | Representing {{SUD}} |- | rowspan=4 | 2003 | [[2003 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] | [[Sherbrooke, Canada]] | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 400 m | 46.10 |- | [[2003 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] | [[Paris, France]] | 43rd (h) | 400 m | [[2003 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres|46.78]] |- | [[Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] | [[Abuja, Nigeria]] | bgcolor="silver" | 2nd | 400 m | [[Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games – Men's 400 metres|45.22]] |- | [[Athletics at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Afro-Asian Games]] | [[Hyderabad, India]] | bgcolor="silver" | 2nd | 400 m | [[Athletics at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games – Results#400 meters|45.44]] |- | rowspan=4 | 2004 | [[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] | [[Budapest, Hungary]] | 20th (h) | 400 m | [[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres|47.85]] |- | [[2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] | [[Grosseto]], [[Italy]] | bgcolor="silver" | 2nd | 400 m | [[2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres|45.97]] |- | [[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] | [[Athens, Greece]] | 39th (h) | 400 m | [[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres|46.32]] |- | [[Athletics at the 2004 Pan Arab Games|Pan Arab Games]] | [[Algiers, Algeria]] | bgcolor="silver" | 2nd | 400 m | 45.84 |- | rowspan=3 | 2005 | rowspan=2 | [[Athletics at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games|Islamic Solidarity Games]] | rowspan=2 | [[Mecca, Saudi Arabia]] | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 400 m | [[Athletics at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games – Results|44.93]] |- | bgcolor=silver | 2nd | 4 × 400 m relay | [[Athletics at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games – Results|3:08.81]] |- | [[2005 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] | [[Helsinki, Finland]] | 15th (sf) | 400 m | [[2005 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres|46.67]] |- | rowspan=5 | 2007 | rowspan=2 | [[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] | rowspan=2 | [[Algiers, Algeria]] | 6th | 400 m | [[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Men's 400 metres|46.29]] |- | 7th | 4 × 400 m relay | [[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Men's 4 x 400 metres relay|3:09.37]] |- | rowspan=3 | [[Athletics at the 2007 Pan Arab Games|Pan Arab Games]] | rowspan=3 | [[Cairo, Egypt]] | 5th | 200 m | [[Athletics at the 2007 Pan Arab Games – Results|21.27]] |- | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 400 m | [[Athletics at the 2007 Pan Arab Games – Results|46.16]] |- | bgcolor=silver | 2nd | 4 × 400 m relay | [[Athletics at the 2007 Pan Arab Games – Results|3:06.52]] (NR) |- | rowspan=2 | 2008 | [[2008 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] | [[Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 400 m | [[2008 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres|45.64]] |- | [[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] | [[Beijing, China]] | 50th (h) | 400 m | [[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres|47.12]] |- | 2009 | [[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] | [[Berlin, Germany]] | 36th (h) | 400 m | [[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres|46.48]] |} == Firooji == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] dvmidekclfrtrr3j340ojsavrt4kljy 0 26027 173998 111922 2026-06-18T07:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yuen Kin Man''' (e ɗemngal Sinuwaa : 阮健文 ; Jyutping : jyun5 gin6 man4 ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 19 lewru Yarkomaa 1989) ko gonnooɗo fuku koyɗe to [[Hong Kong]], kadi ko o fiyoowo fuku koyɗe hannde e nder fedde ''Happy Valley'', diɗɗal gadanal [[Hong Kong]]. O fijata ko no hakkundeejo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180928053133/http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&compID=407&matchId=3324 Maldives 0–3 Hong Kong], [[Asian Football Confederation]], 9 March 2011</ref> == Teddungal == '''Pegasus''' Gartirgal mawngal Hong Kong: 2008-09 == Limlebbi golle == === Kalaaba === Haa ñalnde 11 suwee 2009 Kop Ligue ''Season Senior'' Kop FA Kop AFC Total Apps Golle Apps Golle Apps Golle Apps Golle Apps Golle Apps Golle TSW Pegasus 2008-09 7 (5) 1 3 (1) 0 2 (1) 0 1 (1) 0 Alaa Alaa 13 (8) 1 2009-10 4 (0) 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 Alaa Alaa 4 (0) 0 Denndaangal 11 (5) 1 3 (1) 0 2 (1) 0 1 (1) 0 Alaa Alaa 17 (8) 1 === Je lesdi feere === === Hong Kong === <nowiki>#</nowiki> Date Nokku Gaño Result Scored Kawgel 1 10 oktoobar 2010 Stade ngenndiijo Kaas, Makao 4–0 0 2010 Kop Long Teng === Hong Kong U-23 === Haa ñalnde 23 feebariyee 2011 <nowiki>#</nowiki> Date Nokku Gaño Result Scored Kawgel 1 14 mars 2007 Stade Hong Kong, Hong Kong Siiri 0–2 0 2008 Jaɓɓugol Olimpiyaade lewru 2 28 mars 2007 Stade Mong Kok, Hong Kong Malesi 0–1 0 2008 Jaɓɓungal Olimpiyaade lewru 3 16 lewru Mbooy 2007 Stade Hong Kong, Hong Kong Japon 0–4 0 2008 Jaɓɓungal Olimpiyaade lewru 4 15 lewru juko hitaande 2008 Estaadiyoŋ Kampo Desportiif, Makao Makao 1–0 0 2008 Hong Kong–Makao 5 4 Duujal 2009 Laabi dingiral Siu Sai Wan, Hong Kong Koree worgo 4–1 0 2009 Pijirlooji Asii fuɗnaange 6 8 Duujal 2009 Laabi dingiral Siu Sai Wan, Hong Kong Siin 0–1 0 2009 Pijirlooji Asii fuɗnaange 7 10 Duujal 2009 Stade Hong Kong, Hong Kong Koree worgo 1-1 (4-2 PSO) 0 Pijirlooji Asii fuɗnaange 2009 8 12 Duujal 2009 Stade Hong Kong, Hong Kong Japon 1-1 (4-2 PSO) 0 Pijirlooji Asii fuɗnaange 2009 9 20 lewru juko hitaande 2010 Estaadiyoŋ Kampo Desportiyo, Makao Makao 5–1 0 2010 Hong Kong–Makao 10 26 lewru Yarkomaa 2010 nokku fijirde Sai Tso Wan, Hong Kong Siin Taipei 1–0 0 Sehilaaɓe 28 suwee 2010 nokku fijirde Sai Tso Wan, Hong Kong [[Ostarali]] 2–2 0 Sehilaaɓe 2 noowammbar 2010 Laabi dingiral Siu Sai Wan, Hong Kong Hong Kong Siin worgo 0–4 0 Sehilaaɓe 11 9 mars 2011 Stade Rasmee Dhandu, Malé, Maldives Maldives 3–0 0 2012 Kawgel worɓe AFC ko adii Olimpiyaaji == Tuugnorgal == <references /> [[Category:Stub]] puwkkthsl6er9ls8sjl296uacqybuvu 0 26324 173971 107121 2026-06-18T00:05:05Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Gunaouas_Music.jpg|thumb| To Gnawi]] '''Gnawaa''' ( / ɡ ( ə ) ˈnɑːwə / ) (walla '''Gnaawa''', '''Ganawaa''', '''Ganawi''', '''Gnawi'.''' ; Arab: [[wiktionary:ڭناوة|گناوة]] ) ko leñol hoɗngol e nder leydi ndii, [[Morooku|Maruk]] ɓe ngaddanoo maccuɓe ummoraade Saahal hirnaange Afrik. Daartol Gnawa ina jokkondiri e daartol Laamu Maruk biyeteeɗo "Garde ɓaleejo", e helmere "Gnawa", keewal "Gnawi", ummorii ko e ɗemngal [[Hausare|Hawsa]] . Jimol Gnawa ngol winndaa ko e hitaande 2019 e nder doggol wakilaaɓe ndonu pinal neɗɗaagu ngu alaa ko woni e mum. == Tariya == Ina sikkaa wonde leñol Gnawa ummorii ko e diiwaan Sahel to Afrik hirnaange, joginooɗo daartol juutngol e jokkondiral njulaagu e politik e [[Morooku|Maruk]] . Gnawa en ko leñol addungol Maruk ngam wonde maccuɓe, iwdi mum en ummorii ko e nokkuuji Afrik hirnaange. Caggal nde maccungaagu mumtaa, ɓe naati e diine suufiyankooɓe to diiwaan Magrib. Nde ɓe njaɓi diina lislaam, Gnawa jokki e mawninde jeyi aadaaji e nder juuldeeji baɗaaɗi ngam waɗde jeyi e kulol. Ndeen dewal wiyetee ko ''Jedba'' (Aarabeere). == Fijo e jimɗi == Miijo Gnawa ina hawra e suufiyaŋkaagal lislaam gaadanteewal e aadaaji yimɓe Afrik ko adii gargol lislaam. Konngol yimooɓe Gnawa ina heewi firtude yimɓe waɗooɓe kadi golle diine. Golle sellinde ina njokkondiri no feewi e aadaaji jimɗi Afriknaajo ko adii Lislaam, ganndiraaɗi Bori e nder pinal Hausa en. E nder pinal Marok ɓurngal lollude, Gnawa en, rewrude e kewuuji mum en, ina njiytee ko annduɓe e safrude maagiyaŋkaagal e ñawu nguu e ñawu hakkille. Ɓe cellina ñawuuji e huutoraade kalaaji, natal pinal, uurooje e kulol. Gnawas ina fija jimɗi luggiɗɗi [[wiktionary:trance|(trance)]] hipnotik (trance) ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ko jimɗi ɓutti, ɓuttiɗi, ɗi njimri mum en ina fija e dow luulndo ngo leppi ɓuuɓɗi, ina wiyee ''sintir'' walla ''guembri'' . Laawol nanndungol e harfeere e nder jimɗi Hawsa en, ko noddaango e jaabawol, fiyngo, e jimɗi biyeteeɗi (keewgol ''karkaba'' ). Juuldeeji Gnawa ina kuutoroo jimɗi e jimɗi ngam siftinde seniiɓe taaniraaɓe ɓe mbiyi ina ndokka sellinde. Gimɗi Gnawa keɓii njeenaari e nder winndere ndee. Musiɗɓe hirnaange heewɓe, ko wayi no Bill Laswell, Brian Jones, Randy Weston, Adam Rudolph, Klaus Doldinger, Tucker Martine, Robert Plant, Jacob Collier e Jimmy Page, ina njiyloo e ina ngollodoo e yimooɓe Gnawa hono banndiraaɓe Mahmuud Guinia e Mokhtar Gania mo Essaouira. , banndiraaɓe Mustafaa Baqbou & Ahmed Baqbou, Abdelkebir Merchane, Brahim Belkani, kamɓe fof ɓe ummorii ko Marakech, e Hamid El Kasri e Abdelkader Amlil ummoriiɓe Rabat e maayɗo Ahmida Boussou e Saïd Oughassal ummoriiɓe Kasablanka, kamɓe fof ɓe tawtoraama mawningol hitaande kala Essa. Won e aadaaji ina njiytoo jokkondiral jamaanu ko barke jillondirɗo, accude walla waylude aadaaji ceniiɗi ngam ɓeydaade waɗde njulaagu. Naalankooɓe winndereyankooɓe winndooɓe ko wayi no Hassan Hakmoun, naatnii jimɗi e jimɗi Gnawa e yimɓe hirnaange rewrude e wideyooji e jimɗi. Caɗeele jimɗi Gnawa ko Marakech, Tanger, Rabat, [[Casablanca|Kasablanka]], Fes e Essaouira, tawaaɗi e fuɗnaange-rewo Maruk ɗo ñalɗi jimɗi hakkunde leyɗeele Gnaoua waɗetee hitaande kala. Gnawaaɓe Marakech ina mbaɗa juulde mum en hitaande kala e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Moulay Brahim e nder koye Atlas e saraaji [[Moulay Abdullah bin Tsain|Moulay Abdullaah bin Tsain]] e nder wuro [[Tamesloht]] hakkunde Marakech e wuro Amizmiz. Mawningol ngol ina waɗee e ko yowitii e ñalngu [[Nelaaɗo Muhammadu|nguu Muhammadu]] jibinaa. Gnawa en Khamlia ina mbaɗa juulde mum en hitaande kala e lewru ut to wuro Khamlia to Erg Chebbi. E joofnirde, ina woodi leñol keeriiɗo to Gnawa ina wiyee Ganga. Ganga en ummorii ko Afrik worgo Sahara, ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ina kaala ɗemngal Tashelhait, ina tawee e Haha hakkunde Essaouira e Agadir e nder falnde Sous saraaji gure ko wayi no Agadir e Taroudant. Ɓe njimataa ''guimbri'', ɓe mbaɗata tan ko e jimɗi biyeteeɗi ''kouyou'', fiyde ''krakeb'' e mbaydiiji mawɗi biyeteeɗi ''tebel'' walla ''ganga'', ko ɗum jeyi e ñalɗi gnawa ñalnde kala.<gallery> File:Gnaouas_d'Oran_(Algérie)_avec_leur_geumbri.JPG|link=Fayil:Gnaouas_d'Oran_(Algérie)_avec_leur_geumbri.JPG|alt=Gnaouas from Oran with their guembri.| Gnaouas ummoriiɓe Oran e gumbri mum en. File:Gnaoua_in_a_North_African_Interior.jpg|link=Fayil:Gnaoua_in_a_North_African_Interior.jpg|alt=Gnaoua in a North African Interior| Gnaoua to Afrik worgo File:Musicien_nègre,_J._Geiser,_Alger.jpg|link=Fayil:Musicien_nègre,_J._Geiser,_Alger.jpg|alt=Gnawa from Algiers with his guembri (circa 1906) by Jean Geiser (1848-1923).| Gnawa ummoriiɗo Alseri e guumbri (hedde 1906) mo Jean Geiser (1848-1923) winndi. File:AncientGnawa.jpg|link=Fayil:AncientGnawa.jpg|alt=Gnawas circa 1920s| Gnawas ko hedde kitaale 1920 File:معلم_الگناوة.jpg|link=Fayil:معلم_الگناوة.jpg|alt=Music Teacher| Jannginoowo jimɗi File:فنان_كًناوي_ف_سور_سلا.jpg|link=Fayil:فنان_كًناوي_ف_سور_سلا.jpg|alt=Gnawa singer in Salé, Morocco.| Jimoowo Gnawa to Salé, [[Morooku|leydi Maruk]] . File:Moore-Gnawa.jpg|link=Fayil:Moore-Gnawa.jpg|alt=Gnawa Musicians, by Harry Humphrey Moore.| Yimɓe Gnawa, nde Harry Humphrey Moore winndi. File:DANSE_GNAOUI_A_TIMMOUN_021.jpg|link=Fayil:DANSE_GNAOUI_A_TIMMOUN_021.jpg|alt=A group of Gnawas dance to a song.| Fedde Gnawas ina yima e jimɗi. </gallery> == Annduɓe == {{reflist}} * [http://www.ibiblio.org/gnawastories/ Ibiblio.org: Labarun Gnawa: Mawakan Mawaƙin Sufi daga Maroko] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050228092932/http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/gallery/music/gnawa.html gnawa a gidan yanar gizon ma'aikatar sadarwa ta Morocco] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111121/http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php?story=20030414201518943&query=gnawa WorldMusicCentral.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040606200557/http://www.ptwmusic.com/gnawa.htm PTWMusic.com: gnawa ta Chouki El Hamel a Jami'ar Duke Disamba 1, 2000] * [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-55385: Etymology na "Gnawa"] daga ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * Ben Saidi, A (2003) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920065216/http://www.aljadid.com/AmazighKatebYassinDiscussesMaghrebBluesandGhanawaMusicaDiffusionofBerberArabicGenres.html Amazigh Kateb Yassin ya tattauna Maghreb Blues da Ghanawa Music-wani yaduwar Berber, nau'ikan Larabci.] == Janngu ko heewi == * Bernasek, L e Burger, HS (2008) ''Miijo!'' '': Nafoore e karallaagal e nder nguurndam berbeer en'', Jaaynde Peabody * 1996) ''Imazighen: Pinal rewɓe berbeer en majjuɓe'', Thames & Hudson Ltd, Londres, Angalteer * El-Gisassi, H. (2006) ''Ko fayti e Laaruk Mohamed VI'', Michel Lafon * Ennaji, M (2005) ''Ɗemɗe keewɗe, maandeeji pinal e jaŋde e nder leydi Maruk'', Springer, New York, Amerik * Harris, W. (2003) ''Maruk e Was'', Defte Eland, Londres, Angalteer * Hart, DM (2000) ''Leñol e renndo e nder laddeeji Maruk'', Bayyinooɓe Frank Cass * Kono, M (2005) ''Maruk: Ƴellitaare Lislaam e caɗeele goɗɗe'', Jaaynde Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford, New York, Amerik * Hoffman, K. E. (2008) ''Koɗorɗe renndinde: Ɗemngal, Leñol, e Jinnaaɗo e nder Maruk Berber'', Wiley-Blackwell * Maxwell, G (2000) ''Joom en Atlas'', Weydenfeld e Nikolson kollitooje * Maxwell, G (2002) ''Jibnaaɓe Atlas: Ummagol e ŋakkeende galle Glaoua'' 1893-1956, jaaynde Lyons * 1995) ''Laamuuji Ganaa, Mali, e Songhay: Nguurndam e nder Afrik hakkundeejo'', Henry Holt e Co. LLC * Pennell, CR (2003) ''Maruk: Gila e laamu haa e jeytaare'', Jaayɗe winndere wootere * Pennel, CR (2001) ''Maruk gila 1830: Daartol'', Jaaynde NYU, Amerik * Porch, D (1983) ''Haɓre Maruk - Daartol Farayse e njiimaandi koloñaal mawndi cakkitiindi, Hare juutnde ngam heɓtude Laamu hakkundeejo e peeje e doole kaɓirɗe'' 1903 &#x2013; 1914, Knopf * Porch, D, 2nd Ed (2005) ''Sindoron Saharaa'', Ferraar, Straus e Giroux * Rogerson, B & Lavington, S Ko (2004) ''Marakech winndi, Wuro boɗeejo: Wuro ngo e gite winndooɓe'', Defte lewru sickle == Jokkondire yaajɗe == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090611131227/http://www.gnawa.net/music.htm Gnawa.net] </jokkondiral> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070217062609/http://www.vodeo.tv/4-33-3982-des-gnawa-dans-le-bocage.html Ɓooygol gonngol e nder leydi hee.html] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102727/http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=video&no=1052 1052 : 1052 : 1052 : 1052 : 1052] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063425/http://prep-cncfr.seevia.com/idc/data/Cnc/Recherche/fiche2.asp?idf=3313 Ko ɗoon woni ɗo njiyloto-ɗaa ɗoo e lowre ndee, ko ɗum woni ko wiyetee « prep-cncfr.seevia.com/idc/data/Cnc/Recherche/fiche2.asp?idf=3313] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025054421/http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php?story=200407300930188&query=gnawa Essaouira to Duɗal Muusik Aduna] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050421073917/http://www.brickhaus.com/deepdish/the_gnawa_and_their_lila.htm gnawa e lowre brik] * [http://www.gnawamusic.com/ Miijo Gnawa] * [http://www.festival-gnaoua.net] - [[Festival d'Essaouira Gnaoua et Musiques du Monde|Koolol Essaouira Gnaoua e jimɗi winndere]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 885o918p1t5sl7gv4a4x09436dsuxxn 0 30296 173990 126199 2026-06-18T03:54:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Waktuuji duuɓi Myriad''' (万年自鳴鐘, Mannen Jimeishou; lit. ‘Duuɓi ujunnaaje sappo bell gonɗo e hoore mum’), ko waktu winndereejo mo jibinannde Japonnaajo biyeteeɗo Hisashige Tanaka feewni e hitaande 1851. Ina jeyaa e cate waktuuji biyeteeɗi Waikedo Japon. Ooɗoo waktu ko laamu Japon toɗɗii ɗum ko jeyi pinal teeŋtuɗo e ndonu innjiniyaaruuji masiŋaaji. Waktu oo ko ɓuuɓol diwtata ɗum. So nde ɓuuɓnaama haa timmi, nde waawataa gollude hitaande wootere tawa nde ɓuuɓnaaki goɗɗo. Ina waawi hollirde waktu oo e laabi 7 (hono waktu mo woowaani, ñalawma yontere, lewru, faɗo lewru, waktu Japon, helmere Naange). Nde tawnoo waktuuji e nder leydi Japon e oon sahaa ko waktuuji 12, ñalawma ina feccaa e ñalawma e jamma, heen feccere fof ina feccaa e pecce 6 potɗe, ina hiisee ko waktu 1. Sabu njuuteendi ñalawma e jamma ina wayloo fawaade e sahaa, diidi waktuuji ɗii ina mbaawi diwde, ina njokkondiri e waktuuji jeegom keddiiɗi ɗii, ɗum noon ina waɗi feere saɗtunde no feewi. Kadi ina ƴakka chimes waktu kala. Ina waɗi ko ina ɓura 1 000 pecce ngam heblude ɗeen golle caɗtuɗe, ina wiyee wonde Tanaka waɗi pecce ɗee kala ko e hoore mum e kuutorɗe koyɗe ko wayi no fiilngo e sawru. Ko ɓuri duuɓi tati o joofni mooɓondiral ngal. E hitaande 2004 laamu Japon rokki eɓɓaande ngam waɗde koppi ooɗoo waktu. Ko ɓuri 100 injenieer naatii e eɓɓaande ndee, nde ƴetti ko ɓuri lebbi 6 e karallaagal kesal to bannge faggudu. Kono hay e oon sahaa, alaa ko waawi waɗde koppiiji laaɓtuɗi e won e geɗe, ko wayi no lefol njamndi mboɗeeri kuutorteengol ngam waɗde ɓuuɓri mum, hade mum hollirde ɗum e Expo 2005. Waktu asliijo oo ina hollira to Musée National de la Nature et de la Science, koppi mum ina woni to Toshiba Corporation. Waktu oo limtaama e doggol Innjiniyaaruuji Masiŋaaji Japon, hono huunde 22 e hitaande 2007. == Teskorɗe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210704164744/https://www.global.toshiba/content/dam/toshiba/migration/corp/techReviewAssets/tech/review/2005/07/60_07pdf/a0501.pdf Mechanism of “Man-nen dokei,” a Historic Perpetual Chronometer] Yuji Kubota (2005)</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120610201306/http://www.nhk.or.jp/special/libraly/05/l0004/l0423s.html Challenge of the Myriad Year Clock (万年時計の謎に挑む)] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907234042/http://www.nhk.or.jp/special/libraly/05/l0004/l0423s.html|date=2012-09-07}}, TV program (in Japanese) broadcast on 23 April 2005, Japan Broadcasting Corp. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jsme.or.jp/kikaiisan/data/list.html|title=機械遺産Mechanical Engineering Heritage|website=www.jsme.or.jp|access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref> == 4dagn0n5nz4s76n4ht6exjxwhzp6ooq 0 31107 173974 127588 2026-06-18T00:07:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gungu''' ko wuro e nder diiwaan Kwilu, e nder leydi Konngo Demokaraasi (RDC). Ko laamorgo leydi Gungu kam e Sektora Gungu. Wuro ngo woni ko bannge hirnaange maayo Kwilu, ngo woni ko hakkunde maayooji Lukunia to bannge<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120814110150/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1263071407&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-46&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=-850</ref> worgo-fuɗnaange e Kitembo to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange. Yimɓe limtaaɓe e hitaande 2012 ko 23 893 neɗɗo. Gungu ina jokkondiri e Reso laabi Konngo rewrude e RP230 e RP231. Laawol ngol fof ina boni, wuro ngoo ina yettoo tan ko otooji 4x4. Haa e lewru sulyee 2018, hay laawol gootol e nder Gungu ngol alaa ɗo haaɗi, tee laabi mawɗi ɗii ina keewi huɗo. Ko laabi tokoosi tan keddii ɗi motooji kuutortoo ko juuti. Ndiyam ina heɓee e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam e nder wuro ngo ummoraade e weendu ɓadiiɗo. Ina woodi lowre kuuraa, kono gila lewru sulyee 2018, nde golloraaki, nde addani wuro ngoo fotde doole. == Gungu == == Berniwol == Gungu ko e Leydi Konngo DemokaraasiGunguGungu Nokku e nder leydi Konngo Demokaraasi Koɗki: 5,73333° Fuɗnaange 19,31667° Fuɗnaange == Lesdi == == DR Konngo == == Lamorde == == Kwilu == == Lesdi == == Gungu == == Yimɓe (2012) == == • Fu == 893 Waktu UTC+1 (WAT) Ɗemngal ngenndi == Kikonno == Gungu ina huutoree e laana ndiwoowa tokoosa, Aeroport Gungu. Nde jokkataa e toppitaade kono nde waawataa waɗeede e golle so artuɓe ɓee kollitaama. Adolphe Muzito, toɗɗaaɗo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi RDC e lewru ut 2008 jibinaa ko Gungu. Gungu ina anndaa no feewi e juulde ngenndiire Gungu nde waɗata hitaande kala. == Tuugnorgal == 7y5ud87dnh8aa0i1x05zbsisx2spjlk 0 31208 173982 128488 2026-06-18T01:57:49Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120814110150/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1263071407&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-46&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=-850</ref>'''Kiri''' ko wuro e nder diiwaan Mai-Ndombe, e nder leydi Konngo. Ko ɗoon woni gardiiɗo leydi Kiri. Haa hitaande 2012, limngal yimɓe 14,612.[1] Wuro ngo ina jogii laana ndiwoowa tokoosa, laana ndiwoowa Basango Mboliasa, to tooweeki mum ko 309 meeter (1 013 ft).<ref><nowiki>https://archive.ph/20130222010719/http://www.privatejetscharter.net/airport-directory/airport.php?code=FZBT</nowiki></ref> == Kiri == == Komin == Kiri ko e nder leydi Konngo KiriKiri Koolaaɗo kuuɓal: 1,495455°F 18,92772°F == Lesdi == == DR Konngo == == Lamorde == == Mai-Ndombe == == Lesdi == == Kiri == == Toowgol == 309 m (1 013 meeteer) == Yimɓe (2012) == • Fu 612 == Waktu == UTC+1 (waktu hirnaange Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == 4y8jqcgn2zchkdo76d4h2cemre6mrl1 0 31301 173970 129451 2026-06-18T00:03:59Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Koolaaɗo kuuɓal Gibraltar''' ko duɗal e nder leydi Angalteer, ina rokka porogaraamuuji to bannge jaŋde, to bannge golle e to bannge karallaagal. Ina teskaa e duuɓi caggal 16, ina ɓamta pinal jaŋde nguurndam. Kolleeji ɗii ina njogii kadi porogaraam tiiɗɗo ngam wallitde sukaaɓe jogiiɓe haajuuji keewɗi. Ko ɗoon woni to Bastion Sud, ko laamu Gibraltar ardii ɗum gila 1985. Kolleeje ɗee puɗɗii ko nde ɗe kawri e Duɗal Karallaagal Dockyard sosaangal e hitaande 1948, nokku Queensway oo udditaa e hitaande 1949. Nde wayliima wonti Kolleeje Karallaagal e nder kitaale 1960. Gollotooɓe teskinaaɓe Clive Beltran - hooreejo duɗal (2002-2003), yahi haa wonti jaagorgal laamu jaŋde e nehdi e kadi meer Gibraltar. == Ƴeew kadi == Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bayside Duɗal Hirnaange (Gibraltar) == Tuugnorgal<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120830042812/http://home.gibraltarcollege.org/ Gibraltar College: A 21st Century College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830042812/http://home.gibraltarcollege.org/|date=30 August 2012}} Gibraltar College</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gibraltar College's contact details|url=http://home.gibraltarcollege.org/index.php/contact-us|access-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102033023/http://home.gibraltarcollege.org/index.php/contact-us|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GG">[http://www.recruitgibraltar.com/schoolsingibraltar.asp Schools in Gibraltar] Recruit Gibraltar</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130719173315/http://home.gibraltarcollege.org/index.php/history-f A brief history of 'our' time... ] Gibraltar College</ref> == 3l7x2vr1hlqq28buogleu1f5fhztvjs 0 31309 173984 129136 2026-06-18T02:43:41Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lupatapata''' ko wuro e nder diiwaan Kasaï-Oriental to leydi Konngo. Haa hitaande 2012, ko ina tolnoo e 19 432 neɗɗo ina nguuri heen. == Lupatapata<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120513044856/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-46</ref> == Lupatapata woni ko e leydi Konngo Koolaaɗo kuuɓal: 4,67°S 24,28°E == Yimɓe (2012) == • Fu 432 neɗɗo. == Himobe == dvje6g2zrs3v0aimlkpr4gdpob6cy6f 0 31310 173985 129140 2026-06-18T02:43:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luputa''' ko wuro e nder leydi Konngo Kinsaasa. O woni ko e Diiwaan Lomami. Haa hitaande 2012, ina waɗi 39 875 neɗɗo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120513044856/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-46</ref> == Tuugnorgal == s8xp5ysz7tova7wn6nw4ih2wcbz95vi 0 31312 173986 129154 2026-06-18T02:45:07Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lwambo ko wuro e nder diiwaan Haut-Katanga e nder leydi Konngo. Haa hitaande 2012, ko ina tolnoo e 13 317 neɗɗo ina nguuri heen.[1] == '''Lwambo''' <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120513044856/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-46</ref> == Lwambo woni ko e leydi Kongo DemokaraasiLwamboLwambo Koolaaɗo kuuɓal: 10,82°S 26,78°E == Yimɓe (2012) == • Fu 13 317 neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == == windugo == cgv88oba1l82v9htvz35cmvkll7xfv7 0 31313 173987 129159 2026-06-18T02:56:16Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mahagi''' ko wuro e nder diiwaan Ituri e nder leydi Konngo. Haa hitaande 2012, ko ina tolnoo e 19 399 neɗɗo ina nguuri heen.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120513044856/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-46</ref> == Mahagi == Mahagi ko e nder leydi Konngo DemokaratikMahagiMahagi Koolaaɗo kuuɓal: 2,3°N 30,98°E == Yimɓe (2012) == • Fu 399 == Tuugnorgal == 28ziydp28bxoa2pb0cttzryss9tofg4 0 31511 173978 130090 2026-06-18T01:05:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Duɗal hakkunde leyɗeele [[Japan|Japon]] to Vienne''' (Duɗal hakkunde leyɗeele [[Japan|Japon]] to Vienne) ko duɗal hakkunde leyɗeele [[Japan|Japon]] to Donaustadt, Vienne, Otiris. Duɗal ngal sosaa ko e hitaande 1978. == Tuugnorgal<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211020231928/http://www.japaneseschool.at/gakkogaiyou.htm 学校概要]." () Japanische Schule in Wien. Retrieved on 2 January 2014. "Prandaugasse 2 1220 Wien AUSTRIA"</ref> <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20220701231159/http://japaneseschool.at/top-page.htm Top Page]." Japanische Schule in Wien. Retrieved on 2 January 2014. () "Japanese School in Vienna, Austria since 1978"</ref> == r08s0bc8blxp8fh8mlv6l7vdqytjcg2 0 31512 173979 130169 2026-06-18T01:06:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duɗal Japon to Zurich''' (e ɗemngal Almaañ: Japanische Schule to Zurich, e ɗemngal Japon: チューリリッヒ日本人学校 Chūrihhi Nihonjin Gakkō) ko duɗal hakkunde leyɗeele [[Japan|Japon]] to Uster, e nder diiwaan Zurich, to leydi Siwis. Ina waɗi diɗɗal duɗal ñalnde kala e duɗal timmungal ñalnde aset ina hawra e ñalɗi alarba e aset. Ko kañum tan woni duɗal [[Japan|Japon]] ñalnde kala ngal alaa ko woni e mum e nder leydi Siwis, ngal gollotoo ko e duɗal jaŋde leslesre, duɗal leslesal, e duɗal hakkundeewal (ko nanndi e Sekundarstufe I to kanton Zurich). Duɗal [[Japan|Japon]] to Zurich e porogaraam jaŋde leslesre (fuɗnaange) jaɓaama wonde Primarstufe e biro jaŋde leslesre (Volksschulamt), njuɓɓudi jaŋde (Bildungsdirektion), kanton Zurich. Kono, wonaa jaŋde sukaaɓe. Duɗal [[Japan|Japon]] to Zurich e nder porogaraam jaŋde leslesre (duɗal leslesal-caɗngal) jaɓaama wonde duɗal hakkundeewal e biro jaŋde leslesre (Volksschulamt), njuɓɓudi jaŋde (Bildungsdirektion), kanton Zurich. Ñalnde 20 oktoobar 1975, Duɗal ɗemngal [[Japan|Japon]] to Zurich (e ɗemngal Almaañ: Duɗal Japon Zurich), duɗal gadanal ngal, udditaa e almudɓe 15. Ñalnde 23 abriil 1988, duɗal [[Japan|Japon]] ñalnde kala duumingal to Zurich udditaa e 57 almuudo, heen 50 ko almudɓe duɗe leslese, 7 ko almudɓe duɗe leslese. Almuɓɓe ina ƴetta courseeji [[Japan|Japon]] e Engele, kadi ɓe ƴetta Almaañ laabi ɗiɗi e nder yontere kala. == So ƴeew == Akademi Kumon Leysin mo Siwis, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Japan|Japon]] keeriiɗo to Siwis Janngude ko ɓeydi (e ɗemngal Almaañ) "Duɗal [[Japan|Japon]]." Siwis Jooni. Rajo e teleeji Suwis. Ñalnde 15 abriil hitaande 2002. == Tuugnorgal<ref>[http://www.jszurich.ch/ Home page]. Japanese School in Zurich. Retrieved on 2 January 2014.</ref> <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131008015605/http://jszurich.ch/eigo/topeigo.htm English page] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140102072331/http://www.jszurich.ch/eigo/topeigo.htm|date=2014-01-02}}." Japanese School in Zurich. Retrieved on 7 March 2015.</ref> <ref name="AufsichtPrivat">{{cite web|url=http://www.vsa.zh.ch/internet/bildungsdirektion/vsa/de/schulstufen_schulen/aufsicht_privatschulen.html|title=Aufsicht Privatschulen|publisher=Volkschulamt, Bildungsdirektion, Kanton Zürich|date=14 April 2015|location=Zurich, Switzerland|language=German|type=official site|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180813181535/http://jszurich.ch/eigo/topeigo.htm Home page](English) (). Japanese School in Zurich. Retrieved on 2 January 2014.</ref> == p6om0hv3j8a77wey7mw92eojojbau7a 0 32048 173995 133030 2026-06-18T05:34:16Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sesheke''' ko wuro keeriingo e nder diiwaan Hirnaange Zambie, e nder diiwaan gooto ina wiyee noon. Nde woni ko e daande maayo Zambezi to bannge worgo ngo woni keeri mum e nokku biyeteeɗo Caprivi mo Namibi e oon sahaa. Pont Katima Mulilo, timminaaɗo e lewru mee 2004, ina rewi maayo ɗoo, ina jokkondiri Sesheke e wuro keeriingo Namibi wiyeteengo Katima Mulilo to bannge worgo maayo Zambezi.Laawol M10, jokkondirngol Sesheke e Livingstone e Pont Victoria Falls wonnoo ko laawol kesol ngol200 km to fuɗnaange ko banke dokkoowo Almaañnaajo biyeteeɗo Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau rokki ɗum kaalis, ko kamɓe ngoni jokkorgal gadanal ŋakkungal e ko wiyetee « Koridor Trans Caprivi » (anndiraa hannde laawol ƴellitaare Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi). Ooɗoo laawol asfalt njuuteendi mum ko 2500 km, ina jokkondiri hannde e nokku biyeteeɗo Copperbelt mo Sammbi e porto maayo Namibi (Walvis Bay). Ko ɗum waɗi, keewal jolngooji laabi ɓeydiima no feewi.[citation needed] Moƴƴinde laawol e mahngo cuuɗi kesi e nokkuuji turism goɗɗi kadi ɓeydii limde turism rewooɓe e Sesheke e laawol mum en feewde Victoria Falls, feewde nokku Sioma Ngwezi 50 km fuɗnaange wuro ngoo, walla feewde dow Zambezi e nokku ilam Barotse.[citation needed] Laawol M10 ngol kadi ina jokkondiri e Sesheke e Sioma, Senanga e Mongu 300 km fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange. == Tuugnorgal<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121204101417/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Speech]of Dr. [[Sam Nujoma]] at the bridge's opening ceremony, as published on the {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121203072358/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/|date=2012-12-03}}. Retrieved 15 February 2005.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Roads and Road Traffic Act {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia|url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492|access-date=2022-06-27|website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}</ref> == jk0ajj4zmfcx6ea32g4pqfpjb45fq71 0 32477 173994 134369 2026-06-18T05:29:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Seke-Banza''' ko renndo e nder diiwaan Kongo hakkundeejo e nder leydi Konngo. Ko ɗoon woni jooɗorde leydi Seke-Banza.Haa hitaande 2012, yimɓe wuro ngo ina tolnoo e 6 286 neɗɗo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120513044437/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1263071407&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-46&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=-851</ref> Seke-Banza Komin Seke-Banza ko e nder leydi Konngo Demokaraasi Seke-BanzaSeke-Banza Koolaaɗo kuuɓal: 5,337327°F 13,2776486°F Lesdi Ndenndaandi Konngo Demokaraasi Lamorde<ref>https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200706010049.html</ref> Kongo Cakaare Lesdi Seke-Banza Yimɓe (limto 2012) • Fu 286 E lewru suwee 2007, haalaama wonde laawol ngol 22 kiloomeeteer (14 mi) ngol dogata fuɗnaange Kinzao haa Seke-Banza ngol ina wondi e caɗeele teeŋtuɗe caggal toɓooli mawɗi. Laamu nguu ina anniyii dañde kaalis ngam heblude ɓulli ɗii rewrude e tolnooji. Haa e lewru noowammbar 2008 laawol ngol feewnaaka haa jooni. Ko ɗum waɗi kammuuji e motooji nattii waawde nawde nguura e nder wuro hee, tee coggu ngu yoɓetee ko wayi no maniyyu, njuumri e tarot ina ustii fotde feccere. Tuugnorgal 13hmga6u5l5v6xlcmj5z7eng7lzbf3s 0 33145 173989 138430 2026-06-18T03:31:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173989 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Misiyoŋaaji to Preborn''' ko fedde Ameriknaare daraniiɗo haɓaade ruttaade e sukaaɓe, jooɗiinde to wuro wiyeteengo Milwaukee, to leydi Wisconsin. Sosaa nde ko e hitaande 1990, ko Rev. Ndee fedde, no yiyraa e inɗe e jeese terɗe maɓɓe, ina jokkondiri no feewi e Duɗal Soldateeɓe Goongɗinɓe Linjiila, ngal ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo Jason Storms ardii. E lewru suwee 2005, fedde nde waɗii kampaañ balɗe jeenay to Michigan, inniri ɗum "Njillu bonngu Amerik".<ref>Alley, Jason. (June 19, 2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060826180530/http://www.thenewsherald.com/stories/061905/loc_20050619002.shtml Traveling anti-abortion group aims at emotions for its cause] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070927212417/http://www.thenewsherald.com/stories/061905/loc_20050619002.shtml|date=2007-09-27}}." ''The News Herald.'' Retrieved February 9, 2007.</ref> Fedde nde ina anndaa e hollirde maandeeji baɗɗiiɗi e fotooje ɓiɗɓe yummaaɓe e saraaji laabi, hay so tawii noon ɗeen natal ina waɗi sahaaji ko fenaande.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-06|title=A photo of this woman's stillborn baby was used in an anti-abortion video without her permission|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/how-a-photo-of-one-woman-s-stillborn-son-was-used-in-a-viral-antiabortion-video-a6681106.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/how-a-photo-of-one-woman-s-stillborn-son-was-used-in-a-viral-antiabortion-video-a6681106.html|archive-date=2022-05-15|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-16|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Trewhella waɗii lebbi 14 ngam haɗde kilinikuuji.<ref>Montana Human Rights Network. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311105706/http://www.mhrn.org/publications/fact%20sheets%20and%20adivsories/Missionaries.pdf Missionaries to the Preborn: Combining Anti-Choice Rhetoric and the Militia Movement]. Retrieved February 9, 2007.</ref> E hitaande 1994, o woniino haaloowo mawɗo e batu lannda yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik. O hollitii wonde o ñiŋaani wonɓe e fitinaaji jowitiiɗi e ruttaade e sukaaɓe, o wiyi "mi ñiŋataa yimɓe huutortooɓe doole ngam etaade reende sukaaɓe, sabu ko ɓe yimɓe. Kadi so tawii won huutortooɓe doole ngam etaade reende ɓeen sukaaɓe, ɗum wayi ko no neɗɗo huutoriima doole e dow Dr. Hingelet I era', ummoraade e Adocelf won'de ñiŋde neɗɗo oo sabu haɗde Mengele e denndaangal bonanndeeji ɗi o waɗi ɗii ? Kono o teskiima ɗeen ɗoo haalaaji, o teskiima wonde o ƴaañii e fitinaaji.<ref>Anderson, Scott. (July 2, 1998). "[http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/17/44/News/feature2.html Deadly Inspiration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616161506/http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/17/44/News/feature2.html|date=2006-06-16}}." ''Now.'' Retrieved February 9, 2007.</ref> Trewhella ina yuɓɓina hannde yeewtere teleeji yontere kala to Milwaukee, ina wiyee "In Focus.""<ref>Missionaries to the Preborn. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120807015923/http://www.missionariestopreborn.com/mttp_video.html MTP Video Library] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907042519/http://www.missionariestopreborn.com/mttp_video.html|date=2012-09-07}}. Retrieved April 21, 2010.</ref> == '''Tuugnorgal''' == <references /> == '''Jokkondire yaajɗe''' == Misiyoŋaaji to lowre Preborn gz2pnmgnw05tq0kxcbv4pohz8mfhfpa 0 35046 174029 159531 2026-06-18T08:55:52Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344207069|Oyinkansola Abayomi]]" 174029 wikitext text/x-wiki == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == O jibinaa ko Oyinkansola Ajasa to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Najeriya]] e hitaande 1897. O inniri ɗum ko Oyinkan (mbaydi Oyinkansola juutndi) e ɓesngu makko. O woodi miñiiko gorko, Akuisola, o maayi nde o mari duuɓi ɗiɗi. <ref name="Martin" /> Baaba makko ko Sir Kitoye Ajasa, leñol Saro mawngol, ko kanko woni Nijeernaajo gadano mo Biritaan en ndokki konngol, yumma makko ko Lucretia Olayinka Moore, omoba galle laamɗo Egba . Ko kanko kadi woni ɓiy-yumma Kofo gadano, Laamɗo Ademola . O janngi duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe Anglikan, [[Lagos]] . O heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1909. Ndeen o naati duɗal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe rewɓe to Ryford Hall, to Gloucestershire, to leydi Angalteer . E hitaande 1917, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo to [[London|Londres]] . O arti [[Lagos]] e hitaande 1920. O wonti jannginoowo jimɗi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe rewɓe Anglikan. Ko e oon sahaa o hawri e awokaa biyeteeɗo Moronfolu Abayomi. Ɓe resndi ɗum ko e lewru ut 1923. O warata ko e ñaawirdu lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. <ref>(subscription required)</ref> == Nguurndam e golle e nder leydi Najeriya == While in England, Abayomi had joined the Girl Guides. When she returned to Nigeria, she connected with the local [[Lagos]] Nigerian Girl Guides Association, which was founded by an English woman. Abayomi joined the group and was the first Nigerian woman to serve as a supervisor. She also became active in the education of women and girls in Nigeria, which was not equal to that of men and boys. She joined the Lagos Women's Organization. She did fundraising and promoting for Queen's College through the West African Educated Girls' Club, an organization she founded.<ref name="Martin" /> It opened in 1927. She was a founding teacher at the school. She was the only Nigerian to work there.<ref name="Martin" /> Around this time, she became one of the first women in Lagos to drive a car.<ref name="PiersonChaudhuri1998" /> E hitaande 1930, Abayomi resi doktoor biyeteeɗo Kofo Abayomi . E hitaande 1931, Girl Guides annditaama, laamu Naajeeriya hokki ɗum ballal. Abayomi wonti mawɗo komisariyaajo ngam Girl Guides. Ko kanko woni hooreejo fedde ardiiɓe sukaaɓe rewɓe Naajeeriya, kadi ko kanko woni debbo Naajeeriya gadano golloowo e fedde nde. O naati nder kawtal sukaaɓe Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1935. O winndi winndannde nder jaaynde hukuuma kan nder hitaande nden, o wi'i rewɓe alɗuɓe Naajeeriya ɗon mari haaje haɓugo ngam hakkeeji rewɓe nden ɓe ɗon mari haaje huwugo bee rewɓe cakaare e les ngam heɓugo hakkeeji ɗin. Ñalnde 10 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1944, o sosi lannda rewɓe Naajeeriya e nder batu to galle makko e rewɓe sappo e ɗiɗo. <ref name="PiersonChaudhuri1998" /> Fedde nde ina ɗaɓɓi potal hakkeeji rewɓe . Nde Kofo Abayomi heɓi njeenaari laamɗo leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1954, Abayomi anndiraa Lady Abayomi. <ref name="Martin" /> == Caggal nguurndam e maayde == Sir Kofo Abayomi maayi ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkoma hitaande 1979. Abayomi woppi golle mum e fedde sukaaɓe rewɓe e hitaande 1982. O innitiraa ko hooreejo nguurndam fedde sukaaɓe rewɓe ngam golle makko. Abayomi teddinaama bee tiitooɗe jowi laamu Naajeeriya, hawtaade e tiitooɗe '''Iya Abiye''' mo Egbaland . O sankii ko ñalnde 19 marse 1990. == Janngude ko ɓeydii == * Koker, Folarin. ''Laamɗo gooto: Nguurndam debbo Oyinkan Abayomi.'' Ibadan: Banndiraaɓe Evans (1987). * Jonson-Odim, Siriil. "Laamɗo Oyinkan Abayomi: ko mbaydi." ''Rewɓe Naajeeriya e nder daartol.'' Lagos: Jaaynde Sankore (1993). Kelle 149-163. == Tuugnorgal == 4v1d9l285ul4g6toaw018ffw1bq6xox 174031 174029 2026-06-18T08:57:42Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344207069|Oyinkansola Abayomi]]" 174031 wikitext text/x-wiki == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == O jibinaa ko Oyinkansola Ajasa to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Najeriya]] e hitaande 1897. O inniri ɗum ko Oyinkan (mbaydi Oyinkansola juutndi) e ɓesngu makko. O woodi miñiiko gorko, Akuisola, o maayi nde o mari duuɓi ɗiɗi. <ref name="Martin" /> Baaba makko ko Sir Kitoye Ajasa, leñol Saro mawngol, ko kanko woni Nijeernaajo gadano mo Biritaan en ndokki konngol, yumma makko ko Lucretia Olayinka Moore, omoba galle laamɗo Egba . Ko kanko kadi woni ɓiy-yumma Kofo gadano, Laamɗo Ademola . O janngi duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe Anglikan, [[Lagos]] . O heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1909. Ndeen o naati duɗal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe rewɓe to Ryford Hall, to Gloucestershire, to leydi Angalteer . E hitaande 1917, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo to [[London|Londres]] . O arti [[Lagos]] e hitaande 1920. O wonti jannginoowo jimɗi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe rewɓe Anglikan. Ko e oon sahaa o hawri e awokaa biyeteeɗo Moronfolu Abayomi. Ɓe resndi ɗum ko e lewru ut 1923. O warata ko e ñaawirdu lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. <ref>(subscription required)</ref><ref>Martin, Christa (2002). ''Abayomi, Oyinkansola (1897–1990)''. Farmington Hills: Gale Research, Inc. Archived from the</ref> == Nguurndam e golle e nder leydi Najeriya == While in England, Abayomi had joined the Girl Guides. When she returned to Nigeria, she connected with the local [[Lagos]] Nigerian Girl Guides Association, which was founded by an English woman. Abayomi joined the group and was the first Nigerian woman to serve as a supervisor. She also became active in the education of women and girls in Nigeria, which was not equal to that of men and boys. She joined the Lagos Women's Organization. She did fundraising and promoting for Queen's College through the West African Educated Girls' Club, an organization she founded.<ref name="Martin" /> It opened in 1927. She was a founding teacher at the school. She was the only Nigerian to work there.<ref name="Martin" /> Around this time, she became one of the first women in Lagos to drive a car.<ref name="PiersonChaudhuri1998" /> E hitaande 1930, Abayomi resi doktoor biyeteeɗo Kofo Abayomi . E hitaande 1931, Girl Guides annditaama, laamu Naajeeriya hokki ɗum ballal. Abayomi wonti mawɗo komisariyaajo ngam Girl Guides. Ko kanko woni hooreejo fedde ardiiɓe sukaaɓe rewɓe Naajeeriya, kadi ko kanko woni debbo Naajeeriya gadano golloowo e fedde nde. O naati nder kawtal sukaaɓe Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1935. O winndi winndannde nder jaaynde hukuuma kan nder hitaande nden, o wi'i rewɓe alɗuɓe Naajeeriya ɗon mari haaje haɓugo ngam hakkeeji rewɓe nden ɓe ɗon mari haaje huwugo bee rewɓe cakaare e les ngam heɓugo hakkeeji ɗin. Ñalnde 10 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1944, o sosi lannda rewɓe Naajeeriya e nder batu to galle makko e rewɓe sappo e ɗiɗo. <ref name="PiersonChaudhuri1998" /> Fedde nde ina ɗaɓɓi potal hakkeeji rewɓe . Nde Kofo Abayomi heɓi njeenaari laamɗo leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1954, Abayomi anndiraa Lady Abayomi. <ref name="Martin" /> == Caggal nguurndam e maayde == Sir Kofo Abayomi maayi ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkoma hitaande 1979. Abayomi woppi golle mum e fedde sukaaɓe rewɓe e hitaande 1982. O innitiraa ko hooreejo nguurndam fedde sukaaɓe rewɓe ngam golle makko. Abayomi teddinaama bee tiitooɗe jowi laamu Naajeeriya, hawtaade e tiitooɗe '''Iya Abiye''' mo Egbaland . O sankii ko ñalnde 19 marse 1990. == Janngude ko ɓeydii == * Koker, Folarin. ''Laamɗo gooto: Nguurndam debbo Oyinkan Abayomi.'' Ibadan: Banndiraaɓe Evans (1987). * Jonson-Odim, Siriil. "Laamɗo Oyinkan Abayomi: ko mbaydi." ''Rewɓe Naajeeriya e nder daartol.'' Lagos: Jaaynde Sankore (1993). Kelle 149-163. == Tuugnorgal == kcnd42u1o1uazdgvk1o0dkw3qr1977c 174033 174031 2026-06-18T08:58:39Z Amama24 14844 174033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == O jibinaa ko Oyinkansola Ajasa to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Najeriya]] e hitaande 1897. O inniri ɗum ko Oyinkan (mbaydi Oyinkansola juutndi) e ɓesngu makko. O woodi miñiiko gorko, Akuisola, o maayi nde o mari duuɓi ɗiɗi. <ref name="Martin" /> Baaba makko ko Sir Kitoye Ajasa, leñol Saro mawngol, ko kanko woni Nijeernaajo gadano mo Biritaan en ndokki konngol, yumma makko ko Lucretia Olayinka Moore, omoba galle laamɗo Egba . Ko kanko kadi woni ɓiy-yumma Kofo gadano, Laamɗo Ademola . O janngi duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe Anglikan, [[Lagos]] . O heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1909. Ndeen o naati duɗal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe rewɓe to Ryford Hall, to Gloucestershire, to leydi Angalteer . E hitaande 1917, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo to [[London|Londres]] . O arti [[Lagos]] e hitaande 1920. O wonti jannginoowo jimɗi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe rewɓe Anglikan. Ko e oon sahaa o hawri e awokaa biyeteeɗo Moronfolu Abayomi. Ɓe resndi ɗum ko e lewru ut 1923. O warata ko e ñaawirdu lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. <ref>(subscription required)</ref><ref>Martin, Christa (2002). ''Abayomi, Oyinkansola (1897–1990)''. Farmington Hills: Gale Research, Inc. Archived from the</ref> == Nguurndam e golle e nder leydi Najeriya == While in England, Abayomi had joined the Girl Guides. When she returned to Nigeria, she connected with the local [[Lagos]] Nigerian Girl Guides Association, which was founded by an English woman. Abayomi joined the group and was the first Nigerian woman to serve as a supervisor. She also became active in the education of women and girls in Nigeria, which was not equal to that of men and boys. She joined the Lagos Women's Organization. She did fundraising and promoting for Queen's College through the West African Educated Girls' Club, an organization she founded.<ref name="Martin" /> It opened in 1927. She was a founding teacher at the school. She was the only Nigerian to work there.<ref name="Martin" /> Around this time, she became one of the first women in Lagos to drive a car.<ref name="PiersonChaudhuri1998" /> E hitaande 1930, Abayomi resi doktoor biyeteeɗo Kofo Abayomi . E hitaande 1931, Girl Guides annditaama, laamu Naajeeriya hokki ɗum ballal. Abayomi wonti mawɗo komisariyaajo ngam Girl Guides. Ko kanko woni hooreejo fedde ardiiɓe sukaaɓe rewɓe Naajeeriya, kadi ko kanko woni debbo Naajeeriya gadano golloowo e fedde nde. O naati nder kawtal sukaaɓe Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1935. O winndi winndannde nder jaaynde hukuuma kan nder hitaande nden, o wi'i rewɓe alɗuɓe Naajeeriya ɗon mari haaje haɓugo ngam hakkeeji rewɓe nden ɓe ɗon mari haaje huwugo bee rewɓe cakaare e les ngam heɓugo hakkeeji ɗin. Ñalnde 10 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1944, o sosi lannda rewɓe Naajeeriya e nder batu to galle makko e rewɓe sappo e ɗiɗo. <ref name="PiersonChaudhuri1998" /> Fedde nde ina ɗaɓɓi potal hakkeeji rewɓe . Nde Kofo Abayomi heɓi njeenaari laamɗo leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1954, Abayomi anndiraa Lady Abayomi. <ref name="Martin" /> == Caggal nguurndam e maayde == Sir Kofo Abayomi maayi ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkoma hitaande 1979. Abayomi woppi golle mum e fedde sukaaɓe rewɓe e hitaande 1982. O innitiraa ko hooreejo nguurndam fedde sukaaɓe rewɓe ngam golle makko. Abayomi teddinaama bee tiitooɗe jowi laamu Naajeeriya, hawtaade e tiitooɗe '''Iya Abiye''' mo Egbaland . O sankii ko ñalnde 19 marse 1990. == Janngude ko ɓeydii == * Koker, Folarin. ''Laamɗo gooto: Nguurndam debbo Oyinkan Abayomi.'' Ibadan: Banndiraaɓe Evans (1987). * Jonson-Odim, Siriil. "Laamɗo Oyinkan Abayomi: ko mbaydi." ''Rewɓe Naajeeriya e nder daartol.'' Lagos: Jaaynde Sankore (1993). Kelle 149-163. == Tuugnorgal == fp8ywhootq4r3cxy92m1qck08rs5f05 0 35724 173981 149466 2026-06-18T01:51:17Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Kembé''' ko wuro wonngo e diiwaan Basse-Kotto e nder diiwaan Cakaare Afrik. Ko ɗoon woni ɓuuɓol ɗiɗmol Kotto Falls. == Tariya == E hitaande 1985, Kembé waɗtaa kuuraa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rius|first1=Juan Fandos|last2=Bradshaw|first2=Richard|title=Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Maryland|isbn=9780810879928|page=251}}</ref> Kembé, wondude e Dimbi ɓadiiɗo ɗum, nanngaa ko e juuɗe murtuɓe Séléka ñalnde 20–21 lewru Yarkomaa 2013. E lewru noowammbar 2016, haalaama wonde Kembe ina woni e juuɗe murtuɓe ummoriiɓe Dental Jam to Republique Centre Afrique. Ñalnde 11 oktoobar 2017, 25 siwil juulɓe mbaraa e juuɗe milisaaji luulndiiɓe balaka en e nder jumaa gooto to wuro wiyeteengo Kembe. Haa lewru Juko 2019 Kembe woni les njiimaandi Anti-balaka. Ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy 2021 wuro ngo heɓtinaama e juuɗe konu laamu, kono caggal ɗuum ngo heɓtinaama e juuɗe murtuɓe UPC, haa e lewru Abriil 2022 ngo heddii ko e juuɗe UPC.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/2/2/car-peace-deal-yet-to-translate-into-reality CAR peace deal yet to translate into reality], 2 February 2013</ref><ref>[https://www.ipisresearch.be/mapping/webmapping/car/v2/#4.619052459003825/21.88904643058777/12.527953506022076/4/2/ IPIS Survey]</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 October 2017|title=Christian anti-Balaka militants kill 25 worshippers in mosque in Central African Republic|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2017/10/14/christian-anti-balaka-militants-kill-25-worshippers-in-mosque-in-central-african-republic/|access-date=16 October 2017|website=[[Daily Sabah]]}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230405172935/https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/S/2019/930 Letter dated 6 December 2019 from the Panel of Experts on the Central African Republic extended pursuant to resolution 2454 (2019) addressed to the President of the Security Council ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405172935/https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/S/2019/930|date=5 April 2023}}, page 153</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210507044954/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-reprise-de-la-ville-de-kembe-mais-aussi-de-dimbi-de-poumbolo-et-de-gambo-par-les-forces-loyalistes/ RCA : reprise de la ville de Kémbé, mais aussi de Dimbi, de Poumbolo et de Gambo par les forces loyalistes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507044954/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-reprise-de-la-ville-de-kembe-mais-aussi-de-dimbi-de-poumbolo-et-de-gambo-par-les-forces-loyalistes/|date=2021-05-07}}, 6 May 2021</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220528091309/http://lengosongo.cf/2022/04/27/centrafrique-quest-ce-qui-cacherait-derriere-les-regains-de-violences-ou-ali-darassa-apercu-a-la-kotto-a-5-kilometres-de-kembe/ Centrafrique : Qu’est ce qui cacherait derrière les regains de violences où Ali Darassa aperçu à la Kotto à 5 kilomètres de Kembé ?], 27 April 2022</ref> == Tuugnorgal == <references /> 0e3nindxauhwles4goznjctn6obdjj4 0 36165 173996 151481 2026-06-18T05:37:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sharon Jemutai Cherop''' (jibinaa ko 16 marse 1984) ko dogoowo Keñiya, keɓtinaaɗo e dogdu juutndu. O heɓi njeenaari njamndi mboɗeeri e duuɓi sappo e jeegom e nder 5000 meeter e kawgel winnderewal sukaaɓe. Ko kanko woni keɓɗo njeenaari njamndi e nder maraton e kawgel winnderewal 2011 e nder atletik, o heɓi kadi njeenaari Boston e hitaande 2012.place.<ref>Ouma, Mark (20 September 1999). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid=15313.html Gete Wami shines again in the 10,000m]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130015340/http://www2.iaaf.org/WJC00/News/index.asp?Filename=latest.asp%3FKind%3D4 2000 World Junior Championships – Women’s 5000m final] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130015340/http://www2.iaaf.org/WJC00/News/index.asp?Filename=latest.asp%3FKind%3D4|date=30 January 2011}}. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref><ref name="JK" /> Caggal medayuuji makko tokoosi, ko e hitaande 2010 o heɓi nafoore to bannge mawnde. O waɗii maraton makko gadano e maraton Twin Cities (ina ara tataɓo) o heɓi maraton makko gadano e hitaande 2010, ko adii fof e maraton Hamburg, caggal ɗuum e maraton Toronto Waterfront, mo o dañi e waktu 2:22:42 ngam waktu ɓurɗo yaawde e dow leydi Kanadaa. Ko ɓuri moƴƴude e makko ko 2:22:39, o waɗtaa ko e Maraton Dubaï 2012.<ref>Njenga, Peter (28 January 2002). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid=12818.html World champ Limo excels as a record 2000 athletes compete in Discovery Kenya meeting]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsId=25197.html Kosgei and Kemboi opt out of final for juniors' sake – Sixth Athletics Kenya Weekend meet]. [[IAAF]] (9 May 2004). Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref><ref>Okoth, Omulo (29 January 2005). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid=28369.html Ochichi and Kamathi take Kenyan Police Cross Country title]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref> == Kugal == Gaaɓondiral gadanal Cherop mawni ko e galle jom jawdi en to diiwaan Marakwet to leydi Keñiya. Kanko e miñiraaɓe makko tato ɓee fof, ɓe ƴettii atletik gila ɓe ngoni sukaaɓe. O dogi ngam yahde duɗal makko, duɗal leslesal Tirap, o fuɗɗii kawgel to bannge diiwaan gila omo yahra e duuɓi 13. O heɓi heen miijo ko Catherine Ndereba, hoɗnooɗo e nokku hee, Evans Rutto (maraton goɗɗo nokku oo) fodani mo wallude mo so o waɗii golle moƴƴe. Cherop gadano kawgel mawngel ko Pijirlooji Afrik fof e hitaande 1999 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 15, kono o waɗaani podium, o ari e nokku nayaɓo.O woniino keɓɗo njeenaari njamndi mboɗeeri ko ɓuri 5000 meeter e kawgel winnderewal sukaaɓe e hitaande 2000 e nder atletik.O joofniri ko caggal Dorcus SiheziorearS Sukaaɓe rewɓe, e les njiimaandi gardiiɗo dogdu Boniface Tiren, e gollodaade e sukaaɓe dogooɓe fotɓe woɗɓe, ina jeyaa heen Janeth Jepkosgei e Vivian Cheruiyot, garoowo e winndere ndee. Gaññeeje goddol taƴii sahaa doggudu makko e hitaande 2001.<ref>[https://www.arrs.run/HP_PkbHM.htm News and Sentinel Half Marathon]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]] (23 August 2010). Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref><ref>Monahan, Ian (16 September 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152659/http://www.runningusa.org/media/wire2007/Wire2007-74.html Kibet, Chepchumba Claim Victory at Philadelphia Distance Run] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152659/http://www.runningusa.org/media/wire2007/Wire2007-74.html|date=18 July 2011}}. Running USA Wire. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref><ref>Monahan, Ian (27 April 2008). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid=44580.html Chebii, Ponomarenko, take Country Music Marathon victories]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820082936/http://amerikenyanrunningclub.org/39.html 2008 Race Results] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20080820082936/http://amerikenyanrunningclub.org/39.html|date=20 August 2008}}. AmeriKenyan Running Club. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref><ref>Macharia, David (20 December 2009). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=55159.html Teenager Ndiema surprises with Baringo Half Marathon victory]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref><ref>Gains, Paul (26 September 2010). [http://www.iaaf.org/LRR10/news/newsid=58390.html Mungara and Cherop take Toronto Marathon titles as Canadian All-Comers records tumble]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 27 September 2010.</ref> E nder pottital mawngal to leydi Kenya e lewru Yarkomaa 2002 o heɓi tataɓo e nder pottital mawngal caggal Joan Jepkorir Aiyabei, keɓɗo pottital ngal. O heɓi kadi nafoore ngenndiire e dow laawol ngol, o heɓi 5000 m e kawgel Athletics Kenya 2004.E kawgel polis Kenya e lewru Yarkomaa 2005 o heɓi tataɓo e doggol 8 km caggal Isabella Ochichi, keɓɗo medal Olimpiyaade e Jakunyi, keɓɗo njeenaari Olimpiyaade. O naati e taƴre feccere maraton e maraton Nairobi e lewru oktoobar 2005, o woni ɗiɗaɓo caggal Lineth Chepkirui. O arti e dogdu cross country lewru caggal ɗuum, o woni tataɓo e gooto e batuuji AK. O tawtoraama dogdu adanndu 10km rewɓe Shoe4Africa to Iten, o dogi ko 36:02 ngam heɓde ɗiɗmo caggal Doris Changeywo. Cherop, mo duuɓi 21, fuɗɗinooma heblo ko e fedde mawnde e daɗndooɓe laawol, ina heen Evans Rutto, keɓɗo maraton Chicago, e Lameck Aguta, keɓɗo Boston. O fuɗɗii ɓurde tiiɗnaade ko e kawgel laawol, o woni tataɓo e kawgel jam Tegla Loroupe e darorɗe hitaande ndee. O woni joyaɓo e kawgel 15ɓol Discovery Kenya e lewru Yarkomaa 2007. == Fuɗɗoode maraton == Cherop waɗii yeewtere mum adannde e dogdu laawol Amerik e darorɗe hitaande ndee, o fuɗɗorii ko nafoore e feccere maraton News e Sentinel e waktu 1:12:26, ​​caggal ɗuum o woni nayaɓo e waktu ɓurɗo moƴƴude e dogdu Philadelphia Distance Run. E lewru oktoobar o waɗii yeewtere makko adannde e nder wuro Minneapolis-Saint Paul. O ardii e Svetlana Ponomarenko ko ɓuri heewde e dogdu nduu kono o ƴetti ko Riisinaajo e Alena Vinitskaya e kilooji cakkitiiɗi ɗii, o fotnoo ko jooɗaade e nokku tataɓo e waktu 2:38:45 Cherop (duuɓi 15 ko ɓuri ɗum famɗude) joofniri ko e nokku nayaɓo.E nder Azalea Trail Run e lewru mee o waɗii 10K ɓurɗo moƴƴude e 32:43 ngam heɓde nokku nayaɓo.Maraton makko gadano e hitaande 2009 ari ko e Maraton Nairobi, o fooli minitaaji keewɗi e doggol makko ɓurngol moƴƴude e doggudu 2:33:53 ngam heɓde tataɓo E nder dogdu rewɓe 15 km to Baringo Half Marathon e lewru desaambar 2009 o naati e dogdu juutndu ngam ardaade e Agnes Kiprop, hay so tawii o fadi e nder daawal gadanal ngal, o woni ɗiɗaɓo e nder hojomaaji 52:01 e 2:28:38 – ko ɓuri hojomaaji joy ɓuri yaawde e waktu makko ɓennuɗo oo. "Ko huunde saɗnde dogde tan ko juuti, kono miɗo tiiɗnoo no feewi", o wiyi e nafoore makko adannde mawnde to Orop. Ndeeɗoo maande dartaaki ko juuti nde o ɓeydii moƴƴude kadi e Maraton Toronto Waterfront e lewru suwee 2010, ɗo o yani e hakkunde dogdu kono o selli ngam haɓaade Tirfi Tsegaye ngam heɓde dogdu nduu e waktu 2:22:42 – dogdu ɓurndu yaawde e Kanadaa, o fooli Lidia’s the100 mo Rumaani Kaɓirɗe to Edmonton. Taƴre tataɓere e Maraton Boston 2011 addani Cherop nokku e nder kippu maraton ngenndiijo O yahi haa o heɓi njeenaari njamndi e nder maraton e kawgel winnderewal 2011 e nder atletik – njeenaari makko gadani e nder winndere ndee to bannge mawɓe. Joɗnde makko kadi waɗii sweep podium Keñiya e Edna Kiplagat e Priscah Jeptoo, ko ɗum woni gadanol e kawgel maraton to bannge winndere.E lewru noowammbar o waɗii ɓural makko e nder feccere maraton Delhi, o woni ɗiɗaɓo caggal Lucy Wangui e waktu 1:07:08. O heɓi njeenaari ndi konu leydi Kenya 2012 e lewru Yarkomaa, o jokki e dogde e Hellen Obiri.Ɗum waɗii peeje ngam waɗde Marathon Dubaï caggal lewru nduu e nder dogdu yaawndu o joofniri ko jeeɗiɗaɓo kono o fooli leƴƴanɗe tati e dogdu makko ɓurndu moƴƴude e waktuuji 2:22:39. Lebbi tati caggal ɗuum o dogi e Maraton Boston 2012, o fooli Jemima Sumgong e dogdu dogdu ngam heɓde dogdu nduu e waktu 2:31:50 (leeltugol nguleeki ngulki) Ko ɗuum fof e wayde noon, o suɓaaka e kippu maraton Olimpiyaade Keñiya e ndeen hitaande. O etinooma heɓde nokku e nder 10 000 m, kono o arii nayaɓo e kawgel ngenndiwal. O dogi 10 km ɓurɗo moƴƴude e hojomaaji 32:03 ngam wonde tataɓo e BAA 10K caggal ɗuum o yahi haa o heɓi nafooje e feccere maraton Philadelphia e maraton Turin. == Baɗte == Denndaangal njeñtudi ko fayti e maraton, so wonaa tawa ko noon wiyraa Hitaande kawgel Nokku Darnde Notes Kewu == Wakiiliijo leydi Keñiya == Kaɓirɗe winndereeje 2000 to Santiyaago, Siili 3ɓo e 5000m 16:23.73 2007 Maraton gure ɗiɗi Minneapolis, Amerik Maraton tataɓo 2:38:45 Maraton Nairobi 2009 Nairobi, Keñiya Maraton tataɓo 2:33:53 Maraton Hamburg 2010 Hamburg, Almaañ Maraton gadano 2:28:38 Maraton Toronto 2010 to bannge ndiyam Toronto, Kanadaa Maraton gadano 2:22:42 Maraton Boston 2011 Boston, Amerik Maraton tataɓo 2:22:42 Maraton Boston 2012 Boston, Amerik Maraton gadano 2:31:50 == Tuugnorgal == dcxz5k97rz0jx3xhkrtvam8rw93z9q0 0 37871 173958 157907 2026-06-17T20:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173958 wikitext text/x-wiki Gila e Wikipedia, ansiklopiiji ɗi ngalaa njoɓdi '''Ladde Airag''' Natal satelit maayo Natal satelit ƴettaa ko e Landsat 7. Lake Airag woni ko e leydi MongoliLake AiragLake Airag Nokku Uvs aimag, leydi Mongoli Koolaaɗo kuuɓal 48°53′ Fuɗnaange 93°25′ Fuɗnaange Lake type ndiyam laaɓɗam Ko adii fof ko maayo Zavkhan, maayo Khüngüin Ko adii fof ko maayo Khyargas yaltata Leyɗeele Basin Mongoli, Riisi Maks. njuuteendi mum ko 18 km (11 miil) Maks. njaajeendi mum ko 13 km (8,1 mi) Wertallo leydi ndii ko 143,3 km2 (55,3 km2) Hakindo luggiɗgol ngol ko 5,7 m (19 ft) Maks. luggiɗde 10 m (33 meeteer) Ɗaɗi ndiyam ɗii ko 819,6 m3 (28 940 ft kuu) Toowgol leydi ndii ko 1 030 m (3 380 ft) Ramsar ko nokku ɓuuɓɗo Innde laawɗunde ko Ayrag Nuur Toɗɗaa ko ñalnde 13 abriil 1999 Nokkuure tuugnorgal. 977.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120611093622/http://medeelel.mn/index.php?page=land&sm=73&s=1372 Medeelel.mn] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120905022154/http://www.medeelel.mn/index.php?page=land&sm=73&s=1372|date=2012-09-05}}; Айраг нуур</ref> Lake Airag woni ko e leydi MongoliLake AiragLake Airag Laana Airag (Mongoli) Lake Airag[a] ko maayo Zavkhan, e nder diiwaan Uvs, to leydi Mongoli e nder ŋoral maayo mawngo. Ko e nder njuɓɓudi maayooji jokkondirɗi : Khar-Us, Khar, Dörgön, e Khyargas. Leydi ndii ina wonnoo e nder weendu wooturu e maayo Khyargas e jamaanu ɓooyɗo. Lugge maayo ngoo ina heewi feeñde e ɓuuɓol maayo naatngo ngoo. Leydi ndii ina ilna e nder maayo Khyargas e dow weendu 5 km njuuteendi, 200–300 m njaajeendi, ndu ɓuuɓataa e ndunngu. E nder ndunngu, maayo ngoo ina ɓuuɓta fotde les. Hay e ndunngu, nguleeki ina heddii no feewi, 1 - 2,5 °C. So en ƴeewtindiima e maayooji goɗɗi ɗii, ndiyam ɗam laaɓaani no feewi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayrag Nuur|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/977|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Teskorɗe == Mongol: Айраг нуур, romaan: Airag nuur, mbiyatee ko [ɛ́ːrə̆q nʊːr]. Ɗemngal Mongol ɓooyngal: ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ [ˈaɪrək ˈnʊːr]. == Tuugnorgal == 3gxcdbihm86npr6fkshg6rchzk5btfw 0 39287 173983 161748 2026-06-18T02:26:12Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173983 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lenka Krömrová''' ko gooliiɗo fuku koyɗe Cekoslowaki, hannde omo fijira FK Zlíchov 1914 e nder kawgel fuku koyɗe rewɓe Cekoslowaki tataɓol.<ref>[https://www.fkzlichov1914.cz/player/kromrova-lenka/ Profile] in Zlíchov 1914 website</ref><ref>[http://www.slavia.cz/KROMROVA-Lenka Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012081218/http://www.slavia.cz/KROMROVA-Lenka|date=2011-10-12}} in Slavia's website</ref> Krömrová ina fijira e kippu leydi Cekoslowaki.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190818211104/https://www.uefa.com/womensworldcup/teams/player=250007373/index.html Profile] in [[UEFA]]'s website</ref> She made her debut for the national team on 28 November 2010 in a match against [[Hungary women's national football team|Hungary]].<ref>{{FACR player|KromrovaLenka}}</ref>O waɗii yeewtere makko adannde e kippu ngenndi ñalnde 28 noowammbar 2010 e nder pottital hakkunde makko e leydi Hong Kong. == Tuugnorgal == 4dtm2t0gmo7pi3r80bwz0896ssogkpa 0 39296 173976 161768 2026-06-18T00:47:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irena Martínková''' (jibinaa ko 19 suwee 1986) ko Cekoslowaki gonnooɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe, gonnooɗo tergal e kippu leydi Cekoslowaki.<ref>{{FACR player|MartinkovaIrena}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120620022145/http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/teams/player=62477/index.html Profile] at [[UEFA]] website</ref> For most of her career she has played for [[AC Sparta Prague (women)|Sparta Prague]]<nowiki><ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e nguurndam makko o fiyiino e Sparta Prague e nder Ligue des Femmes Cekoslowaki e Ligue des Champions. Irena ko ɓiɗɗo mawɗo Lucie Martínková, ko kanko kadi woni fuku koyɗe Cekoslowaki.</nowiki> E hitaande 2013 e 2014, miñiraaɓe rewɓe Martínková ina njuɓɓina KIF Örebro DFF mo Suwed.<nowiki></ref></nowiki> in the [[Czech Women's First League]] and the [[UEFA Women's Champions League|Champions League]].<ref>[https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/clubs/players/62477--irena-martinkova/ Profile] at [[UEFA]] website</ref> Irena is the older twin of [[Lucie Martínková]], who is also a Czech footballer.<ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Hajný|url=http://prazsky.denik.cz/fotbal_region/ved20090116.html|title=Jako vejce vejci? Kdepak! hlásí|language=cs|work=[[Deník]]|publisher=[[Vltava Labe Media]]|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=13 September 2012}}</ref> Golle ngam WNT Cekoslowaki e kawgel laawɗungel Daawe kawgel Ñalngu Nokku Golle Gaño Njeñtudi Hawtaade 2005, kawgel UEFA 2004-05-09, Portigaal 1 5-1 1 2009, kawgel UEFA 2007-10-27, Espaañ 1 2-2 2 2008-04-26 Roudnice Irlannda woylaare 1 4-0 2011 Kop Aduna FIFA 2010-08-25 Praag Azerbaijaan 1 8-0 1 2013, kawgel UEFA 2011-11-20 Armeni 1 5-0 5 2012-03-31 Tondelaa Portigaal 3 5-2 2012-06-16 Praag Otiris 1 2-3 2017 UEFA ngam tawtoreede kawgel Orop 2015-09-22 Tibilisi Joorji 2 3-0 ==== Tuugnorgal ==== j7wa6yh1foky6wthdrczl4x72hszyn1 0 40498 173993 166821 2026-06-18T04:38:20Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Pauline Chan Bo-Lin''' (e ɗemngal Sinuwaa: 陈宝莲; ɗemngal Sinuwaa gaadanteewal: 陳寶蓮; pinyin: Chén Bǎolián; 23 mee 1973 – 31 sulyee 2002) ko fijoowo Hong Kong mo umminii yimɓe heewɓe e nder duuɓi Siin Kitaale 1990.<ref name="A">[http://books.sina.com/artbook/allembracing/2007-04-02/02254786.html 盤點香港三級片 十位應該被記住的艷星] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203133512/http://books.sina.com/artbook/allembracing/2007-04-02/02254786.html|date=2008-12-03}}</ref><ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtime.com/person/964236/|title=陈宝莲 Pauline Chan|access-date=2009-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922112813/http://www.mtime.com/person/964236|archive-date=2010-09-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kugal == Jibinaa ko to Shanghai, jibnaaɓe Chan ceerti nde o woni suka no feewi, o eggini Hong Kong e yumma makko nde o yahrata e duuɓi 12. O fuɗɗii golle ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi (modèle) nde o yahrata e duuɓi 15, o tawtoraama kawgel Miss Asia Pageant 1990. Chan heɓaani hay tiitoonde wootere e ndeeɗoo kawgel kono limre makko, 175 santimeeteer toownde e mbaydi mawndi, addani mo hakkillaaji dingiral filmuuji porno nokku oo. O naati e ndeeɗoo fedde ko e hitaande 1991 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 18, teeŋti noon ngam heɓde ko yumma makko ɗaminii ngam wallitde ɓesngu maɓɓe. Haa e hitaande 1997, Chan hollitii e ko ina ɓura 25 filmo Hong Kong Category III, o dañii kadi nafoore mawnde e golle makko cuusal, o wonti maande jokkere enɗam mawnde e nder diiwaan Siin mawɗo e oon sahaa.<ref name="C">[http://news.china.com/zh_cn/history/all/11025807/20050324/12190432.html 人物风流：股市大亨黄任中与陈宝莲的爱恨纠葛] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212153109/http://news.china.com/zh_cn/history/all/11025807/20050324/12190432.html|date=2009-02-12}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225140854/http://www.beelink.com/20050920/1936796.shtml “情敌”小潘潘曝料：陈宝莲生前曾“养小鬼”] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120720073122/http://www.beelink.com/20050920/1936796.shtml|date=2012-07-20}}</ref> == Doggol == E hitaande 1997 Chan fuɗɗii jokkondirde e jom jawdi en Taiwannaajo biyeteeɗo Huang Jen-chung (黃任中, ganndiraaɗo kadi Wong Yam-Chung (黄蔭衷) e ɗemngal Kanton) mo o hawri e hitaande 1993, mo o ɓuri ɗum duuɓi 33. O ummiima Taipei ngam hoɗdude e Huang haa ɓe ceerti e puɗal hitaande 1999. Caggal nde o maayi, e nder yeewtere jaayndeeji, Huang hollitii wonde Chan ina jeyaa e ko huutortoo dorog e siynude gila 1998 ; Chan waɗi ɗum ko e yiɗde sooftinde hoore mum e heɓde ɓernde mum e nder dumunna mo ɓe ngoni e ɓuuɓde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aceace.org.tw/articles/players-uba2021|title=2021年登峰造極青年籃球邀請賽－大專男子組|access-date=2023-08-26|archive-date=2023-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910143022/https://aceace.org.tw/articles/players-uba2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/entertainment/20170627/00282_019.html|title=邱瓈寬兒子15歲 高大有型小鮮肉|access-date=2023-08-26|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328160126/https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/entertainment/20170627/00282_019.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>http://www.brns.com/hkactors/pages/page30.html at site "Hong Kong Cinema - View from Brooklyn Bridge"</ref> Hakkunde 1998 e 2001 Chan naatii e caɗeele jeewte bonɗe. O etiima warde hoore makko e nder yeewtere tele, o yani e yimɓe laabi keewɗi, o ɓoornii comci makko e nder jamaanu, o etiima naatde leyɗeele goɗɗe tawa o alaa kaayitaaji diwtuɗi, ɗum noon o woppitaa, o yani e hoɗorde makko, o heewnoo naatde e opitaal sabu mboros o. E lewru desaambar 1999 o sokaa ko juuti to leydi Angalteer sabu makko fiyde neɗɗo mo o jokkondirtaa e makko e nder jamaanu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=266551|title=傳收養陳寶蓮兒15年…邱瓈寬曬慶生照　盼能有平靜生活|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-date=2022-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210070805/https://www.setn.com/news.aspx?newsid=266551|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://topnews8.com/16882/ 還記得已逝女星陳寶蓮兒子嗎？]</ref><ref>[https://www.xuehua.us/2018/06/09/%E7%94%9F%E7%88%B6%E6%88%90%E8%B0%9C%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%8E%E7%AA%A6%E9%9D%96%E7%AB%A5%E9%9D%92%E6%A2%85%E7%AB%B9%E9%A9%AC%EF%BC%8C%E9%99%88%E5%AE%9D%E8%8E%B216%E5%B2%81%E5%84%BF%E5%AD%90%E9%82%B1%E7%85%8C/zh-tw/ 生父成謎，與竇靖童青梅竹馬，陳寶蓮16歲兒子邱煌禕今高大帥氣]</ref> == Wade == Chan yani e les haayre, o seerti e Shanghai. O jibinii ɓiɗɗo gorko ñalnde 23 lewru juko hitaande 2002. O dañii ɓiɗɗo gorko ñalnde 23 lewru juko hitaande 2002. Hedde waktu 17ɓo e feccere kikiiɗe ñalnde 31 sulyee 2002, Chan ummii e windo suudu mum 24ɓo haa o maayi. Chan holliri ɗum caggal maayde mum ko fijoowo Sinuwaa biyeteeɗo Crystal Suen Ah-Lei [zh], e nder filmo nguurndam Pauline (nguurndam Pauline) e hitaande 2002. Suen kadi caggal ɗuum wari hoore mum e hitaande 2009 e nder heen sabu ñamaale mum. Ɓiɗɗo Chan oo, caggal ɗuum, ko Chiou Lee-Kwan [zh], peewnoowo filmuuji Taiwannaajo, ƴetti ɗum, mawni ɗum. Chiu rokki mo innde Chiu Hwang-yi [zh]. == Filmogaraafi == Mambo duuɓi ujunnaaje (2001) Motel mawɗo (2000) Hunde Ruuhu bonɗo (1999) Puɗi Shanghai (1998) 02:00 subaka. (1997) Jemmaaji belɗi (1997) Sukaaɓe worɓe? (1996) Sukaaɓe rewɓe Hong Kong (1996) Waɗii sahaa gooto e nder renndo Triad (1996) Yiɗde ɗoon e ɗoon (1995) Yiɗɓe koyɗol (1994) Gila Pekin e yiɗde (1994) Duuniyaaru fuu (1993) Malaa'ikaajo mo fijoowo (1993) Dagger fiyoowo (1993) Yidde timmi (1993) Gorko mo ruuhu bonɗo (1993) Doggo ngam nguurndam - Rewɓe ummoriiɓe Siin (1993) Jokkondiral ngam yeeyde (1993) Maccuɗo kaafaahi (1993) Pulaaruuji ummoriiɗi Fuɗnaange (1993) Lannda ladde (1993) Caggal damal pinndi (1992) Ibliis jom suudu (1992) Daartol jinneeji 3 (1992) Doggol e suudu njulaagu (1992) Sukaaɓe rewɓe ummoriiɓe Siin (1992) Sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓe ngalaa janngo 1992 (1992) Ko jooni walla ko meeɗaa (1992) Doole ƴiye (1992) Laamiiɗo lesdi (1991) Bankok hilton (1989) == Tuugnorgal == dsy0eqyp68ibbt7qhceidvu7r9swm7b 0 40577 173968 166925 2026-06-17T22:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Chin Tsi-Ang''' (22 feebariyee 1908 – 15 oktoobar 2007), kadi ina wiyee Qian Siying, ina jeyaa e ardiiɓe fiyooɓe karallaagal konu e nder sinemaa Siin, kadi ko hoodere mum debbo adannde 17 e o waɗii darnde mawnde e nder filmo Jaambaaro Fombina (江南女侠, Jiangnan Nuxia) e hitaande 1930.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071026015221/http://ent.tom.com/2007-10-22/000E/06464884.html Chin Tsi-Ang died in Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20071026015221/http://ent.tom.com/2007-10-22/000E/06464884.html|date=2007-10-26}}, [[Tom.com]], October 22, 2007.</ref><ref>{{in lang|zh}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133958/http://www.xjdaily.com/news/whyl/203483.shtml Chin Tsi-Ang Died] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133958/http://www.xjdaily.com/news/whyl/203483.shtml|date=2011-07-18}}, ''[[Xinjiang Daily]]'' October 23, 2007.</ref><ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/html/2007-10/22/content_68048.htm Chin Tsi-Ang Died] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024163958/http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/html/2007-10/22/content_68048.htm|date=2007-10-24}}, ''[[Guangzhou Daily]]'', October 22, 2007.</ref> == Nguurndam == Jibinaa, mawni ko to Shanghai, nde Chin woni cukalel, ganndo gooto wiyi jibnaaɓe mum wonde ngam daɗde e maayde ko yaawi, maa o mawnin ko o suka gorko. Ko ɗum waɗi o jaɓaama waɗde golle ɗe worɓe keewi waɗde, hay so tawii noon sahaa e sahaa fof omo ɓoornii jinnaaɓe makko. Chin fuɗɗii janngude karallaagal konu ko ina yahra e duuɓi jeetati, caggal ɗuum o yahi haa o waɗi denndaangal golle makko kam e dille koreeji. Offer ngam waɗde ngalu e nder suudu filmuuji kesu Langhua, mo sehil makko ɓadiiɗo, jom njulaagu waɗi baaba makko, fuɗɗii golle Chin e nder fijirde. Pewnugol gadanol ngol suudu nduu waɗi ko filmo karallaagal konu ina wiyee South China Dream. Baaba makko hollitii weltaare adannde haa sehil makko holliti ɓiɗɗo debbo Chin mo atletik e ɓuuɓɗo ina foti wonde timmuɗo ngam darnde e nder maggal. Mawɗo Chin ina joginoo miijo leslesngo e fiyooɓe, kono haa jooni o fellitii wonde ɓiyiiko debbo ina waawi wonde huunde himmunde e nafoore fedde hesere ndee. South China Dream (caggal ɗuum innitiraa ko Dreams of Women) yalti ko e pecce ɗiɗi, 20 reels fof, e kaalis keɓaaɗo e kaalis ina moƴƴi no feewi ngam newnude suudu nduu waɗde filmuuji ɗiɗi goɗɗi ɗi .<ref>{{in lang|zh}} Zhao, Shihui 赵士荟. "A star's birthday: Qian Siying." ''Popular Cinema'' 2001-05, p.45</ref> Darnde Chin e nder filmuuji tati gadani ɗi Langhua heɓi nafoore, udditi ko wonata golle filmuuji juutɗi. E hitaande 1928 o naati e fedde filmuuji Fudan, darnde makko adannde e ndeen suudu ko debbo gardiiɗo filmo The Swallow Heroine, caggal ɗuum o waɗi filmuuji tati goɗɗi ngam Fudan hitaande rewtunde ndee. E hitaande 1930 o yahri to bannge filmo Great Wall, o waɗi ko wonata golle makko, Southern Heroine, mo Yang Xiaozhong ardii, o wondi e Zhang Zhizhi, o woni gaño makko bonɗo. Golle Chin ɗee mbeltinii yimɓe e nder filmo yaltuɗo no feewi nde suudu sarɗiiji Shanghai yiyti mbaawka yeeyde geɗe mum en e renndo Siin to Asii fuɗnaange-rewo ; Lowre Chin ummiinde e nder ndee fedde addani joom en pijirlooji keewɗi yahde Shanghai ngam soodde koppiiji filmuuji makko, tawa ko e njoɓdi.[6] O yahi haa o waɗi filmuuji jeenay goɗɗi ngam Great Wall e suuduuji goɗɗi, nde tawnoo yoga e ɗiin filmuuji ko pecce keewɗe, limoore goonga ndee ina tolnoo e laabi ɗiɗi. Gadano oo yalti ko e hitaande 1931, e oon sahaa, yiɗde filmuuji karallaagal konu cooynii, ko ɗuum waɗi Chin naati e fannuuji goɗɗi, haa arti noon e filmuuji sonndu.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://ent.163.com/07/1021/15/3RBCTKQ700031H2L.html Chin Tsi-ang Died], [[NetEase]], October 21, 2007.</ref> O resi gardo biyeteeɗo Hung Chung-Ho, mo o jibini ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo (gooto e taaniraaɓe makko ko Sammo Hung), nde ɓe ngonti hoodere to Shanghai, ɓe ngummii Hong Kong, ɓe cosi sosiyetee filmo Sanxing, mo ɓe keɓtini wuxia, ɓe peewni filmo Fong Sai-Yuk gadano nde sosiyetee Kong6 jokki e hitaande 1938 requisitioned its properties.[citation needed] Jom suudu Chin maayi ko juuti, caggal ɗuum o nani e yiɗde fuɗɗaade waɗde filmuuji, kono nde haala duuɓi makko (jooni 53) ari, o jaabii wonde o yiɗi tan ko waɗde filmuuji kadi, kadi o weltoto e ƴettude "extra les" part le). O teskiima e fiyde rewɓe yahrooɓe e duuɓi makko, heewɓe heen ko yumma walla neene jikku gardiiɗo. E nder ndeeɗoo daawal ɗiɗaɓal e golle makko, o golliima e ko ɓuri 180 filmo tiyaataar e nder duuɓi capanɗe joyi, gooto e filmuuji ɓurɗi ɓooyde[nde?] ko e nder filmo Wong Kar Wai biyeteeɗo In the Mood for Love e duuɓi 92.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} ''Zhongguo Yingpian Dadian'' (Encyclopaedia of Chinese Films), v.1 (1905-1930), v.2 (1931-1949.9). Beijing: China Film Press, 1996-2005, passim.</ref> Chin sankii ko to Hong Kong ñalnde 15 oktoobar 2007, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 99.<ref>[http://www.brns.com/pages4/wkwai8.html In the Mood for Love]</ref> == Filmogaraafi cuɓaaɗo == Ko ɗoo woni doggol feccere e filmuuji ɗi Chin waɗi darnde ardiinde walla ballal mawnde. Sabu ceertugol firooji ummoraade e ɗemngal Sinuwaa, ina waɗi tiitooɗe keewɗe e ɗemngal Engele wonande filmuuji Sinuwaa en keewɗi e yontaaji ɓooyɗi ɗii. == Shangay: == 1925 Koyɗe rewɓe, feccere 1 & 2 (ko adii fof ko koyɗe Siin worgo) 1928 Jaagorgal Ɓooyngal 1929 Ñawannde e dow tulde mboddi kaŋŋe 1929 Oo Suudu ko Sukaaɓe Rewɓe Tan, Pecce 1 & 3 1929 Wulugol suudu koode jeeɗiɗi, feccere 1 1929 Laabi Dame Tati 1930 Monk en ñaawooɓe 1930 Wulugol suudu koode jeeɗiɗi, geɗe 3 e 5 1930 Jaambaaro Fuɗnaange 1930 Maayo Yangze 1930 Bonannde e duunde kaŋŋe 1930 E Jamanuuji Caɗeele 1930 Jaambaaro e dow puccu 1930 Yuu Tangchun keso 1931 Legend dow suudu kaŋŋe, feccere 1 & 2 1931 Kaafaaje gorko e debbo 1931 Ɓoorno-ɗaa wutte boɗeejo, feccere 3 1933 Mette mawɗe 1933 Sukaaɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo yaayaaɓe 1933 Dingiral Shanghai 1933 Alladiin 1933 Laawol ƴiiƴam 1934 Ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam Peach 1934 Laawol kesol 1934 Mr Moƴƴere == Hong Kong: == 1941 Jaambaarooji jeetati 1948 Alla Laamu Daabaaji == Tuugnorgal == 6t93sxrps4gc2ffns2wuqlu5zc3bfdd 0 41707 173849 171616 2026-06-17T13:44:10Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Bujendaar''' (1889–1926) ko daartoowo, yimoowo Maruk. O golliima e firo to Résidence Générale du Protectorat, o yaltinii binndanɗe e nder yontere ɗemngal aarabeeɓe wiyeteende As-Sa’ada (Seeɗa), o woniino kadi porfeseer binndol (gila 1913) to Duɗal Jaŋde Toownde Maruk to Rabat. <ref>''Hespéris Tamuda'', Volume 36, 1998</ref> == Yoga e defte makko ko ɗeeɗoo: == Muqaddimat al-fath min taariiha Rabat, 1926.<ref>Mustapha Bourakkadi, "un salon littéraire qui subsiste et perdure", in: ''Le Matin'' 15-09-2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040837/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/69181] retrieved 15-8-2012</ref> Al-Ightibat bi-tarajimi a 'lam ar-ribat (الاغتباط بتراجم أعلام الرباط), nguurndam ñaawooɓe Rabat (eɓɓoore ndee e binndanɗe Abdelkrim Kriem, eɓɓoore Matabi' al-Atlas, Rabat, 1987) Šala wa âtâruha (ta' lîf), e ɗemngal Farayse: Chellah e majjere mum: Taariindi Zaouia de Chellah e sifaa majjere mum, 1922 Al 'Itre al masky ( ko fayti e jannginoowo makko hono Mekki Betaawori). Boujendar ina tiiɗnoo e yuɓɓinde salonuuji binndol e kitaale 1920, aada mo caggal ɗuum Abdallah al-Jirari mo Rabat rewi e kitaale 1930. == Tuugnorgal == g0da7c35okupas573o3x45bryn8d220 0 41790 173909 171956 2026-06-17T17:39:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173909 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Burford''' (maayi ko adii 1406) ko tergal parlemaa Angalteer wonande Salisbury ngam parlemaaji keewɗi tuggi lewru Yarkomaa 1380 haa 1394. Ko kanko kadi wonnoo meer Salisbury.<ref name="hist">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250124121342/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/burford-thomas BURFORD, Thomas, of Salisbury, Wilts.] ''The History of Parliament''. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == bzbdgkjiqg73jv7vr8fc84tj9t6ykmy 0 42052 173848 173366 2026-06-17T12:33:16Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Lusilio Kardoso Kortez Batista''' (jibinaa ko 26 abriil 1965 to Lisbon) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Portigaalnaajo mo joofni golle mum. Ko o banke teller e golle makko, Batista fuɗɗii ñaawde pottitte diɗɗal gadanal Portigaal e cakkital kitaale 1990 e nder leydi ngenndi ndii. E nder winndere ndee, o ardii pottitte ɗiɗi e UEFA Euro 2004, e leydi makko. O ardiima kadi pottitte ɗiɗi e kawgel FIFA 2003 to Farayse..<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026114057/http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=195409.html#batista+portuguese+pride Batista's Portuguese pride]</ref> Batista ina joginoo kadi dogdu e nder Ligue des Champions UEFA (pottital 16) e Kop UEFA (10) e nder nguurndam mum. O woppi fijo ngoo ko e darorɗe hitaande 2009–10.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111119203143/http://worldreferee.com/site/copy.php?linkID=535&linkType=referee&contextType=bio WorldReferee profile]</ref> 2006 Final Kop Ukrain == Tuugnorgal == 9dbo63kvtsuppn7a1qijkpzwaqexxiz 0 42114 173844 173689 2026-06-17T12:20:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Linda Kirton''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 marse 1948) ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe Kanadaa, ummoriiɗo to Abbotsford, to Kolommbi. O janngii Hunaare Jaagorgal e nder Pijirlooji Paralimpik Vancouver 2010, e bannge Hervé Lord ngam Hunaare Atletee en.<ref name="vancouver">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100312090917/http://www.bclocalnews.com/fraser_valley/abbynews/news/87003992.html Abby curl official to read Paralympic oath] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312090917/http://www.bclocalnews.com/fraser_valley/abbynews/news/87003992.html|date=2010-03-12}}, AbbyNews.com, March 8, 2010</ref> Kirton ko curler fotde duuɓi 40, hade mum wontude gardiiɗo curling e darorɗe kitaale 1990.<ref>[http://www.tourismabbotsford.ca/index.php?page_id=157 Curling - Athlete Profile], Sport Town Canada</ref><ref name="vancouver2" /> Kirton ko tergal e fedde Abbotsford Curling Club, ɗo o naatnaa e tergal teddungal e nder nguurndam makko e hitaande 2006. O ardii e kewuuji keewɗi e nder leydi ndii, haa arti noon e kawgel winnderewal 2002. E hitaande 2003, o ardii kawgel Kanadaa to bannge curling mixte. Ko kanko wonnoo mawɗo arbiter e kawgel winnderewal curling to Siwis e hitaande 2008. E nder Paralimpik 2010, ko kanko wonnoo balloowo mawɗo arbiter e kawgel curling e koɗorɗe. == Tuugnorgal == 2jp84uqqqud2bpjn5lg2qgvdsmnod14 0 42131 173973 173838 2026-06-18T00:07:13Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Greg Meyer''' ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder fedde fuku koyɗe ngenndiire (NFL) gila e hitaande 2002 NFL. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 78. O heɓi dipolomaaji makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Texas Christian, o fuɗɗii golle makko e hitaande 1995 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, tawi ko famɗi fof ko pijirlooji tati ceertuɗi e bowl. Duuɓi jeeɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o naati e gollordu ardorde NFL, o woni ñaawoowo ladde, e hitaande rewtunde ndee, o wonti ñaawoowo bannge, o woni e oon nokku haa hitaande 2016, nde o wonti ñaawoowo caggal. O ardii pijirlooji seeɗa caggal nde NFL waɗi, ina jeyaa heen Super Bowl XLIV to Miami e Kaawisaaji Minneapolis.<ref>Rick Waters, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100610094637/http://www.magazine.tcu.edu/TCUPeople/Article.aspx?ArticleId=91 "Greg Meyer '81 refs in Super Bowl: Former TCU pitcher has officiated NFL games as side judge since 2002 season."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610094637/http://www.magazine.tcu.edu/TCUPeople/Article.aspx?ArticleId=91|date=June 10, 2010}} ''The TCU Magazine'', February 24, 2010.</ref> Meyer, jooɗiiɗo to wuro wiyeteengo Fort Worth, to Texas, ina jogii debbo biyeteeɗo Debby, ɓiɗɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Morgan e ɓiɗɗo gorko biyeteeɗo Reid. Yaasi NFL, Meyer ko banke.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Official NFL Record and Fact Book 2010|author=NFL|date=July 27, 2010|isbn=978-1603208338}}</ref> Wonande daawal NFL 2017, Meyer maa gollo e fedde toppitiinde golle e gardagol Bill Vinovich.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 13, 2017|title=Officiating crews for the 2017 season|url=https://www.footballzebras.com/2017/06/officiating-crews-2017-season/|access-date=February 17, 2024|website=Football Zebras|language=en-US}}</ref> == Himobe== kqck10cv6h8zubesvfkrpwqb0gfo3pk 0 42137 173839 173815 2026-06-17T12:00:22Z Nnamadee 11577 173839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barrage Yacoub el Mansour''' (Barage Yacoub el Mansour) ko baraas BCR (ɓuuɓri beton ɓuuɓndi) woni ko e wuro wiyeteengo Ouirgane to maayo N’fis to diiwaan Al Haouz, to leydi Maruk. Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 2008, ina foti moƴƴinde ndiyam njareteeɗam e ndiyam gollorɗe e nokku biyeteeɗo Marakech.<ref name=":0">"Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour" (in French). Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2025.</ref> == Tariya == Laddeeji saraaji Marrakech ina njiyee to bannge worgo baraas oo Baraas Takerkoust to maayo N'Fis dow Ouirgane, ina rokki ndiyam e nder ladde alluvial to diiwaan Marrakech gila 1935. Sabu vursugol ngol, mbaawka mum ustaama fotde 20 %. Ngam ustude ndee caɗeele, fellitaama mahde baraas to Ouirgane ngam ustude mborosaaji e nder maayo hee haa teeŋti noon e sahaa ilam. Baraas Yacoub el Mansour fuɗɗii golle ko e hitaande 2008. Caggal ɗuum, wiɗto waɗaango e hitaande 2009 hollitii wonde tolno silto e nder weeyo Takerkoust ina ustii.<ref>Gourfi, A.; Daoudia, L.; Rhoujjatib, A.; Benkaddourb, A.; Fagel, N. (28 March 2020). "Use of bathymetry and clay mineralogy of reservoir sediment to reconstruct the recent changes in sediment yields from a mountain catchment in the Western High Atlas region, Morocco". Catena. 191 (104560): 1–13 – via Elsevier Science Direct.</ref> == Limtol == Baraas Yacoub el Mansour ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo (BCR) gonɗo e nder komin ladde Ouirgane, toowɗo 830 m (2 720 ft).[3] Ina haɗa maayo N'fis. Toowgol baraas oo ko 70 m (230 ft) e njuuteendi ŋoral mum ko 233 m (764 ft). Baraas oo ina waɗi ɓuuɓol, ɓuuɓol les, ɓuuɓol ndiyam nayi e ɓuuɓol wutte to bannge ñaamo. Pewnugol ngol ina ɗaɓɓi ɓuuɓnude leydi 226 000 m3 (296 000 cu yd) e werlaade 330 000 m3 (430 000 cu yd) beton.<ref name=":0" /> == Reser == Weeyo Yaakuub el Mansour, anndiraango kadi weeyo Ouirgane, ina jogii 70 000 000 m92 000 000 cu yd). Nde fawaama ngam ɓeydude ndiyam e nokku Marakech gila e 68 000 000 haa 85 000 000 m3 (89 000 000 haa 111 000 000 cu yd) hitaande kala.<ref name=":0" /> Komin ladde Ouirgane woni ko e bannge fuɗnaange maayo ngoo.<ref>"Barrage Yacoub el Mansour". OpenStreetmap. 22 November 2025. Retrieved 22 November 2025.</ref> Reservoir oo ko nokku teskinɗo to Ouirgane. Won laabi yah-ngartaa e saraaji weendu nduu.<ref>Morocco (Revised 2024 ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley. 2002. p. 269. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-2416-7705-6</nowiki>.</ref> Ina rokka fartaŋŋeeji ngam waɗde piknik e liɗɗi. ==Tuugnorgal== jj1mug1o4ycq2uucazc5zbncigu2dyg 0 42140 173840 2026-06-17T12:08:20Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Tokwe Mukosi''' walla Baraas Tugwi Mukosi<ref>Zimbabwe National Water Authority. "Dam Levels". Dam Levels.</ref> ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe e yeeso beton, dow maayo Tokwe, les ɗo maayo Mukosi hawrata, fotde 72 kiloomeeteer (45 mi) to fuɗnaange Masvingo e nder diiwaan Masvingo, Zimbaabwee.<ref>"Update:Flood water over Tokwe Mukorsi Dam" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref> Ko 90,3 meeteer (296 ft) tooweeki, ina waɗi 1 750 000 000 m3 (1 420 000 ac..." 173840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Tokwe Mukosi''' walla Baraas Tugwi Mukosi<ref>Zimbabwe National Water Authority. "Dam Levels". Dam Levels.</ref> ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe e yeeso beton, dow maayo Tokwe, les ɗo maayo Mukosi hawrata, fotde 72 kiloomeeteer (45 mi) to fuɗnaange Masvingo e nder diiwaan Masvingo, Zimbaabwee.<ref>"Update:Flood water over Tokwe Mukorsi Dam" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref> Ko 90,3 meeteer (296 ft) tooweeki, ina waɗi 1 750 000 000 m3 (1 420 000 acre⋅ft) ɓuuɓol, ko ngol woni ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude e nder leydi ndii. Ko jokkondiri e kuuraa ndiyam ina jogii 12 megawatt (16 000 hp) mbaawka liggorgal.<ref>"Cheap design linked to problems at Tokwe-Mukosi". Nehanda Radio. 15 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014</ref> Pewnugol baraas oo fuɗɗii ko e lewru suwee 1998 kono dartiima e hitaande 2008. Salini Impregilo fuɗɗii timminde baraas oo ko e hitaande 2011. Ilam mawɗam e lewru feebariyee 2014 waɗii ŋakkeende feccere ñalnde 4 feebariyee, e dow yeeso baraas oo les. Haa darorɗe lewru feebariyee, baraas oo ɓuuɓnaaka haa laaɓi kono ɓuuɓol ngol ina ummoo caggal baraas oo, ngol peewnaaka, addani yimɓe yaltude dow maayo ngoo.<ref>"Update: Tokwe Mukorsi dam in Zimbabwe". Digital Journal. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref> To dow e les fof, ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 neɗɗo ngummiima heen. Pewnugol baraas oo dartinaama e lewru suwee 2014 sabu ŋakkeende kaalis.[8][9] E lewru mee 2016 laamu nguu yaltinii Salini Impregilio 35 miliyoŋ dolaar<ref>"webuild". www.webuildgroup.com. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</ref> ngam wallitde golloowo Itaali oo fuɗɗaade golle mahngo ɗe ngoppi duuɓi ɗiɗi jooni sabu caɗeele yoɓde.<ref>Tokwe-Mukosi Dam contractor resumes work</ref> Dam oo timminaama e lewru Duujal 2016, o fuɗɗii golle e lewru Mee 2017.<ref>"Facts | Tugwi Mukosi Dam Frequently Asked Questions". www.tugwimukosidam.com. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</ref> == Galle == <gallery> File:Tokwe Murkosi Masvingo Zimbabwe.jpg| File:Tokwe_Murkosi_Islands-_Masvingo_Zimbabwe.jpg|Water has not settled as yet. File:Tokwe Murkosi Dam Masvingo Zimbabwe.jpg| File:Tokwe_Murkosi.jpg|Looking east you can get the best view of the dam. </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == 98wxx1byxii9keqeyjux4yin33mkhc5 0 42141 173841 2026-06-17T12:14:41Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Leydi Mutirikwi''', anndiraaɗo gila e fuɗɗoode ko jeyngol Kyle walla baraas Kyle, woni ko e fuɗnaange-rewo Zimbaabwee, fuɗnaange-rewo Masvingo. Ina sikkaa nde inniraa ko Kyle Farm nde joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e leydi ndi ina ɗaɓɓi e maayo ngoo, nde innde mum kadi inniraa ko diiwaan Kyle to Ecoppi ɗo piilaaɗo Lowveld, Tom Murray MacDougall ummorii e fuɗɗoode. Leydi ndii ina waɗi fotde 90 km2 (35 km2), ndi sosaa ko e hitaande 1960 e mahngo baraas Kyle to ma..." 173841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leydi Mutirikwi''', anndiraaɗo gila e fuɗɗoode ko jeyngol Kyle walla baraas Kyle, woni ko e fuɗnaange-rewo Zimbaabwee, fuɗnaange-rewo Masvingo. Ina sikkaa nde inniraa ko Kyle Farm nde joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e leydi ndi ina ɗaɓɓi e maayo ngoo, nde innde mum kadi inniraa ko diiwaan Kyle to Ecoppi ɗo piilaaɗo Lowveld, Tom Murray MacDougall ummorii e fuɗɗoode. Leydi ndii ina waɗi fotde 90 km2 (35 km2), ndi sosaa ko e hitaande 1960 e mahngo baraas Kyle to maayo Mutirikwi. Baraas oo ko Concor mahi ɗum ngam rokkude ndiyam e nokkuuji ndema to dowri to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, sara wuro Triangle, ɗo ndema ɓurka heewde ko suukara.<ref>"Mutirikwi Dam". Zimbabwe National Water Authority. Retrieved 2010-01-13.</ref> Lake Kyle Recreational Park ina woni e daande maayo worgo, ina waɗi kadi nokku tokooso ɗo restoraaji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Monument ngenndiijo mawɗo Zimbaabwee ina woni sara mum. Maayooji ɓuuɓɗi maayo ngoo ina mbaɗi maayo Mbebvi, maayo Matare, maayo Pokoteke, maayo Umpopinyani, maayo Makurumidze e maayo Mushagashe. E kitaale 1980, yooro ustii no feewi ndiyam e nder maayo ngoo, kono e nder kitaale 1990 ngo selli. Tolno ngoo ina wayloo no feewi sabu ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam e toɓooli sahaa. == Tuugnorgal == a14sjotiyuulqhk5jbr0cz77qqixpk6 173842 173841 2026-06-17T12:15:22Z Nnamadee 11577 173842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leydi Mutirikwi''', anndiraaɗo gila e fuɗɗoode ko jeyngol Kyle walla baraas Kyle, woni ko e fuɗnaange-rewo Zimbaabwee, fuɗnaange-rewo Masvingo. Ina sikkaa nde inniraa ko Kyle Farm nde joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e leydi ndi ina ɗaɓɓi e maayo ngoo, nde innde mum kadi inniraa ko diiwaan Kyle to Ecoppi ɗo piilaaɗo Lowveld, Tom Murray MacDougall ummorii e fuɗɗoode. Leydi ndii ina waɗi fotde 90 km2 (35 km2), ndi sosaa ko e hitaande 1960 e mahngo baraas Kyle to maayo Mutirikwi. Baraas oo ko Concor mahi ɗum ngam rokkude ndiyam e nokkuuji ndema to dowri to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, sara wuro Triangle, ɗo ndema ɓurka heewde ko suukara.<ref>"Mutirikwi Dam". Zimbabwe National Water Authority. Retrieved 2010-01-13.</ref> Lake Kyle Recreational Park ina woni e daande maayo worgo, ina waɗi kadi nokku tokooso ɗo restoraaji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Monument ngenndiijo mawɗo Zimbaabwee ina woni sara mum. Maayooji ɓuuɓɗi maayo ngoo ina mbaɗi maayo Mbebvi, maayo Matare, maayo Pokoteke, maayo Umpopinyani, maayo Makurumidze e maayo Mushagashe. E kitaale 1980, yooro ustii no feewi ndiyam e nder maayo ngoo, kono e nder kitaale 1990 ngo selli. Tolno ngoo ina wayloo no feewi sabu ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam e toɓooli sahaa. == Tuugnorgal == do187jd4a76g0yelr21rqz4s32fue1h 0 42142 173843 2026-06-17T12:20:45Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Manyuchi''' ina waɗi ɓuuɓri e maayo Mwenezi to fuɗnaange Simmbaabwee. Ngo woni ko e diiwaan Mwenezi.[1][2] Ko fedde ƴellitaare Mwenezi yoɓi mahngo baraas oo. Baraas oo mahaa ko ngam ndiyam e nder gese petroŋ.[3] == Tariya == Ko fedde mahngo hakkunde leyɗeele Zimbaabwee (ICZ) mahi baraas oo, fedde mahngo mawnde to bannge worgo Afrik, hono Murray e Roberts, nde timminii e hitaande 1988.[4] Baraas oo woni ko e falnde maayo Mwenwezi e nder taƴre hakkundee..." 173843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Manyuchi''' ina waɗi ɓuuɓri e maayo Mwenezi to fuɗnaange Simmbaabwee. Ngo woni ko e diiwaan Mwenezi.[1][2] Ko fedde ƴellitaare Mwenezi yoɓi mahngo baraas oo. Baraas oo mahaa ko ngam ndiyam e nder gese petroŋ.[3] == Tariya == Ko fedde mahngo hakkunde leyɗeele Zimbaabwee (ICZ) mahi baraas oo, fedde mahngo mawnde to bannge worgo Afrik, hono Murray e Roberts, nde timminii e hitaande 1988.[4] Baraas oo woni ko e falnde maayo Mwenwezi e nder taƴre hakkundeere maayo ngoo. Nokku oo ko ɓuuɓɗo, yoorɗo, semi-arid, ina waɗi koɗli e kopjeeji ɗi limotaako, ɗi konuuli baabaaji njillotoo e yiɗde mum en. Nde nde mahiraa, gure keewɗe ɗo laamu nguu ummii e doole mum en, ngummii e nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi ko wayi no nokku hakkunde Ngundu e Chiredzi (Diisnondiral), ɗo ɗoon e ɗoon ɓe tawi koye maɓɓe ina mbiya koye maɓɓe koɗdiiɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa laamu nguu.[5][6] == Sifaa ɓanndu == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e ŋoral ngal maayo Mwenezi waɗata so rewii e koɗli saraaji wuro bucolic Magomana. Nokku oo ɓuri heewde ko koɗli e kopjeeji. Ko baraas arc mo hoore mum gross ina darii e 25 m tooweeki. Tolno ndiyam e nder baraas oo yettiima ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol yalti ko adii fof e hitaande 1996. == Ekoloji == Maayo ngoo meeɗiino mantaade hippooji, kono jooni ɗi ngalaa. E nder heen baraas oo ina riiwaa e mborosaaji. Koɗorɗe Niil mbarii yimɓe wuro heewɓe ina njuula e nder baraas oo.[7] Ina waɗi liɗɗi keewɗi tawaaɗi e nder baraas hee, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e galle liɗɗi tiggu tawaaɗi e maayo Kariba. Nguurndam baraas oo ina hulɓinii e hoɗɓe e dow maayo, haa teeŋti noon e wonɓe e Mataga e diiwanuuji Zvishavane ɓe ndema e nder weeyo baraas oo ina peewna silt. == Kuutorɗe == === Kuutoragol kuuraa === Fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e kuuraa leydi Zimbabwe (ZESA) ɓooyii jogaade peeje ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder baraas o kono alaa ko heɓi heen sabu ŋakkeende kaalis. Kono tan, wiɗtooji kollitii wonde keɓgol ndiyam ina foti addande ɗum en waawde diwde turbineeji ɗiɗi 350 kiloowatt waktuuji 6 000 e hitaande, mbele ina mbaawa heɓde 4,2 gigawatt e hitaande.[4][8] === Ndiyam === Baraas Manyuchi to Zimbaabwee, ko ngam irtude nokkuuji ndema (2 000 ektaar kaaƴe), 40 km dow baraas oo. Baraas oo ina foti huutoreede ko adii fof ngam heblude haajuuji ndiyam. Yimɓe nokku oo etinooma fuɗɗaade eɓɓooji ndiyam kuutortooɗi ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo, kono ŋakkeende kaalis ina usta golle maɓɓe, haa teeŋti noon e wuro Magomana ngo saraaji mum.[9] Nde mahiraa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ustude njulaagu e njulaagu teeru fof. Haa hannde ko remooɓe njulaagu tan naftorii. Hay gooto e 3 476 ektaar potnoozo remeede ngam remooɓe tokosɓe ɓee, ƴellitaaka. E hitaande 1995, e dumunna yooro mawngo e nder diiwaan hee e nder leydi ndii, baraas oo ina heewi ko ina tolnoo e 80 e nder teemedere, ina naftoroo remooɓe njulaagu mawɓe seeɗa tan.[10] Ko ɓooyaani koo ina haalee eɓɓaande nde laamu nguu, hono Triangle Sugar Ltd e dental pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, mbaɗi kaalis. Feere ndee ko doggol mawngol gadanol ngam huutoraade ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo ngam naftoraade renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[11][12] Nafooje ɗee ɓuri wonde ko remooɓe koɗdiiɓe e nder ngesa Lapache. === Fijooji === Ko adii ɗuum, turism ina yaha e nokku hee ngam liggaade e golle goɗɗe. Kono e ɗii balɗe, yahde toon ina saɗi, laabi ɗii ina njuuti, neɗɗo ina sokli otooji nay ngam naatde heen. == E nder pinal leñol == Dam oo ina tawee e daartol nokku oo. 8iimzocy2418nxwkne3xwp9p5g8ligl 173845 173843 2026-06-17T12:23:41Z Nnamadee 11577 173845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Manyuchi''' ina waɗi ɓuuɓri e maayo Mwenezi to fuɗnaange Simmbaabwee. Ngo woni ko e diiwaan Mwenezi.[1][2] Ko fedde ƴellitaare Mwenezi yoɓi mahngo baraas oo. Baraas oo mahaa ko ngam ndiyam e nder gese petroŋ.[3] == Tariya == Ko fedde mahngo hakkunde leyɗeele Zimbaabwee (ICZ) mahi baraas oo, fedde mahngo mawnde to bannge worgo Afrik, hono Murray e Roberts, nde timminii e hitaande 1988.[4] Baraas oo woni ko e falnde maayo Mwenwezi e nder taƴre hakkundeere maayo ngoo. Nokku oo ko ɓuuɓɗo, yoorɗo, semi-arid, ina waɗi koɗli e kopjeeji ɗi limotaako, ɗi konuuli baabaaji njillotoo e yiɗde mum en. Nde nde mahiraa, gure keewɗe ɗo laamu nguu ummii e doole mum en, ngummii e nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi ko wayi no nokku hakkunde Ngundu e Chiredzi (Diisnondiral), ɗo ɗoon e ɗoon ɓe tawi koye maɓɓe ina mbiya koye maɓɓe koɗdiiɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa laamu nguu.[5][6] == Sifaa ɓanndu == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e ŋoral ngal maayo Mwenezi waɗata so rewii e koɗli saraaji wuro bucolic Magomana. Nokku oo ɓuri heewde ko koɗli e kopjeeji. Ko baraas arc mo hoore mum gross ina darii e 25 m tooweeki. Tolno ndiyam e nder baraas oo yettiima ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol yalti ko adii fof e hitaande 1996. == Ekoloji == [[File:Manyuchi crocodile.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Nile crocodile lounging in the sun on the edge of the dam]] Maayo ngoo meeɗiino mantaade hippooji, kono jooni ɗi ngalaa. E nder heen baraas oo ina riiwaa e mborosaaji. Koɗorɗe Niil mbarii yimɓe wuro heewɓe ina njuula e nder baraas oo.[7] Ina waɗi liɗɗi keewɗi tawaaɗi e nder baraas hee, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e galle liɗɗi tiggu tawaaɗi e maayo Kariba. Nguurndam baraas oo ina hulɓinii e hoɗɓe e dow maayo, haa teeŋti noon e wonɓe e Mataga e diiwanuuji Zvishavane ɓe ndema e nder weeyo baraas oo ina peewna silt. == Kuutorɗe == === Kuutoragol kuuraa === Fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e kuuraa leydi Zimbabwe (ZESA) ɓooyii jogaade peeje ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder baraas o kono alaa ko heɓi heen sabu ŋakkeende kaalis. Kono tan, wiɗtooji kollitii wonde keɓgol ndiyam ina foti addande ɗum en waawde diwde turbineeji ɗiɗi 350 kiloowatt waktuuji 6 000 e hitaande, mbele ina mbaawa heɓde 4,2 gigawatt e hitaande.[4][8] === Ndiyam === Baraas Manyuchi to Zimbaabwee, ko ngam irtude nokkuuji ndema (2 000 ektaar kaaƴe), 40 km dow baraas oo. Baraas oo ina foti huutoreede ko adii fof ngam heblude haajuuji ndiyam. Yimɓe nokku oo etinooma fuɗɗaade eɓɓooji ndiyam kuutortooɗi ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo, kono ŋakkeende kaalis ina usta golle maɓɓe, haa teeŋti noon e wuro Magomana ngo saraaji mum.[9] Nde mahiraa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ustude njulaagu e njulaagu teeru fof. Haa hannde ko remooɓe njulaagu tan naftorii. Hay gooto e 3 476 ektaar potnoozo remeede ngam remooɓe tokosɓe ɓee, ƴellitaaka. E hitaande 1995, e dumunna yooro mawngo e nder diiwaan hee e nder leydi ndii, baraas oo ina heewi ko ina tolnoo e 80 e nder teemedere, ina naftoroo remooɓe njulaagu mawɓe seeɗa tan.[10] Ko ɓooyaani koo ina haalee eɓɓaande nde laamu nguu, hono Triangle Sugar Ltd e dental pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, mbaɗi kaalis. Feere ndee ko doggol mawngol gadanol ngam huutoraade ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo ngam naftoraade renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[11][12] Nafooje ɗee ɓuri wonde ko remooɓe koɗdiiɓe e nder ngesa Lapache. === Fijooji === Ko adii ɗuum, turism ina yaha e nokku hee ngam liggaade e golle goɗɗe. Kono e ɗii balɗe, yahde toon ina saɗi, laabi ɗii ina njuuti, neɗɗo ina sokli otooji nay ngam naatde heen. == E nder pinal leñol == [[File:Dusk Manyuchi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Dusk gathering fast on the dam, view of land from an island, 2006]] Dam oo ina tawee e daartol nokku oo. ==Image gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Homestead Magomana.jpg|Typical village homestead in communities that live on the edge of the dam File:Flame Lily.jpg|The national flower along the edges of the dam. File:Nyala Tree Manyuchi.jpg|View around the dam File:Cattle Manyuchi.jpg|Cattle herding Duty for a boy from nearby [[Magomana]] village </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == i5gj0bju1q18ooz7syafqpg6c3tis3y 173846 173845 2026-06-17T12:24:16Z Nnamadee 11577 173846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Manyuchi''' ina waɗi ɓuuɓri e maayo Mwenezi to fuɗnaange Simmbaabwee. Ngo woni ko e diiwaan Mwenezi.[1][2] Ko fedde ƴellitaare Mwenezi yoɓi mahngo baraas oo. Baraas oo mahaa ko ngam ndiyam e nder gese petroŋ.<ref>William Wolmer: From Wilderness Vision to Farm Invasions: Conservation & Development in South-East Lowveld, Tsehai Publishers, 2007.</ref> == Tariya == Ko fedde mahngo hakkunde leyɗeele Zimbaabwee (ICZ) mahi baraas oo, fedde mahngo mawnde to bannge worgo Afrik, hono Murray e Roberts, nde timminii e hitaande 1988.[4] Baraas oo woni ko e falnde maayo Mwenwezi e nder taƴre hakkundeere maayo ngoo. Nokku oo ko ɓuuɓɗo, yoorɗo, semi-arid, ina waɗi koɗli e kopjeeji ɗi limotaako, ɗi konuuli baabaaji njillotoo e yiɗde mum en. Nde nde mahiraa, gure keewɗe ɗo laamu nguu ummii e doole mum en, ngummii e nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi ko wayi no nokku hakkunde Ngundu e Chiredzi (Diisnondiral), ɗo ɗoon e ɗoon ɓe tawi koye maɓɓe ina mbiya koye maɓɓe koɗdiiɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa laamu nguu.[5][6] == Sifaa ɓanndu == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e ŋoral ngal maayo Mwenezi waɗata so rewii e koɗli saraaji wuro bucolic Magomana. Nokku oo ɓuri heewde ko koɗli e kopjeeji. Ko baraas arc mo hoore mum gross ina darii e 25 m tooweeki. Tolno ndiyam e nder baraas oo yettiima ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol yalti ko adii fof e hitaande 1996. == Ekoloji == [[File:Manyuchi crocodile.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Nile crocodile lounging in the sun on the edge of the dam]] Maayo ngoo meeɗiino mantaade hippooji, kono jooni ɗi ngalaa. E nder heen baraas oo ina riiwaa e mborosaaji. Koɗorɗe Niil mbarii yimɓe wuro heewɓe ina njuula e nder baraas oo.[7] Ina waɗi liɗɗi keewɗi tawaaɗi e nder baraas hee, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e galle liɗɗi tiggu tawaaɗi e maayo Kariba. Nguurndam baraas oo ina hulɓinii e hoɗɓe e dow maayo, haa teeŋti noon e wonɓe e Mataga e diiwanuuji Zvishavane ɓe ndema e nder weeyo baraas oo ina peewna silt. == Kuutorɗe == === Kuutoragol kuuraa === Fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e kuuraa leydi Zimbabwe (ZESA) ɓooyii jogaade peeje ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder baraas o kono alaa ko heɓi heen sabu ŋakkeende kaalis. Kono tan, wiɗtooji kollitii wonde keɓgol ndiyam ina foti addande ɗum en waawde diwde turbineeji ɗiɗi 350 kiloowatt waktuuji 6 000 e hitaande, mbele ina mbaawa heɓde 4,2 gigawatt e hitaande.[4][8] === Ndiyam === Baraas Manyuchi to Zimbaabwee, ko ngam irtude nokkuuji ndema (2 000 ektaar kaaƴe), 40 km dow baraas oo. Baraas oo ina foti huutoreede ko adii fof ngam heblude haajuuji ndiyam. Yimɓe nokku oo etinooma fuɗɗaade eɓɓooji ndiyam kuutortooɗi ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo, kono ŋakkeende kaalis ina usta golle maɓɓe, haa teeŋti noon e wuro Magomana ngo saraaji mum.[9] Nde mahiraa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ustude njulaagu e njulaagu teeru fof. Haa hannde ko remooɓe njulaagu tan naftorii. Hay gooto e 3 476 ektaar potnoozo remeede ngam remooɓe tokosɓe ɓee, ƴellitaaka. E hitaande 1995, e dumunna yooro mawngo e nder diiwaan hee e nder leydi ndii, baraas oo ina heewi ko ina tolnoo e 80 e nder teemedere, ina naftoroo remooɓe njulaagu mawɓe seeɗa tan.[10] Ko ɓooyaani koo ina haalee eɓɓaande nde laamu nguu, hono Triangle Sugar Ltd e dental pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, mbaɗi kaalis. Feere ndee ko doggol mawngol gadanol ngam huutoraade ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo ngam naftoraade renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[11][12] Nafooje ɗee ɓuri wonde ko remooɓe koɗdiiɓe e nder ngesa Lapache. === Fijooji === Ko adii ɗuum, turism ina yaha e nokku hee ngam liggaade e golle goɗɗe. Kono e ɗii balɗe, yahde toon ina saɗi, laabi ɗii ina njuuti, neɗɗo ina sokli otooji nay ngam naatde heen. == E nder pinal leñol == [[File:Dusk Manyuchi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Dusk gathering fast on the dam, view of land from an island, 2006]] Dam oo ina tawee e daartol nokku oo. ==Image gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Homestead Magomana.jpg|Typical village homestead in communities that live on the edge of the dam File:Flame Lily.jpg|The national flower along the edges of the dam. File:Nyala Tree Manyuchi.jpg|View around the dam File:Cattle Manyuchi.jpg|Cattle herding Duty for a boy from nearby [[Magomana]] village </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == s4m1eshuabnnmogggiuulk68dg99txw 173847 173846 2026-06-17T12:26:47Z Nnamadee 11577 173847 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Manyuchi''' ina waɗi ɓuuɓri e maayo Mwenezi to fuɗnaange Simmbaabwee. Ngo woni ko e diiwaan Mwenezi.<ref>Charles Mbohwa, The Electricity Journal, Volume 15, Issue 7, August–September 2002, pp. 82–91</ref><ref>"Mwenezi (District) map showing Manychuchi Dam". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref> Ko fedde ƴellitaare Mwenezi yoɓi mahngo baraas oo. Baraas oo mahaa ko ngam ndiyam e nder gese petroŋ.<ref>William Wolmer: From Wilderness Vision to Farm Invasions: Conservation & Development in South-East Lowveld, Tsehai Publishers, 2007.</ref> == Tariya == Ko fedde mahngo hakkunde leyɗeele Zimbaabwee (ICZ) mahi baraas oo, fedde mahngo mawnde to bannge worgo Afrik, hono Murray e Roberts, nde timminii e hitaande 1988.[4] Baraas oo woni ko e falnde maayo Mwenwezi e nder taƴre hakkundeere maayo ngoo. Nokku oo ko ɓuuɓɗo, yoorɗo, semi-arid, ina waɗi koɗli e kopjeeji ɗi limotaako, ɗi konuuli baabaaji njillotoo e yiɗde mum en. Nde nde mahiraa, gure keewɗe ɗo laamu nguu ummii e doole mum en, ngummii e nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi ko wayi no nokku hakkunde Ngundu e Chiredzi (Diisnondiral), ɗo ɗoon e ɗoon ɓe tawi koye maɓɓe ina mbiya koye maɓɓe koɗdiiɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa laamu nguu.[5][6] == Sifaa ɓanndu == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e ŋoral ngal maayo Mwenezi waɗata so rewii e koɗli saraaji wuro bucolic Magomana. Nokku oo ɓuri heewde ko koɗli e kopjeeji. Ko baraas arc mo hoore mum gross ina darii e 25 m tooweeki. Tolno ndiyam e nder baraas oo yettiima ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol yalti ko adii fof e hitaande 1996. == Ekoloji == [[File:Manyuchi crocodile.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Nile crocodile lounging in the sun on the edge of the dam]] Maayo ngoo meeɗiino mantaade hippooji, kono jooni ɗi ngalaa. E nder heen baraas oo ina riiwaa e mborosaaji. Koɗorɗe Niil mbarii yimɓe wuro heewɓe ina njuula e nder baraas oo.[7] Ina waɗi liɗɗi keewɗi tawaaɗi e nder baraas hee, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e galle liɗɗi tiggu tawaaɗi e maayo Kariba. Nguurndam baraas oo ina hulɓinii e hoɗɓe e dow maayo, haa teeŋti noon e wonɓe e Mataga e diiwanuuji Zvishavane ɓe ndema e nder weeyo baraas oo ina peewna silt. == Kuutorɗe == === Kuutoragol kuuraa === Fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e kuuraa leydi Zimbabwe (ZESA) ɓooyii jogaade peeje ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder baraas o kono alaa ko heɓi heen sabu ŋakkeende kaalis. Kono tan, wiɗtooji kollitii wonde keɓgol ndiyam ina foti addande ɗum en waawde diwde turbineeji ɗiɗi 350 kiloowatt waktuuji 6 000 e hitaande, mbele ina mbaawa heɓde 4,2 gigawatt e hitaande.[4][8] === Ndiyam === Baraas Manyuchi to Zimbaabwee, ko ngam irtude nokkuuji ndema (2 000 ektaar kaaƴe), 40 km dow baraas oo. Baraas oo ina foti huutoreede ko adii fof ngam heblude haajuuji ndiyam. Yimɓe nokku oo etinooma fuɗɗaade eɓɓooji ndiyam kuutortooɗi ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo, kono ŋakkeende kaalis ina usta golle maɓɓe, haa teeŋti noon e wuro Magomana ngo saraaji mum.[9] Nde mahiraa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ustude njulaagu e njulaagu teeru fof. Haa hannde ko remooɓe njulaagu tan naftorii. Hay gooto e 3 476 ektaar potnoozo remeede ngam remooɓe tokosɓe ɓee, ƴellitaaka. E hitaande 1995, e dumunna yooro mawngo e nder diiwaan hee e nder leydi ndii, baraas oo ina heewi ko ina tolnoo e 80 e nder teemedere, ina naftoroo remooɓe njulaagu mawɓe seeɗa tan.[10] Ko ɓooyaani koo ina haalee eɓɓaande nde laamu nguu, hono Triangle Sugar Ltd e dental pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, mbaɗi kaalis. Feere ndee ko doggol mawngol gadanol ngam huutoraade ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo ngam naftoraade renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[11][12] Nafooje ɗee ɓuri wonde ko remooɓe koɗdiiɓe e nder ngesa Lapache. === Fijooji === Ko adii ɗuum, turism ina yaha e nokku hee ngam liggaade e golle goɗɗe. Kono e ɗii balɗe, yahde toon ina saɗi, laabi ɗii ina njuuti, neɗɗo ina sokli otooji nay ngam naatde heen. == E nder pinal leñol == [[File:Dusk Manyuchi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Dusk gathering fast on the dam, view of land from an island, 2006]] Dam oo ina tawee e daartol nokku oo. ==Image gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Homestead Magomana.jpg|Typical village homestead in communities that live on the edge of the dam File:Flame Lily.jpg|The national flower along the edges of the dam. File:Nyala Tree Manyuchi.jpg|View around the dam File:Cattle Manyuchi.jpg|Cattle herding Duty for a boy from nearby [[Magomana]] village </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == s6qs0ydpcphldsoeiy12evv4ykpialk 173888 173847 2026-06-17T16:28:21Z Nnamadee 11577 173888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Manyuchi''' ina waɗi ɓuuɓri e maayo Mwenezi to fuɗnaange Simmbaabwee. Ngo woni ko e diiwaan Mwenezi.<ref>Charles Mbohwa, The Electricity Journal, Volume 15, Issue 7, August–September 2002, pp. 82–91</ref><ref>"Mwenezi (District) map showing Manychuchi Dam". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref> Ko fedde ƴellitaare Mwenezi yoɓi mahngo baraas oo. Baraas oo mahaa ko ngam ndiyam e nder gese petroŋ.<ref>William Wolmer: From Wilderness Vision to Farm Invasions: Conservation & Development in South-East Lowveld, Tsehai Publishers, 2007.</ref> == Tariya == Ko fedde mahngo hakkunde leyɗeele Zimbaabwee (ICZ) mahi baraas oo, fedde mahngo mawnde to bannge worgo Afrik, hono Murray e Roberts, nde timminii e hitaande 1988.[4] Baraas oo woni ko e falnde maayo Mwenwezi e nder taƴre hakkundeere maayo ngoo. Nokku oo ko ɓuuɓɗo, yoorɗo, semi-arid, ina waɗi koɗli e kopjeeji ɗi limotaako, ɗi konuuli baabaaji njillotoo e yiɗde mum en. Nde nde mahiraa, gure keewɗe ɗo laamu nguu ummii e doole mum en, ngummii e nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi ko wayi no nokku hakkunde Ngundu e Chiredzi (Diisnondiral), ɗo ɗoon e ɗoon ɓe tawi koye maɓɓe ina mbiya koye maɓɓe koɗdiiɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa laamu nguu.<ref>HM Masundire – Wetlands Ecology and Priorities for Conservation in Zimbabwe, 1994</ref> == Sifaa ɓanndu == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e ŋoral ngal maayo Mwenezi waɗata so rewii e koɗli saraaji wuro bucolic Magomana. Nokku oo ɓuri heewde ko koɗli e kopjeeji. Ko baraas arc mo hoore mum gross ina darii e 25 m tooweeki. Tolno ndiyam e nder baraas oo yettiima ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol yalti ko adii fof e hitaande 1996. == Ekoloji == [[File:Manyuchi crocodile.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Nile crocodile lounging in the sun on the edge of the dam]] Maayo ngoo meeɗiino mantaade hippooji, kono jooni ɗi ngalaa. E nder heen baraas oo ina riiwaa e mborosaaji. Koɗorɗe Niil mbarii yimɓe wuro heewɓe ina njuula e nder baraas oo.[7] Ina waɗi liɗɗi keewɗi tawaaɗi e nder baraas hee, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e galle liɗɗi tiggu tawaaɗi e maayo Kariba. Nguurndam baraas oo ina hulɓinii e hoɗɓe e dow maayo, haa teeŋti noon e wonɓe e Mataga e diiwanuuji Zvishavane ɓe ndema e nder weeyo baraas oo ina peewna silt. == Kuutorɗe == === Kuutoragol kuuraa === Fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e kuuraa leydi Zimbabwe (ZESA) ɓooyii jogaade peeje ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder baraas o kono alaa ko heɓi heen sabu ŋakkeende kaalis. Kono tan, wiɗtooji kollitii wonde keɓgol ndiyam ina foti addande ɗum en waawde diwde turbineeji ɗiɗi 350 kiloowatt waktuuji 6 000 e hitaande, mbele ina mbaawa heɓde 4,2 gigawatt e hitaande.[4][8] === Ndiyam === Baraas Manyuchi to Zimbaabwee, ko ngam irtude nokkuuji ndema (2 000 ektaar kaaƴe), 40 km dow baraas oo. Baraas oo ina foti huutoreede ko adii fof ngam heblude haajuuji ndiyam. Yimɓe nokku oo etinooma fuɗɗaade eɓɓooji ndiyam kuutortooɗi ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo, kono ŋakkeende kaalis ina usta golle maɓɓe, haa teeŋti noon e wuro Magomana ngo saraaji mum.[9] Nde mahiraa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ustude njulaagu e njulaagu teeru fof. Haa hannde ko remooɓe njulaagu tan naftorii. Hay gooto e 3 476 ektaar potnoozo remeede ngam remooɓe tokosɓe ɓee, ƴellitaaka. E hitaande 1995, e dumunna yooro mawngo e nder diiwaan hee e nder leydi ndii, baraas oo ina heewi ko ina tolnoo e 80 e nder teemedere, ina naftoroo remooɓe njulaagu mawɓe seeɗa tan.[10] Ko ɓooyaani koo ina haalee eɓɓaande nde laamu nguu, hono Triangle Sugar Ltd e dental pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, mbaɗi kaalis. Feere ndee ko doggol mawngol gadanol ngam huutoraade ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo ngam naftoraade renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[11][12] Nafooje ɗee ɓuri wonde ko remooɓe koɗdiiɓe e nder ngesa Lapache. === Fijooji === Ko adii ɗuum, turism ina yaha e nokku hee ngam liggaade e golle goɗɗe. Kono e ɗii balɗe, yahde toon ina saɗi, laabi ɗii ina njuuti, neɗɗo ina sokli otooji nay ngam naatde heen. == E nder pinal leñol == [[File:Dusk Manyuchi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Dusk gathering fast on the dam, view of land from an island, 2006]] Dam oo ina tawee e daartol nokku oo. ==Image gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Homestead Magomana.jpg|Typical village homestead in communities that live on the edge of the dam File:Flame Lily.jpg|The national flower along the edges of the dam. File:Nyala Tree Manyuchi.jpg|View around the dam File:Cattle Manyuchi.jpg|Cattle herding Duty for a boy from nearby [[Magomana]] village </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == 5yr4g7trbiyp7zdm8u0ayczfdlr93xc 173889 173888 2026-06-17T16:28:44Z Nnamadee 11577 173889 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Manyuchi''' ina waɗi ɓuuɓri e maayo Mwenezi to fuɗnaange Simmbaabwee. Ngo woni ko e diiwaan Mwenezi.<ref>Charles Mbohwa, The Electricity Journal, Volume 15, Issue 7, August–September 2002, pp. 82–91</ref><ref>"Mwenezi (District) map showing Manychuchi Dam". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref> Ko fedde ƴellitaare Mwenezi yoɓi mahngo baraas oo. Baraas oo mahaa ko ngam ndiyam e nder gese petroŋ.<ref>William Wolmer: From Wilderness Vision to Farm Invasions: Conservation & Development in South-East Lowveld, Tsehai Publishers, 2007.</ref> == Tariya == Ko fedde mahngo hakkunde leyɗeele Zimbaabwee (ICZ) mahi baraas oo, fedde mahngo mawnde to bannge worgo Afrik, hono Murray e Roberts, nde timminii e hitaande 1988.[4] Baraas oo woni ko e falnde maayo Mwenwezi e nder taƴre hakkundeere maayo ngoo. Nokku oo ko ɓuuɓɗo, yoorɗo, semi-arid, ina waɗi koɗli e kopjeeji ɗi limotaako, ɗi konuuli baabaaji njillotoo e yiɗde mum en. Nde nde mahiraa, gure keewɗe ɗo laamu nguu ummii e doole mum en, ngummii e nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi ko wayi no nokku hakkunde Ngundu e Chiredzi (Diisnondiral), ɗo ɗoon e ɗoon ɓe tawi koye maɓɓe ina mbiya koye maɓɓe koɗdiiɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa laamu nguu.<ref>HM Masundire – Wetlands Ecology and Priorities for Conservation in Zimbabwe, 1994</ref><ref>The Zimbabwe Independent [1] accessed 21 January 2008</ref> == Sifaa ɓanndu == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e ŋoral ngal maayo Mwenezi waɗata so rewii e koɗli saraaji wuro bucolic Magomana. Nokku oo ɓuri heewde ko koɗli e kopjeeji. Ko baraas arc mo hoore mum gross ina darii e 25 m tooweeki. Tolno ndiyam e nder baraas oo yettiima ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol yalti ko adii fof e hitaande 1996. == Ekoloji == [[File:Manyuchi crocodile.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Nile crocodile lounging in the sun on the edge of the dam]] Maayo ngoo meeɗiino mantaade hippooji, kono jooni ɗi ngalaa. E nder heen baraas oo ina riiwaa e mborosaaji. Koɗorɗe Niil mbarii yimɓe wuro heewɓe ina njuula e nder baraas oo.[7] Ina waɗi liɗɗi keewɗi tawaaɗi e nder baraas hee, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e galle liɗɗi tiggu tawaaɗi e maayo Kariba. Nguurndam baraas oo ina hulɓinii e hoɗɓe e dow maayo, haa teeŋti noon e wonɓe e Mataga e diiwanuuji Zvishavane ɓe ndema e nder weeyo baraas oo ina peewna silt. == Kuutorɗe == === Kuutoragol kuuraa === Fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e kuuraa leydi Zimbabwe (ZESA) ɓooyii jogaade peeje ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder baraas o kono alaa ko heɓi heen sabu ŋakkeende kaalis. Kono tan, wiɗtooji kollitii wonde keɓgol ndiyam ina foti addande ɗum en waawde diwde turbineeji ɗiɗi 350 kiloowatt waktuuji 6 000 e hitaande, mbele ina mbaawa heɓde 4,2 gigawatt e hitaande.[4][8] === Ndiyam === Baraas Manyuchi to Zimbaabwee, ko ngam irtude nokkuuji ndema (2 000 ektaar kaaƴe), 40 km dow baraas oo. Baraas oo ina foti huutoreede ko adii fof ngam heblude haajuuji ndiyam. Yimɓe nokku oo etinooma fuɗɗaade eɓɓooji ndiyam kuutortooɗi ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo, kono ŋakkeende kaalis ina usta golle maɓɓe, haa teeŋti noon e wuro Magomana ngo saraaji mum.[9] Nde mahiraa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ustude njulaagu e njulaagu teeru fof. Haa hannde ko remooɓe njulaagu tan naftorii. Hay gooto e 3 476 ektaar potnoozo remeede ngam remooɓe tokosɓe ɓee, ƴellitaaka. E hitaande 1995, e dumunna yooro mawngo e nder diiwaan hee e nder leydi ndii, baraas oo ina heewi ko ina tolnoo e 80 e nder teemedere, ina naftoroo remooɓe njulaagu mawɓe seeɗa tan.[10] Ko ɓooyaani koo ina haalee eɓɓaande nde laamu nguu, hono Triangle Sugar Ltd e dental pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, mbaɗi kaalis. Feere ndee ko doggol mawngol gadanol ngam huutoraade ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo ngam naftoraade renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[11][12] Nafooje ɗee ɓuri wonde ko remooɓe koɗdiiɓe e nder ngesa Lapache. === Fijooji === Ko adii ɗuum, turism ina yaha e nokku hee ngam liggaade e golle goɗɗe. Kono e ɗii balɗe, yahde toon ina saɗi, laabi ɗii ina njuuti, neɗɗo ina sokli otooji nay ngam naatde heen. == E nder pinal leñol == [[File:Dusk Manyuchi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Dusk gathering fast on the dam, view of land from an island, 2006]] Dam oo ina tawee e daartol nokku oo. ==Image gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Homestead Magomana.jpg|Typical village homestead in communities that live on the edge of the dam File:Flame Lily.jpg|The national flower along the edges of the dam. File:Nyala Tree Manyuchi.jpg|View around the dam File:Cattle Manyuchi.jpg|Cattle herding Duty for a boy from nearby [[Magomana]] village </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == nhmpcujdidsdr4onc56tzjrm5pxkhwz 173890 173889 2026-06-17T16:29:46Z Nnamadee 11577 173890 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Manyuchi''' ina waɗi ɓuuɓri e maayo Mwenezi to fuɗnaange Simmbaabwee. Ngo woni ko e diiwaan Mwenezi.<ref>Charles Mbohwa, The Electricity Journal, Volume 15, Issue 7, August–September 2002, pp. 82–91</ref><ref>"Mwenezi (District) map showing Manychuchi Dam". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref> Ko fedde ƴellitaare Mwenezi yoɓi mahngo baraas oo. Baraas oo mahaa ko ngam ndiyam e nder gese petroŋ.<ref>William Wolmer: From Wilderness Vision to Farm Invasions: Conservation & Development in South-East Lowveld, Tsehai Publishers, 2007.</ref> == Tariya == Ko fedde mahngo hakkunde leyɗeele Zimbaabwee (ICZ) mahi baraas oo, fedde mahngo mawnde to bannge worgo Afrik, hono Murray e Roberts, nde timminii e hitaande 1988. Baraas oo woni ko e falnde maayo Mwenwezi e nder taƴre hakkundeere maayo ngoo. Nokku oo ko ɓuuɓɗo, yoorɗo, semi-arid, ina waɗi koɗli e kopjeeji ɗi limotaako, ɗi konuuli baabaaji njillotoo e yiɗde mum en. Nde nde mahiraa, gure keewɗe ɗo laamu nguu ummii e doole mum en, ngummii e nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi ko wayi no nokku hakkunde Ngundu e Chiredzi (Diisnondiral), ɗo ɗoon e ɗoon ɓe tawi koye maɓɓe ina mbiya koye maɓɓe koɗdiiɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa laamu nguu.<ref>HM Masundire – Wetlands Ecology and Priorities for Conservation in Zimbabwe, 1994</ref><ref>The Zimbabwe Independent [1] accessed 21 January 2008</ref> == Sifaa ɓanndu == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e ŋoral ngal maayo Mwenezi waɗata so rewii e koɗli saraaji wuro bucolic Magomana. Nokku oo ɓuri heewde ko koɗli e kopjeeji. Ko baraas arc mo hoore mum gross ina darii e 25 m tooweeki. Tolno ndiyam e nder baraas oo yettiima ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol yalti ko adii fof e hitaande 1996. == Ekoloji == [[File:Manyuchi crocodile.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Nile crocodile lounging in the sun on the edge of the dam]] Maayo ngoo meeɗiino mantaade hippooji, kono jooni ɗi ngalaa. E nder heen baraas oo ina riiwaa e mborosaaji. Koɗorɗe Niil mbarii yimɓe wuro heewɓe ina njuula e nder baraas oo.<ref>Crocodile Attack [2] (assessed 19 February 2008)</ref> Ina waɗi liɗɗi keewɗi tawaaɗi e nder baraas hee, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e galle liɗɗi tiggu tawaaɗi e maayo Kariba. Nguurndam baraas oo ina hulɓinii e hoɗɓe e dow maayo, haa teeŋti noon e wonɓe e Mataga e diiwanuuji Zvishavane ɓe ndema e nder weeyo baraas oo ina peewna silt. == Kuutorɗe == === Kuutoragol kuuraa === Fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e kuuraa leydi Zimbabwe (ZESA) ɓooyii jogaade peeje ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder baraas o kono alaa ko heɓi heen sabu ŋakkeende kaalis. Kono tan, wiɗtooji kollitii wonde keɓgol ndiyam ina foti addande ɗum en waawde diwde turbineeji ɗiɗi 350 kiloowatt waktuuji 6 000 e hitaande, mbele ina mbaawa heɓde 4,2 gigawatt e hitaande.[4][8] === Ndiyam === Baraas Manyuchi to Zimbaabwee, ko ngam irtude nokkuuji ndema (2 000 ektaar kaaƴe), 40 km dow baraas oo. Baraas oo ina foti huutoreede ko adii fof ngam heblude haajuuji ndiyam. Yimɓe nokku oo etinooma fuɗɗaade eɓɓooji ndiyam kuutortooɗi ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo, kono ŋakkeende kaalis ina usta golle maɓɓe, haa teeŋti noon e wuro Magomana ngo saraaji mum.[9] Nde mahiraa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ustude njulaagu e njulaagu teeru fof. Haa hannde ko remooɓe njulaagu tan naftorii. Hay gooto e 3 476 ektaar potnoozo remeede ngam remooɓe tokosɓe ɓee, ƴellitaaka. E hitaande 1995, e dumunna yooro mawngo e nder diiwaan hee e nder leydi ndii, baraas oo ina heewi ko ina tolnoo e 80 e nder teemedere, ina naftoroo remooɓe njulaagu mawɓe seeɗa tan.[10] Ko ɓooyaani koo ina haalee eɓɓaande nde laamu nguu, hono Triangle Sugar Ltd e dental pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, mbaɗi kaalis. Feere ndee ko doggol mawngol gadanol ngam huutoraade ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo ngam naftoraade renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[11][12] Nafooje ɗee ɓuri wonde ko remooɓe koɗdiiɓe e nder ngesa Lapache. === Fijooji === Ko adii ɗuum, turism ina yaha e nokku hee ngam liggaade e golle goɗɗe. Kono e ɗii balɗe, yahde toon ina saɗi, laabi ɗii ina njuuti, neɗɗo ina sokli otooji nay ngam naatde heen. == E nder pinal leñol == [[File:Dusk Manyuchi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Dusk gathering fast on the dam, view of land from an island, 2006]] Dam oo ina tawee e daartol nokku oo. ==Image gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Homestead Magomana.jpg|Typical village homestead in communities that live on the edge of the dam File:Flame Lily.jpg|The national flower along the edges of the dam. File:Nyala Tree Manyuchi.jpg|View around the dam File:Cattle Manyuchi.jpg|Cattle herding Duty for a boy from nearby [[Magomana]] village </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == cz3vlj29l5fbvvo7dk7vejwtf7lt4gs 173891 173890 2026-06-17T16:30:58Z Nnamadee 11577 173891 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Manyuchi''' ina waɗi ɓuuɓri e maayo Mwenezi to fuɗnaange Simmbaabwee. Ngo woni ko e diiwaan Mwenezi.<ref>Charles Mbohwa, The Electricity Journal, Volume 15, Issue 7, August–September 2002, pp. 82–91</ref><ref>"Mwenezi (District) map showing Manychuchi Dam". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref> Ko fedde ƴellitaare Mwenezi yoɓi mahngo baraas oo. Baraas oo mahaa ko ngam ndiyam e nder gese petroŋ.<ref>William Wolmer: From Wilderness Vision to Farm Invasions: Conservation & Development in South-East Lowveld, Tsehai Publishers, 2007.</ref> == Tariya == Ko fedde mahngo hakkunde leyɗeele Zimbaabwee (ICZ) mahi baraas oo, fedde mahngo mawnde to bannge worgo Afrik, hono Murray e Roberts, nde timminii e hitaande 1988. Baraas oo woni ko e falnde maayo Mwenwezi e nder taƴre hakkundeere maayo ngoo. Nokku oo ko ɓuuɓɗo, yoorɗo, semi-arid, ina waɗi koɗli e kopjeeji ɗi limotaako, ɗi konuuli baabaaji njillotoo e yiɗde mum en. Nde nde mahiraa, gure keewɗe ɗo laamu nguu ummii e doole mum en, ngummii e nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi ko wayi no nokku hakkunde Ngundu e Chiredzi (Diisnondiral), ɗo ɗoon e ɗoon ɓe tawi koye maɓɓe ina mbiya koye maɓɓe koɗdiiɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa laamu nguu.<ref>HM Masundire – Wetlands Ecology and Priorities for Conservation in Zimbabwe, 1994</ref><ref>The Zimbabwe Independent [1] accessed 21 January 2008</ref> == Sifaa ɓanndu == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e ŋoral ngal maayo Mwenezi waɗata so rewii e koɗli saraaji wuro bucolic Magomana. Nokku oo ɓuri heewde ko koɗli e kopjeeji. Ko baraas arc mo hoore mum gross ina darii e 25 m tooweeki. Tolno ndiyam e nder baraas oo yettiima ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol yalti ko adii fof e hitaande 1996. == Ekoloji == [[File:Manyuchi crocodile.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Nile crocodile lounging in the sun on the edge of the dam]] Maayo ngoo meeɗiino mantaade hippooji, kono jooni ɗi ngalaa. E nder heen baraas oo ina riiwaa e mborosaaji. Koɗorɗe Niil mbarii yimɓe wuro heewɓe ina njuula e nder baraas oo.<ref>Crocodile Attack [2] (assessed 19 February 2008)</ref> Ina waɗi liɗɗi keewɗi tawaaɗi e nder baraas hee, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e galle liɗɗi tiggu tawaaɗi e maayo Kariba. Nguurndam baraas oo ina hulɓinii e hoɗɓe e dow maayo, haa teeŋti noon e wonɓe e Mataga e diiwanuuji Zvishavane ɓe ndema e nder weeyo baraas oo ina peewna silt. == Kuutorɗe == === Kuutoragol kuuraa === Fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e kuuraa leydi Zimbabwe (ZESA) ɓooyii jogaade peeje ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder baraas o kono alaa ko heɓi heen sabu ŋakkeende kaalis. Kono tan, wiɗtooji kollitii wonde keɓgol ndiyam ina foti addande ɗum en waawde diwde turbineeji ɗiɗi 350 kiloowatt waktuuji 6 000 e hitaande, mbele ina mbaawa heɓde 4,2 gigawatt e hitaande.<ref>"Assessment of the E7 Group (including EDF) Proposal for a Mini-hydroelectric Power Station in Zimbabwe". Retrieved 18 January 2008</ref> === Ndiyam === Baraas Manyuchi to Zimbaabwee, ko ngam irtude nokkuuji ndema (2 000 ektaar kaaƴe), 40 km dow baraas oo. Baraas oo ina foti huutoreede ko adii fof ngam heblude haajuuji ndiyam. Yimɓe nokku oo etinooma fuɗɗaade eɓɓooji ndiyam kuutortooɗi ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo, kono ŋakkeende kaalis ina usta golle maɓɓe, haa teeŋti noon e wuro Magomana ngo saraaji mum.[9] Nde mahiraa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ustude njulaagu e njulaagu teeru fof. Haa hannde ko remooɓe njulaagu tan naftorii. Hay gooto e 3 476 ektaar potnoozo remeede ngam remooɓe tokosɓe ɓee, ƴellitaaka. E hitaande 1995, e dumunna yooro mawngo e nder diiwaan hee e nder leydi ndii, baraas oo ina heewi ko ina tolnoo e 80 e nder teemedere, ina naftoroo remooɓe njulaagu mawɓe seeɗa tan.<ref>Ammon Mutembwa, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3: Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa, February 1998</ref> Ko ɓooyaani koo ina haalee eɓɓaande nde laamu nguu, hono Triangle Sugar Ltd e dental pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, mbaɗi kaalis. Feere ndee ko doggol mawngol gadanol ngam huutoraade ndiyam ummoraade e baraas oo ngam naftoraade renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[11][12] Nafooje ɗee ɓuri wonde ko remooɓe koɗdiiɓe e nder ngesa Lapache. === Fijooji === Ko adii ɗuum, turism ina yaha e nokku hee ngam liggaade e golle goɗɗe. Kono e ɗii balɗe, yahde toon ina saɗi, laabi ɗii ina njuuti, neɗɗo ina sokli otooji nay ngam naatde heen. == E nder pinal leñol == [[File:Dusk Manyuchi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Dusk gathering fast on the dam, view of land from an island, 2006]] Dam oo ina tawee e daartol nokku oo. ==Image gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Homestead Magomana.jpg|Typical village homestead in communities that live on the edge of the dam File:Flame Lily.jpg|The national flower along the edges of the dam. File:Nyala Tree Manyuchi.jpg|View around the dam File:Cattle Manyuchi.jpg|Cattle herding Duty for a boy from nearby [[Magomana]] village </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == dd9eijagkhghvp48lentnuxafkg1g5e 0 42143 173850 2026-06-17T15:27:56Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173850 wikitext text/x-wiki John O'Grady (1940 – 1 sulyee 2023) ko ñaawoowo Irlannda. O'Grady jibinaa ko Mungret, e nder diiwaan Limerick, O'Grady adii fiyde hurling e sukaaɓe Irlande e fuku koyɗe Gael e fedde Commercials to Limerick. Caggal ɗuum o fiyi e fedde Mungret/St Paul, o jeyaa ko e fedde heɓnde tiitoonde Limerick JHC caggal nde o fooli Bruff e hitaande 1969. O'Grady ina yahra e duuɓi 18 tan nde o fuɗɗii waɗde arbiter. Ko adii fof ko yeewtere makko arbiter ko pottital kawgel hakkunde Patrickswell e Ballybrown. O'Grady ɓeydaama caggal ɗuum e goomu ñaawooɓe diiwaan e ngenndi. O neldi Denis Coughlan mo Cork e hitaande 1972 e kawgel finaal Munster, kono, caggal ɗuum, kuulal makko ngal woppitaa, O'Grady winndi mo yaafuya O ardii kadi kawgel finaal All-Ireland e hitaande 1977 hakkunde Cork e Wexford. O'Grady maayi ko ñalnde 1 sulyee 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 83. Tuugnorgal m72p8m6ouicq9bqpl4zni4i9hqnsi8o 173851 173850 2026-06-17T15:29:40Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} John O'Grady (1940 – 1 sulyee 2023) ko ñaawoowo Irlannda. O'Grady jibinaa ko Mungret, e nder diiwaan Limerick, O'Grady adii fiyde hurling e sukaaɓe Irlande e fuku koyɗe Gael e fedde Commercials to Limerick. Caggal ɗuum o fiyi e fedde Mungret/St Paul, o jeyaa ko e fedde heɓnde tiitoonde Limerick JHC caggal nde o fooli Bruff e hitaande 1969. O'Grady ina yahra e duuɓi 18 tan nde o fuɗɗii waɗde arbiter. Ko adii fof ko yeewtere makko arbiter ko pottital kawgel hakkunde Patrickswell e Ballybrown. O'Grady ɓeydaama caggal ɗuum e goomu ñaawooɓe diiwaan e ngenndi. O neldi Denis Coughlan mo Cork e hitaande 1972 e kawgel finaal Munster, kono, caggal ɗuum, kuulal makko ngal woppitaa, O'Grady winndi mo yaafuya O ardii kadi kawgel finaal All-Ireland e hitaande 1977 hakkunde Cork e Wexford. O'Grady maayi ko ñalnde 1 sulyee 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 83. Tuugnorgal mic1i6es1hb3z8f5fcj7utst2t1qhhy 173852 173851 2026-06-17T15:30:23Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John O'Grady''' (1940 – 1 sulyee 2023) ko ñaawoowo Irlannda. O'Grady jibinaa ko Mungret, e nder diiwaan Limerick, O'Grady adii fiyde hurling e sukaaɓe Irlande e fuku koyɗe Gael e fedde Commercials to Limerick. Caggal ɗuum o fiyi e fedde Mungret/St Paul, o jeyaa ko e fedde heɓnde tiitoonde Limerick JHC caggal nde o fooli Bruff e hitaande 1969. O'Grady ina yahra e duuɓi 18 tan nde o fuɗɗii waɗde arbiter. Ko adii fof ko yeewtere makko arbiter ko pottital kawgel hakkunde Patrickswell e Ballybrown. O'Grady ɓeydaama caggal ɗuum e goomu ñaawooɓe diiwaan e ngenndi. O neldi Denis Coughlan mo Cork e hitaande 1972 e kawgel finaal Munster, kono, caggal ɗuum, kuulal makko ngal woppitaa, O'Grady winndi mo yaafuya O ardii kadi kawgel finaal All-Ireland e hitaande 1977 hakkunde Cork e Wexford. O'Grady maayi ko ñalnde 1 sulyee 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 83. == Tuugnorgal == fgxzwx97csgb5lkt8yyyh70yuuouvh1 173853 173852 2026-06-17T15:31:17Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John O'Grady''' (1940 – 1 sulyee 2023) ko ñaawoowo Irlannda.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.limerickleader.ie/gallery/sport/501251/slideshow-mungret-gaa-club-1969-reunion.html|title=SLIDESHOW: Mungret GAA Club 1969 Reunion|publisher=Limerick Leader|date=15 December 2019|accessdate=9 July 2023|first=|last=}}</ref> O'Grady jibinaa ko Mungret, e nder diiwaan Limerick, O'Grady adii fiyde hurling e sukaaɓe Irlande e fuku koyɗe Gael e fedde Commercials to Limerick. Caggal ɗuum o fiyi e fedde Mungret/St Paul, o jeyaa ko e fedde heɓnde tiitoonde Limerick JHC caggal nde o fooli Bruff e hitaande 1969. O'Grady ina yahra e duuɓi 18 tan nde o fuɗɗii waɗde arbiter. Ko adii fof ko yeewtere makko arbiter ko pottital kawgel hakkunde Patrickswell e Ballybrown. O'Grady ɓeydaama caggal ɗuum e goomu ñaawooɓe diiwaan e ngenndi. O neldi Denis Coughlan mo Cork e hitaande 1972 e kawgel finaal Munster, kono, caggal ɗuum, kuulal makko ngal woppitaa, O'Grady winndi mo yaafuya O ardii kadi kawgel finaal All-Ireland e hitaande 1977 hakkunde Cork e Wexford. O'Grady maayi ko ñalnde 1 sulyee 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 83. == Tuugnorgal == 66dgd4346imcena0fbaxhq8dzi41q2z 173854 173853 2026-06-17T15:34:18Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John O'Grady''' (1940 – 1 sulyee 2023) ko ñaawoowo Irlannda.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.limerickleader.ie/gallery/sport/501251/slideshow-mungret-gaa-club-1969-reunion.html|title=SLIDESHOW: Mungret GAA Club 1969 Reunion|publisher=Limerick Leader|date=15 December 2019|accessdate=9 July 2023|first=|last=}}</ref> O'Grady jibinaa ko Mungret, e nder diiwaan Limerick, O'Grady adii fiyde hurling e sukaaɓe Irlande e fuku koyɗe Gael e fedde Commercials to Limerick. Caggal ɗuum o fiyi e fedde Mungret/St Paul, o jeyaa ko e fedde heɓnde tiitoonde Limerick JHC caggal nde o fooli Bruff e hitaande 1969.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-30852150.html|title=Christy Ring, more than a friend, a second father, says Denis Coughlan|publisher=Irish Examiner|date=30 June 2018|accessdate=9 July 2023|first=Kieran|last=Shannon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-20035207.html|title=Monitoring the men in black|publisher=Irish Examiner|date=16 June 2007|accessdate=9 July 2023|first=Jim|last=O'Sullivan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.limerickpost.ie/2022/07/17/whistler-lyons-handed-first-all-ireland-final/|title=Whistler Lyons handed first All-Ireland Final|publisher=Limerick Post|date=17 July 2022|accessdate=9 July 2023|first=|last=}}</ref> O'Grady ina yahra e duuɓi 18 tan nde o fuɗɗii waɗde arbiter. Ko adii fof ko yeewtere makko arbiter ko pottital kawgel hakkunde Patrickswell e Ballybrown. O'Grady ɓeydaama caggal ɗuum e goomu ñaawooɓe diiwaan e ngenndi. O neldi Denis Coughlan mo Cork e hitaande 1972 e kawgel finaal Munster, kono, caggal ɗuum, kuulal makko ngal woppitaa, O'Grady winndi mo yaafuya O ardii kadi kawgel finaal All-Ireland e hitaande 1977 hakkunde Cork e Wexford. O'Grady maayi ko ñalnde 1 sulyee 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 83. == Tuugnorgal == t2jl2rki4ihvz2egip622m48y21elzw 173855 173854 2026-06-17T15:36:29Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John O'Grady''' (1940 – 1 sulyee 2023) ko ñaawoowo Irlannda.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.limerickleader.ie/gallery/sport/501251/slideshow-mungret-gaa-club-1969-reunion.html|title=SLIDESHOW: Mungret GAA Club 1969 Reunion|publisher=Limerick Leader|date=15 December 2019|accessdate=9 July 2023|first=|last=}}</ref> O'Grady jibinaa ko Mungret, e nder diiwaan Limerick, O'Grady adii fiyde hurling e sukaaɓe Irlande e fuku koyɗe Gael e fedde Commercials to Limerick. Caggal ɗuum o fiyi e fedde Mungret/St Paul, o jeyaa ko e fedde heɓnde tiitoonde Limerick JHC caggal nde o fooli Bruff e hitaande 1969.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-30852150.html|title=Christy Ring, more than a friend, a second father, says Denis Coughlan|publisher=Irish Examiner|date=30 June 2018|accessdate=9 July 2023|first=Kieran|last=Shannon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-20035207.html|title=Monitoring the men in black|publisher=Irish Examiner|date=16 June 2007|accessdate=9 July 2023|first=Jim|last=O'Sullivan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.limerickpost.ie/2022/07/17/whistler-lyons-handed-first-all-ireland-final/|title=Whistler Lyons handed first All-Ireland Final|publisher=Limerick Post|date=17 July 2022|accessdate=9 July 2023|first=|last=}}</ref> O'Grady ina yahra e duuɓi 18 tan nde o fuɗɗii waɗde arbiter. Ko adii fof ko yeewtere makko arbiter ko pottital kawgel hakkunde Patrickswell e Ballybrown. O'Grady ɓeydaama caggal ɗuum e goomu ñaawooɓe diiwaan e ngenndi. O neldi Denis Coughlan mo Cork e hitaande 1972 e kawgel finaal Munster, kono, caggal ɗuum, kuulal makko ngal woppitaa, O'Grady winndi mo yaafuya O ardii kadi kawgel finaal All-Ireland e hitaande 1977 hakkunde Cork e Wexford. O'Grady maayi ko ñalnde 1 sulyee 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 83.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/john-ogrady-limerick-patrickswell-522271|title=The death has occurred of John O'Grady|publisher=rip.ie|date=1 July 2023|access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == agtba7ks1cpkl79z2rd3uj5g229h207 0 42144 173856 2026-06-17T15:38:24Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173856 wikitext text/x-wiki Mathew Nicholls (jibinaa ko 1977) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe to Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O ardii e Final mawngal AFL 2013[1] e Final mawngal AFL 2014. Nicholls ina teskaa e umpirde e nder pottital Sirengate bonngal hakkunde St Kilda e Fremantle e hitaande 2006, nde fijo ngoo acciraa jokkude caggal siren cakkitiiɗo oo sabu siren oo ina deeƴi no feewi haa Nicholls nani. Nicholls kadi ina teskaa ina wiyee "bouncer ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nder njulaagu", e wiyde Brian Taylor, ko ɗum tuugnorgal mbaawka makko e feewnude bouncer mawɗo e nder caka. Tuugnorgal 69nm7e4qoti60u786msa63ga08urpon 173857 173856 2026-06-17T15:40:17Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mathew Nicholls (jibinaa ko 1977) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe to Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O ardii e Final mawngal AFL 2013[1] e Final mawngal AFL 2014. Nicholls ina teskaa e umpirde e nder pottital Sirengate bonngal hakkunde St Kilda e Fremantle e hitaande 2006, nde fijo ngoo acciraa jokkude caggal siren cakkitiiɗo oo sabu siren oo ina deeƴi no feewi haa Nicholls nani. Nicholls kadi ina teskaa ina wiyee "bouncer ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nder njulaagu", e wiyde Brian Taylor, ko ɗum tuugnorgal mbaawka makko e feewnude bouncer mawɗo e nder caka. Tuugnorgal 99ecx44h202aix0teufzeuu3y0h3uyp 173858 173857 2026-06-17T15:40:55Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mathew Nicholls''' (jibinaa ko 1977) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe to Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O ardii e Final mawngal AFL 2013[1] e Final mawngal AFL 2014. Nicholls ina teskaa e umpirde e nder pottital Sirengate bonngal hakkunde St Kilda e Fremantle e hitaande 2006, nde fijo ngoo acciraa jokkude caggal siren cakkitiiɗo oo sabu siren oo ina deeƴi no feewi haa Nicholls nani. Nicholls kadi ina teskaa ina wiyee "bouncer ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nder njulaagu", e wiyde Brian Taylor, ko ɗum tuugnorgal mbaawka makko e feewnude bouncer mawɗo e nder caka. == Tuugnorgal == 2pyx7wwiff0jal29ed6wf8cyxc65b04 173859 173858 2026-06-17T15:42:10Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mathew Nicholls''' (jibinaa ko 1977) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe to Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O ardii e Final mawngal AFL 2013[1] e Final mawngal AFL 2014.]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aflua.com.au/afl-announces-grand-final-umpires/|title=AFL announces Grand Final umpires|date=24 September 2013|author=Julia Gauci|accessdate=26 September 2013|publisher=Australian Football League Umpires Association}}</ref> Nicholls ina teskaa e umpirde e nder pottital Sirengate bonngal hakkunde St Kilda e Fremantle e hitaande 2006, nde fijo ngoo acciraa jokkude caggal siren cakkitiiɗo oo sabu siren oo ina deeƴi no feewi haa Nicholls nani. Nicholls kadi ina teskaa ina wiyee "bouncer ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nder njulaagu", e wiyde Brian Taylor, ko ɗum tuugnorgal mbaawka makko e feewnude bouncer mawɗo e nder caka. == Tuugnorgal == o5mszk4u28dlnoit9v2ixi3hiv5bswy 173860 173859 2026-06-17T15:43:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mathew Nicholls''' (jibinaa ko 1977) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe to Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O ardii e Final mawngal AFL 2013[1] e Final mawngal AFL 2014.]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aflua.com.au/afl-announces-grand-final-umpires/|title=AFL announces Grand Final umpires|date=24 September 2013|author=Julia Gauci|accessdate=26 September 2013|publisher=Australian Football League Umpires Association}}</ref> Nicholls ina teskaa e umpirde e nder pottital Sirengate bonngal hakkunde St Kilda e Fremantle e hitaande 2006, nde fijo ngoo acciraa jokkude caggal siren cakkitiiɗo oo sabu siren oo ina deeƴi no feewi haa Nicholls nani.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/04/30/1146335612707.html|accessdate=29 September 2013|title=Siren signals chaos as Saints steal draw|first=Richard|last=Hinds|date=1 May 2006}}</ref> Nicholls kadi ina teskaa ina wiyee "bouncer ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nder njulaagu", e wiyde Brian Taylor, ko ɗum tuugnorgal mbaawka makko e feewnude bouncer mawɗo e nder caka. == Tuugnorgal == q1o3fznwte9gih27bv0uagylaudlq0b 0 42145 173861 2026-06-17T15:46:33Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173861 wikitext text/x-wiki Dan O'Halloran (jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 marse 1964, to Essex, Ontario) ko ñaawoowo Ligue Nationale de Hockey, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 13. O jeyaa ko e ñaawooɓe cuɓaaɓe ardinooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2014, 2015. 2016, e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2017. Ñalnde 14 oktoobar 1995, ñalngu NHL gadano ngu O’Halloran ardii, O’Halloran yettiima 1 000 ñalngu ñalnde 7 abriil 2013, tawi ko St. O suɓaama kadi e nder 13 arbiteeɓe NHL ngam ardaade Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010 to Vancouver, ina heen kadi pottital medal kaŋŋe. Tuugnorgal fimmeymbxkzasdsdrixgunjkok36sq2 173862 173861 2026-06-17T15:48:42Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dan O'Halloran (jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 marse 1964, to Essex, Ontario) ko ñaawoowo Ligue Nationale de Hockey, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 13. O jeyaa ko e ñaawooɓe cuɓaaɓe ardinooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2014, 2015. 2016, e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2017. Ñalnde 14 oktoobar 1995, ñalngu NHL gadano ngu O’Halloran ardii, O’Halloran yettiima 1 000 ñalngu ñalnde 7 abriil 2013, tawi ko St. O suɓaama kadi e nder 13 arbiteeɓe NHL ngam ardaade Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010 to Vancouver, ina heen kadi pottital medal kaŋŋe. Tuugnorgal ovl1sltafuu9oliuau0hm4rf46gvter 173863 173862 2026-06-17T15:49:27Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dan O'Halloran''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 marse 1964, to Essex, Ontario) ko ñaawoowo Ligue Nationale de Hockey, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 13. O jeyaa ko e ñaawooɓe cuɓaaɓe ardinooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2014, 2015. 2016, e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2017. Ñalnde 14 oktoobar 1995, ñalngu NHL gadano ngu O’Halloran ardii, O’Halloran yettiima 1 000 ñalngu ñalnde 7 abriil 2013, tawi ko St. O suɓaama kadi e nder 13 arbiteeɓe NHL ngam ardaade Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010 to Vancouver, ina heen kadi pottital medal kaŋŋe. == Tuugnorgal == itz7g1o7wzd7eoftfewqbjpr6oypm4e 173864 173863 2026-06-17T15:50:36Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dan O'Halloran''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 marse 1964, to Essex, Ontario) ko ñaawoowo Ligue Nationale de Hockey, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 13. O jeyaa ko e ñaawooɓe cuɓaaɓe ardinooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2014, 2015. 2016, e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2017. Ñalnde 14 oktoobar 1995, ñalngu NHL gadano ngu O’Halloran ardii, O’Halloran yettiima 1 000 ñalngu ñalnde 7 abriil 2013, tawi ko St.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dan O'Halloran|url=http://www.nhlofficials.com/nhl-officials/view/66|website=nhlofficials.com|accessdate=September 27, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> O suɓaama kadi e nder 13 arbiteeɓe NHL ngam ardaade Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010 to Vancouver, ina heen kadi pottital medal kaŋŋe. == Tuugnorgal == pzq9g8x3anxn48cq1rlsz9dkv91bqew 173865 173864 2026-06-17T15:52:12Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dan O'Halloran''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 marse 1964, to Essex, Ontario) ko ñaawoowo Ligue Nationale de Hockey, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 13. O jeyaa ko e ñaawooɓe cuɓaaɓe ardinooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2014, 2015. 2016, e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burnside|first1=Scott|title=Determination, and a little fate, lead O'Halloran to hockey's grand stage|url=http://www.espn.com/nhl/playoffs2008/columns/story?columnist=burnside_scott&id=3420092|website=ESPN.com|accessdate=September 26, 2018|date=May 31, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Duff|first1=Bob|title=Duff: Referee O'Halloran marks 1,000th NHL game|url=https://windsorstar.com/sports/hockey/duff-referee-dan-ohalloran-marks-1000th-nhl-game|accessdate=September 26, 2018|publisher=Windsor Star|date=April 7, 2013}}</ref> Ñalnde 14 oktoobar 1995, ñalngu NHL gadano ngu O’Halloran ardii, O’Halloran yettiima 1 000 ñalngu ñalnde 7 abriil 2013, tawi ko St.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dan O'Halloran|url=http://www.nhlofficials.com/nhl-officials/view/66|website=nhlofficials.com|accessdate=September 27, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> O suɓaama kadi e nder 13 arbiteeɓe NHL ngam ardaade Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010 to Vancouver, ina heen kadi pottital medal kaŋŋe. == Tuugnorgal == ahn1hot1vdy7jtsgvh5s7em8ow2qdj0 173866 173865 2026-06-17T15:53:26Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dan O'Halloran''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 marse 1964, to Essex, Ontario) ko ñaawoowo Ligue Nationale de Hockey, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 13. O jeyaa ko e ñaawooɓe cuɓaaɓe ardinooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2014, 2015. 2016, e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burnside|first1=Scott|title=Determination, and a little fate, lead O'Halloran to hockey's grand stage|url=http://www.espn.com/nhl/playoffs2008/columns/story?columnist=burnside_scott&id=3420092|website=ESPN.com|accessdate=September 26, 2018|date=May 31, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Duff|first1=Bob|title=Duff: Referee O'Halloran marks 1,000th NHL game|url=https://windsorstar.com/sports/hockey/duff-referee-dan-ohalloran-marks-1000th-nhl-game|accessdate=September 26, 2018|publisher=Windsor Star|date=April 7, 2013}}</ref> Ñalnde 14 oktoobar 1995, ñalngu NHL gadano ngu O’Halloran ardii, O’Halloran yettiima 1 000 ñalngu ñalnde 7 abriil 2013, tawi ko St.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dan O'Halloran|url=http://www.nhlofficials.com/nhl-officials/view/66|website=nhlofficials.com|accessdate=September 27, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> O suɓaama kadi e nder 13 arbiteeɓe NHL ngam ardaade Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010 to Vancouver, ina heen kadi pottital medal kaŋŋe.],<ref>{{cite web|title=TWENTY CANADIAN OFFICIALS ASSIGNED TO IIHF EVENTS FOR 2009-10 SEASON|url=https://www.hockeycanada.ca/en-ca/news/2009-nr-194-en|website=hockeycanada.ca|accessdate=September 27, 2018|date=December 24, 2009|quote=Five of the referees are from the National Hockey League (Paul Devorski, Marc Joannette, Bill McCreary, Dan O’Halloran, Brad Watson)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=508967|title=2010 Olympic ice hockey on-ice officials announced|date=2009-12-09|accessdate=2010-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307180738/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=508967#|archive-date=2010-03-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/channels10/olympics-2010/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/article/mccrearyohalloran-for-final.html|title=McCreary, O'Halloran for final|date=2010-02-28|accessdate=2010-02-28|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406044423/http://www.iihf.com/channels10/olympics-2010/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/article/mccrearyohalloran-for-final.html|archivedate=2010-04-06}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == grgd2j3emixvwnfisec5ree7t6my4fy 0 42146 173867 2026-06-17T15:56:07Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173867 wikitext text/x-wiki Nitin Pandit (jibinaa ko 15 abriil 1975) ko gardiiɗo kirikit leydi Indiya. O dariima e pottitte e nder kawgel Ranji Trophy. Tuugnorgal 5zpkepzxauxknn70eq3no7a5b9mbg1s 173868 173867 2026-06-17T15:57:06Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nitin Pandit''' (jibinaa ko 15 abriil 1975) ko gardiiɗo kirikit leydi Indiya. O dariima e pottitte e nder kawgel Ranji Trophy. == Tuugnorgal == siziu6498wec9i8i1qgkxrng8lwndpg 173869 173868 2026-06-17T15:58:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nitin Pandit''' (jibinaa ko 15 abriil 1975) ko gardiiɗo kirikit leydi Indiya. O dariima e pottitte e nder kawgel Ranji Trophy..<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/391525.html|title=Nitin Pandit|access-date=21 October 2015|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="Ranji">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053459.html|title=Ranji Trophy, Group A: Baroda v Gujarat at Jaipur, Oct 6-9, 2016|access-date=21 October 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == g69w9y6q6ty5pycesm78ja3245nvf43 0 42147 173870 2026-06-17T16:00:41Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173870 wikitext text/x-wiki Tim Podraza ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e sahaa NFL 2008, omo ɓoornii limre 47. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo liggey e nder ekipaaji ardorde Ed Hochuli e sahaa NFL 2009 kadi ko kanko woni ñaawoowo liggey e nder ekipaaji ardorde Pete Morelli e sahaa NFL 207. Tuugnorgal rma5a2yb5e574626trlt0mnqpbkbs05 173871 173870 2026-06-17T16:02:02Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tim Podraza ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e sahaa NFL 2008, omo ɓoornii limre 47. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo liggey e nder ekipaaji ardorde Ed Hochuli e sahaa NFL 2009 kadi ko kanko woni ñaawoowo liggey e nder ekipaaji ardorde Pete Morelli e sahaa NFL 207. Tuugnorgal el11bpyx476z7vhoxt3jbtryhlb24j0 173872 173871 2026-06-17T16:02:48Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tim Podraza''' ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e sahaa NFL 2008, omo ɓoornii limre 47. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo liggey e nder ekipaaji ardorde Ed Hochuli e sahaa NFL 2009 kadi ko kanko woni ñaawoowo liggey e nder ekipaaji ardorde Pete Morelli e sahaa NFL 207. == Tuugnorgal == evuzov2fu96ey7v625mn7e5fw0ohko8 173873 173872 2026-06-17T16:04:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tim Podraza''' ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e sahaa NFL 2008, omo ɓoornii limre 47. Ko kanko wonnoo <ref>{{cite web|title=Officiating crews for the 2017 season|website=Football Zebras|date=June 13, 2017|url=http://www.footballzebras.com/2017/06/officiating-crews-2017-season/|access-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref>ñaawoowo liggey e nder ekipaaji ardorde Ed Hochuli e sahaa NFL 2009 kadi ko kanko woni ñaawoowo liggey e nder ekipaaji ardorde Pete Morelli e sahaa NFL 207. == Tuugnorgal == bvaizi5gfr84h3njbicorh01rf9lpdu 0 42148 173874 2026-06-17T16:07:54Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173874 wikitext text/x-wiki Jason Quigley ko gardiiɗo kuule Ostarali e nder dingiral fuku koyɗe e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O waɗii 48 pottital e nder nguurndam makko e nder AFL. Teskorɗe les rik7xqnjxqjyc9b270ak3espzv2nzma 173875 173874 2026-06-17T16:09:20Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jason Quigley ko gardiiɗo kuule Ostarali e nder dingiral fuku koyɗe e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O waɗii 48 pottital e nder nguurndam makko e nder AFL. Teskorɗe les ssmfgpi3od6rnhlx9fhwqpw6uds3gre 173876 173875 2026-06-17T16:09:56Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jason Quigley''' ko gardiiɗo kuule Ostarali e nder dingiral fuku koyɗe e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O waɗii 48 pottital e nder nguurndam makko e nder AFL. == Teskorɗe les == 2zvg42buf2kj40c6s9m5d0hwkwzwhop 173877 173876 2026-06-17T16:10:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jason Quigley''' ko gardiiɗo kuule Ostarali e nder dingiral fuku koyɗe e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O waɗii 48 pottital e nder nguurndam makko e nder AFL.<ref>At the completion of [[2006 AFL finals series#Week One|Week 1 of the finals]] for [[2006 AFL season|the 2006 AFL season]].</ref><ref>[http://www.aflua.com.au/index.asp?d=5A4C5A717251477C7008060A010502 AFLUA Statistics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064850/http://aflua.com.au/index.asp?d=5A4C5A717251477C7008060A010502|date=2009-02-07}}, accessed on 18 September 2006</ref> == Teskorɗe les == 94u9njlxi8arii3c3f5oz8yl4c575lm 173980 173877 2026-06-18T01:08:02Z InternetArchiveBot 6960 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 173980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jason Quigley''' ko gardiiɗo kuule Ostarali e nder dingiral fuku koyɗe e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. O waɗii 48 pottital e nder nguurndam makko e nder AFL.<ref>At the completion of [[2006 AFL finals series#Week One|Week 1 of the finals]] for [[2006 AFL season|the 2006 AFL season]].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064850/http://aflua.com.au/index.asp?d=5A4C5A717251477C7008060A010502 AFLUA Statistics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064850/http://aflua.com.au/index.asp?d=5A4C5A717251477C7008060A010502|date=2009-02-07}}, accessed on 18 September 2006</ref> == Teskorɗe les == 1tjokhaakmn8e3i634ukfpv8tradzg5 0 42149 173878 2026-06-17T16:13:14Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173878 wikitext text/x-wiki Charlie Ramos (jibinaa ko 1988) ko gardiiɗo Ameriknaajo e nder kawgel fuku koyɗe. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 50. Kugal Ramos heɓi bakkaa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Marshall to Marshall, to Michigan, e hitaande 2006. O fuɗɗii ardaade baseball to Marshall nde o yahrata e duuɓi sappo e nay. O fuɗɗii arde e pijirlooji baseball Ligue Minor e hitaande 2011. O ardi e Ligue Pioneer, Ligue Midwest, Ligue State Florida, Ligue Eastern e Ligue Internationale. O jeyaa ko e fedde arbitooɓe ngam tawtoreede kawgel fuku koyɗe 2016. Ramos waɗii kawgel mum gadanel e nder kawgel ngel ñalnde 25 ut 2020, ngam fijo hakkunde Toronto Blue Jays e Boston Red Sox to Sahlen Field. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 111, o woni ko e base ɗiɗaɓo, Tripp Gibson woni e base gadano, Dan Iassogna woni arbiter plaque galle e sehil makko noddaango Ben May woni arbiter tataɓo. MLB ƴetti Ramos e golle duumiiɗe ñalnde 1 ut 2025, nde Brian Knight woppi golle. Ƴeew kadi ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) Tuugnorgal m6exes1zimd4uomk5lo3f8vuoze7013 173879 173878 2026-06-17T16:14:46Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173879 wikitext text/x-wiki Charlie Ramos (jibinaa ko 1988) ko gardiiɗo Ameriknaajo e nder kawgel fuku koyɗe. O ɓoornii {{Databox}} ko uniforme limoore 50. Kugal Ramos heɓi bakkaa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Marshall to Marshall, to Michigan, e hitaande 2006. O fuɗɗii ardaade baseball to Marshall nde o yahrata e duuɓi sappo e nay. O fuɗɗii arde e pijirlooji baseball Ligue Minor e hitaande 2011. O ardi e Ligue Pioneer, Ligue Midwest, Ligue State Florida, Ligue Eastern e Ligue Internationale. O jeyaa ko e fedde arbitooɓe ngam tawtoreede kawgel fuku koyɗe 2016. Ramos waɗii kawgel mum gadanel e nder kawgel ngel ñalnde 25 ut 2020, ngam fijo hakkunde Toronto Blue Jays e Boston Red Sox to Sahlen Field. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 111, o woni ko e base ɗiɗaɓo, Tripp Gibson woni e base gadano, Dan Iassogna woni arbiter plaque galle e sehil makko noddaango Ben May woni arbiter tataɓo. MLB ƴetti Ramos e golle duumiiɗe ñalnde 1 ut 2025, nde Brian Knight woppi golle. Ƴeew kadi ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) Tuugnorgal gqteqc7wz4e0kozwu6qq52lrh0swsz3 173880 173879 2026-06-17T16:15:48Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charlie Ramos''' (jibinaa ko 1988) ko gardiiɗo Ameriknaajo e nder kawgel fuku koyɗe. O ɓoornii {{Databox}} ko uniforme limoore 50. == Kugal == Ramos heɓi bakkaa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Marshall to Marshall, to Michigan, e hitaande 2006. O fuɗɗii ardaade baseball to Marshall nde o yahrata e duuɓi sappo e nay. O fuɗɗii arde e pijirlooji baseball Ligue Minor e hitaande 2011. O ardi e Ligue Pioneer, Ligue Midwest, Ligue State Florida, Ligue Eastern e Ligue Internationale. O jeyaa ko e fedde arbitooɓe ngam tawtoreede kawgel fuku koyɗe 2016. Ramos waɗii kawgel mum gadanel e nder kawgel ngel ñalnde 25 ut 2020, ngam fijo hakkunde Toronto Blue Jays e Boston Red Sox to Sahlen Field. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 111, o woni ko e base ɗiɗaɓo, Tripp Gibson woni e base gadano, Dan Iassogna woni arbiter plaque galle e sehil makko noddaango Ben May woni arbiter tataɓo. MLB ƴetti Ramos e golle duumiiɗe ñalnde 1 ut 2025, nde Brian Knight woppi golle. == Ƴeew kadi == ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) == Tuugnorgal == 0of7kfmjkzomzs7qe1b70a0y48dmi1n 173881 173880 2026-06-17T16:17:59Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charlie Ramos''' (jibinaa ko 1988) ko gardiiɗo Ameriknaajo e nder kawgel fuku koyɗe. O ɓoornii {{Databox}} ko uniforme limoore 50. == Kugal == Ramos heɓi bakkaa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Marshall to Marshall, to Michigan, e hitaande 2006. O fuɗɗii ardaade baseball to Marshall nde o yahrata e duuɓi sappo e nay. O fuɗɗii arde e pijirlooji baseball Ligue Minor e hitaande 2011. O ardi e Ligue Pioneer, Ligue Midwest, Ligue State Florida, Ligue Eastern e Ligue Internationale. O jeyaa ko e fedde arbitooɓe ngam tawtoreede kawgel fuku koyɗe 2016. Ramos waɗii kawgel mum gadanel e nder kawgel ngel ñalnde 25 ut 2020, ngam fijo hakkunde Toronto Blue Jays e Boston Red Sox to Sahlen Field. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 111, o woni ko e base ɗiɗaɓo, Tripp Gibson woni e base gadano, Dan Iassogna woni arbiter plaque galle e sehil makko noddaango Ben May woni arbiter tataɓo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Broderick|first=Bill|title=Marshall's Ramos chosen to umpire in MLB Futures Game|url=https://www.battlecreekenquirer.com/story/sports/2016/07/09/marshalls-ramos-chosen-umpire-mlb-futures-game/86855190/|access-date=2025-10-07|website=Battle Creek Enquirer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lindsay|title=2016 MLB All-Star Game Umpires|url=https://www.closecallsports.com/2016/07/2016-mlb-all-star-game-umpires.html|access-date=2025-10-07}}</ref> MLB ƴetti Ramos e golle duumiiɗe ñalnde 1 ut 2025, nde Brian Knight woppi golle. == Ƴeew kadi == ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) == Tuugnorgal == t3ahj74e21pe3den6n29j1ossfb5jgj 173882 173881 2026-06-17T16:19:21Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charlie Ramos''' (jibinaa ko 1988) ko gardiiɗo Ameriknaajo e nder kawgel fuku koyɗe. O ɓoornii {{Databox}} ko uniforme limoore 50. == Kugal == Ramos heɓi bakkaa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Marshall to Marshall, to Michigan, e hitaande 2006. O fuɗɗii ardaade baseball to Marshall nde o yahrata e duuɓi sappo e nay. O fuɗɗii arde e pijirlooji baseball Ligue Minor e hitaande 2011. O ardi e Ligue Pioneer, Ligue Midwest, Ligue State Florida, Ligue Eastern e Ligue Internationale. O jeyaa ko e fedde arbitooɓe ngam tawtoreede kawgel fuku koyɗe 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Retrosheet Boxscore: Boston Red Sox 9, Toronto Blue Jays 7|url=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2020/B08250TOR2020.htm|access-date=2025-10-06|website=www.retrosheet.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Lindsay|title=MLB Debut of Umpire Charlie Ramos|url=https://www.closecallsports.com/2020/08/mlb-debut-of-umpire-charlie-ramos.html|access-date=2025-10-06}}</ref> Ramos waɗii kawgel mum gadanel e nder kawgel ngel ñalnde 25 ut 2020, ngam fijo hakkunde Toronto Blue Jays e Boston Red Sox to Sahlen Field. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 111, o woni ko e base ɗiɗaɓo, Tripp Gibson woni e base gadano, Dan Iassogna woni arbiter plaque galle e sehil makko noddaango Ben May woni arbiter tataɓo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Broderick|first=Bill|title=Marshall's Ramos chosen to umpire in MLB Futures Game|url=https://www.battlecreekenquirer.com/story/sports/2016/07/09/marshalls-ramos-chosen-umpire-mlb-futures-game/86855190/|access-date=2025-10-07|website=Battle Creek Enquirer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lindsay|title=2016 MLB All-Star Game Umpires|url=https://www.closecallsports.com/2016/07/2016-mlb-all-star-game-umpires.html|access-date=2025-10-07}}</ref> MLB ƴetti Ramos e golle duumiiɗe ñalnde 1 ut 2025, nde Brian Knight woppi golle. == Ƴeew kadi == ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) == Tuugnorgal == kbcoxlcwy4ciomt49r7u640q8kvimpp 173883 173882 2026-06-17T16:20:25Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charlie Ramos''' (jibinaa ko 1988) ko gardiiɗo Ameriknaajo e nder kawgel fuku koyɗe. O ɓoornii {{Databox}} ko uniforme limoore 50. == Kugal == Ramos heɓi bakkaa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Marshall to Marshall, to Michigan, e hitaande 2006. O fuɗɗii ardaade baseball to Marshall nde o yahrata e duuɓi sappo e nay. O fuɗɗii arde e pijirlooji baseball Ligue Minor e hitaande 2011. O ardi e Ligue Pioneer, Ligue Midwest, Ligue State Florida, Ligue Eastern e Ligue Internationale. O jeyaa ko e fedde arbitooɓe ngam tawtoreede kawgel fuku koyɗe 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Retrosheet Boxscore: Boston Red Sox 9, Toronto Blue Jays 7|url=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2020/B08250TOR2020.htm|access-date=2025-10-06|website=www.retrosheet.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Lindsay|title=MLB Debut of Umpire Charlie Ramos|url=https://www.closecallsports.com/2020/08/mlb-debut-of-umpire-charlie-ramos.html|access-date=2025-10-06}}</ref> Ramos waɗii kawgel mum gadanel e nder kawgel ngel ñalnde 25 ut 2020, ngam fijo hakkunde Toronto Blue Jays e Boston Red Sox to Sahlen Field. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 111, o woni ko e base ɗiɗaɓo, Tripp Gibson woni e base gadano, Dan Iassogna woni arbiter plaque galle e sehil makko noddaango Ben May woni arbiter tataɓo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Broderick|first=Bill|title=Marshall's Ramos chosen to umpire in MLB Futures Game|url=https://www.battlecreekenquirer.com/story/sports/2016/07/09/marshalls-ramos-chosen-umpire-mlb-futures-game/86855190/|access-date=2025-10-07|website=Battle Creek Enquirer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lindsay|title=2016 MLB All-Star Game Umpires|url=https://www.closecallsports.com/2016/07/2016-mlb-all-star-game-umpires.html|access-date=2025-10-07}}</ref> MLB ƴetti Ramos e golle duumiiɗe ñalnde 1 ut 2025, nde Brian Knight woppi golle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charlie Ramos promoted to Major League staff|url=https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-charlie-ramos-promoted-to-major-league-staff|access-date=2025-10-06|website=MLB.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ƴeew kadi == ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) == Tuugnorgal == ovg89p0psqqmfwej0rt21oqu6rru7y2 0 42150 173884 2026-06-17T16:22:35Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173884 wikitext text/x-wiki Abdukhamidullo Rasulov (e ɗemngal Riisi: Абдухамидулло Расулов ​​; jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 lewru Yarkomaa 1976), ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Usbek. O wonii balloowo arbiter to bannge winndere gila 2005. E kawgel fuku winndere 2014 o woniino balloowo arbiter Ravshan Irmatov. E lewru noowammbar 2012, AFC suɓii mo ngam wonde balloowo arbiter ɓurɗo moƴƴude e njeenaaje hitaande kala AFC. Kawgeluuji Rasulov wonnoo ko balloowo arbiter e ɗeeɗoo kawgel : Kop Aasi 2011 Kop FIFA 2013 Kop aduna FIFA 2014 Kop Aasi 2015 Kop aduna FIFA 2018 Kitɗe Ostarali–Kuwoyt (Goomu A) Kataar–Iraan (Goomu C) Japon–Yordaani (Goomu D) Ostarali–Emiraaji Arab Dentuɗi (Semi-finaal) Tuugnorgal k01lyuw0koc7f8hqihazel06euc5k5v 173885 173884 2026-06-17T16:24:16Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Abdukhamidullo Rasulov (e ɗemngal Riisi: Абдухамидулло Расулов ​​; jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 lewru Yarkomaa 1976), ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Usbek. O wonii balloowo arbiter to bannge winndere gila 2005. E kawgel fuku winndere 2014 o woniino balloowo arbiter Ravshan Irmatov. E lewru noowammbar 2012, AFC suɓii mo ngam wonde balloowo arbiter ɓurɗo moƴƴude e njeenaaje hitaande kala AFC. Kawgeluuji Rasulov wonnoo ko balloowo arbiter e ɗeeɗoo kawgel : Kop Aasi 2011 Kop FIFA 2013 Kop aduna FIFA 2014 Kop Aasi 2015 Kop aduna FIFA 2018 Kitɗe Ostarali–Kuwoyt (Goomu A) Kataar–Iraan (Goomu C) Japon–Yordaani (Goomu D) Ostarali–Emiraaji Arab Dentuɗi (Semi-finaal) Tuugnorgal 2tklthxjo7lryksf9yfv5j2rk9lto4b 173886 173885 2026-06-17T16:25:48Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdukhamidullo Rasulov''' (e ɗemngal Riisi: Абдухамидулло Расулов ​​; jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 lewru Yarkomaa 1976), ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Usbek. O wonii balloowo arbiter to bannge winndere gila 2005. E kawgel fuku winndere 2014 o woniino balloowo arbiter Ravshan Irmatov. E lewru noowammbar 2012, AFC suɓii mo ngam wonde balloowo arbiter ɓurɗo moƴƴude e njeenaaje hitaande kala AFC. == Kawgeluuji == Rasulov wonnoo ko balloowo arbiter e ɗeeɗoo kawgel : Kop Aasi 2011 Kop FIFA 2013 Kop aduna FIFA 2014 Kop Aasi 2015 Kop aduna FIFA 2018 == Kitɗe == Ostarali–Kuwoyt (Goomu A) Kataar–Iraan (Goomu C) Japon–Yordaani (Goomu D) Ostarali–Emiraaji Arab Dentuɗi (Semi-finaal) == Tuugnorgal == nea3ptro3vpow1ic9dfon3aiiunvanv 173887 173886 2026-06-17T16:27:03Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdukhamidullo Rasulov''' (e ɗemngal Riisi: Абдухамидулло Расулов ​​; jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 lewru Yarkomaa 1976), ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Usbek. O wonii balloowo arbiter to bannge winndere gila 2005. E kawgel fuku winndere 2014 o woniino balloowo arbiter Ravshan Irmatov.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/referees/referee=240375/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424022102/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/referees/referee=240375/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 24, 2014|title=Abduxamidullo RASULOV|publisher=fifa.com|date=2014-03-12|accessdate=2014-10-19}}</ref> E lewru noowammbar 2012, AFC suɓii mo ngam wonde balloowo arbiter ɓurɗo moƴƴude e njeenaaje hitaande kala AFC. == Kawgeluuji == Rasulov wonnoo ko balloowo arbiter e ɗeeɗoo kawgel : Kop Aasi 2011 Kop FIFA 2013 Kop aduna FIFA 2014 Kop Aasi 2015 Kop aduna FIFA 2018 == Kitɗe == Ostarali–Kuwoyt (Goomu A) Kataar–Iraan (Goomu C) Japon–Yordaani (Goomu D) Ostarali–Emiraaji Arab Dentuɗi (Semi-finaal) == Tuugnorgal == gutp1q6o4lhjz5fue9lby51m9ttlefa 0 42151 173892 2026-06-17T16:39:52Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Maayo Insiza''' woni maayo mawngo e nder maayo Mzingwane to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Rixon, diiwaan Insiza, nde rewa e maayo Mzingwane sara Nicholson worgo. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Toownde Insiza ndee ko juutnde, kono les ɓuuɓri Silalabuhwa, maayo ngoo ina ilna fotde tataɓe ɗiɗi e hitaande.[1] Maayo Insiza mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Inkankezi e maayo Siwaze. Gure, gure e koɗorɗe saraaji maayo Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maa..." 173892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Insiza''' woni maayo mawngo e nder maayo Mzingwane to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Rixon, diiwaan Insiza, nde rewa e maayo Mzingwane sara Nicholson worgo. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Toownde Insiza ndee ko juutnde, kono les ɓuuɓri Silalabuhwa, maayo ngoo ina ilna fotde tataɓe ɗiɗi e hitaande.[1] Maayo Insiza mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Inkankezi e maayo Siwaze. Gure, gure e koɗorɗe saraaji maayo Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maayo haa e joofnirde mum : Wuro Fort Rixon Wuro Filabusi == Pontooji e taƴgol. == Pontooji mawɗi nay ina ngoodi dow maayo Insiza : * Pont dow laawol Mbalabala mawngol - Masvingo, haa sera Filabusi. * Pont dow laawol Filabusi - Mataga . * Ponto dow laawol Filabusi - Hirnaange Nikolson . * Pont Croft, e laawol ummoraade Filabusi fayde e lowre Croft. Ina waɗi kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi, ina heen : * Pontoon Ekusileni (ƴeew foto to dow hello ngoo). == Yahde yeeso == * Gaagaa limre weendu tokoosru, ina woodi baraasuuji nay e maayo Insiza : * Baraas Insiza toowɗo, sara Fort Rixon, mahaa ko e hitaande 1967, tawi ina waɗi 8 829 MCM (miliyoŋaaji meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo). * Baraas Insiza, ko adii ɗuum ko baraas Mayfair e maayo Cunningham, mahaa ko e hitaande 1973, tawi ina waɗi 173 491 MCM. Kanngal rokkata ndiyam e wuro Bulawayo. * Baraas Pangani, sara Filabusi, mahaa ngam rokkude ndiyam ministeer Pangani (jooni ko udditaa e nokku janngirde sukaaɓe. Baraas Silalabuhwa, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1966, ina jogii 23 454 MCM timmuɗo. Nde woni ko sara ɗo maayo Mzingwane hawri, nde rokkata ndiyam ngam ustude ndiyam e nder njuɓɓudi ndiyam Silalatshani [3] e Colleen Bawn.[4] == Tuugnorgal == 4xr6y2gixrg4zuixeqsyk2t43jbl7y9 173893 173892 2026-06-17T16:43:13Z Nnamadee 11577 173893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Insiza''' woni maayo mawngo e nder maayo Mzingwane to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Rixon, diiwaan Insiza, nde rewa e maayo Mzingwane sara Nicholson worgo. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Toownde Insiza ndee ko juutnde, kono les ɓuuɓri Silalabuhwa, maayo ngoo ina ilna fotde tataɓe ɗiɗi e hitaande.<ref>Kileshye-Onema, J.-M., Mazvimavi, D., Love, D. and Mul, M.L. 2006. Effects of selected dams on river flows of Insiza River, Zimbabwe . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 870–875. [1]</ref> Maayo Insiza mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Inkankezi e maayo Siwaze. Gure, gure e koɗorɗe saraaji maayo Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maayo haa e joofnirde mum: Wuro Fort Rixon Wuro Filabusi == Pontooji e taƴgol. == Pontooji mawɗi nay ina ngoodi dow maayo Insiza: * Pont dow laawol Mbalabala mawngol - Masvingo, haa sera Filabusi. * Pont dow laawol Filabusi - Mataga . * Ponto dow laawol Filabusi - Hirnaange Nikolson. * Pont Croft, e laawol ummoraade Filabusi fayde e lowre Croft. Ina waɗi kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi, ina heen: * Pontoon Ekusileni (ƴeew foto to dow hello ngoo). == Yahde yeeso == * Gaagaa limre weendu tokoosru, ina woodi baraasuuji nay e maayo Insiza : * Baraas Insiza toowɗo, sara Fort Rixon, mahaa ko e hitaande 1967, tawi ina waɗi 8 829 MCM (miliyoŋaaji meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo). * Baraas Insiza, ko adii ɗuum ko baraas Mayfair e maayo Cunningham, mahaa ko e hitaande 1973, tawi ina waɗi 173 491 MCM. Kanngal rokkata ndiyam e wuro Bulawayo. * Baraas Pangani, sara Filabusi, mahaa ngam rokkude ndiyam ministeer Pangani (jooni ko udditaa e nokku janngirde sukaaɓe. Baraas Silalabuhwa, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1966, ina jogii 23 454 MCM timmuɗo. Nde woni ko sara ɗo maayo Mzingwane hawri, nde rokkata ndiyam ngam ustude ndiyam e nder njuɓɓudi ndiyam Silalatshani <ref>Moyo, M.; van Rooyen, A.; Moyo, M.; Chivenge, P.; Bjornlund, H. (2017). "Irrigation development in Zimbabwe: understanding productivity barriers and opportunities at Mkoba and Silalatshani irrigation schemes". International Journal of Water Resources Development. 33 (5): 740–754. doi:10.1080/07900627.2016.1175339. hdl:10568/96629.</ref> e Colleen Bawn.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 9pw44i5njbixzui3m7a7h8i4jen4j1v 173894 173893 2026-06-17T16:43:37Z Nnamadee 11577 173894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Insiza''' woni maayo mawngo e nder maayo Mzingwane to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Rixon, diiwaan Insiza, nde rewa e maayo Mzingwane sara Nicholson worgo. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Toownde Insiza ndee ko juutnde, kono les ɓuuɓri Silalabuhwa, maayo ngoo ina ilna fotde tataɓe ɗiɗi e hitaande.<ref>Kileshye-Onema, J.-M., Mazvimavi, D., Love, D. and Mul, M.L. 2006. Effects of selected dams on river flows of Insiza River, Zimbabwe . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 870–875. [1]</ref> Maayo Insiza mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Inkankezi e maayo Siwaze. Gure, gure e koɗorɗe saraaji maayo Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maayo haa e joofnirde mum: Wuro Fort Rixon Wuro Filabusi == Pontooji e taƴgol. == Pontooji mawɗi nay ina ngoodi dow maayo Insiza: * Pont dow laawol Mbalabala mawngol - Masvingo, haa sera Filabusi. * Pont dow laawol Filabusi - Mataga . * Ponto dow laawol Filabusi - Hirnaange Nikolson. * Pont Croft, e laawol ummoraade Filabusi fayde e lowre Croft. Ina waɗi kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi, ina heen: * Pontoon Ekusileni (ƴeew foto to dow hello ngoo). == Yahde yeeso == * Gaagaa limre weendu tokoosru, ina woodi baraasuuji nay e maayo Insiza : * Baraas Insiza toowɗo, sara Fort Rixon, mahaa ko e hitaande 1967, tawi ina waɗi 8 829 MCM (miliyoŋaaji meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo). * Baraas Insiza, ko adii ɗuum ko baraas Mayfair e maayo Cunningham, mahaa ko e hitaande 1973, tawi ina waɗi 173 491 MCM. Kanngal rokkata ndiyam e wuro Bulawayo. * Baraas Pangani, sara Filabusi, mahaa ngam rokkude ndiyam ministeer Pangani (jooni ko udditaa e nokku janngirde sukaaɓe. Baraas Silalabuhwa, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1966, ina jogii 23 454 MCM timmuɗo. Nde woni ko sara ɗo maayo Mzingwane hawri, nde rokkata ndiyam ngam ustude ndiyam e nder njuɓɓudi ndiyam Silalatshani <ref>Moyo, M.; van Rooyen, A.; Moyo, M.; Chivenge, P.; Bjornlund, H. (2017). "Irrigation development in Zimbabwe: understanding productivity barriers and opportunities at Mkoba and Silalatshani irrigation schemes". International Journal of Water Resources Development. 33 (5): 740–754. doi:10.1080/07900627.2016.1175339. hdl:10568/96629.</ref> e Colleen Bawn.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == drlrwktwmobmqwxug759cmztn2vrdx0 173895 173894 2026-06-17T16:45:36Z Nnamadee 11577 173895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Insiza''' woni maayo mawngo e nder maayo Mzingwane to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Rixon, diiwaan Insiza, nde rewa e maayo Mzingwane sara Nicholson worgo. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Toownde Insiza ndee ko juutnde, kono les ɓuuɓri Silalabuhwa, maayo ngoo ina ilna fotde tataɓe ɗiɗi e hitaande.<ref>Kileshye-Onema, J.-M., Mazvimavi, D., Love, D. and Mul, M.L. 2006. Effects of selected dams on river flows of Insiza River, Zimbabwe . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 870–875. [1]</ref> Maayo Insiza mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Inkankezi e maayo Siwaze. Gure, gure e koɗorɗe saraaji maayo Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maayo haa e joofnirde mum: Wuro Fort Rixon Wuro Filabusi == Pontooji e taƴgol. == [[File:croft bridge.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Croft Bridge on the Insiza River near [[Filabusi]].]] Pontooji mawɗi nay ina ngoodi dow maayo Insiza: * Pont dow laawol Mbalabala mawngol - Masvingo, haa sera Filabusi. * Pont dow laawol Filabusi - Mataga . * Ponto dow laawol Filabusi - Hirnaange Nikolson. * Pont Croft, e laawol ummoraade Filabusi fayde e lowre Croft. Ina waɗi kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi, ina heen: * Pontoon Ekusileni (ƴeew foto to dow hello ngoo). == Yahde yeeso == [[File:Silalabuhwa Dam.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Silalabuhwa Dam.]] * Gaagaa limre weendu tokoosru, ina woodi baraasuuji nay e maayo Insiza : * Baraas Insiza toowɗo, sara Fort Rixon, mahaa ko e hitaande 1967, tawi ina waɗi 8 829 MCM (miliyoŋaaji meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo). * Baraas Insiza, ko adii ɗuum ko baraas Mayfair e maayo Cunningham, mahaa ko e hitaande 1973, tawi ina waɗi 173 491 MCM. Kanngal rokkata ndiyam e wuro Bulawayo. * Baraas Pangani, sara Filabusi, mahaa ngam rokkude ndiyam ministeer Pangani (jooni ko udditaa e nokku janngirde sukaaɓe. Baraas Silalabuhwa, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1966, ina jogii 23 454 MCM timmuɗo. Nde woni ko sara ɗo maayo Mzingwane hawri, nde rokkata ndiyam ngam ustude ndiyam e nder njuɓɓudi ndiyam Silalatshani <ref>Moyo, M.; van Rooyen, A.; Moyo, M.; Chivenge, P.; Bjornlund, H. (2017). "Irrigation development in Zimbabwe: understanding productivity barriers and opportunities at Mkoba and Silalatshani irrigation schemes". International Journal of Water Resources Development. 33 (5): 740–754. doi:10.1080/07900627.2016.1175339. hdl:10568/96629.</ref> e Colleen Bawn.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == jxl7ejocmb7vjb4f4nhsbi2jhp521zm 0 42152 173896 2026-06-17T16:51:28Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Maayo Sebakwe''' walla maayo Zibagwe ko maayo to leydi Simmbaabwee. Maayo Sebakwe woni ko e diiwaan Midlands to leydi Simmbaabwee. Njuuteendi maggal ko 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi) laana njoorndi gila e ɓuuɓri haa e hunduko,[1] ko ngal ɓuuɓol maayo Munyati ngo ngal hawrata e Zhombe Fuɗnaange to 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Maayo Sebakwe ina jippoo e taƴre fuɗnaange-rewo tufnde Mtoro, toownde mum ko 1 580 meeter (5 180 ft), to fuɗnaange-rewo Chivhu. Nde..." 173896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Sebakwe''' walla maayo Zibagwe ko maayo to leydi Simmbaabwee. Maayo Sebakwe woni ko e diiwaan Midlands to leydi Simmbaabwee. Njuuteendi maggal ko 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi) laana njoorndi gila e ɓuuɓri haa e hunduko,[1] ko ngal ɓuuɓol maayo Munyati ngo ngal hawrata e Zhombe Fuɗnaange to 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Maayo Sebakwe ina jippoo e taƴre fuɗnaange-rewo tufnde Mtoro, toownde mum ko 1 580 meeter (5 180 ft), to fuɗnaange-rewo Chivhu. Ndeen nde rewi ko fuɗnaange-rewo, fuɗnaange Chivhu e hirnaange The Range.[2] == Ɓawo == Innde Sebakwe ko mbayliigu innde Zibagwe firti ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob. Version goɗɗo oo e asli innde ndee wiyi nde ummorii ko e innde "Chiwake firti ko 'ko mahaa', ina firta keeri mahaaɗi e sahaa Muurtere".[3] Hannde innde "Zibagwe" ina doolni. Ina woodi lefol gonngol e haala, ina haala no innde Zibagwe ndee ardi. Ina winndaa heen Zibagwe ko innde ChiShona wonande " lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob" rokkaama nde yimɓe nokku oo njilli ngam ƴeewde kampaañ mo wiɗtooɓe Oropnaaɓe mbaɗnoo fotde lebbi. Wiɗtooɓe ɓee mbiyi ko jooni njalti e kampaañ oo, payi to nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude to fuɗnaange leydi Mashonaland. Nokku oo tawi ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi, ina waɗi ƴiye mawɗe no feewi to nokku mo ɓe ngoppi oo. Hay so tawii eɓe ngari e dogde ngalu ngam yiytude ko worɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓee mbaawi accude, hay gooto meeɗaani meemde lekki kii jarriborki sabu ko sara urinal kammu, urin ɓuuɓɗo no feewi. Leydi maaro wiyndi ndii ina wonnoo ɗoon ko juuti, tee nde wonnoo ko e daande maayo, ɓe inniri maayo ngoo "kuZibagwe" firti ko "to leñol maaro ɓurngol mawnude". Hay so tawii noon haalaaka e dow laabi ina sikkaa wonde Zibagwe "Urinal" Maize Plant ina hirjina eɓɓaande jarriborde ekkolooji to Zimbaabwee duuɓi seeɗa ko adii hannde. Eɓɓoore wiɗto duuɓi 3 huutortoonde ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam ngam waɗde ɗum mbaydi mbaylaandi, waɗiraa ko to Epworth, Harare (2008–2010) e njeñtudi ndii ina moƴƴi no feewi.[4] (Deftere ndee fof ina hollita no huutoraade ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam e leɗɗe ina waawi waɗde batte no feewi e mawnugol leɗɗe). == Maayo Sebakwe tokooso == Maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina rewa e maayo Munyati. Won maayo Sebakwe goɗɗo anndiraango maayo Sebakwe tokooso ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 7,6 kiloomeeteer (4,7 mi) ngo fof woni ko e diiwaan Mashonaland Fuɗnaange. Nanduɗo e maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina ilna fuɗnaange e nder maayo Nyazvidzi, woni nokku ɓuuɓɗo maayo Save. Sebakwe tokooso ina rewa to fuɗnaange tufnde Dombo, toownde mum ko 1 455 meeter (4 774 ft), e fuɗnaange tufnde Dowa, toownde mum ko 1 386 meeter (4 547 ft), e laawol mum feewde maayo Nyazvidzi. Nde hawti e maayo Nyazvidzi to fuɗnaange-rewo duɗal St Kizito e nder ko anndiraa leydi hoolaare leñol Eastdale.[5] == Golle daartol == Maayo Sebakwe ina jogii daartol keewngol. Ina wayi no Kwekwe, ndeen winndiraama Que Que ina wiyee Sebakwe hade mum ƴettude innde Que Que.[6] E teeminannde sappo e jeegom, njiylotooɗo Portigaal gooto, biyeteeɗo Fernandes, hoɗii e daande maayo Sebakwe ngo wonaa{waylude|5|mi|km} ummoraade Kwekwe.[7] Laamiiɗo Lobengula ina joginoo won e ƴiye e maayo Sebakwe ɗe o wiyi ko e lewru suwee 1890[8]. Leydi ndi maayo Sebakwe rewi heen ndi, ina wiyee Diiwaan Sebakwe. Sosiyetee ƴellitoowo Mine Gaika to Que Que ina joginoo 437 ɗaɓɓaande kaŋŋe e nder diiwaan Sebakwe e oon sahaa kadi ndiyam kuutorteeɗam ɗam fof ko e maayo Sebakwe.[9] E hitaande 1914 (won binndanɗe mbiyata ko 1880) Fred Selous fiyi mboros daneejo e nder ndeeɗoo maayo, ɓalndu mum reenaa. Ko e nder suudu defte Angalteer woni. Innde natal ngal ko «Sebakwe 1914»[10] Fredrick Selous ina fotnoo warde lewru e nder maayo Sebakwe.[11] Maayo Sebakwe wonnoo ko keeri hakkunde Mashonaland e Matabeleland nde Rodesi fuɗnaange wonnoo haa jooni ko leñol diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi. Ko laawol kadi ngam yahde fuɗnaange haa laawol Salisbury-Bulawayo ngol woni bannge worgo nokkuuji Enkeldoorn e Fort Charter. Maayo Sebakwe ina joginoo kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi ɗi ngalaa ponte kono ko laana ndiwoowa, ka jolnata ko taƴre nde yahrata ko e kaɓirgal no oto diwooje nii.[12] Heewɓe e hoɗɓe adanɓe tawi leydi e maayo Sebakwe ndi alaa ɗo haaɗi.[13] Maayo Sebakwe ko ɓuuɓri ndiyam njareteeɗam e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam. Ina waɗi hay weiruuji gila e teeminannde 19ɓiire won heen ko ponti wagon tagi.[14] Maayo Sebakwe ko laawol nguurndam Kwekwe gila e fuɗɗoode. Que Que ƴellitii ko e gure kompoññeeji miniraaji ngam miniraaji Gaika e Globe e Phoenix. Ndiyam njareteeɗam ngam miniraaji Gaika e G e P ina ƴettee gila maayo Sebakwe e otooji na’i haa miniraaji G e P keɓaa hakke ndiyam ngam jolnude ndiyam tuubakooɓe ummoraade e maayo ngo 5,25 miles (8,45 km) e hitaande 1898.[15] Maayo Sebakwe kadi wonnoo ko keeri fuɗnaange nokku bommbooje Kutanga e nder nokku ndema Rosedale e oon sahaa. Range oo huutortenoo ko laanaaji hare ummoriiɗi e Thornhill Air Base ina ngolloo haa jooni.[16] Bommbooji Kutanga ina woni to Fuɗnaange wuro Midlands ina wiyee Que Que e nder nokku diiwaan mo yimɓe fof nganndi Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (innde mum ko maayooji ɗiɗi e nder oon nokku) renndo ndema ina wiyee Rosedale. Ɗuum waɗii nokku oo to bannge worgo Thornhill ko ina wona 80 km. == Golle jooni ɗee == Maayo Sebakwe ina rokka Staasiyoŋ Munyati ndiyam ngam waɗde boowal e nder weeyo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 23 kiloomeeteer (14 mi)[17] Baraas Sebakwe mo 266 megalitre (9,4×106 cu ft) ina woni e maayo Sebakwe, ina rokka Kwekwe, nokku fijirde Sebakwe e Redcliff ndiyam.[18][19] Parke fijirde Sebakwe e nokkuure nde Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust ɗon ndeena dabbaaji ladde.[20] Maayo ngo kadi ina ɓuuɓnaa e baraas Pool Dutchman, kadi e dow maayo Sebakwe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɓeydotoondi Kwekwe.[21] == Tuugnorgal == 6gxzex7hp62shzb56o5bc6jiw36hrbb 173897 173896 2026-06-17T16:52:36Z Nnamadee 11577 173897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Sebakwe''' walla maayo Zibagwe ko maayo to leydi Simmbaabwee. Maayo Sebakwe woni ko e diiwaan Midlands to leydi Simmbaabwee. Njuuteendi maggal ko 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi) laana njoorndi gila e ɓuuɓri haa e hunduko,<ref>Sebakwe River Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> ko ngal ɓuuɓol maayo Munyati ngo ngal hawrata e Zhombe Fuɗnaange to 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Maayo Sebakwe ina jippoo e taƴre fuɗnaange-rewo tufnde Mtoro, toownde mum ko 1 580 meeter (5 180 ft), to fuɗnaange-rewo Chivhu. Ndeen nde rewi ko fuɗnaange-rewo, fuɗnaange Chivhu e hirnaange The Range.<ref>Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 Hartley Final Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Ɓawo == Innde Sebakwe ko mbayliigu innde Zibagwe firti ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob. Version goɗɗo oo e asli innde ndee wiyi nde ummorii ko e innde "Chiwake firti ko 'ko mahaa', ina firta keeri mahaaɗi e sahaa Muurtere".[3] Hannde innde "Zibagwe" ina doolni. Ina woodi lefol gonngol e haala, ina haala no innde Zibagwe ndee ardi. Ina winndaa heen Zibagwe ko innde ChiShona wonande " lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob" rokkaama nde yimɓe nokku oo njilli ngam ƴeewde kampaañ mo wiɗtooɓe Oropnaaɓe mbaɗnoo fotde lebbi. Wiɗtooɓe ɓee mbiyi ko jooni njalti e kampaañ oo, payi to nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude to fuɗnaange leydi Mashonaland. Nokku oo tawi ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi, ina waɗi ƴiye mawɗe no feewi to nokku mo ɓe ngoppi oo. Hay so tawii eɓe ngari e dogde ngalu ngam yiytude ko worɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓee mbaawi accude, hay gooto meeɗaani meemde lekki kii jarriborki sabu ko sara urinal kammu, urin ɓuuɓɗo no feewi. Leydi maaro wiyndi ndii ina wonnoo ɗoon ko juuti, tee nde wonnoo ko e daande maayo, ɓe inniri maayo ngoo "kuZibagwe" firti ko "to leñol maaro ɓurngol mawnude". Hay so tawii noon haalaaka e dow laabi ina sikkaa wonde Zibagwe "Urinal" Maize Plant ina hirjina eɓɓaande jarriborde ekkolooji to Zimbaabwee duuɓi seeɗa ko adii hannde. Eɓɓoore wiɗto duuɓi 3 huutortoonde ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam ngam waɗde ɗum mbaydi mbaylaandi, waɗiraa ko to Epworth, Harare (2008–2010) e njeñtudi ndii ina moƴƴi no feewi.[4] (Deftere ndee fof ina hollita no huutoraade ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam e leɗɗe ina waawi waɗde batte no feewi e mawnugol leɗɗe). == Maayo Sebakwe tokooso == Maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina rewa e maayo Munyati. Won maayo Sebakwe goɗɗo anndiraango maayo Sebakwe tokooso ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 7,6 kiloomeeteer (4,7 mi) ngo fof woni ko e diiwaan Mashonaland Fuɗnaange. Nanduɗo e maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina ilna fuɗnaange e nder maayo Nyazvidzi, woni nokku ɓuuɓɗo maayo Save. Sebakwe tokooso ina rewa to fuɗnaange tufnde Dombo, toownde mum ko 1 455 meeter (4 774 ft), e fuɗnaange tufnde Dowa, toownde mum ko 1 386 meeter (4 547 ft), e laawol mum feewde maayo Nyazvidzi. Nde hawti e maayo Nyazvidzi to fuɗnaange-rewo duɗal St Kizito e nder ko anndiraa leydi hoolaare leñol Eastdale.[5] == Golle daartol == Maayo Sebakwe ina jogii daartol keewngol. Ina wayi no Kwekwe, ndeen winndiraama Que Que ina wiyee Sebakwe hade mum ƴettude innde Que Que.[6] E teeminannde sappo e jeegom, njiylotooɗo Portigaal gooto, biyeteeɗo Fernandes, hoɗii e daande maayo Sebakwe ngo wonaa{waylude|5|mi|km} ummoraade Kwekwe.[7] Laamiiɗo Lobengula ina joginoo won e ƴiye e maayo Sebakwe ɗe o wiyi ko e lewru suwee 1890[8]. Leydi ndi maayo Sebakwe rewi heen ndi, ina wiyee Diiwaan Sebakwe. Sosiyetee ƴellitoowo Mine Gaika to Que Que ina joginoo 437 ɗaɓɓaande kaŋŋe e nder diiwaan Sebakwe e oon sahaa kadi ndiyam kuutorteeɗam ɗam fof ko e maayo Sebakwe.[9] E hitaande 1914 (won binndanɗe mbiyata ko 1880) Fred Selous fiyi mboros daneejo e nder ndeeɗoo maayo, ɓalndu mum reenaa. Ko e nder suudu defte Angalteer woni. Innde natal ngal ko «Sebakwe 1914»[10] Fredrick Selous ina fotnoo warde lewru e nder maayo Sebakwe.[11] Maayo Sebakwe wonnoo ko keeri hakkunde Mashonaland e Matabeleland nde Rodesi fuɗnaange wonnoo haa jooni ko leñol diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi. Ko laawol kadi ngam yahde fuɗnaange haa laawol Salisbury-Bulawayo ngol woni bannge worgo nokkuuji Enkeldoorn e Fort Charter. Maayo Sebakwe ina joginoo kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi ɗi ngalaa ponte kono ko laana ndiwoowa, ka jolnata ko taƴre nde yahrata ko e kaɓirgal no oto diwooje nii.[12] Heewɓe e hoɗɓe adanɓe tawi leydi e maayo Sebakwe ndi alaa ɗo haaɗi.[13] Maayo Sebakwe ko ɓuuɓri ndiyam njareteeɗam e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam. Ina waɗi hay weiruuji gila e teeminannde 19ɓiire won heen ko ponti wagon tagi.[14] Maayo Sebakwe ko laawol nguurndam Kwekwe gila e fuɗɗoode. Que Que ƴellitii ko e gure kompoññeeji miniraaji ngam miniraaji Gaika e Globe e Phoenix. Ndiyam njareteeɗam ngam miniraaji Gaika e G e P ina ƴettee gila maayo Sebakwe e otooji na’i haa miniraaji G e P keɓaa hakke ndiyam ngam jolnude ndiyam tuubakooɓe ummoraade e maayo ngo 5,25 miles (8,45 km) e hitaande 1898.[15] Maayo Sebakwe kadi wonnoo ko keeri fuɗnaange nokku bommbooje Kutanga e nder nokku ndema Rosedale e oon sahaa. Range oo huutortenoo ko laanaaji hare ummoriiɗi e Thornhill Air Base ina ngolloo haa jooni.[16] Bommbooji Kutanga ina woni to Fuɗnaange wuro Midlands ina wiyee Que Que e nder nokku diiwaan mo yimɓe fof nganndi Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (innde mum ko maayooji ɗiɗi e nder oon nokku) renndo ndema ina wiyee Rosedale. Ɗuum waɗii nokku oo to bannge worgo Thornhill ko ina wona 80 km. == Golle jooni ɗee == Maayo Sebakwe ina rokka Staasiyoŋ Munyati ndiyam ngam waɗde boowal e nder weeyo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 23 kiloomeeteer (14 mi)[17] Baraas Sebakwe mo 266 megalitre (9,4×106 cu ft) ina woni e maayo Sebakwe, ina rokka Kwekwe, nokku fijirde Sebakwe e Redcliff ndiyam.[18][19] Parke fijirde Sebakwe e nokkuure nde Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust ɗon ndeena dabbaaji ladde.[20] Maayo ngo kadi ina ɓuuɓnaa e baraas Pool Dutchman, kadi e dow maayo Sebakwe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɓeydotoondi Kwekwe.[21] == Tuugnorgal == 87p4dstuhze0s9mlxoewwiyor2fhxqe 173898 173897 2026-06-17T16:54:23Z Nnamadee 11577 173898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Sebakwe''' walla maayo Zibagwe ko maayo to leydi Simmbaabwee. Maayo Sebakwe woni ko e diiwaan Midlands to leydi Simmbaabwee. Njuuteendi maggal ko 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi) laana njoorndi gila e ɓuuɓri haa e hunduko,<ref>Sebakwe River Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> ko ngal ɓuuɓol maayo Munyati ngo ngal hawrata e Zhombe Fuɗnaange to 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Maayo Sebakwe ina jippoo e taƴre fuɗnaange-rewo tufnde Mtoro, toownde mum ko 1 580 meeter (5 180 ft), to fuɗnaange-rewo Chivhu. Ndeen nde rewi ko fuɗnaange-rewo, fuɗnaange Chivhu e hirnaange The Range.<ref>Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 Hartley Final Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Ɓawo == Innde Sebakwe ko mbayliigu innde Zibagwe firti ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob. Version goɗɗo oo e asli innde ndee wiyi nde ummorii ko e innde "Chiwake firti ko 'ko mahaa', ina firta keeri mahaaɗi e sahaa Muurtere".<ref>Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Hannde innde "Zibagwe" ina doolni. Ina woodi lefol gonngol e haala, ina haala no innde Zibagwe ndee ardi. Ina winndaa heen Zibagwe ko innde ChiShona wonande " lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob" rokkaama nde yimɓe nokku oo njilli ngam ƴeewde kampaañ mo wiɗtooɓe Oropnaaɓe mbaɗnoo fotde lebbi. Wiɗtooɓe ɓee mbiyi ko jooni njalti e kampaañ oo, payi to nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude to fuɗnaange leydi Mashonaland. Nokku oo tawi ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi, ina waɗi ƴiye mawɗe no feewi to nokku mo ɓe ngoppi oo. Hay so tawii eɓe ngari e dogde ngalu ngam yiytude ko worɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓee mbaawi accude, hay gooto meeɗaani meemde lekki kii jarriborki sabu ko sara urinal kammu, urin ɓuuɓɗo no feewi. Leydi maaro wiyndi ndii ina wonnoo ɗoon ko juuti, tee nde wonnoo ko e daande maayo, ɓe inniri maayo ngoo "kuZibagwe" firti ko "to leñol maaro ɓurngol mawnude". Hay so tawii noon haalaaka e dow laabi ina sikkaa wonde Zibagwe "Urinal" Maize Plant ina hirjina eɓɓaande jarriborde ekkolooji to Zimbaabwee duuɓi seeɗa ko adii hannde. Eɓɓoore wiɗto duuɓi 3 huutortoonde ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam ngam waɗde ɗum mbaydi mbaylaandi, waɗiraa ko to Epworth, Harare (2008–2010) e njeñtudi ndii ina moƴƴi no feewi.<ref>Peter Morgan 2011 page 6 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta susana.org Retrieved 14 March 2016</ref> (Deftere ndee fof ina hollita no huutoraade ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam e leɗɗe ina waawi waɗde batte no feewi e mawnugol leɗɗe). == Maayo Sebakwe tokooso == Maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina rewa e maayo Munyati. Won maayo Sebakwe goɗɗo anndiraango maayo Sebakwe tokooso ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 7,6 kiloomeeteer (4,7 mi) ngo fof woni ko e diiwaan Mashonaland Fuɗnaange. Nanduɗo e maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina ilna fuɗnaange e nder maayo Nyazvidzi, woni nokku ɓuuɓɗo maayo Save. Sebakwe tokooso ina rewa to fuɗnaange tufnde Dombo, toownde mum ko 1 455 meeter (4 774 ft), e fuɗnaange tufnde Dowa, toownde mum ko 1 386 meeter (4 547 ft), e laawol mum feewde maayo Nyazvidzi. Nde hawti e maayo Nyazvidzi to fuɗnaange-rewo duɗal St Kizito e nder ko anndiraa leydi hoolaare leñol Eastdale.<ref>Map Grid Ref: TP9463 Selukwe_final.jpg Rhodesian Maps Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Golle daartol == Maayo Sebakwe ina jogii daartol keewngol. Ina wayi no Kwekwe, ndeen winndiraama Que Que ina wiyee Sebakwe hade mum ƴettude innde Que Que.<ref>Eric Rosenthal Chapter XIX. pp49 Part Two -Zimbabwe Jewish Community Archived 7 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine But poor Michael’s troubles were by no means over, for he fell into arrears with an advance made to him through the Benevolent Society. A letter was sent off on 25 August 1903, to the Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company at Sebakwe (now known as Que Que), reminding him: "There are three payments of C5 overdue, as per your arrangement to pay off your indebtedness. trust, therefore, that you will not fail to send me your cheque for C15…"] Eric Rosenthal Part II]Zimbabwe Jewish Community Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> E teeminannde sappo e jeegom, njiylotooɗo Portigaal gooto, biyeteeɗo Fernandes, hoɗii e daande maayo Sebakwe ngo wonaa{waylude|5|mi|km} ummoraade Kwekwe.[7] Laamiiɗo Lobengula ina joginoo won e ƴiye e maayo Sebakwe ɗe o wiyi ko e lewru suwee 1890[8]. Leydi ndi maayo Sebakwe rewi heen ndi, ina wiyee Diiwaan Sebakwe. Sosiyetee ƴellitoowo Mine Gaika to Que Que ina joginoo 437 ɗaɓɓaande kaŋŋe e nder diiwaan Sebakwe e oon sahaa kadi ndiyam kuutorteeɗam ɗam fof ko e maayo Sebakwe.[9] E hitaande 1914 (won binndanɗe mbiyata ko 1880) Fred Selous fiyi mboros daneejo e nder ndeeɗoo maayo, ɓalndu mum reenaa. Ko e nder suudu defte Angalteer woni. Innde natal ngal ko «Sebakwe 1914»[10] Fredrick Selous ina fotnoo warde lewru e nder maayo Sebakwe.[11] Maayo Sebakwe wonnoo ko keeri hakkunde Mashonaland e Matabeleland nde Rodesi fuɗnaange wonnoo haa jooni ko leñol diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi. Ko laawol kadi ngam yahde fuɗnaange haa laawol Salisbury-Bulawayo ngol woni bannge worgo nokkuuji Enkeldoorn e Fort Charter. Maayo Sebakwe ina joginoo kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi ɗi ngalaa ponte kono ko laana ndiwoowa, ka jolnata ko taƴre nde yahrata ko e kaɓirgal no oto diwooje nii.[12] Heewɓe e hoɗɓe adanɓe tawi leydi e maayo Sebakwe ndi alaa ɗo haaɗi.[13] Maayo Sebakwe ko ɓuuɓri ndiyam njareteeɗam e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam. Ina waɗi hay weiruuji gila e teeminannde 19ɓiire won heen ko ponti wagon tagi.[14] Maayo Sebakwe ko laawol nguurndam Kwekwe gila e fuɗɗoode. Que Que ƴellitii ko e gure kompoññeeji miniraaji ngam miniraaji Gaika e Globe e Phoenix. Ndiyam njareteeɗam ngam miniraaji Gaika e G e P ina ƴettee gila maayo Sebakwe e otooji na’i haa miniraaji G e P keɓaa hakke ndiyam ngam jolnude ndiyam tuubakooɓe ummoraade e maayo ngo 5,25 miles (8,45 km) e hitaande 1898.[15] Maayo Sebakwe kadi wonnoo ko keeri fuɗnaange nokku bommbooje Kutanga e nder nokku ndema Rosedale e oon sahaa. Range oo huutortenoo ko laanaaji hare ummoriiɗi e Thornhill Air Base ina ngolloo haa jooni.[16] Bommbooji Kutanga ina woni to Fuɗnaange wuro Midlands ina wiyee Que Que e nder nokku diiwaan mo yimɓe fof nganndi Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (innde mum ko maayooji ɗiɗi e nder oon nokku) renndo ndema ina wiyee Rosedale. Ɗuum waɗii nokku oo to bannge worgo Thornhill ko ina wona 80 km. == Golle jooni ɗee == Maayo Sebakwe ina rokka Staasiyoŋ Munyati ndiyam ngam waɗde boowal e nder weeyo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 23 kiloomeeteer (14 mi)[17] Baraas Sebakwe mo 266 megalitre (9,4×106 cu ft) ina woni e maayo Sebakwe, ina rokka Kwekwe, nokku fijirde Sebakwe e Redcliff ndiyam.[18][19] Parke fijirde Sebakwe e nokkuure nde Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust ɗon ndeena dabbaaji ladde.[20] Maayo ngo kadi ina ɓuuɓnaa e baraas Pool Dutchman, kadi e dow maayo Sebakwe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɓeydotoondi Kwekwe.[21] == Tuugnorgal == ae74idvqdc0vw8hjaruz7x2rvx505k0 173899 173898 2026-06-17T16:55:21Z Nnamadee 11577 173899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Sebakwe''' walla maayo Zibagwe ko maayo to leydi Simmbaabwee. Maayo Sebakwe woni ko e diiwaan Midlands to leydi Simmbaabwee. Njuuteendi maggal ko 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi) laana njoorndi gila e ɓuuɓri haa e hunduko,<ref>Sebakwe River Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> ko ngal ɓuuɓol maayo Munyati ngo ngal hawrata e Zhombe Fuɗnaange to 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Maayo Sebakwe ina jippoo e taƴre fuɗnaange-rewo tufnde Mtoro, toownde mum ko 1 580 meeter (5 180 ft), to fuɗnaange-rewo Chivhu. Ndeen nde rewi ko fuɗnaange-rewo, fuɗnaange Chivhu e hirnaange The Range.<ref>Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 Hartley Final Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Ɓawo == Innde Sebakwe ko mbayliigu innde Zibagwe firti ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob. Version goɗɗo oo e asli innde ndee wiyi nde ummorii ko e innde "Chiwake firti ko 'ko mahaa', ina firta keeri mahaaɗi e sahaa Muurtere".<ref>Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Hannde innde "Zibagwe" ina doolni. Ina woodi lefol gonngol e haala, ina haala no innde Zibagwe ndee ardi. Ina winndaa heen Zibagwe ko innde ChiShona wonande " lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob" rokkaama nde yimɓe nokku oo njilli ngam ƴeewde kampaañ mo wiɗtooɓe Oropnaaɓe mbaɗnoo fotde lebbi. Wiɗtooɓe ɓee mbiyi ko jooni njalti e kampaañ oo, payi to nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude to fuɗnaange leydi Mashonaland. Nokku oo tawi ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi, ina waɗi ƴiye mawɗe no feewi to nokku mo ɓe ngoppi oo. Hay so tawii eɓe ngari e dogde ngalu ngam yiytude ko worɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓee mbaawi accude, hay gooto meeɗaani meemde lekki kii jarriborki sabu ko sara urinal kammu, urin ɓuuɓɗo no feewi. Leydi maaro wiyndi ndii ina wonnoo ɗoon ko juuti, tee nde wonnoo ko e daande maayo, ɓe inniri maayo ngoo "kuZibagwe" firti ko "to leñol maaro ɓurngol mawnude". Hay so tawii noon haalaaka e dow laabi ina sikkaa wonde Zibagwe "Urinal" Maize Plant ina hirjina eɓɓaande jarriborde ekkolooji to Zimbaabwee duuɓi seeɗa ko adii hannde. Eɓɓoore wiɗto duuɓi 3 huutortoonde ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam ngam waɗde ɗum mbaydi mbaylaandi, waɗiraa ko to Epworth, Harare (2008–2010) e njeñtudi ndii ina moƴƴi no feewi.<ref>Peter Morgan 2011 page 6 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta susana.org Retrieved 14 March 2016</ref> (Deftere ndee fof ina hollita no huutoraade ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam e leɗɗe ina waawi waɗde batte no feewi e mawnugol leɗɗe). == Maayo Sebakwe tokooso == Maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina rewa e maayo Munyati. Won maayo Sebakwe goɗɗo anndiraango maayo Sebakwe tokooso ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 7,6 kiloomeeteer (4,7 mi) ngo fof woni ko e diiwaan Mashonaland Fuɗnaange. Nanduɗo e maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina ilna fuɗnaange e nder maayo Nyazvidzi, woni nokku ɓuuɓɗo maayo Save. Sebakwe tokooso ina rewa to fuɗnaange tufnde Dombo, toownde mum ko 1 455 meeter (4 774 ft), e fuɗnaange tufnde Dowa, toownde mum ko 1 386 meeter (4 547 ft), e laawol mum feewde maayo Nyazvidzi. Nde hawti e maayo Nyazvidzi to fuɗnaange-rewo duɗal St Kizito e nder ko anndiraa leydi hoolaare leñol Eastdale.<ref>Map Grid Ref: TP9463 Selukwe_final.jpg Rhodesian Maps Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Golle daartol == Maayo Sebakwe ina jogii daartol keewngol. Ina wayi no Kwekwe, ndeen winndiraama Que Que ina wiyee Sebakwe hade mum ƴettude innde Que Que.<ref>Eric Rosenthal Chapter XIX. pp49 Part Two -Zimbabwe Jewish Community Archived 7 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine But poor Michael’s troubles were by no means over, for he fell into arrears with an advance made to him through the Benevolent Society. A letter was sent off on 25 August 1903, to the Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company at Sebakwe (now known as Que Que), reminding him: "There are three payments of C5 overdue, as per your arrangement to pay off your indebtedness. trust, therefore, that you will not fail to send me your cheque for C15…"] Eric Rosenthal Part II]Zimbabwe Jewish Community Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> E teeminannde sappo e jeegom, njiylotooɗo Portigaal gooto, biyeteeɗo Fernandes, hoɗii e daande maayo Sebakwe ngo wonaa{waylude|5|mi|km} ummoraade Kwekwe. Laamiiɗo Lobengula ina joginoo won e ƴiye e maayo Sebakwe ɗe o wiyi ko e lewru suwee 1890. Leydi ndi maayo Sebakwe rewi heen ndi, ina wiyee Diiwaan Sebakwe. Sosiyetee ƴellitoowo Mine Gaika to Que Que ina joginoo 437 ɗaɓɓaande kaŋŋe e nder diiwaan Sebakwe e oon sahaa kadi ndiyam kuutorteeɗam ɗam fof ko e maayo Sebakwe.[9] E hitaande 1914 (won binndanɗe mbiyata ko 1880) Fred Selous fiyi mboros daneejo e nder ndeeɗoo maayo, ɓalndu mum reenaa. Ko e nder suudu defte Angalteer woni. Innde natal ngal ko «Sebakwe 1914»<ref>Skull of white rhinoceros shot by Fred Selous on the Sebakwe River in Zimbabwe. From Selous et al., The big game of Africa and Europe, 1914, pl.2. Rhino Resource Center Imagrs Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Fredrick Selous ina fotnoo warde lewru e nder maayo Sebakwe.[11] Maayo Sebakwe wonnoo ko keeri hakkunde Mashonaland e Matabeleland nde Rodesi fuɗnaange wonnoo haa jooni ko leñol diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi. Ko laawol kadi ngam yahde fuɗnaange haa laawol Salisbury-Bulawayo ngol woni bannge worgo nokkuuji Enkeldoorn e Fort Charter. Maayo Sebakwe ina joginoo kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi ɗi ngalaa ponte kono ko laana ndiwoowa, ka jolnata ko taƴre nde yahrata ko e kaɓirgal no oto diwooje nii.[12] Heewɓe e hoɗɓe adanɓe tawi leydi e maayo Sebakwe ndi alaa ɗo haaɗi.[13] Maayo Sebakwe ko ɓuuɓri ndiyam njareteeɗam e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam. Ina waɗi hay weiruuji gila e teeminannde 19ɓiire won heen ko ponti wagon tagi.[14] Maayo Sebakwe ko laawol nguurndam Kwekwe gila e fuɗɗoode. Que Que ƴellitii ko e gure kompoññeeji miniraaji ngam miniraaji Gaika e Globe e Phoenix. Ndiyam njareteeɗam ngam miniraaji Gaika e G e P ina ƴettee gila maayo Sebakwe e otooji na’i haa miniraaji G e P keɓaa hakke ndiyam ngam jolnude ndiyam tuubakooɓe ummoraade e maayo ngo 5,25 miles (8,45 km) e hitaande 1898.[15] Maayo Sebakwe kadi wonnoo ko keeri fuɗnaange nokku bommbooje Kutanga e nder nokku ndema Rosedale e oon sahaa. Range oo huutortenoo ko laanaaji hare ummoriiɗi e Thornhill Air Base ina ngolloo haa jooni.[16] Bommbooji Kutanga ina woni to Fuɗnaange wuro Midlands ina wiyee Que Que e nder nokku diiwaan mo yimɓe fof nganndi Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (innde mum ko maayooji ɗiɗi e nder oon nokku) renndo ndema ina wiyee Rosedale. Ɗuum waɗii nokku oo to bannge worgo Thornhill ko ina wona 80 km. == Golle jooni ɗee == Maayo Sebakwe ina rokka Staasiyoŋ Munyati ndiyam ngam waɗde boowal e nder weeyo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 23 kiloomeeteer (14 mi)[17] Baraas Sebakwe mo 266 megalitre (9,4×106 cu ft) ina woni e maayo Sebakwe, ina rokka Kwekwe, nokku fijirde Sebakwe e Redcliff ndiyam.[18][19] Parke fijirde Sebakwe e nokkuure nde Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust ɗon ndeena dabbaaji ladde.[20] Maayo ngo kadi ina ɓuuɓnaa e baraas Pool Dutchman, kadi e dow maayo Sebakwe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɓeydotoondi Kwekwe.[21] == Tuugnorgal == jt9m6hbvh3t57wkysyi08mzc01zl1ym 173900 173899 2026-06-17T16:57:25Z Nnamadee 11577 173900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Sebakwe''' walla maayo Zibagwe ko maayo to leydi Simmbaabwee. Maayo Sebakwe woni ko e diiwaan Midlands to leydi Simmbaabwee. Njuuteendi maggal ko 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi) laana njoorndi gila e ɓuuɓri haa e hunduko,<ref>Sebakwe River Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> ko ngal ɓuuɓol maayo Munyati ngo ngal hawrata e Zhombe Fuɗnaange to 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Maayo Sebakwe ina jippoo e taƴre fuɗnaange-rewo tufnde Mtoro, toownde mum ko 1 580 meeter (5 180 ft), to fuɗnaange-rewo Chivhu. Ndeen nde rewi ko fuɗnaange-rewo, fuɗnaange Chivhu e hirnaange The Range.<ref>Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 Hartley Final Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Ɓawo == Innde Sebakwe ko mbayliigu innde Zibagwe firti ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob. Version goɗɗo oo e asli innde ndee wiyi nde ummorii ko e innde "Chiwake firti ko 'ko mahaa', ina firta keeri mahaaɗi e sahaa Muurtere".<ref>Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Hannde innde "Zibagwe" ina doolni. Ina woodi lefol gonngol e haala, ina haala no innde Zibagwe ndee ardi. Ina winndaa heen Zibagwe ko innde ChiShona wonande " lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob" rokkaama nde yimɓe nokku oo njilli ngam ƴeewde kampaañ mo wiɗtooɓe Oropnaaɓe mbaɗnoo fotde lebbi. Wiɗtooɓe ɓee mbiyi ko jooni njalti e kampaañ oo, payi to nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude to fuɗnaange leydi Mashonaland. Nokku oo tawi ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi, ina waɗi ƴiye mawɗe no feewi to nokku mo ɓe ngoppi oo. Hay so tawii eɓe ngari e dogde ngalu ngam yiytude ko worɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓee mbaawi accude, hay gooto meeɗaani meemde lekki kii jarriborki sabu ko sara urinal kammu, urin ɓuuɓɗo no feewi. Leydi maaro wiyndi ndii ina wonnoo ɗoon ko juuti, tee nde wonnoo ko e daande maayo, ɓe inniri maayo ngoo "kuZibagwe" firti ko "to leñol maaro ɓurngol mawnude". Hay so tawii noon haalaaka e dow laabi ina sikkaa wonde Zibagwe "Urinal" Maize Plant ina hirjina eɓɓaande jarriborde ekkolooji to Zimbaabwee duuɓi seeɗa ko adii hannde. Eɓɓoore wiɗto duuɓi 3 huutortoonde ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam ngam waɗde ɗum mbaydi mbaylaandi, waɗiraa ko to Epworth, Harare (2008–2010) e njeñtudi ndii ina moƴƴi no feewi.<ref>Peter Morgan 2011 page 6 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta susana.org Retrieved 14 March 2016</ref> (Deftere ndee fof ina hollita no huutoraade ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam e leɗɗe ina waawi waɗde batte no feewi e mawnugol leɗɗe). == Maayo Sebakwe tokooso == Maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina rewa e maayo Munyati. Won maayo Sebakwe goɗɗo anndiraango maayo Sebakwe tokooso ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 7,6 kiloomeeteer (4,7 mi) ngo fof woni ko e diiwaan Mashonaland Fuɗnaange. Nanduɗo e maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina ilna fuɗnaange e nder maayo Nyazvidzi, woni nokku ɓuuɓɗo maayo Save. Sebakwe tokooso ina rewa to fuɗnaange tufnde Dombo, toownde mum ko 1 455 meeter (4 774 ft), e fuɗnaange tufnde Dowa, toownde mum ko 1 386 meeter (4 547 ft), e laawol mum feewde maayo Nyazvidzi. Nde hawti e maayo Nyazvidzi to fuɗnaange-rewo duɗal St Kizito e nder ko anndiraa leydi hoolaare leñol Eastdale.<ref>Map Grid Ref: TP9463 Selukwe_final.jpg Rhodesian Maps Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Golle daartol == Maayo Sebakwe ina jogii daartol keewngol. Ina wayi no Kwekwe, ndeen winndiraama Que Que ina wiyee Sebakwe hade mum ƴettude innde Que Que.<ref>Eric Rosenthal Chapter XIX. pp49 Part Two -Zimbabwe Jewish Community Archived 7 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine But poor Michael’s troubles were by no means over, for he fell into arrears with an advance made to him through the Benevolent Society. A letter was sent off on 25 August 1903, to the Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company at Sebakwe (now known as Que Que), reminding him: "There are three payments of C5 overdue, as per your arrangement to pay off your indebtedness. trust, therefore, that you will not fail to send me your cheque for C15…"] Eric Rosenthal Part II]Zimbabwe Jewish Community Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> E teeminannde sappo e jeegom, njiylotooɗo Portigaal gooto, biyeteeɗo Fernandes, hoɗii e daande maayo Sebakwe ngo wonaa{waylude|5|mi|km} ummoraade Kwekwe. Laamiiɗo Lobengula ina joginoo won e ƴiye e maayo Sebakwe ɗe o wiyi ko e lewru suwee 1890. Leydi ndi maayo Sebakwe rewi heen ndi, ina wiyee Diiwaan Sebakwe. Sosiyetee ƴellitoowo Mine Gaika to Que Que ina joginoo 437 ɗaɓɓaande kaŋŋe e nder diiwaan Sebakwe e oon sahaa kadi ndiyam kuutorteeɗam ɗam fof ko e maayo Sebakwe. E hitaande 1914 (won binndanɗe mbiyata ko 1880) Fred Selous fiyi mboros daneejo e nder ndeeɗoo maayo, ɓalndu mum reenaa. Ko e nder suudu defte Angalteer woni. Innde natal ngal ko «Sebakwe 1914»<ref>Skull of white rhinoceros shot by Fred Selous on the Sebakwe River in Zimbabwe. From Selous et al., The big game of Africa and Europe, 1914, pl.2. Rhino Resource Center Imagrs Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Fredrick Selous ina fotnoo warde lewru e nder maayo Sebakwe. Maayo Sebakwe wonnoo ko keeri hakkunde Mashonaland e Matabeleland nde Rodesi fuɗnaange wonnoo haa jooni ko leñol diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi. Ko laawol kadi ngam yahde fuɗnaange haa laawol Salisbury-Bulawayo ngol woni bannge worgo nokkuuji Enkeldoorn e Fort Charter. Maayo Sebakwe ina joginoo kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi ɗi ngalaa ponte kono ko laana ndiwoowa, ka jolnata ko taƴre nde yahrata ko e kaɓirgal no oto diwooje nii. Heewɓe e hoɗɓe adanɓe tawi leydi e maayo Sebakwe ndi alaa ɗo haaɗi.<ref>Pombiyadonha <nowiki>http://pombiyadonha.byo24.com/index-id-iblog-iblog-509.html</nowiki> A large group of the white settlers established farms along the Umnyati River and the Sebakwe River in Chief Mashava’s territory. Others had farms around Fort Charter in Chief Maromo’s territory. By 1895, chiefs Maromo, Mashava and Nyika’s territories were completely occupied by the Afrikaner farmers in a land area of about four hundred and fifty thousand acres. Chief Mutekedza’s territory, byo24.com|Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Maayo Sebakwe ko ɓuuɓri ndiyam njareteeɗam e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam. Ina waɗi hay weiruuji gila e teeminannde 19ɓiire won heen ko ponti wagon tagi.<ref>Info <nowiki>http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/orton’s-drift-over-sebakwe-river</nowiki> The waggon outspan is 120 metres south of the house with Orton’s Drift which crosses the Sebakwe River on an artificially constructed stone ford which dams the Sebakwe River to its east. -19°09′10.80″S 30°39′01.64″E Zimfieldguide.com Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Maayo Sebakwe ko laawol nguurndam Kwekwe gila e fuɗɗoode. Que Que ƴellitii ko e gure kompoññeeji miniraaji ngam miniraaji Gaika e Globe e Phoenix. Ndiyam njareteeɗam ngam miniraaji Gaika e G e P ina ƴettee gila maayo Sebakwe e otooji na’i haa miniraaji G e P keɓaa hakke ndiyam ngam jolnude ndiyam tuubakooɓe ummoraade e maayo ngo 5,25 miles (8,45 km) e hitaande 1898.[15] Maayo Sebakwe kadi wonnoo ko keeri fuɗnaange nokku bommbooje Kutanga e nder nokku ndema Rosedale e oon sahaa. Range oo huutortenoo ko laanaaji hare ummoriiɗi e Thornhill Air Base ina ngolloo haa jooni.[16] Bommbooji Kutanga ina woni to Fuɗnaange wuro Midlands ina wiyee Que Que e nder nokku diiwaan mo yimɓe fof nganndi Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (innde mum ko maayooji ɗiɗi e nder oon nokku) renndo ndema ina wiyee Rosedale. Ɗuum waɗii nokku oo to bannge worgo Thornhill ko ina wona 80 km. == Golle jooni ɗee == Maayo Sebakwe ina rokka Staasiyoŋ Munyati ndiyam ngam waɗde boowal e nder weeyo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 23 kiloomeeteer (14 mi)[17] Baraas Sebakwe mo 266 megalitre (9,4×106 cu ft) ina woni e maayo Sebakwe, ina rokka Kwekwe, nokku fijirde Sebakwe e Redcliff ndiyam.[18][19] Parke fijirde Sebakwe e nokkuure nde Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust ɗon ndeena dabbaaji ladde.[20] Maayo ngo kadi ina ɓuuɓnaa e baraas Pool Dutchman, kadi e dow maayo Sebakwe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɓeydotoondi Kwekwe.<ref>Webworld Sebakwe at Dutchman'S Pool Dam unesco.org Water Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Tuugnorgal == j3fxg77ykkbj6horxu28ft3m0buq75y 173901 173900 2026-06-17T16:58:12Z Nnamadee 11577 173901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Sebakwe''' walla maayo Zibagwe ko maayo to leydi Simmbaabwee. Maayo Sebakwe woni ko e diiwaan Midlands to leydi Simmbaabwee. Njuuteendi maggal ko 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi) laana njoorndi gila e ɓuuɓri haa e hunduko,<ref>Sebakwe River Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> ko ngal ɓuuɓol maayo Munyati ngo ngal hawrata e Zhombe Fuɗnaange to 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Maayo Sebakwe ina jippoo e taƴre fuɗnaange-rewo tufnde Mtoro, toownde mum ko 1 580 meeter (5 180 ft), to fuɗnaange-rewo Chivhu. Ndeen nde rewi ko fuɗnaange-rewo, fuɗnaange Chivhu e hirnaange The Range.<ref>Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 Hartley Final Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Ɓawo == Innde Sebakwe ko mbayliigu innde Zibagwe firti ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob. Version goɗɗo oo e asli innde ndee wiyi nde ummorii ko e innde "Chiwake firti ko 'ko mahaa', ina firta keeri mahaaɗi e sahaa Muurtere".<ref>Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Hannde innde "Zibagwe" ina doolni. Ina woodi lefol gonngol e haala, ina haala no innde Zibagwe ndee ardi. Ina winndaa heen Zibagwe ko innde ChiShona wonande " lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob" rokkaama nde yimɓe nokku oo njilli ngam ƴeewde kampaañ mo wiɗtooɓe Oropnaaɓe mbaɗnoo fotde lebbi. Wiɗtooɓe ɓee mbiyi ko jooni njalti e kampaañ oo, payi to nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude to fuɗnaange leydi Mashonaland. Nokku oo tawi ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi, ina waɗi ƴiye mawɗe no feewi to nokku mo ɓe ngoppi oo. Hay so tawii eɓe ngari e dogde ngalu ngam yiytude ko worɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓee mbaawi accude, hay gooto meeɗaani meemde lekki kii jarriborki sabu ko sara urinal kammu, urin ɓuuɓɗo no feewi. Leydi maaro wiyndi ndii ina wonnoo ɗoon ko juuti, tee nde wonnoo ko e daande maayo, ɓe inniri maayo ngoo "kuZibagwe" firti ko "to leñol maaro ɓurngol mawnude". Hay so tawii noon haalaaka e dow laabi ina sikkaa wonde Zibagwe "Urinal" Maize Plant ina hirjina eɓɓaande jarriborde ekkolooji to Zimbaabwee duuɓi seeɗa ko adii hannde. Eɓɓoore wiɗto duuɓi 3 huutortoonde ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam ngam waɗde ɗum mbaydi mbaylaandi, waɗiraa ko to Epworth, Harare (2008–2010) e njeñtudi ndii ina moƴƴi no feewi.<ref>Peter Morgan 2011 page 6 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta susana.org Retrieved 14 March 2016</ref> (Deftere ndee fof ina hollita no huutoraade ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam e leɗɗe ina waawi waɗde batte no feewi e mawnugol leɗɗe). == Maayo Sebakwe tokooso == Maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina rewa e maayo Munyati. Won maayo Sebakwe goɗɗo anndiraango maayo Sebakwe tokooso ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 7,6 kiloomeeteer (4,7 mi) ngo fof woni ko e diiwaan Mashonaland Fuɗnaange. Nanduɗo e maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina ilna fuɗnaange e nder maayo Nyazvidzi, woni nokku ɓuuɓɗo maayo Save. Sebakwe tokooso ina rewa to fuɗnaange tufnde Dombo, toownde mum ko 1 455 meeter (4 774 ft), e fuɗnaange tufnde Dowa, toownde mum ko 1 386 meeter (4 547 ft), e laawol mum feewde maayo Nyazvidzi. Nde hawti e maayo Nyazvidzi to fuɗnaange-rewo duɗal St Kizito e nder ko anndiraa leydi hoolaare leñol Eastdale.<ref>Map Grid Ref: TP9463 Selukwe_final.jpg Rhodesian Maps Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Golle daartol == Maayo Sebakwe ina jogii daartol keewngol. Ina wayi no Kwekwe, ndeen winndiraama Que Que ina wiyee Sebakwe hade mum ƴettude innde Que Que.<ref>Eric Rosenthal Chapter XIX. pp49 Part Two -Zimbabwe Jewish Community Archived 7 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine But poor Michael’s troubles were by no means over, for he fell into arrears with an advance made to him through the Benevolent Society. A letter was sent off on 25 August 1903, to the Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company at Sebakwe (now known as Que Que), reminding him: "There are three payments of C5 overdue, as per your arrangement to pay off your indebtedness. trust, therefore, that you will not fail to send me your cheque for C15…"] Eric Rosenthal Part II]Zimbabwe Jewish Community Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> E teeminannde sappo e jeegom, njiylotooɗo Portigaal gooto, biyeteeɗo Fernandes, hoɗii e daande maayo Sebakwe ngo wonaa{waylude|5|mi|km} ummoraade Kwekwe. Laamiiɗo Lobengula ina joginoo won e ƴiye e maayo Sebakwe ɗe o wiyi ko e lewru suwee 1890. Leydi ndi maayo Sebakwe rewi heen ndi, ina wiyee Diiwaan Sebakwe. Sosiyetee ƴellitoowo Mine Gaika to Que Que ina joginoo 437 ɗaɓɓaande kaŋŋe e nder diiwaan Sebakwe e oon sahaa kadi ndiyam kuutorteeɗam ɗam fof ko e maayo Sebakwe. E hitaande 1914 (won binndanɗe mbiyata ko 1880) Fred Selous fiyi mboros daneejo e nder ndeeɗoo maayo, ɓalndu mum reenaa. Ko e nder suudu defte Angalteer woni. Innde natal ngal ko «Sebakwe 1914»<ref>Skull of white rhinoceros shot by Fred Selous on the Sebakwe River in Zimbabwe. From Selous et al., The big game of Africa and Europe, 1914, pl.2. Rhino Resource Center Imagrs Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Fredrick Selous ina fotnoo warde lewru e nder maayo Sebakwe. Maayo Sebakwe wonnoo ko keeri hakkunde Mashonaland e Matabeleland nde Rodesi fuɗnaange wonnoo haa jooni ko leñol diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi. Ko laawol kadi ngam yahde fuɗnaange haa laawol Salisbury-Bulawayo ngol woni bannge worgo nokkuuji Enkeldoorn e Fort Charter. Maayo Sebakwe ina joginoo kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi ɗi ngalaa ponte kono ko laana ndiwoowa, ka jolnata ko taƴre nde yahrata ko e kaɓirgal no oto diwooje nii. Heewɓe e hoɗɓe adanɓe tawi leydi e maayo Sebakwe ndi alaa ɗo haaɗi.<ref>Pombiyadonha <nowiki>http://pombiyadonha.byo24.com/index-id-iblog-iblog-509.html</nowiki> A large group of the white settlers established farms along the Umnyati River and the Sebakwe River in Chief Mashava’s territory. Others had farms around Fort Charter in Chief Maromo’s territory. By 1895, chiefs Maromo, Mashava and Nyika’s territories were completely occupied by the Afrikaner farmers in a land area of about four hundred and fifty thousand acres. Chief Mutekedza’s territory, byo24.com|Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Maayo Sebakwe ko ɓuuɓri ndiyam njareteeɗam e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam. Ina waɗi hay weiruuji gila e teeminannde 19ɓiire won heen ko ponti wagon tagi.<ref>Info <nowiki>http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/orton’s-drift-over-sebakwe-river</nowiki> The waggon outspan is 120 metres south of the house with Orton’s Drift which crosses the Sebakwe River on an artificially constructed stone ford which dams the Sebakwe River to its east. -19°09′10.80″S 30°39′01.64″E Zimfieldguide.com Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Maayo Sebakwe ko laawol nguurndam Kwekwe gila e fuɗɗoode. Que Que ƴellitii ko e gure kompoññeeji miniraaji ngam miniraaji Gaika e Globe e Phoenix. Ndiyam njareteeɗam ngam miniraaji Gaika e G e P ina ƴettee gila maayo Sebakwe e otooji na’i haa miniraaji G e P keɓaa hakke ndiyam ngam jolnude ndiyam tuubakooɓe ummoraade e maayo ngo 5,25 miles (8,45 km) e hitaande 1898. Maayo Sebakwe kadi wonnoo ko keeri fuɗnaange nokku bommbooje Kutanga e nder nokku ndema Rosedale e oon sahaa. Range oo huutortenoo ko laanaaji hare ummoriiɗi e Thornhill Air Base ina ngolloo haa jooni.[16] Bommbooji Kutanga ina woni to Fuɗnaange wuro Midlands ina wiyee Que Que e nder nokku diiwaan mo yimɓe fof nganndi Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (innde mum ko maayooji ɗiɗi e nder oon nokku) renndo ndema ina wiyee Rosedale. Ɗuum waɗii nokku oo to bannge worgo Thornhill ko ina wona 80 km. == Golle jooni ɗee == Maayo Sebakwe ina rokka Staasiyoŋ Munyati ndiyam ngam waɗde boowal e nder weeyo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 23 kiloomeeteer (14 mi) Baraas Sebakwe mo 266 megalitre (9,4×106 cu ft) ina woni e maayo Sebakwe, ina rokka Kwekwe, nokku fijirde Sebakwe e Redcliff ndiyam. Parke fijirde Sebakwe e nokkuure nde Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust ɗon ndeena dabbaaji ladde.[20] Maayo ngo kadi ina ɓuuɓnaa e baraas Pool Dutchman, kadi e dow maayo Sebakwe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɓeydotoondi Kwekwe.<ref>Webworld Sebakwe at Dutchman'S Pool Dam unesco.org Water Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Tuugnorgal == pvbjqwvumtr9z2nf29sanvkwhtb7a0t 173902 173901 2026-06-17T16:58:56Z Nnamadee 11577 173902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Sebakwe''' walla maayo Zibagwe ko maayo to leydi Simmbaabwee. Maayo Sebakwe woni ko e diiwaan Midlands to leydi Simmbaabwee. Njuuteendi maggal ko 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi) laana njoorndi gila e ɓuuɓri haa e hunduko,<ref>Sebakwe River Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> ko ngal ɓuuɓol maayo Munyati ngo ngal hawrata e Zhombe Fuɗnaange to 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Maayo Sebakwe ina jippoo e taƴre fuɗnaange-rewo tufnde Mtoro, toownde mum ko 1 580 meeter (5 180 ft), to fuɗnaange-rewo Chivhu. Ndeen nde rewi ko fuɗnaange-rewo, fuɗnaange Chivhu e hirnaange The Range.<ref>Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 Hartley Final Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Ɓawo == Innde Sebakwe ko mbayliigu innde Zibagwe firti ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob. Version goɗɗo oo e asli innde ndee wiyi nde ummorii ko e innde "Chiwake firti ko 'ko mahaa', ina firta keeri mahaaɗi e sahaa Muurtere".<ref>Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Hannde innde "Zibagwe" ina doolni. Ina woodi lefol gonngol e haala, ina haala no innde Zibagwe ndee ardi. Ina winndaa heen Zibagwe ko innde ChiShona wonande " lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob" rokkaama nde yimɓe nokku oo njilli ngam ƴeewde kampaañ mo wiɗtooɓe Oropnaaɓe mbaɗnoo fotde lebbi. Wiɗtooɓe ɓee mbiyi ko jooni njalti e kampaañ oo, payi to nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude to fuɗnaange leydi Mashonaland. Nokku oo tawi ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi, ina waɗi ƴiye mawɗe no feewi to nokku mo ɓe ngoppi oo. Hay so tawii eɓe ngari e dogde ngalu ngam yiytude ko worɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓee mbaawi accude, hay gooto meeɗaani meemde lekki kii jarriborki sabu ko sara urinal kammu, urin ɓuuɓɗo no feewi. Leydi maaro wiyndi ndii ina wonnoo ɗoon ko juuti, tee nde wonnoo ko e daande maayo, ɓe inniri maayo ngoo "kuZibagwe" firti ko "to leñol maaro ɓurngol mawnude". Hay so tawii noon haalaaka e dow laabi ina sikkaa wonde Zibagwe "Urinal" Maize Plant ina hirjina eɓɓaande jarriborde ekkolooji to Zimbaabwee duuɓi seeɗa ko adii hannde. Eɓɓoore wiɗto duuɓi 3 huutortoonde ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam ngam waɗde ɗum mbaydi mbaylaandi, waɗiraa ko to Epworth, Harare (2008–2010) e njeñtudi ndii ina moƴƴi no feewi.<ref>Peter Morgan 2011 page 6 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta susana.org Retrieved 14 March 2016</ref> (Deftere ndee fof ina hollita no huutoraade ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam e leɗɗe ina waawi waɗde batte no feewi e mawnugol leɗɗe). == Maayo Sebakwe tokooso == Maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina rewa e maayo Munyati. Won maayo Sebakwe goɗɗo anndiraango maayo Sebakwe tokooso ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 7,6 kiloomeeteer (4,7 mi) ngo fof woni ko e diiwaan Mashonaland Fuɗnaange. Nanduɗo e maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina ilna fuɗnaange e nder maayo Nyazvidzi, woni nokku ɓuuɓɗo maayo Save. Sebakwe tokooso ina rewa to fuɗnaange tufnde Dombo, toownde mum ko 1 455 meeter (4 774 ft), e fuɗnaange tufnde Dowa, toownde mum ko 1 386 meeter (4 547 ft), e laawol mum feewde maayo Nyazvidzi. Nde hawti e maayo Nyazvidzi to fuɗnaange-rewo duɗal St Kizito e nder ko anndiraa leydi hoolaare leñol Eastdale.<ref>Map Grid Ref: TP9463 Selukwe_final.jpg Rhodesian Maps Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Golle daartol == Maayo Sebakwe ina jogii daartol keewngol. Ina wayi no Kwekwe, ndeen winndiraama Que Que ina wiyee Sebakwe hade mum ƴettude innde Que Que.<ref>Eric Rosenthal Chapter XIX. pp49 Part Two -Zimbabwe Jewish Community Archived 7 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine But poor Michael’s troubles were by no means over, for he fell into arrears with an advance made to him through the Benevolent Society. A letter was sent off on 25 August 1903, to the Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company at Sebakwe (now known as Que Que), reminding him: "There are three payments of C5 overdue, as per your arrangement to pay off your indebtedness. trust, therefore, that you will not fail to send me your cheque for C15…"] Eric Rosenthal Part II]Zimbabwe Jewish Community Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> E teeminannde sappo e jeegom, njiylotooɗo Portigaal gooto, biyeteeɗo Fernandes, hoɗii e daande maayo Sebakwe ngo wonaa{waylude|5|mi|km} ummoraade Kwekwe. Laamiiɗo Lobengula ina joginoo won e ƴiye e maayo Sebakwe ɗe o wiyi ko e lewru suwee 1890. Leydi ndi maayo Sebakwe rewi heen ndi, ina wiyee Diiwaan Sebakwe. Sosiyetee ƴellitoowo Mine Gaika to Que Que ina joginoo 437 ɗaɓɓaande kaŋŋe e nder diiwaan Sebakwe e oon sahaa kadi ndiyam kuutorteeɗam ɗam fof ko e maayo Sebakwe. E hitaande 1914 (won binndanɗe mbiyata ko 1880) Fred Selous fiyi mboros daneejo e nder ndeeɗoo maayo, ɓalndu mum reenaa. Ko e nder suudu defte Angalteer woni. Innde natal ngal ko «Sebakwe 1914»<ref>Skull of white rhinoceros shot by Fred Selous on the Sebakwe River in Zimbabwe. From Selous et al., The big game of Africa and Europe, 1914, pl.2. Rhino Resource Center Imagrs Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Fredrick Selous ina fotnoo warde lewru e nder maayo Sebakwe. Maayo Sebakwe wonnoo ko keeri hakkunde Mashonaland e Matabeleland nde Rodesi fuɗnaange wonnoo haa jooni ko leñol diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi. Ko laawol kadi ngam yahde fuɗnaange haa laawol Salisbury-Bulawayo ngol woni bannge worgo nokkuuji Enkeldoorn e Fort Charter. Maayo Sebakwe ina joginoo kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi ɗi ngalaa ponte kono ko laana ndiwoowa, ka jolnata ko taƴre nde yahrata ko e kaɓirgal no oto diwooje nii. Heewɓe e hoɗɓe adanɓe tawi leydi e maayo Sebakwe ndi alaa ɗo haaɗi.<ref>Pombiyadonha <nowiki>http://pombiyadonha.byo24.com/index-id-iblog-iblog-509.html</nowiki> A large group of the white settlers established farms along the Umnyati River and the Sebakwe River in Chief Mashava’s territory. Others had farms around Fort Charter in Chief Maromo’s territory. By 1895, chiefs Maromo, Mashava and Nyika’s territories were completely occupied by the Afrikaner farmers in a land area of about four hundred and fifty thousand acres. Chief Mutekedza’s territory, byo24.com|Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Maayo Sebakwe ko ɓuuɓri ndiyam njareteeɗam e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam. Ina waɗi hay weiruuji gila e teeminannde 19ɓiire won heen ko ponti wagon tagi.<ref>Info <nowiki>http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/orton’s-drift-over-sebakwe-river</nowiki> The waggon outspan is 120 metres south of the house with Orton’s Drift which crosses the Sebakwe River on an artificially constructed stone ford which dams the Sebakwe River to its east. -19°09′10.80″S 30°39′01.64″E Zimfieldguide.com Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Maayo Sebakwe ko laawol nguurndam Kwekwe gila e fuɗɗoode. Que Que ƴellitii ko e gure kompoññeeji miniraaji ngam miniraaji Gaika e Globe e Phoenix. Ndiyam njareteeɗam ngam miniraaji Gaika e G e P ina ƴettee gila maayo Sebakwe e otooji na’i haa miniraaji G e P keɓaa hakke ndiyam ngam jolnude ndiyam tuubakooɓe ummoraade e maayo ngo 5,25 miles (8,45 km) e hitaande 1898. Maayo Sebakwe kadi wonnoo ko keeri fuɗnaange nokku bommbooje Kutanga e nder nokku ndema Rosedale e oon sahaa. Range oo huutortenoo ko laanaaji hare ummoriiɗi e Thornhill Air Base ina ngolloo haa jooni.[16] Bommbooji Kutanga ina woni to Fuɗnaange wuro Midlands ina wiyee Que Que e nder nokku diiwaan mo yimɓe fof nganndi Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (innde mum ko maayooji ɗiɗi e nder oon nokku) renndo ndema ina wiyee Rosedale. Ɗuum waɗii nokku oo to bannge worgo Thornhill ko ina wona 80 km. == Golle jooni ɗee == Maayo Sebakwe ina rokka Staasiyoŋ Munyati ndiyam ngam waɗde boowal e nder weeyo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 23 kiloomeeteer (14 mi) Baraas Sebakwe mo 266 megalitre (9,4×106 cu ft) ina woni e maayo Sebakwe, ina rokka Kwekwe, nokku fijirde Sebakwe e Redcliff ndiyam. Parke fijirde Sebakwe e nokkuure nde Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust ɗon ndeena dabbaaji ladde.[20] Maayo ngo kadi ina ɓuuɓnaa e baraas Pool Dutchman, kadi e dow maayo Sebakwe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɓeydotoondi Kwekwe.<ref>Webworld Sebakwe at Dutchman'S Pool Dam unesco.org Water Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 04dmpfurj9n3fy4bkepb76zuxg0bxc1 173903 173902 2026-06-17T17:04:20Z Nnamadee 11577 173903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sanyati Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Sebakwe River in the Sanyati River catchment (bottom)]] '''Maayo Sebakwe''' walla maayo Zibagwe ko maayo to leydi Simmbaabwee. Maayo Sebakwe woni ko e diiwaan Midlands to leydi Simmbaabwee. Njuuteendi maggal ko 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi) laana njoorndi gila e ɓuuɓri haa e hunduko,<ref>Sebakwe River Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> ko ngal ɓuuɓol maayo Munyati ngo ngal hawrata e Zhombe Fuɗnaange to 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Maayo Sebakwe ina jippoo e taƴre fuɗnaange-rewo tufnde Mtoro, toownde mum ko 1 580 meeter (5 180 ft), to fuɗnaange-rewo Chivhu. Ndeen nde rewi ko fuɗnaange-rewo, fuɗnaange Chivhu e hirnaange The Range.<ref>Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 Hartley Final Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Ɓawo == Innde Sebakwe ko mbayliigu innde Zibagwe firti ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob. Version goɗɗo oo e asli innde ndee wiyi nde ummorii ko e innde "Chiwake firti ko 'ko mahaa', ina firta keeri mahaaɗi e sahaa Muurtere".<ref>Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Hannde innde "Zibagwe" ina doolni. Ina woodi lefol gonngol e haala, ina haala no innde Zibagwe ndee ardi. Ina winndaa heen Zibagwe ko innde ChiShona wonande " lekki maaro mawki no feewi walla cob" rokkaama nde yimɓe nokku oo njilli ngam ƴeewde kampaañ mo wiɗtooɓe Oropnaaɓe mbaɗnoo fotde lebbi. Wiɗtooɓe ɓee mbiyi ko jooni njalti e kampaañ oo, payi to nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude to fuɗnaange leydi Mashonaland. Nokku oo tawi ko lekki maaro mawki no feewi, ina waɗi ƴiye mawɗe no feewi to nokku mo ɓe ngoppi oo. Hay so tawii eɓe ngari e dogde ngalu ngam yiytude ko worɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓee mbaawi accude, hay gooto meeɗaani meemde lekki kii jarriborki sabu ko sara urinal kammu, urin ɓuuɓɗo no feewi. Leydi maaro wiyndi ndii ina wonnoo ɗoon ko juuti, tee nde wonnoo ko e daande maayo, ɓe inniri maayo ngoo "kuZibagwe" firti ko "to leñol maaro ɓurngol mawnude". Hay so tawii noon haalaaka e dow laabi ina sikkaa wonde Zibagwe "Urinal" Maize Plant ina hirjina eɓɓaande jarriborde ekkolooji to Zimbaabwee duuɓi seeɗa ko adii hannde. Eɓɓoore wiɗto duuɓi 3 huutortoonde ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam ngam waɗde ɗum mbaydi mbaylaandi, waɗiraa ko to Epworth, Harare (2008–2010) e njeñtudi ndii ina moƴƴi no feewi.<ref>Peter Morgan 2011 page 6 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta susana.org Retrieved 14 March 2016</ref> (Deftere ndee fof ina hollita no huutoraade ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam e leɗɗe ina waawi waɗde batte no feewi e mawnugol leɗɗe). == Maayo Sebakwe tokooso == [[File:2._Effect_of_urine_treatement_on_maize_growth_(5621512601).jpg|thumb|Effect of Urine treatment on maize growth. The bigger cob here is referred to as Zibagwe.]] Maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina rewa e maayo Munyati. Won maayo Sebakwe goɗɗo anndiraango maayo Sebakwe tokooso ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 7,6 kiloomeeteer (4,7 mi) ngo fof woni ko e diiwaan Mashonaland Fuɗnaange. Nanduɗo e maayo Sebakwe mawngo ngo ina ilna fuɗnaange e nder maayo Nyazvidzi, woni nokku ɓuuɓɗo maayo Save. Sebakwe tokooso ina rewa to fuɗnaange tufnde Dombo, toownde mum ko 1 455 meeter (4 774 ft), e fuɗnaange tufnde Dowa, toownde mum ko 1 386 meeter (4 547 ft), e laawol mum feewde maayo Nyazvidzi. Nde hawti e maayo Nyazvidzi to fuɗnaange-rewo duɗal St Kizito e nder ko anndiraa leydi hoolaare leñol Eastdale.<ref>Map Grid Ref: TP9463 Selukwe_final.jpg Rhodesian Maps Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Golle daartol == Maayo Sebakwe ina jogii daartol keewngol. Ina wayi no Kwekwe, ndeen winndiraama Que Que ina wiyee Sebakwe hade mum ƴettude innde Que Que.<ref>Eric Rosenthal Chapter XIX. pp49 Part Two -Zimbabwe Jewish Community Archived 7 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine But poor Michael’s troubles were by no means over, for he fell into arrears with an advance made to him through the Benevolent Society. A letter was sent off on 25 August 1903, to the Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company at Sebakwe (now known as Que Que), reminding him: "There are three payments of C5 overdue, as per your arrangement to pay off your indebtedness. trust, therefore, that you will not fail to send me your cheque for C15…"] Eric Rosenthal Part II]Zimbabwe Jewish Community Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> E teeminannde sappo e jeegom, njiylotooɗo Portigaal gooto, biyeteeɗo Fernandes, hoɗii e daande maayo Sebakwe ngo wonaa{waylude|5|mi|km} ummoraade Kwekwe. Laamiiɗo Lobengula ina joginoo won e ƴiye e maayo Sebakwe ɗe o wiyi ko e lewru suwee 1890. Leydi ndi maayo Sebakwe rewi heen ndi, ina wiyee Diiwaan Sebakwe. Sosiyetee ƴellitoowo Mine Gaika to Que Que ina joginoo 437 ɗaɓɓaande kaŋŋe e nder diiwaan Sebakwe e oon sahaa kadi ndiyam kuutorteeɗam ɗam fof ko e maayo Sebakwe. E hitaande 1914 (won binndanɗe mbiyata ko 1880) Fred Selous fiyi mboros daneejo e nder ndeeɗoo maayo, ɓalndu mum reenaa. Ko e nder suudu defte Angalteer woni. Innde natal ngal ko «Sebakwe 1914»<ref>Skull of white rhinoceros shot by Fred Selous on the Sebakwe River in Zimbabwe. From Selous et al., The big game of Africa and Europe, 1914, pl.2. Rhino Resource Center Imagrs Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> [[File:RhinoSelous.jpg|thumb|Sebakwe 1914_Skull of white rhinoceros shot by Fred Selous on the Sebakwe River in Zimbabwe]] Fredrick Selous ina fotnoo warde lewru e nder maayo Sebakwe. Maayo Sebakwe wonnoo ko keeri hakkunde Mashonaland e Matabeleland nde Rodesi fuɗnaange wonnoo haa jooni ko leñol diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi. Ko laawol kadi ngam yahde fuɗnaange haa laawol Salisbury-Bulawayo ngol woni bannge worgo nokkuuji Enkeldoorn e Fort Charter. Maayo Sebakwe ina joginoo kadi nokkuuji taƴondirɗi ɗi ngalaa ponte kono ko laana ndiwoowa, ka jolnata ko taƴre nde yahrata ko e kaɓirgal no oto diwooje nii. Heewɓe e hoɗɓe adanɓe tawi leydi e maayo Sebakwe ndi alaa ɗo haaɗi.<ref>Pombiyadonha <nowiki>http://pombiyadonha.byo24.com/index-id-iblog-iblog-509.html</nowiki> A large group of the white settlers established farms along the Umnyati River and the Sebakwe River in Chief Mashava’s territory. Others had farms around Fort Charter in Chief Maromo’s territory. By 1895, chiefs Maromo, Mashava and Nyika’s territories were completely occupied by the Afrikaner farmers in a land area of about four hundred and fifty thousand acres. Chief Mutekedza’s territory, byo24.com|Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Maayo Sebakwe ko ɓuuɓri ndiyam njareteeɗam e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam. Ina waɗi hay weiruuji gila e teeminannde 19ɓiire won heen ko ponti wagon tagi.<ref>Info <nowiki>http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/orton’s-drift-over-sebakwe-river</nowiki> The waggon outspan is 120 metres south of the house with Orton’s Drift which crosses the Sebakwe River on an artificially constructed stone ford which dams the Sebakwe River to its east. -19°09′10.80″S 30°39′01.64″E Zimfieldguide.com Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Maayo Sebakwe ko laawol nguurndam Kwekwe gila e fuɗɗoode. Que Que ƴellitii ko e gure kompoññeeji miniraaji ngam miniraaji Gaika e Globe e Phoenix. Ndiyam njareteeɗam ngam miniraaji Gaika e G e P ina ƴettee gila maayo Sebakwe e otooji na’i haa miniraaji G e P keɓaa hakke ndiyam ngam jolnude ndiyam tuubakooɓe ummoraade e maayo ngo 5,25 miles (8,45 km) e hitaande 1898. Maayo Sebakwe kadi wonnoo ko keeri fuɗnaange nokku bommbooje Kutanga e nder nokku ndema Rosedale e oon sahaa. Range oo huutortenoo ko laanaaji hare ummoriiɗi e Thornhill Air Base ina ngolloo haa jooni.[16] Bommbooji Kutanga ina woni to Fuɗnaange wuro Midlands ina wiyee Que Que e nder nokku diiwaan mo yimɓe fof nganndi Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (innde mum ko maayooji ɗiɗi e nder oon nokku) renndo ndema ina wiyee Rosedale. Ɗuum waɗii nokku oo to bannge worgo Thornhill ko ina wona 80 km. == Golle jooni ɗee == Maayo Sebakwe ina rokka Staasiyoŋ Munyati ndiyam ngam waɗde boowal e nder weeyo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 23 kiloomeeteer (14 mi) Baraas Sebakwe mo 266 megalitre (9,4×106 cu ft) ina woni e maayo Sebakwe, ina rokka Kwekwe, nokku fijirde Sebakwe e Redcliff ndiyam. Parke fijirde Sebakwe e nokkuure nde Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust ɗon ndeena dabbaaji ladde.[20] Maayo ngo kadi ina ɓuuɓnaa e baraas Pool Dutchman, kadi e dow maayo Sebakwe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɓeydotoondi Kwekwe.<ref>Webworld Sebakwe at Dutchman'S Pool Dam unesco.org Water Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Tuugnorgal == b3t9a3l84ak5jti03ilgtld7fuk93my 0 42153 173904 2026-06-17T17:08:37Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Maayo Mazowe''' (ko adii fof ko maayo Mazoe) ko maayo Simmbaabuwee e Mosammbik, ɗo ngo wiyetee Rio Mazoe walla Rio Mazoé.<ref>Tracks4Africa - Travel Africa Informed</ref> Maayo ngoo ummotoo ko fuɗnaange Harare, ngo rewa fuɗnaange, caggal ɗuum fuɗnaange-rewo, ɗo ngo jeyaa e keeri Mosammbik, ngo hawra e maayo Luenha, ngo ɓuuɓnata maayo Zambezi. Mazowe ina jogii nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 39 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (15 058 miil kaaree).<ref>Chikozho, Cl..." 173904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mazowe''' (ko adii fof ko maayo Mazoe) ko maayo Simmbaabuwee e Mosammbik, ɗo ngo wiyetee Rio Mazoe walla Rio Mazoé.<ref>Tracks4Africa - Travel Africa Informed</ref> Maayo ngoo ummotoo ko fuɗnaange Harare, ngo rewa fuɗnaange, caggal ɗuum fuɗnaange-rewo, ɗo ngo jeyaa e keeri Mosammbik, ngo hawra e maayo Luenha, ngo ɓuuɓnata maayo Zambezi. Mazowe ina jogii nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 39 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (15 058 miil kaaree).<ref>Chikozho, Claudious (2008). "Stakeholder Participatory Processes and Dialogue Platforms in the Mazowe River Catchment, Zimbabwe" (PDF). African Studies Quarterly. 10 (2/3): 27–44, page 33.</ref> E hitaande 1920, baraas Mazowe mahiraa ko e maayo capanɗe jeegom kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Harare ngam ndiyam gese citrus.<ref>Kent Rusmussen, R. & Rubert, S. (1990) Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe, The Scarecrow Press.</ref> Maayo ngoo e ɓulli mum ko nokkuuji ɓurɗi lollude ngam waɗde panneeruuji kaŋŋe e golle placer tokoose,<ref>"EMA bemoans the menace of illegal mining". Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</ref> hay so tawii noon e nder dumunna ɓuuɓɗo, Mazowe ina wonta ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol, ina heewi ɓuuɓnude daande maggo, ina addana renndooji nokkuuji ɗii e gese mum en bonneede. == Tuugnorgal == 5h2ek4q947rlnf14vnnvs6wgfwdns5e 0 42154 173905 2026-06-17T17:14:31Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Maayo Mzingwane''', ko adii fof ko maayo Umzingwane walla maayo Umzingwane, ko maayo mawngo ngo Limpopo woni e mum to bannge nano to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Usher, diiwaan Matobo, to fuɗnaange Bulawayo, nde rewa e maayo Limpopo sara Beitbridge, les ɓuuɓri maayo Shashe e dow ɓuuɓri maayo Bubye. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Maayo Mzingwane ko maayo ɓuuɓngo ngo ɓuuɓol mum ɓuri heewde ko e lebbi ɗi toɓo waɗata (Novembre haa Mars), ko ɓuri heewde e..." 173905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Mzingwane''', ko adii fof ko maayo Umzingwane walla maayo Umzingwane, ko maayo mawngo ngo Limpopo woni e mum to bannge nano to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Usher, diiwaan Matobo, to fuɗnaange Bulawayo, nde rewa e maayo Limpopo sara Beitbridge, les ɓuuɓri maayo Shashe e dow ɓuuɓri maayo Bubye. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Maayo Mzingwane ko maayo ɓuuɓngo ngo ɓuuɓol mum ɓuri heewde ko e lebbi ɗi toɓo waɗata (Novembre haa Mars), ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓol ngol ina winndaa hakkunde lewru Desammbar e Feebariyee, so wonaa ɗo ngo wayli e golle baraas.[2] Maayo ngo ina addana 9,3% e ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam hitaande kala e nder weeyo Limpopo, ɗum noon ko ngo tataɓo ɓurngo mawnude e nder weeyo Limpopo.[1] Maayo Mzingwane mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Insiza, Inyankuni, Ncema, Umchabezi (woto jiiɓru e Mtshabezi) e Mtetengwe. Maayo Mzingwane les ko weendu heewndu njaareendi, ina waɗi ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi yaajɗi e nder weendu maayo nduu e les ŋoral ɓuuɓngal ngal. Hiisaaji mbaawkaaji ndiyam e ziin tovo ngo ina tolnoo e 175 000 e 5 430 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (6 200 000 e 191 800 000 cu ft) e nder laylayti ɗii e hakkunde 80 000 e 6 920 000 c e 6 920 000 m2 244 400 000 cu ft) e nder laddeeji. Hannde, won e ɗeen ɗoon ɓulli ina kuutoree ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade galleeji, ndiyam jawdi e diƴƴe, ndiyam njulaagu e jarde luumooji.[3] == Koɗkiiji == * Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maayo haa e joofnirde mum : * Wuro Mbalabala * Wuro Gawanda * Wuro Nikolson hirnaange Wuro Beitbridge woni ko hedde 6 km ESE e nokku ɗo maayo Bubye e Limpopo kawri e keerol Afrik worgo. Nde sosaa ko e hitaande 1929.[4] == Pontooji e taƴe == Pontooji mawɗi nay ina ngoodi dow maayo Mzingwane : * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge, hakkunde Esigodini e Mbalabala, dow maayo Mzingwane. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont dow laawol Mbalabala mawngol - Masvingo. * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge to Hirnaange Nicholson, les ɗo maayo Insiza hawrata. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont Bertie Knott, e laawol ummoraade Beitbridge feewde e nokku ndiyam Shashe, sara hunduko. Ina waɗi kadi fordeeji keewɗi, ina heen : * Forduuji ɗiɗi dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange e laawol Silalabuhwa e Mosholomoshe. * Doddieburn, dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange. * Gems Drift, sara Beitbridge. * Fulton, sara Beitbridge. == Yahde yeeso == Ko jiidaa e weeyo tokooso, ina woodi baraasuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi e maayo Mzingwane : * Baraas Mzingwane, mahaa e hitaande 1962, ina jogii mbaawka timmunde 42 MCM (miliyoŋaaji meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo). Nde woni ko sara iwdi maayo, nde rokkata ndiyam wuro Bulawayo. * Baras Zhovhe, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1995, ina jogii 136 MCM timmuɗo. Nde woni ko sara ɗo maayo Limpopo hawrata, nde rokkata ndiyam ngam ilnude Beitbridge Nokkuuji damɗi goɗɗi njiytaama to Glassblock e Oakley Block, kono ƴellitaare ndee jogaaki jooni.[5] Eɓɓaande ina jokki ngam mahde tuugnorgal ummoraade e maayo Mtshabezi toowngo (woto jiiɓru e maayo Umchabezi) haa e baraas Mzingwane. == Tuugnorgal == 8cr53tyejugyvgtet718fx0pvwvd99c 173906 173905 2026-06-17T17:15:15Z Nnamadee 11577 173906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Mzingwane''', ko adii fof ko maayo Umzingwane walla maayo Umzingwane, ko maayo mawngo ngo Limpopo woni e mum to bannge nano to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Usher, diiwaan Matobo, to fuɗnaange Bulawayo, nde rewa e maayo Limpopo sara Beitbridge, les ɓuuɓri maayo Shashe e dow ɓuuɓri maayo Bubye. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Maayo Mzingwane ko maayo ɓuuɓngo ngo ɓuuɓol mum ɓuri heewde ko e lebbi ɗi toɓo waɗata (Novembre haa Mars), ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓol ngol ina winndaa hakkunde lewru Desammbar e Feebariyee, so wonaa ɗo ngo wayli e golle baraas.[2] Maayo ngo ina addana 9,3% e ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam hitaande kala e nder weeyo Limpopo, ɗum noon ko ngo tataɓo ɓurngo mawnude e nder weeyo Limpopo.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M.; Boroto, R.A. (1997). Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium. Pretoria.</ref> Maayo Mzingwane mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Insiza, Inyankuni, Ncema, Umchabezi (woto jiiɓru e Mtshabezi) e Mtetengwe. Maayo Mzingwane les ko weendu heewndu njaareendi, ina waɗi ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi yaajɗi e nder weendu maayo nduu e les ŋoral ɓuuɓngal ngal. Hiisaaji mbaawkaaji ndiyam e ziin tovo ngo ina tolnoo e 175 000 e 5 430 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (6 200 000 e 191 800 000 cu ft) e nder laylayti ɗii e hakkunde 80 000 e 6 920 000 c e 6 920 000 m2 244 400 000 cu ft) e nder laddeeji. Hannde, won e ɗeen ɗoon ɓulli ina kuutoree ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade galleeji, ndiyam jawdi e diƴƴe, ndiyam njulaagu e jarde luumooji.[3] == Koɗkiiji == * Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maayo haa e joofnirde mum : * Wuro Mbalabala * Wuro Gawanda * Wuro Nikolson hirnaange Wuro Beitbridge woni ko hedde 6 km ESE e nokku ɗo maayo Bubye e Limpopo kawri e keerol Afrik worgo. Nde sosaa ko e hitaande 1929.[4] == Pontooji e taƴe == Pontooji mawɗi nay ina ngoodi dow maayo Mzingwane : * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge, hakkunde Esigodini e Mbalabala, dow maayo Mzingwane. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont dow laawol Mbalabala mawngol - Masvingo. * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge to Hirnaange Nicholson, les ɗo maayo Insiza hawrata. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont Bertie Knott, e laawol ummoraade Beitbridge feewde e nokku ndiyam Shashe, sara hunduko. Ina waɗi kadi fordeeji keewɗi, ina heen : * Forduuji ɗiɗi dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange e laawol Silalabuhwa e Mosholomoshe. * Doddieburn, dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange. * Gems Drift, sara Beitbridge. * Fulton, sara Beitbridge. == Yahde yeeso == Ko jiidaa e weeyo tokooso, ina woodi baraasuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi e maayo Mzingwane : * Baraas Mzingwane, mahaa e hitaande 1962, ina jogii mbaawka timmunde 42 MCM (miliyoŋaaji meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo). Nde woni ko sara iwdi maayo, nde rokkata ndiyam wuro Bulawayo. * Baras Zhovhe, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1995, ina jogii 136 MCM timmuɗo. Nde woni ko sara ɗo maayo Limpopo hawrata, nde rokkata ndiyam ngam ilnude Beitbridge Nokkuuji damɗi goɗɗi njiytaama to Glassblock e Oakley Block, kono ƴellitaare ndee jogaaki jooni.[5] Eɓɓaande ina jokki ngam mahde tuugnorgal ummoraade e maayo Mtshabezi toowngo (woto jiiɓru e maayo Umchabezi) haa e baraas Mzingwane. == Tuugnorgal == out2hr9fyifaol0ze8spbrxxmvq870r 173907 173906 2026-06-17T17:15:46Z Nnamadee 11577 173907 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Mzingwane''', ko adii fof ko maayo Umzingwane walla maayo Umzingwane, ko maayo mawngo ngo Limpopo woni e mum to bannge nano to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Usher, diiwaan Matobo, to fuɗnaange Bulawayo, nde rewa e maayo Limpopo sara Beitbridge, les ɓuuɓri maayo Shashe e dow ɓuuɓri maayo Bubye. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Maayo Mzingwane ko maayo ɓuuɓngo ngo ɓuuɓol mum ɓuri heewde ko e lebbi ɗi toɓo waɗata (Novembre haa Mars), ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓol ngol ina winndaa hakkunde lewru Desammbar e Feebariyee, so wonaa ɗo ngo wayli e golle baraas.[2] Maayo ngo ina addana 9,3% e ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam hitaande kala e nder weeyo Limpopo, ɗum noon ko ngo tataɓo ɓurngo mawnude e nder weeyo Limpopo.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M.; Boroto, R.A. (1997). Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium. Pretoria.</ref> Maayo Mzingwane mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Insiza, Inyankuni, Ncema, Umchabezi (woto jiiɓru e Mtshabezi) e Mtetengwe. Maayo Mzingwane les ko weendu heewndu njaareendi, ina waɗi ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi yaajɗi e nder weendu maayo nduu e les ŋoral ɓuuɓngal ngal. Hiisaaji mbaawkaaji ndiyam e ziin tovo ngo ina tolnoo e 175 000 e 5 430 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (6 200 000 e 191 800 000 cu ft) e nder laylayti ɗii e hakkunde 80 000 e 6 920 000 c e 6 920 000 m2 244 400 000 cu ft) e nder laddeeji. Hannde, won e ɗeen ɗoon ɓulli ina kuutoree ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade galleeji, ndiyam jawdi e diƴƴe, ndiyam njulaagu e jarde luumooji.<ref>Moyce, W., Mangeya, P., Owen, R. and Love, D. 2006. Alluvial aquifers in the Mzingwane Catchment: their distribution, properties, current usage and potential expansion. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 988–994.</ref> == Koɗkiiji == * Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maayo haa e joofnirde mum : * Wuro Mbalabala * Wuro Gawanda * Wuro Nikolson hirnaange Wuro Beitbridge woni ko hedde 6 km ESE e nokku ɗo maayo Bubye e Limpopo kawri e keerol Afrik worgo. Nde sosaa ko e hitaande 1929.[4] == Pontooji e taƴe == Pontooji mawɗi nay ina ngoodi dow maayo Mzingwane : * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge, hakkunde Esigodini e Mbalabala, dow maayo Mzingwane. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont dow laawol Mbalabala mawngol - Masvingo. * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge to Hirnaange Nicholson, les ɗo maayo Insiza hawrata. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont Bertie Knott, e laawol ummoraade Beitbridge feewde e nokku ndiyam Shashe, sara hunduko. Ina waɗi kadi fordeeji keewɗi, ina heen : * Forduuji ɗiɗi dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange e laawol Silalabuhwa e Mosholomoshe. * Doddieburn, dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange. * Gems Drift, sara Beitbridge. * Fulton, sara Beitbridge. == Yahde yeeso == Ko jiidaa e weeyo tokooso, ina woodi baraasuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi e maayo Mzingwane : * Baraas Mzingwane, mahaa e hitaande 1962, ina jogii mbaawka timmunde 42 MCM (miliyoŋaaji meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo). Nde woni ko sara iwdi maayo, nde rokkata ndiyam wuro Bulawayo. * Baras Zhovhe, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1995, ina jogii 136 MCM timmuɗo. Nde woni ko sara ɗo maayo Limpopo hawrata, nde rokkata ndiyam ngam ilnude Beitbridge Nokkuuji damɗi goɗɗi njiytaama to Glassblock e Oakley Block, kono ƴellitaare ndee jogaaki jooni.[5] Eɓɓaande ina jokki ngam mahde tuugnorgal ummoraade e maayo Mtshabezi toowngo (woto jiiɓru e maayo Umchabezi) haa e baraas Mzingwane. == Tuugnorgal == fuz6nlhulxeoy882mzktemofyoyfsar 173908 173907 2026-06-17T17:19:47Z Nnamadee 11577 173908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mzingwane''', ko adii fof ko maayo Umzingwane walla maayo Umzingwane, ko maayo mawngo ngo Limpopo woni e mum to bannge nano to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Usher, diiwaan Matobo, to fuɗnaange Bulawayo, nde rewa e maayo Limpopo sara Beitbridge, les ɓuuɓri maayo Shashe e dow ɓuuɓri maayo Bubye. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Maayo Mzingwane ko maayo ɓuuɓngo ngo ɓuuɓol mum ɓuri heewde ko e lebbi ɗi toɓo waɗata (Novembre haa Mars), ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓol ngol ina winndaa hakkunde lewru Desammbar e Feebariyee, so wonaa ɗo ngo wayli e golle baraas.[2] Maayo ngo ina addana 9,3% e ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam hitaande kala e nder weeyo Limpopo, ɗum noon ko ngo tataɓo ɓurngo mawnude e nder weeyo Limpopo.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M.; Boroto, R.A. (1997). Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium. Pretoria.</ref> Maayo Mzingwane mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Insiza, Inyankuni, Ncema, Umchabezi (woto jiiɓru e Mtshabezi) e Mtetengwe. Maayo Mzingwane les ko weendu heewndu njaareendi, ina waɗi ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi yaajɗi e nder weendu maayo nduu e les ŋoral ɓuuɓngal ngal. Hiisaaji mbaawkaaji ndiyam e ziin tovo ngo ina tolnoo e 175 000 e 5 430 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (6 200 000 e 191 800 000 cu ft) e nder laylayti ɗii e hakkunde 80 000 e 6 920 000 c e 6 920 000 m2 244 400 000 cu ft) e nder laddeeji. Hannde, won e ɗeen ɗoon ɓulli ina kuutoree ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade galleeji, ndiyam jawdi e diƴƴe, ndiyam njulaagu e jarde luumooji.<ref>Moyce, W., Mangeya, P., Owen, R. and Love, D. 2006. Alluvial aquifers in the Mzingwane Catchment: their distribution, properties, current usage and potential expansion. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 988–994.</ref> == Koɗkiiji == * Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maayo haa e joofnirde mum : * Wuro Mbalabala * Wuro Gawanda * Wuro Nikolson hirnaange Wuro Beitbridge woni ko hedde 6 km ESE e nokku ɗo maayo Bubye e Limpopo kawri e keerol Afrik worgo. Nde sosaa ko e hitaande 1929.[4] == Pontooji e taƴe == Pontooji mawɗi nay ina ngoodi dow maayo Mzingwane : * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge, hakkunde Esigodini e Mbalabala, dow maayo Mzingwane. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont dow laawol Mbalabala mawngol - Masvingo. * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge to Hirnaange Nicholson, les ɗo maayo Insiza hawrata. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont Bertie Knott, e laawol ummoraade Beitbridge feewde e nokku ndiyam Shashe, sara hunduko. Ina waɗi kadi fordeeji keewɗi, ina heen : * Forduuji ɗiɗi dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange e laawol Silalabuhwa e Mosholomoshe. * Doddieburn, dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange. * Gems Drift, sara Beitbridge. * Fulton, sara Beitbridge. == Yahde yeeso == Ko jiidaa e weeyo tokooso, ina woodi baraasuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi e maayo Mzingwane : * Baraas Mzingwane, mahaa e hitaande 1962, ina jogii mbaawka timmunde 42 MCM (miliyoŋaaji meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo). Nde woni ko sara iwdi maayo, nde rokkata ndiyam wuro Bulawayo. * Baras Zhovhe, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1995, ina jogii 136 MCM timmuɗo. Nde woni ko sara ɗo maayo Limpopo hawrata, nde rokkata ndiyam ngam ilnude Beitbridge Nokkuuji damɗi goɗɗi njiytaama to Glassblock e Oakley Block, kono ƴellitaare ndee jogaaki jooni.<ref>Chibi, T.; Kandori, C.; Makone, B.F. (2005). Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Bulawayo: Zimbabwe National Water Authority.</ref> Eɓɓaande ina jokki ngam mahde tuugnorgal ummoraade e maayo Mtshabezi toowngo (woto jiiɓru e maayo Umchabezi) haa e baraas Mzingwane. == Tuugnorgal == ss5xl0nzwbcoliw3p9pbzwjdjr50qbj 173935 173908 2026-06-17T19:05:23Z Nnamadee 11577 173935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mzingwane''', ko adii fof ko maayo Umzingwane walla maayo Umzingwane, ko maayo mawngo ngo Limpopo woni e mum to bannge nano to Zimbaabwee. Nde ummotoo ko sara Fort Usher, diiwaan Matobo, to fuɗnaange Bulawayo, nde rewa e maayo Limpopo sara Beitbridge, les ɓuuɓri maayo Shashe e dow ɓuuɓri maayo Bubye. == Hidrolooji ndiyam == Maayo Mzingwane ko maayo ɓuuɓngo ngo ɓuuɓol mum ɓuri heewde ko e lebbi ɗi toɓo waɗata (Novembre haa Mars), ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓol ngol ina winndaa hakkunde lewru Desammbar e Feebariyee, so wonaa ɗo ngo wayli e golle baraas.[2] Maayo ngo ina addana 9,3% e ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam hitaande kala e nder weeyo Limpopo, ɗum noon ko ngo tataɓo ɓurngo mawnude e nder weeyo Limpopo.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M.; Boroto, R.A. (1997). Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium. Pretoria.</ref> Maayo Mzingwane mawngo ina jeyaa heen maayo Insiza, Inyankuni, Ncema, Umchabezi (woto jiiɓru e Mtshabezi) e Mtetengwe. Maayo Mzingwane les ko weendu heewndu njaareendi, ina waɗi ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi yaajɗi e nder weendu maayo nduu e les ŋoral ɓuuɓngal ngal. Hiisaaji mbaawkaaji ndiyam e ziin tovo ngo ina tolnoo e 175 000 e 5 430 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (6 200 000 e 191 800 000 cu ft) e nder laylayti ɗii e hakkunde 80 000 e 6 920 000 c e 6 920 000 m2 244 400 000 cu ft) e nder laddeeji. Hannde, won e ɗeen ɗoon ɓulli ina kuutoree ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade galleeji, ndiyam jawdi e diƴƴe, ndiyam njulaagu e jarde luumooji.<ref>Moyce, W., Mangeya, P., Owen, R. and Love, D. 2006. Alluvial aquifers in the Mzingwane Catchment: their distribution, properties, current usage and potential expansion. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 988–994.</ref> == Koɗkiiji == * Koɗkiiji les ɗii njamiraama gila e fuɗɗoode maayo haa e joofnirde mum : * Wuro Mbalabala * Wuro Gawanda * Wuro Nikolson hirnaange Wuro Beitbridge woni ko hedde 6 km ESE e nokku ɗo maayo Bubye e Limpopo kawri e keerol Afrik worgo. Nde sosaa ko e hitaande 1929.<ref>"Beitbridge". Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2012-03-18.</ref> == Pontooji e taƴe == Pontooji mawɗi nay ina ngoodi dow maayo Mzingwane : * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge, hakkunde Esigodini e Mbalabala, dow maayo Mzingwane. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont dow laawol Mbalabala mawngol - Masvingo. * Ponto dow laawol mawngol Bulawayo - Beitbridge to Hirnaange Nicholson, les ɗo maayo Insiza hawrata. Ina woodi kadi pont laana njoorndi. * Pont Bertie Knott, e laawol ummoraade Beitbridge feewde e nokku ndiyam Shashe, sara hunduko. Ina waɗi kadi fordeeji keewɗi, ina heen : * Forduuji ɗiɗi dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange e laawol Silalabuhwa e Mosholomoshe. * Doddieburn, dow maayo Nicholson hirnaange. * Gems Drift, sara Beitbridge. * Fulton, sara Beitbridge. == Yahde yeeso == Ko jiidaa e weeyo tokooso, ina woodi baraasuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi e maayo Mzingwane : * Baraas Mzingwane, mahaa e hitaande 1962, ina jogii mbaawka timmunde 42 MCM (miliyoŋaaji meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo). Nde woni ko sara iwdi maayo, nde rokkata ndiyam wuro Bulawayo. * Baras Zhovhe, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1995, ina jogii 136 MCM timmuɗo. Nde woni ko sara ɗo maayo Limpopo hawrata, nde rokkata ndiyam ngam ilnude Beitbridge Nokkuuji damɗi goɗɗi njiytaama to Glassblock e Oakley Block, kono ƴellitaare ndee jogaaki jooni.<ref>Chibi, T.; Kandori, C.; Makone, B.F. (2005). Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Bulawayo: Zimbabwe National Water Authority.</ref> Eɓɓaande ina jokki ngam mahde tuugnorgal ummoraade e maayo Mtshabezi toowngo (woto jiiɓru e maayo Umchabezi) haa e baraas Mzingwane. == Tuugnorgal == 1ltrpx49ma7b4dvf3v5dem9q37slg9v 0 42155 173911 2026-06-17T18:10:08Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173911 wikitext text/x-wiki Shaun Ryan ko gonnooɗo gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe kuule Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. Nguurndam Ryan jibinaa ko e hitaande 1975, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Warrnambool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Emmanuel hade makko yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Deakin to Geelong, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko e ganndal e sariya. Kugal Ryan, mo o sikkaa ko gooto e ardiiɓe ligue ɓurɓe moƴƴude e jamaanu makko, o waɗii arbiteruuji joy Grand Finals hakkunde 2008 e 2011 (ina heen Grand Finals ƴaañaaɗo e replay e hitaande 2010) hade makko woppude golle e sahaa gooto e darorɗe hitaande 2011 caggal 215 pottital. O arti e umpiring mawɗo e hitaande 2015 caggal duuɓi tati hiatus, o umpire makko jeegoɓo Grand Final e hitaande 2017,e jeeɗiɗaɓo makko e hitaande 2018. O ardii pottital makko gadanal AFL e nder pottital gadanal gadanal hakkunde Brisbane Lions e Geelong to Gabba e lewru Oktoobar 2020.[citation needed] Tuugnorgal m9q1sbsyb6g5hl22wbmdahlmetp9x94 173912 173911 2026-06-17T18:11:46Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Shaun Ryan ko gonnooɗo gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe kuule Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. Nguurndam Ryan jibinaa ko e hitaande 1975, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Warrnambool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Emmanuel hade makko yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Deakin to Geelong, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko e ganndal e sariya. Kugal Ryan, mo o sikkaa ko gooto e ardiiɓe ligue ɓurɓe moƴƴude e jamaanu makko, o waɗii arbiteruuji joy Grand Finals hakkunde 2008 e 2011 (ina heen Grand Finals ƴaañaaɗo e replay e hitaande 2010) hade makko woppude golle e sahaa gooto e darorɗe hitaande 2011 caggal 215 pottital. O arti e umpiring mawɗo e hitaande 2015 caggal duuɓi tati hiatus, o umpire makko jeegoɓo Grand Final e hitaande 2017,e jeeɗiɗaɓo makko e hitaande 2018. O ardii pottital makko gadanal AFL e nder pottital gadanal gadanal hakkunde Brisbane Lions e Geelong to Gabba e lewru Oktoobar 2020.[citation needed] Tuugnorgal 7t8a8qhxjuz48hjbgj838sqmr158dws 173913 173912 2026-06-17T18:13:04Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shaun Ryan''' ko gonnooɗo gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe kuule Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali. == Nguurndam == Ryan jibinaa ko e hitaande 1975, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Warrnambool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Emmanuel hade makko yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Deakin to Geelong, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko e ganndal e sariya. == Kugal == Ryan, mo o sikkaa ko gooto e ardiiɓe ligue ɓurɓe moƴƴude e jamaanu makko, o waɗii arbiteruuji joy Grand Finals hakkunde 2008 e 2011 (ina heen Grand Finals ƴaañaaɗo e replay e hitaande 2010) hade makko woppude golle e sahaa gooto e darorɗe hitaande 2011 caggal 215 pottital. O arti e umpiring mawɗo e hitaande 2015 caggal duuɓi tati hiatus, o umpire makko jeegoɓo Grand Final e hitaande 2017,e jeeɗiɗaɓo makko e hitaande 2018. O ardii pottital makko gadanal AFL e nder pottital gadanal gadanal hakkunde Brisbane Lions e Geelong to Gabba e lewru Oktoobar 2020.[citation needed] == Tuugnorgal == s4kbak8ildknuegf2jneobw2afbt2cb 173914 173913 2026-06-17T18:14:40Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shaun Ryan''' ko gonnooɗo gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe kuule Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Shaun Ryan - Emmanuel College Alumni|url=http://www.emmanuel.vic.edu.au/alumni/shaun-ryan|accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref> == Nguurndam == Ryan jibinaa ko e hitaande 1975, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Warrnambool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Emmanuel hade makko yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Deakin to Geelong, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko e ganndal e sariya. == Kugal == Ryan, mo o sikkaa ko gooto e ardiiɓe ligue ɓurɓe moƴƴude e jamaanu makko, o waɗii arbiteruuji joy Grand Finals hakkunde 2008 e 2011 (ina heen Grand Finals ƴaañaaɗo e replay e hitaande 2010) hade makko woppude golle e sahaa gooto e darorɗe hitaande 2011 caggal 215 pottital. O arti e umpiring mawɗo e hitaande 2015 caggal duuɓi tati hiatus, o umpire makko jeegoɓo Grand Final e hitaande 2017,e jeeɗiɗaɓo makko e hitaande 2018. O ardii pottital makko gadanal AFL e nder pottital gadanal gadanal hakkunde Brisbane Lions e Geelong to Gabba e lewru Oktoobar 2020.[citation needed] == Tuugnorgal == 0v6qpnnmho3r08svvhdhvowkixq9ar2 173915 173914 2026-06-17T18:16:28Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shaun Ryan''' ko gonnooɗo gardiiɗo diɗɗal fuku koyɗe kuule Ostarali e nder Ligue de Football Ostarali.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Shaun Ryan - Emmanuel College Alumni|url=http://www.emmanuel.vic.edu.au/alumni/shaun-ryan|accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref> == Nguurndam == Ryan jibinaa ko e hitaande 1975, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Warrnambool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Emmanuel hade makko yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Deakin to Geelong, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko e ganndal e sariya.,<ref name="2017u">{{cite news|newspaper=The Standard|publication-place=Warrnambool, VIC|title=Warrnambool export Shaun Ryan rates umpiring 2017 AFL grand final a career highlight|date=30 September 2017|accessdate=1 October 2017|author=Justine McCullagh-Beasy|url=http://www.standard.net.au/story/4958652/warrnambool-umpire-ranks-2017-afl-grand-final-as-a-highlight/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afl.com.au/news/2018-09-25/afl-chooses-experience-in-picking-grand-final-umps|title=AFL chooses experience in picking Grand Final umps|last=Davidson|first=Ryan|date=25 September 2018|work=afl.com.au|access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref> == Kugal == Ryan, mo o sikkaa ko gooto e ardiiɓe ligue ɓurɓe moƴƴude e jamaanu makko, o waɗii arbiteruuji joy Grand Finals hakkunde 2008 e 2011 (ina heen Grand Finals ƴaañaaɗo e replay e hitaande 2010) hade makko woppude golle e sahaa gooto e darorɗe hitaande 2011 caggal 215 pottital. O arti e umpiring mawɗo e hitaande 2015 caggal duuɓi tati hiatus, o umpire makko jeegoɓo Grand Final e hitaande 2017,e jeeɗiɗaɓo makko e hitaande 2018. O ardii pottital makko gadanal AFL e nder pottital gadanal gadanal hakkunde Brisbane Lions e Geelong to Gabba e lewru Oktoobar 2020.[citation needed] == Tuugnorgal == skfe6mepojj7p2nf3hypo71tyuoaidw 0 42156 173916 2026-06-17T18:19:44Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173916 wikitext text/x-wiki Gilberto Arminio de Almeida Rego (28 noowammbar 1895 - 4 marse 1970) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Beresiilnaajo. O ardii pijirlooji keewɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 1930. Nguurndam Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo woni arbiter gadano ummoriiɗo Beresiil fiyde fiyde e kawgel fuku winndere. O ardii e pottitte 3 e kawgel Montevideo e hitaande 1930 : Arjantiin 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 15 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 4-0 Rumaani, ñalnde 21 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 6-1 Yugoslawi, ñalnde 27 sulyee, feccere finaal. E nder pottitte ɗiɗi e kawgel ngel, o wondi ko e bannge : Farayse 4-1 Meksik, 13 sulyee, pottital udditgol ; Siili 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 19 sulyee. Gilberto de Almeida Rego wonnoo ko tergal e Komiseer Teknik kippu ngenndi Beresiil e kawgel fuku winndere 1930. To wuro Montewideo, delegaasiyoŋ Beresiil ina waɗi miñiiko Gilberto, fukuyanke biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rêgo walla Doca. Kono o naatnaaka e doggol laawɗungol 22 ƴaañoowo ngam kawgel ngel. Gilberto de Almeida Rego, miñiiko biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rego (1905 - 1988), e miñiiko goɗɗo biyeteeɗo Ary de Almeida Rego ina njuɓɓina e nder kippu basket San Kristovao. Kadi duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum banndiraaɓe ɓee ngonti jaaltaaɓe basket Carioca, e hitaande 1929 e hitaande 1930. Tuugnorgal 24xruv70rkdrztqz1sc78eo6oan5dfx 173917 173916 2026-06-17T18:21:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gilberto Arminio de Almeida Rego''' (28 noowammbar 1895 - 4 marse 1970) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Beresiilnaajo. O ardii pijirlooji keewɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 1930. == Nguurndam == Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo woni arbiter gadano ummoriiɗo Beresiil fiyde fiyde e kawgel fuku winndere. O ardii e pottitte 3 e kawgel Montevideo e hitaande 1930 : Arjantiin 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 15 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 4-0 Rumaani, ñalnde 21 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 6-1 Yugoslawi, ñalnde 27 sulyee, feccere finaal. E nder pottitte ɗiɗi e kawgel ngel, o wondi ko e bannge : Farayse 4-1 Meksik, 13 sulyee, pottital udditgol ; Siili 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 19 sulyee. Gilberto de Almeida Rego wonnoo ko tergal e Komiseer Teknik kippu ngenndi Beresiil e kawgel fuku winndere 1930. To wuro Montewideo, delegaasiyoŋ Beresiil ina waɗi miñiiko Gilberto, fukuyanke biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rêgo walla Doca. Kono o naatnaaka e doggol laawɗungol 22 ƴaañoowo ngam kawgel ngel. Gilberto de Almeida Rego, miñiiko biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rego (1905 - 1988), e miñiiko goɗɗo biyeteeɗo Ary de Almeida Rego ina njuɓɓina e nder kippu basket San Kristovao. Kadi duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum banndiraaɓe ɓee ngonti jaaltaaɓe basket Carioca, e hitaande 1929 e hitaande 1930. == Tuugnorgal == rrdgiq52ve7d5ffp7rvb0kdliwsz3h9 173918 173917 2026-06-17T18:22:58Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gilberto Arminio de Almeida Rego''' (28 noowammbar 1895 - 4 marse 1970) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Beresiilnaajo. O ardii pijirlooji keewɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 1930. == Nguurndam == Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo woni arbiter gadano ummoriiɗo Beresiil fiyde fiyde e kawgel fuku winndere. O ardii e pottitte 3 e kawgel Montevideo e hitaande 1930 : Arjantiin 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 15 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 4-0 Rumaani, ñalnde 21 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 6-1 Yugoslawi, ñalnde 27 sulyee, feccere finaal. E nder pottitte ɗiɗi e kawgel ngel, o wondi ko e bannge : Farayse 4-1 Meksik, 13 sulyee, pottital udditgol ; Siili 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 19 sulyee. Gilberto de Almeida Rego wonnoo ko tergal e Komiseer Teknik kippu ngenndi Beresiil e kawgel fuku winndere 1930. To wuro Montewideo, delegaasiyoŋ Beresiil ina waɗi miñiiko Gilberto, fukuyanke biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rêgo walla Doca. Kono o naatnaaka e doggol laawɗungol 22 ƴaañoowo ngam kawgel ngel. Gilberto de Almeida Rego, miñiiko biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rego (1905 - 1988), e miñiiko goɗɗo biyeteeɗo Ary de Almeida Rego ina njuɓɓina e nder kippu basket San Kristovao. Kadi duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum banndiraaɓe ɓee ngonti jaaltaaɓe basket Carioca, e hitaande 1929 e hitaande 1930. == Tuugnorgal == dqbw2b706wbgtjfdvn9wciw5tm27v5q 173919 173918 2026-06-17T18:24:51Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gilberto Arminio de Almeida Rego''' (28 noowammbar 1895 - 4 marse 1970) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Beresiilnaajo. O ardii pijirlooji keewɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 1930.<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:68W4-1QHC Birth record for Gilberto de Almeida Rego]</ref><ref>[http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=030015_09&pesq=%22Gilberto%20de%20Almeida%20Rego%22&pasta=ano%20197&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=182031 Message about the memorial service 7 days after the death of Gilberto de Almeida Rego, Jornal dos Sports (RJ), #285, p.54]</ref><ref name="enciclopedialance">{{cite book|title=Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro Lance Volume 2|publisher=Aretê Editorial S/A|location=Rio de Janeiro|year=2001|page=490|isbn=85-88651-01-7}}</ref> == Nguurndam == Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo woni arbiter gadano ummoriiɗo Beresiil fiyde fiyde e kawgel fuku winndere. O ardii e pottitte 3 e kawgel Montevideo e hitaande 1930 : Arjantiin 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 15 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 4-0 Rumaani, ñalnde 21 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 6-1 Yugoslawi, ñalnde 27 sulyee, feccere finaal. E nder pottitte ɗiɗi e kawgel ngel, o wondi ko e bannge : Farayse 4-1 Meksik, 13 sulyee, pottital udditgol ; Siili 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 19 sulyee. Gilberto de Almeida Rego wonnoo ko tergal e Komiseer Teknik kippu ngenndi Beresiil e kawgel fuku winndere 1930. To wuro Montewideo, delegaasiyoŋ Beresiil ina waɗi miñiiko Gilberto, fukuyanke biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rêgo walla Doca. Kono o naatnaaka e doggol laawɗungol 22 ƴaañoowo ngam kawgel ngel. Gilberto de Almeida Rego, miñiiko biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rego (1905 - 1988), e miñiiko goɗɗo biyeteeɗo Ary de Almeida Rego ina njuɓɓina e nder kippu basket San Kristovao. Kadi duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum banndiraaɓe ɓee ngonti jaaltaaɓe basket Carioca, e hitaande 1929 e hitaande 1930. == Tuugnorgal == k9nkiij4zvg8xx7x45l1vd5b9n5ravl 173920 173919 2026-06-17T18:26:56Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gilberto Arminio de Almeida Rego''' (28 noowammbar 1895 - 4 marse 1970) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Beresiilnaajo. O ardii pijirlooji keewɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 1930.<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:68W4-1QHC Birth record for Gilberto de Almeida Rego]</ref><ref>[http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=030015_09&pesq=%22Gilberto%20de%20Almeida%20Rego%22&pasta=ano%20197&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=182031 Message about the memorial service 7 days after the death of Gilberto de Almeida Rego, Jornal dos Sports (RJ), #285, p.54]</ref><ref name="enciclopedialance">{{cite book|title=Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro Lance Volume 2|publisher=Aretê Editorial S/A|location=Rio de Janeiro|year=2001|page=490|isbn=85-88651-01-7}}</ref> == Nguurndam == Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo woni arbiter gadano ummoriiɗo Beresiil fiyde fiyde e kawgel fuku winndere. O ardii e pottitte 3 e kawgel Montevideo e hitaande 1930 :<nowiki><ref>[https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1930uruguay/teams/43924 Brazil squad for the 1930 World Cup at FIFA website]</ref></nowiki> Arjantiin 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 15 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 4-0 Rumaani, ñalnde 21 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 6-1 Yugoslawi, ñalnde 27 sulyee, feccere finaal. E nder pottitte ɗiɗi e kawgel ngel, o wondi ko e bannge : Farayse 4-1 Meksik, 13 sulyee, pottital udditgol ; Siili 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 19 sulyee. Gilberto de Almeida Rego wonnoo ko tergal e Komiseer Teknik kippu ngenndi Beresiil e kawgel fuku winndere 1930. To wuro Montewideo, delegaasiyoŋ Beresiil ina waɗi miñiiko Gilberto, fukuyanke biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rêgo walla Doca. Kono o naatnaaka e doggol laawɗungol 22 ƴaañoowo ngam kawgel ngel. Gilberto de Almeida Rego, miñiiko biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rego (1905 - 1988), e miñiiko goɗɗo biyeteeɗo Ary de Almeida Rego ina njuɓɓina e nder kippu basket San Kristovao. Kadi duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum banndiraaɓe ɓee ngonti jaaltaaɓe basket Carioca, e hitaande 1929 e hitaande 1930. == Tuugnorgal == sii2s49qwpiv7zo2fhohrvo13fj721o 173921 173920 2026-06-17T18:29:40Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gilberto Arminio de Almeida Rego''' (28 noowammbar 1895 - 4 marse 1970) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Beresiilnaajo. O ardii pijirlooji keewɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 1930.<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:68W4-1QHC Birth record for Gilberto de Almeida Rego]</ref><ref>[http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=030015_09&pesq=%22Gilberto%20de%20Almeida%20Rego%22&pasta=ano%20197&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=182031 Message about the memorial service 7 days after the death of Gilberto de Almeida Rego, Jornal dos Sports (RJ), #285, p.54]</ref><ref name="enciclopedialance">{{cite book|title=Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro Lance Volume 2|publisher=Aretê Editorial S/A|location=Rio de Janeiro|year=2001|page=490|isbn=85-88651-01-7}}</ref> == Nguurndam == Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo woni arbiter gadano ummoriiɗo Beresiil fiyde fiyde e kawgel fuku winndere. O ardii e pottitte 3 e kawgel Montevideo e hitaande 1930 : Arjantiin 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 15 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 4-0 Rumaani, ñalnde 21 sulyee ; Uruguwaay 6-1 Yugoslawi, ñalnde 27 sulyee, feccere finaal. E nder pottitte ɗiɗi e kawgel ngel, o wondi ko e bannge : Farayse 4-1 Meksik, 13 sulyee, pottital udditgol ; Siili 1-0 Farayse, ñalnde 19 sulyee. Gilberto de Almeida Rego wonnoo ko tergal e Komiseer Teknik kippu ngenndi Beresiil e kawgel fuku winndere 1930. To wuro Montewideo, delegaasiyoŋ Beresiil ina waɗi miñiiko Gilberto, fukuyanke biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rêgo walla Doca. Kono o naatnaaka e doggol laawɗungol 22 ƴaañoowo ngam kawgel ngel.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231227012844/https://bibliotecadigital.tse.jus.br/xmlui/bitstream/handle/bdtse/1927/1935_boletim_eleitoral_a4_n72.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Record of Alfredo de Almeida Rego's date of birth and parents' names, p.6, #1.746]</ref><ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:79M1-LHW2 Record of death of Alfredo de Almeida Rego]</ref><ref>[http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=089842_04&pesq=%22Ary%20de%20Almeida%20Rego%22&pasta=ano%20193&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=389 Correio da Manhã (RJ), #10762, p.25, Jan 26, 1930]</ref><ref>[http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=221961_01&pesq=%22Gilberto%20de%20Almeida%20Rego%22&pasta=ano%20193&hf=memoria.bn.br&pagfis=1068 Diario da Noite (RJ), #A00276, p.6, Aug 27, 1930]</ref> Gilberto de Almeida Rego, miñiiko biyeteeɗo Alfredo de Almeida Rego (1905 - 1988), e miñiiko goɗɗo biyeteeɗo Ary de Almeida Rego ina njuɓɓina e nder kippu basket San Kristovao. Kadi duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum banndiraaɓe ɓee ngonti jaaltaaɓe basket Carioca, e hitaande 1929 e hitaande 1930. == Tuugnorgal == haulhlrnvcatp2zxk7z4qjswkvu2z8j 0 42157 173922 2026-06-17T18:38:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173922 wikitext text/x-wiki Jyri-Petteri Rönn (jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 abriil 1971 to Jyväskylä) ko ñaawoowo Finlande, ñaawoowo e nder SM-liiga e Ligue Hockey Continental. Ko o jom jawdi (agent immobilier) e golle makko. Kugal Kaɓirɗe winndere Gaagaa arbiter e nder SM-liiga, Rönn suɓaama arbiter e kawgel winnderewal IIHF 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 e 2013. E hitaande 2009 o suɓaama yo ardo pottital medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Riisi e Kanadaa, kanko e Slowaki biyeteeɗo Peter Ország. Olimpiyaaji ndunngu Rönn suɓaama kadi ngam wonde ñaawoowo e kawgel hockey worɓe e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2010 e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2014. E hitaande 2010, o ardii pottitte ɗiɗi e nder goomuuji, pottital e nder daawal ɗiɗaɓal, kam e pottital nayaɓal e semi-finaal hakkunde Slowaki e Kanadaa. Tuugnorgal 75kxeezybfm0fxby6vbt8vzw0cds0he 173923 173922 2026-06-17T18:40:54Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173923 wikitext text/x-wiki Jyri-Petteri Rönn (jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 abriil 1971 to Jyväskylä) ko ñaawoowo Finlande, ñaawoowo e nder SM-liiga e Ligue Hockey Continental. Ko o jom jawdi (agent immobilier) e golle makko. Kugal Kaɓirɗe winndere Gaagaa arbiter e nder SM-liiga, Rönn suɓaama arbiter e kawgel winnderewal IIHF 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 e 2013. E hitaande 2009 o suɓaama yo ardo pottital medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Riisi e Kanadaa, kanko e Slowaki biyeteeɗo Peter Ország. Olimpiyaaji ndunngu Rönn suɓaama kadi ngam wonde ñaawoowo e kawgel hockey worɓe e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2010 e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2014. E hitaande 2010, o ardii pottitte ɗiɗi e nder goomuuji, pottital e nder daawal ɗiɗaɓal, kam e pottital nayaɓal e semi-finaal hakkunde Slowaki e Kanadaa. Tuugnorgal {{Databox}} hg2jich81zfviqqbay48a8wz77z7epc 173924 173923 2026-06-17T18:42:08Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jyri-Petteri Rönn''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 abriil 1971 to Jyväskylä) ko ñaawoowo Finlande, ñaawoowo e nder SM-liiga e Ligue Hockey Continental. Ko o jom jawdi (agent immobilier) e golle makko. == Kugal == == Kaɓirɗe winndere == Gaagaa arbiter e nder SM-liiga, Rönn suɓaama arbiter e kawgel winnderewal IIHF 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 e 2013. E hitaande 2009 o suɓaama yo ardo pottital medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Riisi e Kanadaa, kanko e Slowaki biyeteeɗo Peter Ország. == Olimpiyaaji ndunngu == Rönn suɓaama kadi ngam wonde ñaawoowo e kawgel hockey worɓe e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2010 e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2014. E hitaande 2010, o ardii pottitte ɗiɗi e nder goomuuji, pottital e nder daawal ɗiɗaɓal, kam e pottital nayaɓal e semi-finaal hakkunde Slowaki e Kanadaa. == Tuugnorgal == {{Databox}} l1eume0krejruah3nawd27d828e7mpr 173925 173924 2026-06-17T18:43:14Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jyri-Petteri Rönn''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 abriil 1971 to Jyväskylä) ko ñaawoowo Finlande, ñaawoowo e nder SM-liiga e Ligue Hockey Continental. Ko o jom jawdi (agent immobilier) e golle makko..<ref>{{in lang|fi}} [http://www.hs.fi/urheilu/artikkeli/1135245826311 Suomalainen kuumakalle tuomitsee MM-kultaottelun] ''HS.fi''</ref> == Kugal == == Kaɓirɗe winndere == Gaagaa arbiter e nder SM-liiga, Rönn suɓaama arbiter e kawgel winnderewal IIHF 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 e 2013. E hitaande 2009 o suɓaama yo ardo pottital medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Riisi e Kanadaa, kanko e Slowaki biyeteeɗo Peter Ország. == Olimpiyaaji ndunngu == Rönn suɓaama kadi ngam wonde ñaawoowo e kawgel hockey worɓe e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2010 e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2014. E hitaande 2010, o ardii pottitte ɗiɗi e nder goomuuji, pottital e nder daawal ɗiɗaɓal, kam e pottital nayaɓal e semi-finaal hakkunde Slowaki e Kanadaa. == Tuugnorgal == {{Databox}} 2ynr1lvu0fnu7dttf0gem10vq8rnk84 173926 173925 2026-06-17T18:44:25Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jyri-Petteri Rönn''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 abriil 1971 to Jyväskylä) ko ñaawoowo Finlande, ñaawoowo e nder SM-liiga e Ligue Hockey Continental. Ko o jom jawdi (agent immobilier) e golle makko..<ref>{{in lang|fi}} [http://www.hs.fi/urheilu/artikkeli/1135245826311 Suomalainen kuumakalle tuomitsee MM-kultaottelun] ''HS.fi''</ref> == Kugal == == Kaɓirɗe winndere == Gaagaa arbiter e nder SM-liiga, Rönn suɓaama arbiter e kawgel winnderewal IIHF 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 e 2013. E hitaande 2009 o suɓaama yo ardo pottital medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Riisi e Kanadaa, kanko e Slowaki biyeteeɗo Peter Ország.<ref>[http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship-oc09/home/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/article/pure-gold-russia-repeats.html?tx_ttnews Pure gold: Russia repeats!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164351/http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship-oc09/home/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/article/pure-gold-russia-repeats.html?tx_ttnews|date=2011-06-04}} ''IIHF.com''.</ref> == Olimpiyaaji ndunngu == Rönn suɓaama kadi ngam wonde ñaawoowo e kawgel hockey worɓe e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2010 e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2014. E hitaande 2010, o ardii pottitte ɗiɗi e nder goomuuji, pottital e nder daawal ɗiɗaɓal, kam e pottital nayaɓal e semi-finaal hakkunde Slowaki e Kanadaa. == Tuugnorgal == {{Databox}} tq7ejvwnq7em6zsf3v0yv0ukxq2ygam 173927 173926 2026-06-17T18:45:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jyri-Petteri Rönn''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 abriil 1971 to Jyväskylä) ko ñaawoowo Finlande, ñaawoowo e nder SM-liiga e Ligue Hockey Continental. Ko o jom jawdi (agent immobilier) e golle makko..<ref>{{in lang|fi}} [http://www.hs.fi/urheilu/artikkeli/1135245826311 Suomalainen kuumakalle tuomitsee MM-kultaottelun] ''HS.fi''</ref> == Kugal == == Kaɓirɗe winndere == Gaagaa arbiter e nder SM-liiga, Rönn suɓaama arbiter e kawgel winnderewal IIHF 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 e 2013. E hitaande 2009 o suɓaama yo ardo pottital medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Riisi e Kanadaa, kanko e Slowaki biyeteeɗo Peter Ország.<ref>[http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship-oc09/home/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/article/pure-gold-russia-repeats.html?tx_ttnews Pure gold: Russia repeats!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164351/http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship-oc09/home/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/article/pure-gold-russia-repeats.html?tx_ttnews|date=2011-06-04}} ''IIHF.com''.</ref> == Olimpiyaaji ndunngu == Rönn suɓaama kadi ngam wonde ñaawoowo e kawgel hockey worɓe e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2010 e Olimpiyaade winndereejo 2014. E hitaande 2010, o ardii pottitte ɗiɗi e nder goomuuji, pottital e nder daawal ɗiɗaɓal, kam e pottital nayaɓal e semi-finaal hakkunde Slowaki e Kanadaa.<ref>[http://www.iihf.com/channels10/olympics-2010/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/article/referees-for-semi-finals.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=3471&cHash=f5c90e0e74 Referees for semi-finals] ''IIHF.com''.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == {{Databox}} hkhzy7p1pbi1wu0tf1isoj7b2riqept 0 42158 173928 2026-06-17T18:48:21Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173928 wikitext text/x-wiki Chris Rooney (jibinaa ko ñalnde 26 mee 1975) ko ñaawoowo Ameriknaajo, golloowo e fedde hockey ngenndiire. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore joy, o ɓoornii ko limoore 21 e fuɗɗoode golle makko. Kugal Rooney siifondirii e NHL nanondiral hakkunde ligue tokoose e hitaande 1999. Pijirlooji makko gadani e nder NHL ko hakkunde Tampa Bay Lightning e Atlanta Thrashers ñalnde 22 noowammbar 2000. O artiraa e arbiter timmuɗo e hitaande 2002. Rooney ardii e kawgel ngel e hitaande 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019 kam e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2022. Rooney ina jeyaa e ardiiɓe 8 cuɓaaɓe ngam golloraade 4 Nations Face-Off e lewru feebariyee 2025. O suɓaama kadi ngam golloraade kawgel hockey worɓe Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2026, o ardii pijirlooji keewɗi ina heen kawgel medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Kanadaa e Amerik. Tuugnorgal bmq1id74c6ax6wnf277zdkq15y4k5ni 173929 173928 2026-06-17T18:50:28Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chris Rooney (jibinaa ko ñalnde 26 mee 1975) ko ñaawoowo Ameriknaajo, golloowo e fedde hockey ngenndiire. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore joy, o ɓoornii ko limoore 21 e fuɗɗoode golle makko. Kugal Rooney siifondirii e NHL nanondiral hakkunde ligue tokoose e hitaande 1999. Pijirlooji makko gadani e nder NHL ko hakkunde Tampa Bay Lightning e Atlanta Thrashers ñalnde 22 noowammbar 2000. O artiraa e arbiter timmuɗo e hitaande 2002. Rooney ardii e kawgel ngel e hitaande 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019 kam e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2022. Rooney ina jeyaa e ardiiɓe 8 cuɓaaɓe ngam golloraade 4 Nations Face-Off e lewru feebariyee 2025. O suɓaama kadi ngam golloraade kawgel hockey worɓe Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2026, o ardii pijirlooji keewɗi ina heen kawgel medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Kanadaa e Amerik. Tuugnorgal c6j98538rwk8aleg1n278447p6licux 173930 173929 2026-06-17T18:51:18Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chris Rooney''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 26 mee 1975) ko ñaawoowo Ameriknaajo, golloowo e fedde hockey ngenndiire. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore joy, o ɓoornii ko limoore 21 e fuɗɗoode golle makko. == Kugal == Rooney siifondirii e NHL nanondiral hakkunde ligue tokoose e hitaande 1999. Pijirlooji makko gadani e nder NHL ko hakkunde Tampa Bay Lightning e Atlanta Thrashers ñalnde 22 noowammbar 2000. O artiraa e arbiter timmuɗo e hitaande 2002. Rooney ardii e kawgel ngel e hitaande 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019 kam e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2022. Rooney ina jeyaa e ardiiɓe 8 cuɓaaɓe ngam golloraade 4 Nations Face-Off e lewru feebariyee 2025. O suɓaama kadi ngam golloraade kawgel hockey worɓe Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2026, o ardii pijirlooji keewɗi ina heen kawgel medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Kanadaa e Amerik. == Tuugnorgal == q7yyhgn7fejbxbzspfh60v5o68nszxh 173931 173930 2026-06-17T18:52:36Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chris Rooney''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 26 mee 1975) ko ñaawoowo Ameriknaajo, golloowo e fedde hockey ngenndiire. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore joy, o ɓoornii ko limoore 21 e fuɗɗoode golle makko..<ref name="NHLOA">{{cite web|title=Chris Rooney|url=https://nhlofficials.com/nhl-officials/current/chris-rooney/|website=NHLOA|publisher=NHLOA|accessdate=20 November 2024|ref=NHLOA}}</ref> == Kugal == Rooney siifondirii e NHL nanondiral hakkunde ligue tokoose e hitaande 1999. Pijirlooji makko gadani e nder NHL ko hakkunde Tampa Bay Lightning e Atlanta Thrashers ñalnde 22 noowammbar 2000. O artiraa e arbiter timmuɗo e hitaande 2002. Rooney ardii e kawgel ngel e hitaande 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019 kam e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2022. Rooney ina jeyaa e ardiiɓe 8 cuɓaaɓe ngam golloraade 4 Nations Face-Off e lewru feebariyee 2025. O suɓaama kadi ngam golloraade kawgel hockey worɓe Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2026, o ardii pijirlooji keewɗi ina heen kawgel medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Kanadaa e Amerik. == Tuugnorgal == iwqvqwbrojvw0cblb8xldqlmgnfpgz0 173932 173931 2026-06-17T18:54:01Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chris Rooney''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 26 mee 1975) ko ñaawoowo Ameriknaajo, golloowo e fedde hockey ngenndiire. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore joy, o ɓoornii ko limoore 21 e fuɗɗoode golle makko..<ref name="NHLOA">{{cite web|title=Chris Rooney|url=https://nhlofficials.com/nhl-officials/current/chris-rooney/|website=NHLOA|publisher=NHLOA|accessdate=20 November 2024|ref=NHLOA}}</ref> == Kugal == Rooney siifondirii e NHL nanondiral hakkunde ligue tokoose e hitaande 1999. Pijirlooji makko gadani e nder NHL ko hakkunde Tampa Bay Lightning e Atlanta Thrashers ñalnde 22 noowammbar 2000. O artiraa e arbiter timmuɗo e hitaande 2002. Rooney ardii e kawgel ngel e hitaande 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019 kam e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2022.<ref name="NHLOA2" />.<ref name="StR">{{cite web|title=Tonight’s NHL Stanley Cup Final Game 4 Referees and Linesmen – 6/4/18|url=http://scoutingtherefs.com/2018/06/22545/tonights-nhl-stanley-cup-final-game-4-referees-and-linesmen-6-4-18/|website=Scouting the Refs|publisher=Scouting the Refs|accessdate=9 June 2018|ref=StR}}</ref> Rooney ina jeyaa e ardiiɓe 8 cuɓaaɓe ngam golloraade 4 Nations Face-Off e lewru feebariyee 2025. O suɓaama kadi ngam golloraade kawgel hockey worɓe Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2026, o ardii pijirlooji keewɗi ina heen kawgel medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Kanadaa e Amerik. == Tuugnorgal == 2az46m0c8vs2ghl2y1906lxq3mo95tl 173933 173932 2026-06-17T18:55:12Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chris Rooney''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 26 mee 1975) ko ñaawoowo Ameriknaajo, golloowo e fedde hockey ngenndiire. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore joy, o ɓoornii ko limoore 21 e fuɗɗoode golle makko..<ref name="NHLOA">{{cite web|title=Chris Rooney|url=https://nhlofficials.com/nhl-officials/current/chris-rooney/|website=NHLOA|publisher=NHLOA|accessdate=20 November 2024|ref=NHLOA}}</ref> == Kugal == Rooney siifondirii e NHL nanondiral hakkunde ligue tokoose e hitaande 1999. Pijirlooji makko gadani e nder NHL ko hakkunde Tampa Bay Lightning e Atlanta Thrashers ñalnde 22 noowammbar 2000. O artiraa e arbiter timmuɗo e hitaande 2002. Rooney ardii e kawgel ngel e hitaande 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019 kam e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2022.<ref name="NHLOA2" />.<ref name="StR">{{cite web|title=Tonight’s NHL Stanley Cup Final Game 4 Referees and Linesmen – 6/4/18|url=http://scoutingtherefs.com/2018/06/22545/tonights-nhl-stanley-cup-final-game-4-referees-and-linesmen-6-4-18/|website=Scouting the Refs|publisher=Scouting the Refs|accessdate=9 June 2018|ref=StR}}</ref> Rooney ina jeyaa e ardiiɓe 8 cuɓaaɓe ngam golloraade 4 Nations Face-Off e lewru feebariyee 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 22, 2026|title=Today’s Olympic Men’s Hockey Referees and Linespersons|url=https://scoutingtherefs.com/2026/02/51251/todays-olympic-mens-hockey-referees-and-linespersons-2-22-26/|url-status=live|access-date=February 22, 2026|website=Scouting the Refs}}</ref> O suɓaama kadi ngam golloraade kawgel hockey worɓe Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2026, o ardii pijirlooji keewɗi ina heen kawgel medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Kanadaa e Amerik. == Tuugnorgal == arj0mes8cwsf9ucf3tfna1k1yk2dzjl 173934 173933 2026-06-17T18:56:56Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chris Rooney''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 26 mee 1975) ko ñaawoowo Ameriknaajo, golloowo e fedde hockey ngenndiire. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore joy, o ɓoornii ko limoore 21 e fuɗɗoode golle makko..<ref name="NHLOA">{{cite web|title=Chris Rooney|url=https://nhlofficials.com/nhl-officials/current/chris-rooney/|website=NHLOA|publisher=NHLOA|accessdate=20 November 2024|ref=NHLOA}}</ref> == Kugal == Rooney siifondirii e NHL nanondiral hakkunde ligue tokoose e hitaande 1999. Pijirlooji makko gadani e nder NHL ko hakkunde Tampa Bay Lightning e Atlanta Thrashers ñalnde 22 noowammbar 2000. O artiraa e arbiter timmuɗo e hitaande 2002. Rooney ardii e kawgel ngel e hitaande 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019 kam e kawgel finaal kawgel Stanley 2022.<ref name="NHLOA2" />.<ref name="StR">{{cite web|title=Tonight’s NHL Stanley Cup Final Game 4 Referees and Linesmen – 6/4/18|url=http://scoutingtherefs.com/2018/06/22545/tonights-nhl-stanley-cup-final-game-4-referees-and-linesmen-6-4-18/|website=Scouting the Refs|publisher=Scouting the Refs|accessdate=9 June 2018|ref=StR}}</ref> Rooney ina jeyaa e ardiiɓe 8 cuɓaaɓe ngam golloraade 4 Nations Face-Off e lewru feebariyee 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 22, 2026|title=Today’s Olympic Men’s Hockey Referees and Linespersons|url=https://scoutingtherefs.com/2026/02/51251/todays-olympic-mens-hockey-referees-and-linespersons-2-22-26/|url-status=live|access-date=February 22, 2026|website=Scouting the Refs}}</ref> O suɓaama kadi ngam golloraade kawgel hockey worɓe Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2026, o ardii pijirlooji keewɗi ina heen kawgel medal kaŋŋe hakkunde Kanadaa e Amerik.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2025|title=NHL Officials Selected for Four Nations Face-Off Tournament|url=https://scoutingtherefs.com/2025/02/47263/nhl-officials-selected-for-four-nations-face-off-tournament/|access-date=13 February 2025|website=Scouting The Refs|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2025|title=NHL Officials Selected for Four Nations Face-Off Tournament|url=https://scoutingtherefs.com/2025/02/47263/nhl-officials-selected-for-four-nations-face-off-tournament/|access-date=13 February 2025|website=Scouting The Refs|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == m1xlckkxtqfhhp90c43ilwhe1xdtkn9 0 42159 173936 2026-06-17T19:10:22Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173936 wikitext text/x-wiki Ahmad Salehi (e ɗemngal Farse: احمد صالحی) ko ñaawoowo fuku koyɗe leydi Iraan. Njeenaaje Ñaawirde hitaande ndee (1): 2014-15 Tuugnorgal lif2rk3aghkltfl85t4bhy6ejs2wn89 173938 173936 2026-06-17T19:12:03Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ahmad Salehi (e ɗemngal Farse: احمد صالحی) ko ñaawoowo fuku koyɗe leydi Iraan. Njeenaaje Ñaawirde hitaande ndee (1): 2014-15 Tuugnorgal 9lwjlyfrtf5h02fzicbdspb9mrr8tqm 173939 173938 2026-06-17T19:12:47Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahmad Salehi ('''e ɗemngal Farse: احمد صالحی) ko ñaawoowo fuku koyɗe leydi Iraan. == Njeenaaje == Ñaawirde hitaande ndee (1): 2014-15 == Tuugnorgal == 1rc2jpuc53hyl6y0mwodbbiib9gmtrn 173940 173939 2026-06-17T19:13:57Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahmad Salehi ('''e ɗemngal Farse: احمد صالحی) ko ñaawoowo fuku koyɗe leydi Iraan.<ref>[http://www.varzesh3.com/news/1254679/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF صالحی سوت طلای ایران را دریافت کرد]</ref> == Njeenaaje == Ñaawirde hitaande ndee (1): 2014-15 == Tuugnorgal == 8jql3z0dyxastadxc5htlc7wmq1rwl0 173941 173940 2026-06-17T19:15:16Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahmad Salehi ('''e ɗemngal Farse: احمد صالحی) ko ñaawoowo fuku koyɗe leydi Iraan.<ref>[http://www.varzesh3.com/news/1254679/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF صالحی سوت طلای ایران را دریافت کرد]</ref> == Njeenaaje == Ñaawirde hitaande ndee (1): 2014-15.<ref>[http://www.davaran.ir/1389/06/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%DB%8C.html/ معرفی اجمالی احمد صالحی]</ref> == Tuugnorgal == mavlas72iq1o8lkf1pilfbsfjq46g48 0 42160 173937 2026-06-17T19:11:24Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Mutange''', sara maayo Mutange, ko baraas mo neɗɗo waɗi ngam hebbinde leydi, tawaaɗo e wuro Chisina, 30 km fuɗnaange Gokwe e 35 km fuɗnaange worgo Mine Empress, e nder diiwaan Midlands to Zimbaabwee. Baraas Mutange ina woɗɗi Gokwe e laawol 42 km e Empress 49 km, Kadoma ina woɗɗi Kwekwe 146 km e laawol Empress (147 km e Zhombe Joel). Ko ministeer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ndiyam e ƴellitaare jeyi ɗum, ina gollina ɗum. == Ɓawo == Dam Mutange ko ɓuri..." 173937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mutange''', sara maayo Mutange, ko baraas mo neɗɗo waɗi ngam hebbinde leydi, tawaaɗo e wuro Chisina, 30 km fuɗnaange Gokwe e 35 km fuɗnaange worgo Mine Empress, e nder diiwaan Midlands to Zimbaabwee. Baraas Mutange ina woɗɗi Gokwe e laawol 42 km e Empress 49 km, Kadoma ina woɗɗi Kwekwe 146 km e laawol Empress (147 km e Zhombe Joel). Ko ministeer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ndiyam e ƴellitaare jeyi ɗum, ina gollina ɗum. == Ɓawo == Dam Mutange ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam ɓeydude ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam haa Gokwe Centre.[4] Ina waɗi 4,950 miliyoŋ m3.[5] E fuɗɗoode, njoɓdi mahngo baraas oo ko 8 224 504,00 dolaar (2010-2014), kono sabu caɗeele faggudu ɗe Zimbaabwee jogori dañde e ŋakkeende nguura nde juuti no feewi, nde yoɓi ko ɓuri 130 miliyoŋ dolaar sabu ɓeydagol coodguuli geɗe nguura e caɗeele faggudu e politik goɗɗe.[6][7] Pewnugol baraas oo gasii e hitaande 2016.[8] Baraas Mutange to Gokwe Fuɗnaange, wuro Chisina, leydi Simmbaabuwee == Golle == Jippagol e nder Gokwe ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo ngam ruttaade e dow leydi e nder ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi maayo Mutange, dogdu fuɗnaange-rewo baraas Mutange. Maayo Mutange ina jogii ɓuuɓri mum haa dow ŋoral fotde 1,5 km tan fuɗnaange laawol mawngol Kwekwe-Gokwe (18°19′23′′S 29°06′25′′E). Maayo Mutange ko maayo Sanyati, ngo ɓuuɓnata maayo Zambezi. == Naftortooɓe == Baraas Mutange ina rokka jawdi e yimɓe fof ndiyam njareteeɗam. Gaa gaa gure ɗe mahngo baraas oo toɗɗii, ɗe laamu nguu fotnoo hoɗde e nokkuuji goɗɗi fotde 1,9 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik,[9] heddiiɓe e renndo ngoo ina njaɓɓoo nafooje mum juutɗe. === Dam Mutange ko nokku ɗo ndiyam woni ɗoo === Pompe kuuraa gonɗe e 33 kV e nder laylaytol ndiyam Mutange ina mbaɗee e baraas Mutange ngam nawde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ko ina tolnoo e 30 km haa wuro Gokwe, ɓurngo naftoraade baraas oo.[10] Nokkuure nde, laylaytol ngol ina doga ndiyam haa e nder njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange, wuro Chisina e gure teeru taariiɗe ɗum. === Sifaa ndiyam Mutange === Baraas Mutange woni ko e diiwaan Agro-Ekoloji Zimbaabwee, ɗo toɓooli keewɗi toɓata hitaande kala ko 550 mm. Ko ɗum waɗi ndiyam ko gollal tiiɗngal e nokku hee. Nafoore ɓurnde mawnude e baraas Mutange ɗoon e ɗoon ko njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange. Siistemaaji pompirde e jolngooji to baraas Mutange ina njokkondiri e peeje ndiyam e tuubakooɓe 1 500 m haa e daande ladde 134 ektaar leydi ndema e peeje ɗee.[11] === Wuro Kisiina === Wuro Chisina, inniraango mawɗo Chisina, 750 m fuɗnaange baraas Mtange, fawii ko e baraas oo ngam heɓde ndiyam. (18°12′18′′ Fuɗnaange 29°14′29′′ Fuɗnaange) Wuro ngo woni ko e diiwaan parlemaa Mapfungutsi, diiwaan Gokwe Sud. Cuuɗi jamaanu, haa arti noon e suudu ñaawirdu mawɗo Chisina, mahaa e nder wuro ngo.[12] Mahdi suudu ñaawirdu nduu ina waawi wonde jaɓgol laamu nguu e laamu Chisina nguu, ngu woni ko e limbo fotde duuɓi 70 e nder luural e laamu Njelele hoɗdiiɓe mum. E fuɗɗoode Gumbero, lollirɗo Chisina, wonnoo ko mawɗo nokku ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nokku Mapfungautsi, caggal ɗuum Sebungwe Fuɗnaange, nokku keeriiɗo e maayo Ngondoma e Munyati to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange-rewo. Ɗee keeri ɗiɗi mawɗe tawaaɗe ina ceerti diiwaan Gokwe Fuɗnaange e diiwaan Mashonaland Hirnaange to fuɗnaange e diiwaan Kwekwe to diiwaan Midlands to fuɗnaange-rewo nokku ɗo Chief Chisina woni ɗoo. Laamu Chisina (Gumbero) ina rewindaa gila e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 18ɓiire nde Chihwechematanda sosi ɗum e gartugol mum ummoraade Buhera e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Mashonaland hannde oo. Mawɗo Gumbero ɗiɗaɓo oo ko Mataruka, tataɓo oo ko Makuvidziri, nayaɓo oo ko Chinengwere e joyaɓo oo ko Mudyachawaona mo laamu Rodesi jippini hooreejo e les njiimaandi mawɗo Njelele e kitaale 1940. Mawɗo Gumbero 6ɓo, gadano innireede mawɗo Chisina, ko Tendaupenyu. Nde laamu nguu e oon sahaa naamndii mo yo o anndu keeri makko ɗi mawɗo Njelele taƴi ɗii, o wiyi « Ndave nechigaro CHISINA chinhu », firti ko « jappeere am heddii ko alaa ko heddii ». Gila ɗoon o ƴaañii CHISINA, o jaɓi ƴaañorgal ngal ko laawol seppo. Laamu Zimbaabwee ina jogori haa jooni safrude luural hakkunde mawɗo Njelele e mawɗo Chisina.[13] == Tuugnorgal == nyyutqsrspvbn7llz36e0n66kpegfog 173943 173937 2026-06-17T19:18:19Z Nnamadee 11577 173943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mutange''', sara maayo Mutange, ko baraas mo neɗɗo waɗi ngam hebbinde leydi, tawaaɗo e wuro Chisina, 30 km fuɗnaange Gokwe e 35 km fuɗnaange worgo Mine Empress, e nder diiwaan Midlands to Zimbaabwee. Baraas Mutange ina woɗɗi Gokwe e laawol 42 km e Empress 49 km, Kadoma ina woɗɗi Kwekwe 146 km e laawol Empress (147 km e Zhombe Joel). Ko ministeer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ndiyam e ƴellitaare jeyi ɗum, ina gollina ɗum. == Ɓawo == Dam Mutange ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam ɓeydude ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam haa Gokwe Centre.<ref>"Govt Document E4474, HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework, Chapter 4.2.1 Hydrology page 56" (PDF). World Bank. February 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Ina waɗi 4,950 miliyoŋ m3.[5] E fuɗɗoode, njoɓdi mahngo baraas oo ko 8 224 504,00 dolaar (2010-2014), kono sabu caɗeele faggudu ɗe Zimbaabwee jogori dañde e ŋakkeende nguura nde juuti no feewi, nde yoɓi ko ɓuri 130 miliyoŋ dolaar sabu ɓeydagol coodguuli geɗe nguura e caɗeele faggudu e politik goɗɗe.<ref>M Chiri (1 November 2011). "Report of the Comptroller and Auditor-General on the Management of Dam Construction and Water Supply Projects by the Zimbabwe Water Authority, Presented to Parliament of Zimbabwe in 2011. Table 3: Delay in completion of projects". Zimbabwe Government. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Pewnugol baraas oo gasii e hitaande 2016.<ref>ZINWA (6 August 2018). "This is Mutange Dam in Gokwe". Twitter. Retrieved 3 October 2018. It was completed in 2016 and will provide irrigation water to communities. Construction of the water conveyance works at the dam is underway. The dam will certainly improve many livelihoods in Gokwe.</ref> Baraas Mutange to Gokwe Fuɗnaange, wuro Chisina, leydi Simmbaabuwee == Golle == Jippagol e nder Gokwe ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo ngam ruttaade e dow leydi e nder ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi maayo Mutange, dogdu fuɗnaange-rewo baraas Mutange. Maayo Mutange ina jogii ɓuuɓri mum haa dow ŋoral fotde 1,5 km tan fuɗnaange laawol mawngol Kwekwe-Gokwe (18°19′23′′S 29°06′25′′E). Maayo Mutange ko maayo Sanyati, ngo ɓuuɓnata maayo Zambezi. == Naftortooɓe == Baraas Mutange ina rokka jawdi e yimɓe fof ndiyam njareteeɗam. Gaa gaa gure ɗe mahngo baraas oo toɗɗii, ɗe laamu nguu fotnoo hoɗde e nokkuuji goɗɗi fotde 1,9 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik,<ref>Minister of Finance (2014). "2015 Zimbabwe National Budget Statement, Article 796, page 177: Presented to Parliament on 27 November, 2014 by Hon. P. A. Chinamasa, Minister of Finance and Economic Development" (PDF). Veritas Zimbabwe. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> heddiiɓe e renndo ngoo ina njaɓɓoo nafooje mum juutɗe. === Dam Mutange ko nokku ɗo ndiyam woni ɗoo === Pompe kuuraa gonɗe e 33 kV e nder laylaytol ndiyam Mutange ina mbaɗee e baraas Mutange ngam nawde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ko ina tolnoo e 30 km haa wuro Gokwe, ɓurngo naftoraade baraas oo.<ref>"Tender Details Mutange Dam Pump Station Electrification". l2b.co.za. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Nokkuure nde, laylaytol ngol ina doga ndiyam haa e nder njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange, wuro Chisina e gure teeru taariiɗe ɗum. === Sifaa ndiyam Mutange === Baraas Mutange woni ko e diiwaan Agro-Ekoloji Zimbaabwee, ɗo toɓooli keewɗi toɓata hitaande kala ko 550 mm. Ko ɗum waɗi ndiyam ko gollal tiiɗngal e nokku hee. Nafoore ɓurnde mawnude e baraas Mutange ɗoon e ɗoon ko njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange. Siistemaaji pompirde e jolngooji to baraas Mutange ina njokkondiri e peeje ndiyam e tuubakooɓe 1 500 m haa e daande ladde 134 ektaar leydi ndema e peeje ɗee.<ref>Primrose Nyanzero (October 25, 2017). "Concrete laid for Gwayi-Shangani Dam". The Chronicle. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</ref> === Wuro Kisiina === Wuro Chisina, inniraango mawɗo Chisina, 750 m fuɗnaange baraas Mtange, fawii ko e baraas oo ngam heɓde ndiyam. (18°12′18′′ Fuɗnaange 29°14′29′′ Fuɗnaange) Wuro ngo woni ko e diiwaan parlemaa Mapfungutsi, diiwaan Gokwe Sud. Cuuɗi jamaanu, haa arti noon e suudu ñaawirdu mawɗo Chisina, mahaa e nder wuro ngo.[12] Mahdi suudu ñaawirdu nduu ina waawi wonde jaɓgol laamu nguu e laamu Chisina nguu, ngu woni ko e limbo fotde duuɓi 70 e nder luural e laamu Njelele hoɗdiiɓe mum. E fuɗɗoode Gumbero, lollirɗo Chisina, wonnoo ko mawɗo nokku ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nokku Mapfungautsi, caggal ɗuum Sebungwe Fuɗnaange, nokku keeriiɗo e maayo Ngondoma e Munyati to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange-rewo. Ɗee keeri ɗiɗi mawɗe tawaaɗe ina ceerti diiwaan Gokwe Fuɗnaange e diiwaan Mashonaland Hirnaange to fuɗnaange e diiwaan Kwekwe to diiwaan Midlands to fuɗnaange-rewo nokku ɗo Chief Chisina woni ɗoo. Laamu Chisina (Gumbero) ina rewindaa gila e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 18ɓiire nde Chihwechematanda sosi ɗum e gartugol mum ummoraade Buhera e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Mashonaland hannde oo. Mawɗo Gumbero ɗiɗaɓo oo ko Mataruka, tataɓo oo ko Makuvidziri, nayaɓo oo ko Chinengwere e joyaɓo oo ko Mudyachawaona mo laamu Rodesi jippini hooreejo e les njiimaandi mawɗo Njelele e kitaale 1940. Mawɗo Gumbero 6ɓo, gadano innireede mawɗo Chisina, ko Tendaupenyu. Nde laamu nguu e oon sahaa naamndii mo yo o anndu keeri makko ɗi mawɗo Njelele taƴi ɗii, o wiyi « Ndave nechigaro CHISINA chinhu », firti ko « jappeere am heddii ko alaa ko heddii ». Gila ɗoon o ƴaañii CHISINA, o jaɓi ƴaañorgal ngal ko laawol seppo. Laamu Zimbaabwee ina jogori haa jooni safrude luural hakkunde mawɗo Njelele e mawɗo Chisina.[13] == Tuugnorgal == 7axnu6tsdyd4bqjo2ith48fqpb7quap 173946 173943 2026-06-17T19:20:45Z Nnamadee 11577 173946 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mutange''', sara maayo Mutange, ko baraas mo neɗɗo waɗi ngam hebbinde leydi, tawaaɗo e wuro Chisina, 30 km fuɗnaange Gokwe e 35 km fuɗnaange worgo Mine Empress, e nder diiwaan Midlands to Zimbaabwee. Baraas Mutange ina woɗɗi Gokwe e laawol 42 km e Empress 49 km, Kadoma ina woɗɗi Kwekwe 146 km e laawol Empress (147 km e Zhombe Joel). Ko ministeer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ndiyam e ƴellitaare jeyi ɗum, ina gollina ɗum. == Ɓawo == Dam Mutange ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam ɓeydude ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam haa Gokwe Centre.<ref>"Govt Document E4474, HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework, Chapter 4.2.1 Hydrology page 56" (PDF). World Bank. February 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Ina waɗi 4,950 miliyoŋ m3.[5] E fuɗɗoode, njoɓdi mahngo baraas oo ko 8 224 504,00 dolaar (2010-2014), kono sabu caɗeele faggudu ɗe Zimbaabwee jogori dañde e ŋakkeende nguura nde juuti no feewi, nde yoɓi ko ɓuri 130 miliyoŋ dolaar sabu ɓeydagol coodguuli geɗe nguura e caɗeele faggudu e politik goɗɗe.<ref>M Chiri (1 November 2011). "Report of the Comptroller and Auditor-General on the Management of Dam Construction and Water Supply Projects by the Zimbabwe Water Authority, Presented to Parliament of Zimbabwe in 2011. Table 3: Delay in completion of projects". Zimbabwe Government. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Pewnugol baraas oo gasii e hitaande 2016.<ref>ZINWA (6 August 2018). "This is Mutange Dam in Gokwe". Twitter. Retrieved 3 October 2018. It was completed in 2016 and will provide irrigation water to communities. Construction of the water conveyance works at the dam is underway. The dam will certainly improve many livelihoods in Gokwe.</ref> Baraas Mutange to Gokwe Fuɗnaange, wuro Chisina, leydi Simmbaabuwee == Golle == Jippagol e nder Gokwe ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo ngam ruttaade e dow leydi e nder ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi maayo Mutange, dogdu fuɗnaange-rewo baraas Mutange. Maayo Mutange ina jogii ɓuuɓri mum haa dow ŋoral fotde 1,5 km tan fuɗnaange laawol mawngol Kwekwe-Gokwe (18°19′23′′S 29°06′25′′E). Maayo Mutange ko maayo Sanyati, ngo ɓuuɓnata maayo Zambezi. == Naftortooɓe == Baraas Mutange ina rokka jawdi e yimɓe fof ndiyam njareteeɗam. Gaa gaa gure ɗe mahngo baraas oo toɗɗii, ɗe laamu nguu fotnoo hoɗde e nokkuuji goɗɗi fotde 1,9 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik,<ref>Minister of Finance (2014). "2015 Zimbabwe National Budget Statement, Article 796, page 177: Presented to Parliament on 27 November, 2014 by Hon. P. A. Chinamasa, Minister of Finance and Economic Development" (PDF). Veritas Zimbabwe. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> heddiiɓe e renndo ngoo ina njaɓɓoo nafooje mum juutɗe. === Dam Mutange ko nokku ɗo ndiyam woni ɗoo === Pompe kuuraa gonɗe e 33 kV e nder laylaytol ndiyam Mutange ina mbaɗee e baraas Mutange ngam nawde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ko ina tolnoo e 30 km haa wuro Gokwe, ɓurngo naftoraade baraas oo.<ref>"Tender Details Mutange Dam Pump Station Electrification". l2b.co.za. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Nokkuure nde, laylaytol ngol ina doga ndiyam haa e nder njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange, wuro Chisina e gure teeru taariiɗe ɗum. === Sifaa ndiyam Mutange === Baraas Mutange woni ko e diiwaan Agro-Ekoloji Zimbaabwee, ɗo toɓooli keewɗi toɓata hitaande kala ko 550 mm. Ko ɗum waɗi ndiyam ko gollal tiiɗngal e nokku hee. Nafoore ɓurnde mawnude e baraas Mutange ɗoon e ɗoon ko njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange. Siistemaaji pompirde e jolngooji to baraas Mutange ina njokkondiri e peeje ndiyam e tuubakooɓe 1 500 m haa e daande ladde 134 ektaar leydi ndema e peeje ɗee.<ref>Primrose Nyanzero (October 25, 2017). "Concrete laid for Gwayi-Shangani Dam". The Chronicle. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</ref> === Wuro Kisiina === Wuro Chisina, inniraango mawɗo Chisina, 750 m fuɗnaange baraas Mtange, fawii ko e baraas oo ngam heɓde ndiyam. (18°12′18′′ Fuɗnaange 29°14′29′′ Fuɗnaange) Wuro ngo woni ko e diiwaan parlemaa Mapfungutsi, diiwaan Gokwe Sud. Cuuɗi jamaanu, haa arti noon e suudu ñaawirdu mawɗo Chisina, mahaa e nder wuro ngo.<ref>"Major facelift for Gokwe". Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.</ref> Mahdi suudu ñaawirdu nduu ina waawi wonde jaɓgol laamu nguu e laamu Chisina nguu, ngu woni ko e limbo fotde duuɓi 70 e nder luural e laamu Njelele hoɗdiiɓe mum. E fuɗɗoode Gumbero, lollirɗo Chisina, wonnoo ko mawɗo nokku ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nokku Mapfungautsi, caggal ɗuum Sebungwe Fuɗnaange, nokku keeriiɗo e maayo Ngondoma e Munyati to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange-rewo. Ɗee keeri ɗiɗi mawɗe tawaaɗe ina ceerti diiwaan Gokwe Fuɗnaange e diiwaan Mashonaland Hirnaange to fuɗnaange e diiwaan Kwekwe to diiwaan Midlands to fuɗnaange-rewo nokku ɗo Chief Chisina woni ɗoo. Laamu Chisina (Gumbero) ina rewindaa gila e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 18ɓiire nde Chihwechematanda sosi ɗum e gartugol mum ummoraade Buhera e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Mashonaland hannde oo. Mawɗo Gumbero ɗiɗaɓo oo ko Mataruka, tataɓo oo ko Makuvidziri, nayaɓo oo ko Chinengwere e joyaɓo oo ko Mudyachawaona mo laamu Rodesi jippini hooreejo e les njiimaandi mawɗo Njelele e kitaale 1940. Mawɗo Gumbero 6ɓo, gadano innireede mawɗo Chisina, ko Tendaupenyu. Nde laamu nguu e oon sahaa naamndii mo yo o anndu keeri makko ɗi mawɗo Njelele taƴi ɗii, o wiyi « Ndave nechigaro CHISINA chinhu », firti ko « jappeere am heddii ko alaa ko heddii ». Gila ɗoon o ƴaañii CHISINA, o jaɓi ƴaañorgal ngal ko laawol seppo. Laamu Zimbaabwee ina jogori haa jooni safrude luural hakkunde mawɗo Njelele e mawɗo Chisina.<ref>Edith Karimanzira (December 2017). "Understanding the Emergence and Solving of Protracted Social Conflicts in Zimbabwe: the Case of Gumbero/Chisina – Njelele Chieftainship Conflict 1940 - 2015" (PDF). Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. pp. 1896–1903. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018</ref> == Tuugnorgal == llobsmxml3iudcp70sf68gr8svwsdmu 173947 173946 2026-06-17T19:21:09Z Nnamadee 11577 173947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Mutange''', sara maayo Mutange, ko baraas mo neɗɗo waɗi ngam hebbinde leydi, tawaaɗo e wuro Chisina, 30 km fuɗnaange Gokwe e 35 km fuɗnaange worgo Mine Empress, e nder diiwaan Midlands to Zimbaabwee. Baraas Mutange ina woɗɗi Gokwe e laawol 42 km e Empress 49 km, Kadoma ina woɗɗi Kwekwe 146 km e laawol Empress (147 km e Zhombe Joel). Ko ministeer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ndiyam e ƴellitaare jeyi ɗum, ina gollina ɗum. == Ɓawo == Dam Mutange ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam ɓeydude ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam haa Gokwe Centre.<ref>"Govt Document E4474, HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework, Chapter 4.2.1 Hydrology page 56" (PDF). World Bank. February 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Ina waɗi 4,950 miliyoŋ m3.[5] E fuɗɗoode, njoɓdi mahngo baraas oo ko 8 224 504,00 dolaar (2010-2014), kono sabu caɗeele faggudu ɗe Zimbaabwee jogori dañde e ŋakkeende nguura nde juuti no feewi, nde yoɓi ko ɓuri 130 miliyoŋ dolaar sabu ɓeydagol coodguuli geɗe nguura e caɗeele faggudu e politik goɗɗe.<ref>M Chiri (1 November 2011). "Report of the Comptroller and Auditor-General on the Management of Dam Construction and Water Supply Projects by the Zimbabwe Water Authority, Presented to Parliament of Zimbabwe in 2011. Table 3: Delay in completion of projects". Zimbabwe Government. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Pewnugol baraas oo gasii e hitaande 2016.<ref>ZINWA (6 August 2018). "This is Mutange Dam in Gokwe". Twitter. Retrieved 3 October 2018. It was completed in 2016 and will provide irrigation water to communities. Construction of the water conveyance works at the dam is underway. The dam will certainly improve many livelihoods in Gokwe.</ref> Baraas Mutange to Gokwe Fuɗnaange, wuro Chisina, leydi Simmbaabuwee == Golle == Jippagol e nder Gokwe ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo ngam ruttaade e dow leydi e nder ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi maayo Mutange, dogdu fuɗnaange-rewo baraas Mutange. Maayo Mutange ina jogii ɓuuɓri mum haa dow ŋoral fotde 1,5 km tan fuɗnaange laawol mawngol Kwekwe-Gokwe (18°19′23′′S 29°06′25′′E). Maayo Mutange ko maayo Sanyati, ngo ɓuuɓnata maayo Zambezi. == Naftortooɓe == Baraas Mutange ina rokka jawdi e yimɓe fof ndiyam njareteeɗam. Gaa gaa gure ɗe mahngo baraas oo toɗɗii, ɗe laamu nguu fotnoo hoɗde e nokkuuji goɗɗi fotde 1,9 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik,<ref>Minister of Finance (2014). "2015 Zimbabwe National Budget Statement, Article 796, page 177: Presented to Parliament on 27 November, 2014 by Hon. P. A. Chinamasa, Minister of Finance and Economic Development" (PDF). Veritas Zimbabwe. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> heddiiɓe e renndo ngoo ina njaɓɓoo nafooje mum juutɗe. === Dam Mutange ko nokku ɗo ndiyam woni ɗoo === Pompe kuuraa gonɗe e 33 kV e nder laylaytol ndiyam Mutange ina mbaɗee e baraas Mutange ngam nawde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ko ina tolnoo e 30 km haa wuro Gokwe, ɓurngo naftoraade baraas oo.<ref>"Tender Details Mutange Dam Pump Station Electrification". l2b.co.za. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Nokkuure nde, laylaytol ngol ina doga ndiyam haa e nder njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange, wuro Chisina e gure teeru taariiɗe ɗum. === Sifaa ndiyam Mutange === Baraas Mutange woni ko e diiwaan Agro-Ekoloji Zimbaabwee, ɗo toɓooli keewɗi toɓata hitaande kala ko 550 mm. Ko ɗum waɗi ndiyam ko gollal tiiɗngal e nokku hee. Nafoore ɓurnde mawnude e baraas Mutange ɗoon e ɗoon ko njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange. Siistemaaji pompirde e jolngooji to baraas Mutange ina njokkondiri e peeje ndiyam e tuubakooɓe 1 500 m haa e daande ladde 134 ektaar leydi ndema e peeje ɗee.<ref>Primrose Nyanzero (October 25, 2017). "Concrete laid for Gwayi-Shangani Dam". The Chronicle. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</ref> === Wuro Kisiina === Wuro Chisina, inniraango mawɗo Chisina, 750 m fuɗnaange baraas Mtange, fawii ko e baraas oo ngam heɓde ndiyam. (18°12′18′′ Fuɗnaange 29°14′29′′ Fuɗnaange) Wuro ngo woni ko e diiwaan parlemaa Mapfungutsi, diiwaan Gokwe Sud. Cuuɗi jamaanu, haa arti noon e suudu ñaawirdu mawɗo Chisina, mahaa e nder wuro ngo.<ref>"Major facelift for Gokwe". Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.</ref> Mahdi suudu ñaawirdu nduu ina waawi wonde jaɓgol laamu nguu e laamu Chisina nguu, ngu woni ko e limbo fotde duuɓi 70 e nder luural e laamu Njelele hoɗdiiɓe mum. E fuɗɗoode Gumbero, lollirɗo Chisina, wonnoo ko mawɗo nokku ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nokku Mapfungautsi, caggal ɗuum Sebungwe Fuɗnaange, nokku keeriiɗo e maayo Ngondoma e Munyati to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange-rewo. Ɗee keeri ɗiɗi mawɗe tawaaɗe ina ceerti diiwaan Gokwe Fuɗnaange e diiwaan Mashonaland Hirnaange to fuɗnaange e diiwaan Kwekwe to diiwaan Midlands to fuɗnaange-rewo nokku ɗo Chief Chisina woni ɗoo. Laamu Chisina (Gumbero) ina rewindaa gila e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 18ɓiire nde Chihwechematanda sosi ɗum e gartugol mum ummoraade Buhera e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Mashonaland hannde oo. Mawɗo Gumbero ɗiɗaɓo oo ko Mataruka, tataɓo oo ko Makuvidziri, nayaɓo oo ko Chinengwere e joyaɓo oo ko Mudyachawaona mo laamu Rodesi jippini hooreejo e les njiimaandi mawɗo Njelele e kitaale 1940. Mawɗo Gumbero 6ɓo, gadano innireede mawɗo Chisina, ko Tendaupenyu. Nde laamu nguu e oon sahaa naamndii mo yo o anndu keeri makko ɗi mawɗo Njelele taƴi ɗii, o wiyi « Ndave nechigaro CHISINA chinhu », firti ko « jappeere am heddii ko alaa ko heddii ». Gila ɗoon o ƴaañii CHISINA, o jaɓi ƴaañorgal ngal ko laawol seppo. Laamu Zimbaabwee ina jogori haa jooni safrude luural hakkunde mawɗo Njelele e mawɗo Chisina.<ref>Edith Karimanzira (December 2017). "Understanding the Emergence and Solving of Protracted Social Conflicts in Zimbabwe: the Case of Gumbero/Chisina – Njelele Chieftainship Conflict 1940 - 2015" (PDF). Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. pp. 1896–1903. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018</ref> == Tuugnorgal == i7ad0s5e49y4txmwdau1nczjy085w2z 173948 173947 2026-06-17T19:23:19Z Nnamadee 11577 173948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Mutange''', sara maayo Mutange, ko baraas mo neɗɗo waɗi ngam hebbinde leydi, tawaaɗo e wuro Chisina, 30 km fuɗnaange Gokwe e 35 km fuɗnaange worgo Mine Empress, e nder diiwaan Midlands to Zimbaabwee. Baraas Mutange ina woɗɗi Gokwe e laawol 42 km e Empress 49 km, Kadoma ina woɗɗi Kwekwe 146 km e laawol Empress (147 km e Zhombe Joel). Ko ministeer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ndiyam e ƴellitaare jeyi ɗum, ina gollina ɗum. == Ɓawo == Dam Mutange ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam ɓeydude ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam haa Gokwe Centre.<ref>"Govt Document E4474, HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework, Chapter 4.2.1 Hydrology page 56" (PDF). World Bank. February 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Ina waɗi 4,950 miliyoŋ m3.[5] E fuɗɗoode, njoɓdi mahngo baraas oo ko 8 224 504,00 dolaar (2010-2014), kono sabu caɗeele faggudu ɗe Zimbaabwee jogori dañde e ŋakkeende nguura nde juuti no feewi, nde yoɓi ko ɓuri 130 miliyoŋ dolaar sabu ɓeydagol coodguuli geɗe nguura e caɗeele faggudu e politik goɗɗe.<ref>M Chiri (1 November 2011). "Report of the Comptroller and Auditor-General on the Management of Dam Construction and Water Supply Projects by the Zimbabwe Water Authority, Presented to Parliament of Zimbabwe in 2011. Table 3: Delay in completion of projects". Zimbabwe Government. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Pewnugol baraas oo gasii e hitaande 2016.<ref>ZINWA (6 August 2018). "This is Mutange Dam in Gokwe". Twitter. Retrieved 3 October 2018. It was completed in 2016 and will provide irrigation water to communities. Construction of the water conveyance works at the dam is underway. The dam will certainly improve many livelihoods in Gokwe.</ref> Baraas Mutange to Gokwe Fuɗnaange, wuro Chisina, leydi Simmbaabuwee == Golle == Jippagol e nder Gokwe ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo ngam ruttaade e dow leydi e nder ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi maayo Mutange, dogdu fuɗnaange-rewo baraas Mutange. Maayo Mutange ina jogii ɓuuɓri mum haa dow ŋoral fotde 1,5 km tan fuɗnaange laawol mawngol Kwekwe-Gokwe (18°19′23′′S 29°06′25′′E). Maayo Mutange ko maayo Sanyati, ngo ɓuuɓnata maayo Zambezi. [[File:Mutange Dam Gokwe.jpg|thumb|Mutange Dam in Gokwe East, Chisina Village, Zimbabwe]] == Naftortooɓe == Baraas Mutange ina rokka jawdi e yimɓe fof ndiyam njareteeɗam. Gaa gaa gure ɗe mahngo baraas oo toɗɗii, ɗe laamu nguu fotnoo hoɗde e nokkuuji goɗɗi fotde 1,9 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik,<ref>Minister of Finance (2014). "2015 Zimbabwe National Budget Statement, Article 796, page 177: Presented to Parliament on 27 November, 2014 by Hon. P. A. Chinamasa, Minister of Finance and Economic Development" (PDF). Veritas Zimbabwe. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> heddiiɓe e renndo ngoo ina njaɓɓoo nafooje mum juutɗe. === Dam Mutange ko nokku ɗo ndiyam woni ɗoo === Pompe kuuraa gonɗe e 33 kV e nder laylaytol ndiyam Mutange ina mbaɗee e baraas Mutange ngam nawde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ko ina tolnoo e 30 km haa wuro Gokwe, ɓurngo naftoraade baraas oo.<ref>"Tender Details Mutange Dam Pump Station Electrification". l2b.co.za. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</ref> Nokkuure nde, laylaytol ngol ina doga ndiyam haa e nder njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange, wuro Chisina e gure teeru taariiɗe ɗum. === Sifaa ndiyam Mutange === Baraas Mutange woni ko e diiwaan Agro-Ekoloji Zimbaabwee, ɗo toɓooli keewɗi toɓata hitaande kala ko 550 mm. Ko ɗum waɗi ndiyam ko gollal tiiɗngal e nokku hee. Nafoore ɓurnde mawnude e baraas Mutange ɗoon e ɗoon ko njuɓɓudi ndiyam Mutange. Siistemaaji pompirde e jolngooji to baraas Mutange ina njokkondiri e peeje ndiyam e tuubakooɓe 1 500 m haa e daande ladde 134 ektaar leydi ndema e peeje ɗee.<ref>Primrose Nyanzero (October 25, 2017). "Concrete laid for Gwayi-Shangani Dam". The Chronicle. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</ref> === Wuro Kisiina === Wuro Chisina, inniraango mawɗo Chisina, 750 m fuɗnaange baraas Mtange, fawii ko e baraas oo ngam heɓde ndiyam. (18°12′18′′ Fuɗnaange 29°14′29′′ Fuɗnaange) Wuro ngo woni ko e diiwaan parlemaa Mapfungutsi, diiwaan Gokwe Sud. Cuuɗi jamaanu, haa arti noon e suudu ñaawirdu mawɗo Chisina, mahaa e nder wuro ngo.<ref>"Major facelift for Gokwe". Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.</ref> Mahdi suudu ñaawirdu nduu ina waawi wonde jaɓgol laamu nguu e laamu Chisina nguu, ngu woni ko e limbo fotde duuɓi 70 e nder luural e laamu Njelele hoɗdiiɓe mum. E fuɗɗoode Gumbero, lollirɗo Chisina, wonnoo ko mawɗo nokku ɓurɗo moƴƴude e nokku Mapfungautsi, caggal ɗuum Sebungwe Fuɗnaange, nokku keeriiɗo e maayo Ngondoma e Munyati to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange-rewo. Ɗee keeri ɗiɗi mawɗe tawaaɗe ina ceerti diiwaan Gokwe Fuɗnaange e diiwaan Mashonaland Hirnaange to fuɗnaange e diiwaan Kwekwe to diiwaan Midlands to fuɗnaange-rewo nokku ɗo Chief Chisina woni ɗoo. Laamu Chisina (Gumbero) ina rewindaa gila e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 18ɓiire nde Chihwechematanda sosi ɗum e gartugol mum ummoraade Buhera e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Mashonaland hannde oo. Mawɗo Gumbero ɗiɗaɓo oo ko Mataruka, tataɓo oo ko Makuvidziri, nayaɓo oo ko Chinengwere e joyaɓo oo ko Mudyachawaona mo laamu Rodesi jippini hooreejo e les njiimaandi mawɗo Njelele e kitaale 1940. Mawɗo Gumbero 6ɓo, gadano innireede mawɗo Chisina, ko Tendaupenyu. Nde laamu nguu e oon sahaa naamndii mo yo o anndu keeri makko ɗi mawɗo Njelele taƴi ɗii, o wiyi « Ndave nechigaro CHISINA chinhu », firti ko « jappeere am heddii ko alaa ko heddii ». Gila ɗoon o ƴaañii CHISINA, o jaɓi ƴaañorgal ngal ko laawol seppo. Laamu Zimbaabwee ina jogori haa jooni safrude luural hakkunde mawɗo Njelele e mawɗo Chisina.<ref>Edith Karimanzira (December 2017). "Understanding the Emergence and Solving of Protracted Social Conflicts in Zimbabwe: the Case of Gumbero/Chisina – Njelele Chieftainship Conflict 1940 - 2015" (PDF). Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. pp. 1896–1903. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018</ref> == Tuugnorgal == bwthyk45er55qyatfnc44xpwalizvda 0 42161 173942 2026-06-17T19:17:48Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173942 wikitext text/x-wiki Simone Santi (jibinaa ko 24 mee 1966) ko gardiiɗo Itaali. O ardii pottitte to Orop, Turki, Riisi, Japon, Koree worgo, Beresiil e Arjantiin. E hitaande 2012, o wonii ñaawoowo e Olimpiyaade lewru to Londres. Tuugnorgal 04skfgdl4xjl4c9jygkcdg7jtyzk7yj 173944 173942 2026-06-17T19:19:53Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Simone Santi (jibinaa ko 24 mee 1966) ko gardiiɗo Itaali. O ardii pottitte to Orop, Turki, Riisi, Japon, Koree worgo, Beresiil e Arjantiin. E hitaande 2012, o wonii ñaawoowo e Olimpiyaade lewru to Londres. Tuugnorgal 5lnfzecls7dhd0cmaw1zd0vf2753noq 173945 173944 2026-06-17T19:20:31Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Simone Santi''' (jibinaa ko 24 mee 1966) ko gardiiɗo Itaali. O ardii pottitte to Orop, Turki, Riisi, Japon, Koree worgo, Beresiil e Arjantiin. E hitaande 2012, o wonii ñaawoowo e Olimpiyaade lewru to Londres. == Tuugnorgal == eoyk0qpho243ew1olrey6qtjwaia469 0 42162 173949 2026-06-17T19:24:17Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173949 wikitext text/x-wiki Victor Santos (innde mum timmunde : Victor Manuel Domingos Dos Santos ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 7 noowammbar 1953) ko jaagorgal fuku koyɗe to leydi Andorra. O ummorii ko Estoril, to Cascais, to leydi Portigaal, o ummii ko Andorra e hitaande 1975. Ko o ɓiyleydi Andorra. Victor Santos woni hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe Andorra FAF (catalan: Federació Andorrana de Futbol) gila oktoobar 2013 e lomto Antoni Giribet. Hade oon sahaa, gila 2005, ko kanko wonnoo cukko hooreejo fedde ndee. O woniino e fedde nde fotde duuɓi 18 hade makko wonde hooreejo leydi. Yanti heen, ko o gonnooɗo coftuɗo e gardiiɗo dingiral FC Encamp. Tuugnorgal 3lq3ih85at9onuma3b06vcv7il1zfse 173950 173949 2026-06-17T19:25:37Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Victor Santos (innde mum timmunde : Victor Manuel Domingos Dos Santos ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 7 noowammbar 1953) ko jaagorgal fuku koyɗe to leydi Andorra. O ummorii ko Estoril, to Cascais, to leydi Portigaal, o ummii ko Andorra e hitaande 1975. Ko o ɓiyleydi Andorra. Victor Santos woni hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe Andorra FAF (catalan: Federació Andorrana de Futbol) gila oktoobar 2013 e lomto Antoni Giribet. Hade oon sahaa, gila 2005, ko kanko wonnoo cukko hooreejo fedde ndee. O woniino e fedde nde fotde duuɓi 18 hade makko wonde hooreejo leydi. Yanti heen, ko o gonnooɗo coftuɗo e gardiiɗo dingiral FC Encamp. Tuugnorgal 987845i8aplshdgggf3ifdowpku4sqx 173951 173950 2026-06-17T19:26:18Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victor Santos''' (innde mum timmunde : Victor Manuel Domingos Dos Santos ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 7 noowammbar 1953) ko jaagorgal fuku koyɗe to leydi Andorra. O ummorii ko Estoril, to Cascais, to leydi Portigaal, o ummii ko Andorra e hitaande 1975. Ko o ɓiyleydi Andorra. Victor Santos woni hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe Andorra FAF (catalan: Federació Andorrana de Futbol) gila oktoobar 2013 e lomto Antoni Giribet. Hade oon sahaa, gila 2005, ko kanko wonnoo cukko hooreejo fedde ndee. O woniino e fedde nde fotde duuɓi 18 hade makko wonde hooreejo leydi. Yanti heen, ko o gonnooɗo coftuɗo e gardiiɗo dingiral FC Encamp. == Tuugnorgal == jvi6b7oz8ywa6lyqn9ih52dzcn79vqt 173952 173951 2026-06-17T19:28:02Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victor Santos''' (innde mum timmunde : Victor Manuel Domingos Dos Santos ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 7 noowammbar 1953) ko jaagorgal fuku koyɗe to leydi Andorra. O ummorii ko Estoril, to Cascais, to leydi Portigaal, o ummii ko Andorra e hitaande 1975. Ko o ɓiyleydi Andorra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faf.ad/pnfg/NNws_ShwNewDup?codigo=1003698&cod_primaria=3000270&cod_secundaria=3000270#.WFGRC4p97mE|title=Notícies Comitè Àrbitres|publisher=Federació Andorrana de Futbol|date=31 January 2013|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Santos">{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=and/news/newsid=1588741.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202203450/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=and/news/newsid=1588741.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 2, 2012|title=Victor Santos|publisher=UEFA|date=2 January 2011|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/andorrans-object-playing-wales-euro-2016-qualifier|title=Andorrans object to playing Wales in Euro 2016 qualifier|publisher=FourFourTwo|date=11 September 2014|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> Victor Santos woni hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe Andorra FAF (catalan: Federació Andorrana de Futbol) gila oktoobar 2013 e lomto Antoni Giribet. Hade oon sahaa, gila 2005, ko kanko wonnoo cukko hooreejo fedde ndee. O woniino e fedde nde fotde duuɓi 18 hade makko wonde hooreejo leydi. Yanti heen, ko o gonnooɗo coftuɗo e gardiiɗo dingiral FC Encamp. == Tuugnorgal == t7bs98z19jgdgptjhjdurzlsgsovznu 173953 173952 2026-06-17T19:29:45Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 173953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victor Santos''' (innde mum timmunde : Victor Manuel Domingos Dos Santos ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 7 noowammbar 1953) ko jaagorgal fuku koyɗe to leydi Andorra. O ummorii ko Estoril, to Cascais, to leydi Portigaal, o ummii ko Andorra e hitaande 1975. Ko o ɓiyleydi Andorra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faf.ad/pnfg/NNws_ShwNewDup?codigo=1003698&cod_primaria=3000270&cod_secundaria=3000270#.WFGRC4p97mE|title=Notícies Comitè Àrbitres|publisher=Federació Andorrana de Futbol|date=31 January 2013|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Santos">{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=and/news/newsid=1588741.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202203450/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=and/news/newsid=1588741.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 2, 2012|title=Victor Santos|publisher=UEFA|date=2 January 2011|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/andorrans-object-playing-wales-euro-2016-qualifier|title=Andorrans object to playing Wales in Euro 2016 qualifier|publisher=FourFourTwo|date=11 September 2014|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> Victor Santos woni hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe Andorra FAF (catalan: Federació Andorrana de Futbol) gila oktoobar 2013 e lomto Antoni Giribet. Hade oon sahaa, gila 2005, ko kanko wonnoo cukko hooreejo fedde ndee. O woniino e fedde nde fotde duuɓi 18 hade makko wonde hooreejo leydi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/65438/victor_santos_o_portugues_que_quer_ganhar_a_portugal|title=Victor Santos, o português que quer ganhar a Portugal|publisher=Renascenca|date=|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref>.<ref name="Santos2" /> Yanti heen, ko o gonnooɗo coftuɗo e gardiiɗo dingiral FC Encamp. == Tuugnorgal == 2wg1w6t7e699h5uhe5vqqbrwssuxauk 0 42163 173954 2026-06-17T19:42:04Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Dam Hale''' ko baraas ndiyam e nder leydi Tansani, woni ko e wuro Hale e nder diiwaan Mnyuzi e nder diiwaan Korogwe to diiwaan Tanga. Doole maggal liggorteeɗe ko 21 megawatt (28 000 hp). Ujunaaje ujunaaje yimɓe ngummiima ngam mahde baraas o. == Tariya == Dam Hale woni dam operation ɓurɗo ɓooyde e nder leydi ndi hannde. Koɗorɗe maayo Pangani ko ƴoogirde doole gila e fuɗɗoode jamaanu koloñaal wonande Tanganiyka. Sosiyetee Almaañnaajo sosi ko e..." 173954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam Hale''' ko baraas ndiyam e nder leydi Tansani, woni ko e wuro Hale e nder diiwaan Mnyuzi e nder diiwaan Korogwe to diiwaan Tanga. Doole maggal liggorteeɗe ko 21 megawatt (28 000 hp). Ujunaaje ujunaaje yimɓe ngummiima ngam mahde baraas o. == Tariya == Dam Hale woni dam operation ɓurɗo ɓooyde e nder leydi ndi hannde. Koɗorɗe maayo Pangani ko ƴoogirde doole gila e fuɗɗoode jamaanu koloñaal wonande Tanganiyka. Sosiyetee Almaañnaajo sosi ko e Pangani Falls ko ina wona hitaande 1936. E nder mawnugol diiwaan Tanga e ɓadtaade Mombasa, laamu nguu felliti mahde koɗorɗe Hydro keso to Hale.<ref>Datoo, B.A. (April 1965). "The generation of hydro-electric power on the lower Pangani river" (PDF). ''East African Geographical Review''. '''3''': 47–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</ref> Koolol ngol fuɗɗii mahde ko e hitaande 1961, ngol yoɓi ko ina tolnoo e 5 000 000 £, ko ngol woni go’o ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi gila eɓɓaande njulaagu leydi ndii nde yani.<ref>Datoo, B.A. (April 1965). "The generation of hydro-electric power on the lower Pangani river" (PDF). East African Geographical Review. 3: 47–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</ref> Koolol ngol fuɗɗii golle ko e lewru noowammbar 1964.<ref>"Pangani Hydro Systems". ''TANESCO''. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</ref> == Yiyngo == Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Hale huutortoo ko ɓuuɓol nattungol 70 meeter. Nde woni ko e wuro Hale e laawol mawngol Segera-Tanga, 6 km e nokku ɗo Tanga-Moshi kawri to Segera.<ref>"Pangani Hydro Systems". ''TANESCO''. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</ref> Ndiyam ummortooɗam e maayooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina ɓuuɓtoo fotde 70 meeter les leydi. Power-plant oo e hoore mum ina tuugii e 76 meeter les leydi. Staasiyoŋ les leydi oo ina soomi semmbe e yuɓɓooji ɗiɗi ndartiiɗi, tawi ina waɗi turbineeji Francis e jeneratooruuji salient pole, ina jogii mbaawka liggorgal 21 MW (28 000 hp).<ref>"Pangani Hydro Systems". ''TANESCO''. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</ref> Koolol ngol waɗii refits mawɗi laabi ɗiɗi gila ngol udditaa, e hitaande 1987 e hitaande 2009.<ref>"Pangani Hydro Systems". TANESCO. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</ref> Pewnugol baraas oo e kitaale 1960 addani fotde 12 000 neɗɗo eggude nokkuuji mum en. Kono caggal nde baraas oo sosaa, tawi ina waɗi ndiyam e liɗɗi keewɗi, ngu dañii heen geɗal mawngal e nder renndooji liɗɗi. Ɗum addani kadi sosde gure mawɗe e nder gure biyeteeɗe Nyumba ya Mungu, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 neɗɗo ina nguuri e hitaande 2002. Ɓeydagol yimɓe ngol addani luural ndiyam keewngal.<ref>Mbonile, Milline J. (March 2005). "Migration and intensification of water conflicts in the Pangani Basin, Tanzania". Habitat International. 29 (1): 41–67. doi:10.1016/s0197-3975(03)00061-4.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 9os7z69132x1l04knru2251pva4k98j 0 42164 173955 2026-06-17T19:51:41Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Hombolo''' ko baraas gonɗo to leydi Tansani. Ko to wuro Hombolo-Bwawani, e nder diiwaan Dodoma-ladde. Laamu koloñaal mahi baraas oo e hitaande 1957 ngam irrigaasiyoŋ, ndiyam galleeji, e ndiyam jawdi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E10.htm</nowiki></ref> == Yiyngo == Baraas oo ina gollina ɗeeɗoo gure : Hombolo-Bwawani, Zepisa, Mahomanyika, Chansaga, Ngaegae, Mleche, Ghambala, e Ipala ; konngol bwawani ngol e ɗemngal Sw..." 173955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Hombolo''' ko baraas gonɗo to leydi Tansani. Ko to wuro Hombolo-Bwawani, e nder diiwaan Dodoma-ladde. Laamu koloñaal mahi baraas oo e hitaande 1957 ngam irrigaasiyoŋ, ndiyam galleeji, e ndiyam jawdi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E10.htm</nowiki></ref> == Yiyngo == Baraas oo ina gollina ɗeeɗoo gure : Hombolo-Bwawani, Zepisa, Mahomanyika, Chansaga, Ngaegae, Mleche, Ghambala, e Ipala ; konngol bwawani ngol e ɗemngal Swahili firti ko "to baraas" walla "nder baraas." E nder mahngo mayre wuro ɓurngo ɓadaade ngo birooji laamu, ina heen diisnondiral, ko Hombolo ko ɗum waɗi innde baraas Hombolo. Yimɓe gure keewɗe saraaji ɗii ngummiima, ngummii gure goɗɗe e nder mahngo baraas oo, ina heen Zepisa, e nder ekkorde gure ujamaa ko ɗum waɗi ko ɓadii majjude ɗeen gure, kono ko heewi e hoɗɓe e gure ɗee gila ndeen ngummiima caggal. == Tugntuugnorgal == 2z2pn2m2agqgbtoidgrb8hfzmej6csn 0 42165 173956 2026-06-17T19:58:42Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baras Kidatu''', kadi ko nokku kuuraa Kidadu, ko baraas kuuraa 204 megawatt (274 000 hp) tawaaɗo e diiwaan Kilosa e nder diiwaan Morogoro to Tansani.<ref>The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs". The Citizen (Tanzania). Dar es Salaam. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> == Wakere == Koolol ngol woni ko e sara maayo Ruaha mawngo, e nder wuro Kilosa, e nder diiwaan Morogoro, ko ina tolnoo e 337 kiloomeeteer (209 m..." 173956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baras Kidatu''', kadi ko nokku kuuraa Kidadu, ko baraas kuuraa 204 megawatt (274 000 hp) tawaaɗo e diiwaan Kilosa e nder diiwaan Morogoro to Tansani.<ref>The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs". The Citizen (Tanzania). Dar es Salaam. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> == Wakere == Koolol ngol woni ko e sara maayo Ruaha mawngo, e nder wuro Kilosa, e nder diiwaan Morogoro, ko ina tolnoo e 337 kiloomeeteer (209 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo Dar es Salaam, laamorgo njulaagu e wuro ɓurngo mawnude e nder leydi Tansani.<ref>Globefeed.com (26 December 2017). "Distance between Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Kidatu Power Plant, Kilosa, Morogoro Region, Tanzania". Globefeed.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> Ɗum ko hedde kilooji 5,5 (3 mi), e laawol, fuɗnaange-rewo Kidatu, caka wuro ɓurngo ɓadaade.<ref>Globefeed.com (26 December 2017). "Distance between Kidatu, Tanzania and Kidatu Power Plant, Kilosa, Morogoro Region, Tanzania". Globefeed.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> Koolaaɗo kuuɓal Kidatu ko:7°39'47,0"S, 36°58'39,0"E (Njaajeendi:-7,663056; Njuuteeki:36,977500).<ref>"Location of Kidatu Hydroelectric Power Station" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> == Yiyngo == Koolaaɗo kuuɓal Kidatu mahiraa ko e fasaade ɗiɗi e innde Eɓɓaande semmbe Ruaha mawnde e kitaale 1970 ngam fasaade gadano e kitaale 1980 ngam fasaade ɗiɗmo. Faandaare adannde ndee timminaama e hitaande 1975 fuɗɗoraade e mahngo baraas ɓuuɓɗo leydi-kaaƴe, baawɗo huutoraade 2 x 51 MW, e laana njoorndi 220 kV feewde Dar es Salaam rewrude e Morogoro. Faandaare ɗiɗmere, timmunde hitaande 1980, ina waɗi jeneraaluuji ɗiɗi goɗɗi 51 MW, e mahngo baraas ɓurɗo mawnude (Mtera Dam) baawɗo 3 200 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 600 000 acre⋅ft).<ref>The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs". The Citizen (Tanzania). Dar es Salaam. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref><ref>Tanesco (26 December 2017). "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant". Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> Koolol ngol waɗii golle ɗiɗi mawɗe ngam moƴƴinde ɗum. Faandaare adannde ndee ko peewnugol turbineeji gooti e ɗiɗmi, lomtingol kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e peewnugol yuɓɓo jenerator bonngo. Ɗee golle mbaɗaa ko tuggi 1993 haa 1994. Feewnitde ɗiɗmere ndee fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1999. Golle mawɗe ɗee ko ordinateeruuji njuɓɓudi toppitiindi e ndeenka, peewnugol to turbineeji, lomtinande dogooɓe e yuɓɓooji 1 e 2, jeneratooruuji e laabi ndiyam. Eɓɓaande ndee ko SIDA, NORAD e Tanesco ngaddi ɗum, fotde 12 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.<ref>The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs". ''The Citizen (Tanzania)''. Dar es Salaam. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref><ref>Tanesco (26 December 2017). "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant". Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> E hitaande 2017, feewnitagol waɗii e gooto e 51 megawatt mo ŋakki. Golle ɗee mbaɗiraa ko innjiniyankooɓe e karallaagal ummoriiɓe e peewnugol turbineeji ɗii e nder leydi Korowasi, e gollotooɓe ummoriiɓe e Tanesco, fedde ngenndiire peewnugol kuuraa. Toppitagol mawngol garoowo e dow laylaytol ngol, ina jogori waɗeede e hitaande 2020.<ref>The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs". ''The Citizen (Tanzania)''. Dar es Salaam. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref><ref>Tanesco (26 December 2017). "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant". Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == b05kndgslg429827gpenlnq6iwufjt8 173957 173956 2026-06-17T20:00:06Z Nnamadee 11577 173957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baras Kidatu''', kadi ko nokku kuuraa Kidadu, ko baraas kuuraa 204 megawatt (274 000 hp) tawaaɗo e diiwaan Kilosa e nder diiwaan Morogoro to Tansani.<ref>The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs". The Citizen (Tanzania). Dar es Salaam. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> == Wakere == Koolol ngol woni ko e sara maayo Ruaha mawngo, e nder wuro Kilosa, e nder diiwaan Morogoro, ko ina tolnoo e 337 kiloomeeteer (209 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo Dar es Salaam, laamorgo njulaagu e wuro ɓurngo mawnude e nder leydi Tansani.<ref>Globefeed.com (26 December 2017). "Distance between Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Kidatu Power Plant, Kilosa, Morogoro Region, Tanzania". Globefeed.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> Ɗum ko hedde kilooji 5,5 (3 mi), e laawol, fuɗnaange-rewo Kidatu, caka wuro ɓurngo ɓadaade.<ref>Globefeed.com (26 December 2017). "Distance between Kidatu, Tanzania and Kidatu Power Plant, Kilosa, Morogoro Region, Tanzania". Globefeed.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> Koolaaɗo kuuɓal Kidatu ko:7°39'47,0"S, 36°58'39,0"E (Njaajeendi:-7,663056; Njuuteeki:36,977500).<ref>"Location of Kidatu Hydroelectric Power Station" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> == Yiyngo == Koolaaɗo kuuɓal Kidatu mahiraa ko e fasaade ɗiɗi e innde Eɓɓaande semmbe Ruaha mawnde e kitaale 1970 ngam fasaade gadano e kitaale 1980 ngam fasaade ɗiɗmo. Faandaare adannde ndee timminaama e hitaande 1975 fuɗɗoraade e mahngo baraas ɓuuɓɗo leydi-kaaƴe, baawɗo huutoraade 2 x 51 MW, e laana njoorndi 220 kV feewde Dar es Salaam rewrude e Morogoro. Faandaare ɗiɗmere, timmunde hitaande 1980, ina waɗi jeneraaluuji ɗiɗi goɗɗi 51 MW, e mahngo baraas ɓurɗo mawnude (Mtera Dam) baawɗo 3 200 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 600 000 acre⋅ft).<ref>The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs". The Citizen (Tanzania). Dar es Salaam. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref><ref>Tanesco (26 December 2017). "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant". Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> Koolol ngol waɗii golle ɗiɗi mawɗe ngam moƴƴinde ɗum. Faandaare adannde ndee ko peewnugol turbineeji gooti e ɗiɗmi, lomtingol kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e peewnugol yuɓɓo jenerator bonngo. Ɗee golle mbaɗaa ko tuggi 1993 haa 1994. Feewnitde ɗiɗmere ndee fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1999. Golle mawɗe ɗee ko ordinateeruuji njuɓɓudi toppitiindi e ndeenka, peewnugol to turbineeji, lomtinande dogooɓe e yuɓɓooji 1 e 2, jeneratooruuji e laabi ndiyam. Eɓɓaande ndee ko SIDA, NORAD e Tanesco ngaddi ɗum, fotde 12 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.<ref>The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs". ''The Citizen (Tanzania)''. Dar es Salaam. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref><ref>Tanesco (26 December 2017). "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant". Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> E hitaande 2017, feewnitagol waɗii e gooto e 51 megawatt mo ŋakki. Golle ɗee mbaɗiraa ko innjiniyankooɓe e karallaagal ummoriiɓe e peewnugol turbineeji ɗii e nder leydi Korowasi, e gollotooɓe ummoriiɓe e Tanesco, fedde ngenndiire peewnugol kuuraa. Toppitagol mawngol garoowo e dow laylaytol ngol, ina jogori waɗeede e hitaande 2020.<ref>The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs". ''The Citizen (Tanzania)''. Dar es Salaam. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref><ref>Tanesco (26 December 2017). "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant". Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == mij1t092uzuaxymm7zoim4pq7c1iyjr 0 42166 173959 2026-06-17T20:09:30Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Manchira''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Serengeti, diiwaan Mara to Tansani. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude hoɗɓe e wuro Mugumu e gure koɗdiiɗe ɗee ndiyam laaɓɗam, laaɓɗam no feewi, hono Kebosongo, Rwamchanga, Morotonga, Bwitengi, Kisangura e Matare. == Tariya == Pewnugol baraas Manchira fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1980. Eɓɓaande ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde TZS 32m/-. Laamu Tansani haa jooni waɗii TZS 2,4bn/-. Jaagorɗo ndiyam, Stephen Wassira, holliti..." 173959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Manchira''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Serengeti, diiwaan Mara to Tansani. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude hoɗɓe e wuro Mugumu e gure koɗdiiɗe ɗee ndiyam laaɓɗam, laaɓɗam no feewi, hono Kebosongo, Rwamchanga, Morotonga, Bwitengi, Kisangura e Matare. == Tariya == Pewnugol baraas Manchira fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1980. Eɓɓaande ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde TZS 32m/-. Laamu Tansani haa jooni waɗii TZS 2,4bn/-. Jaagorɗo ndiyam, Stephen Wassira, hollitii wonde laamu ngu maa waɗ ko waawi ngam heɓde TZS 2.2bn/- ngam timminde damal ngal e nder duuɓi joy garooji ɗii. Ñalnde 2 sulyee 2010, hooreejo leydi Tansani, hono Jakaya Kikwete udditi baraas oo e dow laabi. Eɓɓoore nde ƴetti duuɓi 30 ngam timminde, nde yoɓi ngenndi ndii ko ina tolnoo e TZS10bn.<ref>The Guardian.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == q9h5otkm6wqpvz4bxpyh2a2pj19nhet 173960 173959 2026-06-17T20:10:22Z Nnamadee 11577 173960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Manchira''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Serengeti, diiwaan Mara to Tansani. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude hoɗɓe e wuro Mugumu e gure koɗdiiɗe ɗee ndiyam laaɓɗam, laaɓɗam no feewi, hono Kebosongo, Rwamchanga, Morotonga, Bwitengi, Kisangura e Matare. == Tariya == Pewnugol baraas Manchira fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1980. Eɓɓaande ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde TZS 32m/-. Laamu Tansani haa jooni waɗii TZS 2,4bn/-. Jaagorɗo ndiyam, Stephen Wassira, hollitii wonde laamu ngu maa waɗ ko waawi ngam heɓde TZS 2.2bn/- ngam timminde damal ngal e nder duuɓi joy garooji ɗii. Ñalnde 2 sulyee 2010, hooreejo leydi Tansani, hono Jakaya Kikwete udditi baraas oo e dow laabi. Eɓɓoore nde ƴetti duuɓi 30 ngam timminde, nde yoɓi ngenndi ndii ko ina tolnoo e TZS10bn.<ref>The Guardian.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == kg4h5513u6otjz88kxry9d11q9vjbql 0 42167 173961 2026-06-17T21:15:17Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Nyumba ya Mungu''' ko baraas Tansani, baraas ndiyam, tawaaɗo e nder diiwaan Mwanga, diiwaan Kilimanjaro, ina golloree. Nde mahiraa ko e darorɗe kitaale 1960, ko nde diiwaan Kilimanjaro ɓurɗo mawnude e ndiyam artificiel. Nyumba ya Mungu. Reservoir oo ina renndini e diiwaan Moshi to diiwaan Kilimanjaro e diiwaan Simanjiro to diiwaan Manyara. Nyumba ya Mungu woni 'Suudu Allah'.<ref>"Is 'Nyumba-Ya-Mungu' Dam No Longer the 'House of God?'". Tanzania..." 173961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Nyumba ya Mungu''' ko baraas Tansani, baraas ndiyam, tawaaɗo e nder diiwaan Mwanga, diiwaan Kilimanjaro, ina golloree. Nde mahiraa ko e darorɗe kitaale 1960, ko nde diiwaan Kilimanjaro ɓurɗo mawnude e ndiyam artificiel. Nyumba ya Mungu. Reservoir oo ina renndini e diiwaan Moshi to diiwaan Kilimanjaro e diiwaan Simanjiro to diiwaan Manyara. Nyumba ya Mungu woni 'Suudu Allah'.<ref>"Is 'Nyumba-Ya-Mungu' Dam No Longer the 'House of God?'". Tanzania Daily News. AllAfrica. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</ref> Doole maggal liggorteeɗe ko 8 megawatt (11 000 hp).<ref>"Pangani Hydro Systems". Tanzania Electric Supply Company. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</ref> == Yiyngo == === Reservoir === Nyumba ya Mungu ko maayo neɗɗo waɗi e nder diiwaan Kilimanjaro. Reservoir oo woni ko e falnde maayo Pangani e nder steppe Masai, fotde 50 km to fuɗnaange Moshi. Ina ñamlee e maayooji ɗiɗi mawɗi, maayooji Kikuletwa e Ruvu ɗi ɓuuɓnata ko ina tolnoo e 7 500 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 900 miil kaaree) e nder weeyo ngo ina waɗi huɗo leɗɗe, ladde, jeereende goonga, e jeereende alpine.<ref>IUCN WATER AND NATURE INITIATIVE / PANGANI BASIN WATER BOARD (January 2009). Hydroelectric Power Modelling Study. Pangani River Basin Flow Assessment (PDF) (Report). Pangani Basin Water Board, Moshi and IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Programme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko ngam ndiyam, doole ndiyam e fuɗɗoraade golle liɗɗi nokku oo. Reservoir oo timminaama e lewru desaambar 1965 kono eɓɓaande ndiyam ndee ƴettaaka tawo. Feere ndee wonnoo ko mahde baraas potɗo huutoreede ngam mooftude ndiyam ɗam, tawa ina addana ƴellitaare fotde 30 000 ektaar ndema ndiyam e peewnugol semmbe kuuraa.<ref>Denny, Patrick (14 January 2008). "Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir, Tanzania: The general features". ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society''. '''10''' (1): 5–28. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00002.x.</ref> E hitaande 1970, maayo ngoo ina joginoo peewnugol liɗɗi Tilapia ɓuuɓngol. Kono ɗum juutaani, ciimtol caggal ɗuum tuggi 1972 e 1973 hollitii ustaare mawnde e geɗe liɗɗi.<ref>Denny, Patrick (14 January 2008). "Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir, Tanzania: The general features". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 10 (1): 5–28. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00002.x.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 046ehqno1kz2ojcg8xqqlm3bhffc17n 0 42168 173962 2026-06-17T21:20:49Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas ɓuuɓɗo Pangani''' ko baraas to Tansani, jeyaaɗo e Siistemji ndiyam Pangani. Baraas oo woni ko Koani e nder diiwaan Muheza e nder diiwaan Tanga, fotde 8 km (5,0 mi) to fuɗnaange nokku goɗɗo kuuraa to Hale. Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Pangani falls ina jogii turbineeji ɗiɗi, ina jogii mbaawka liggorgal 68 megawatt (91 000 hp).<ref>"Pangani Hydro Systems". Tanesco. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</ref> == Yiyng..." 173962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas ɓuuɓɗo Pangani''' ko baraas to Tansani, jeyaaɗo e Siistemji ndiyam Pangani. Baraas oo woni ko Koani e nder diiwaan Muheza e nder diiwaan Tanga, fotde 8 km (5,0 mi) to fuɗnaange nokku goɗɗo kuuraa to Hale. Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Pangani falls ina jogii turbineeji ɗiɗi, ina jogii mbaawka liggorgal 68 megawatt (91 000 hp).<ref>"Pangani Hydro Systems". Tanesco. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</ref> == Yiyngo == Pewnugol baraas oo fuɗɗii ko e lewru desaambar 1991, o fuɗɗii ko e yaawre duuɓi tati tan caggal ɗuum ngam wallitde ŋakkeende nguura e nder leydi ndii. Eɓɓaande ndee fof ko leyɗeele Orop Skandinaavi (Norwees, Finlande e Suwed) ngaddi ɗum, ɗe kawri ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ƴellitgol ɓulli Pangani e hitaande 1989.<ref>"Pangani Hydro Systems". Tanesco. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</ref><ref>Roger Andersson; Fritz Wänseth; Melinda Cuellar; Ulrike von Mitzlaff (October 2005). Pangani Falls Re-development Project in Tanzania (PDF) (Report). sida. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii fotde 126 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik, tawi ko kaalis tati : NORAD mo Norwees (42%) ; FINNIDA mo Finlande (33%) e SIDA mo Suwed (25%). == Tuugnorgal == 934dxf0q7831k52f8t34vy5h0wrxy77 0 42169 173963 2026-06-17T21:23:36Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Buyo''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Sassandra e nder diiwaan Bas-Sassandra to Kodduwaar. Timminaama e hitaande 1980,[1] ina jogii lowre kuuraa ndiyam, nde mbaawka mum tolnii e 165 megawatt (221 000 hp), ina waawi huutoraade ko ina tolnoo e 111 000 galle.[2][3][4] == Tuugnorgal ==" 173963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Buyo''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Sassandra e nder diiwaan Bas-Sassandra to Kodduwaar. Timminaama e hitaande 1980,[1] ina jogii lowre kuuraa ndiyam, nde mbaawka mum tolnii e 165 megawatt (221 000 hp), ina waawi huutoraade ko ina tolnoo e 111 000 galle.[2][3][4] == Tuugnorgal == ho192q5lf7z853ce51gsy8ve8pchkzg 173965 173963 2026-06-17T21:25:27Z Nnamadee 11577 173965 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Buyo''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Sassandra e nder diiwaan Bas-Sassandra to Kodduwaar. Timminaama e hitaande 1980,<ref>"Ivory Coast - ENERGY"</ref> ina jogii lowre kuuraa ndiyam, nde mbaawka mum tolnii e 165 megawatt (221 000 hp), ina waawi huutoraade ko ina tolnoo e 111 000 galle.<ref>"Electrical Power in Côte d'Ivoire". www.mbendi.com. 2008-07-25. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2009-08-01.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == n0pojw0c2v0rrkfa5mx6on41t3rbrh3 173966 173965 2026-06-17T21:27:45Z Nnamadee 11577 173966 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Buyo''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Sassandra e nder diiwaan Bas-Sassandra to Kodduwaar. Timminaama e hitaande 1980,<ref>"Ivory Coast - ENERGY"</ref> ina jogii lowre kuuraa ndiyam, nde mbaawka mum tolnii e 165 megawatt (221 000 hp), ina waawi huutoraade ko ina tolnoo e 111 000 galle.<ref>"Electrical Power in Côte d'Ivoire". www.mbendi.com. 2008-07-25. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2009-08-01.</ref><ref>"Dams in Africa". UN FAO. Retrieved 18 March 2014.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 8i1xpa8w86vbqmegk73gnla0cznzotw 173967 173966 2026-06-17T21:28:31Z Nnamadee 11577 173967 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Buyo''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Sassandra e nder diiwaan Bas-Sassandra to Kodduwaar. Timminaama e hitaande 1980,<ref>"Ivory Coast - ENERGY"</ref> ina jogii lowre kuuraa ndiyam, nde mbaawka mum tolnii e 165 megawatt (221 000 hp), ina waawi huutoraade ko ina tolnoo e 111 000 galle.<ref>"Electrical Power in Côte d'Ivoire". www.mbendi.com. 2008-07-25. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2009-08-01.</ref><ref>"Dams in Africa". UN FAO. Retrieved 18 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Buyo Hydroelectric Power Plant Cote dIvoire". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 18 March 2014</ref> == Tuugnorgal == k96u7thldlijditchpdzywp35fk4anr 0 42170 174000 2026-06-18T08:07:09Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Taabo''' ko ƴulɓe ndiyam maayo Bandama to Kodduwaar, baawɗo huutoraade 210 megawatt (280 000 hp), ina waawi huutoraade ko ina tolnoo e 141 000 galle.<ref>"Electrical Power in Côte d'Ivoire". www.mbendi.com. 2008-07-25. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2009-08-01.</ref> Nde sosaa ko e hitaande 1975.<ref>"Sustainable hydroelectric dam management in the context of climate change : case of the Taabo dam in Cote d'Ivoire, West Afr..." 174000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Taabo''' ko ƴulɓe ndiyam maayo Bandama to Kodduwaar, baawɗo huutoraade 210 megawatt (280 000 hp), ina waawi huutoraade ko ina tolnoo e 141 000 galle.<ref>"Electrical Power in Côte d'Ivoire". www.mbendi.com. 2008-07-25. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2009-08-01.</ref> Nde sosaa ko e hitaande 1975.<ref>"Sustainable hydroelectric dam management in the context of climate change : case of the Taabo dam in Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa". Sustainability, 11 (18). 2019. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</ref> Oo baraas woni ko les baraas Kossou.<ref>Ibid</ref> Ko ɗum "baraas leydi e kaaƴe, njuuteendi mum ko 8100 m, toownde mum ko 43 m." Ina waɗi "udditagol joy dokkungol mbaawka ɓuuɓka ɓurka 3 900 m3/sec rewrude e dame radiyee 11 x 11 m" e ɓuuɓol beton to bannge nano jogiingol tolno ɓuuɓol 113 m dow koye maayo.<ref>"Taabo Hidroelectric Power Plant on the Bandama River". Salini-impregilo. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == a2kbtoolya2f810q68otpq490g2wwmq 0 42171 174001 2026-06-18T08:11:38Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Garafiri''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo e maayo Konkouré ko kañum woni keeri hakkunde diiwanuuji Kindia e Mamou to Gine. Baraas oo ko Salini Impregilo mahi ɗum hakkunde 1995 e 1999 ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam e jolnude ndiyam. Staasiyoŋ oo ina joginoo ŋakkeende e hitaande 2002 kono o feewnaama ko juuti. Koolol ngol ina jogii doole 75 megawatt (101 000 hp).<ref>"Garafiri dam". Salini Impregilo. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retriev..." 174001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Garafiri''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo e maayo Konkouré ko kañum woni keeri hakkunde diiwanuuji Kindia e Mamou to Gine. Baraas oo ko Salini Impregilo mahi ɗum hakkunde 1995 e 1999 ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam e jolnude ndiyam. Staasiyoŋ oo ina joginoo ŋakkeende e hitaande 2002 kono o feewnaama ko juuti. Koolol ngol ina jogii doole 75 megawatt (101 000 hp).<ref>"Garafiri dam". Salini Impregilo. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa". IndustCards. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Dams in Africa". UN FAO. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == jwvif48twkny54zs8ryk91h0nsqcnwb 0 42172 174002 2026-06-18T08:17:04Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Banieya''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Samou e nder diiwaan Kindiya to Gine. Ngo woni ko 16 km (9,9 mi) hirnaange Kindiya. Baraas oo gasi ko e hitaande 1969 ngam heɓde ndiyam. Ko ɗoon jolngo ndiyam 5,2 megawatt (7 000 hp) fuɗɗii golloraade to daande maayo ngoo e hitaande 1988. Baraas Kale, ballitoowo kadi jolngo ndiyam, woni ko e dow maayo.<ref>"Dams in Africa". UN FAO. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa"..." 174002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Banieya''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Samou e nder diiwaan Kindiya to Gine. Ngo woni ko 16 km (9,9 mi) hirnaange Kindiya. Baraas oo gasi ko e hitaande 1969 ngam heɓde ndiyam. Ko ɗoon jolngo ndiyam 5,2 megawatt (7 000 hp) fuɗɗii golloraade to daande maayo ngoo e hitaande 1988. Baraas Kale, ballitoowo kadi jolngo ndiyam, woni ko e dow maayo.<ref>"Dams in Africa". UN FAO. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa". IndustCards. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 8n4lo4t0xuid4gl3u90xbevskap3lx2 0 42173 174003 2026-06-18T08:24:16Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953,..." 174003 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.[1] Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.[2] Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.[3] Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.[4] Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,[5] e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.[6] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.[7] == Yeeyde ndiyam == Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == 0ounxy7suyh1yezzj2px1qkd5g9yoq0 174004 174003 2026-06-18T08:24:49Z Nnamadee 11577 174004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.[1] Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.[2] Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.[3] Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.[4] Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,[5] e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.[6] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.[7] == Yeeyde ndiyam == Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == 3gopa8fbu92wsmxpuiut1xasa7s9yar 174005 174004 2026-06-18T08:26:58Z Nnamadee 11577 174005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.[1] Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.[2] Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.[3] Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.[4] Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,[5] e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.[6] [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.[7] == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == 73679dzbr8hnm6itj5aplmlxo5lwdwc 174006 174005 2026-06-18T08:28:30Z Nnamadee 11577 174006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.[2] Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.[3] Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.[4] Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,[5] e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.[6] [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.[7] == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == cj74rd3nlss7l7m5kcf6x3fbtcjnswt 174007 174006 2026-06-18T08:29:34Z Nnamadee 11577 174007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.<ref>Corner House - LHWP review</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.[3] Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.[4] Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,[5] e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.[6] [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.[7] == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == 1lamno04veu6s17cuw6nknqwauiqifx 174008 174007 2026-06-18T08:30:06Z Nnamadee 11577 174008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.<ref>Corner House - LHWP review</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Water Project: What Went Wrong?". International Rivers. Retrieved 2016-08-15.</ref> Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.[4] Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,[5] e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.[6] [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.[7] == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == 5s2tu78fix55ygwgsju9j0k0tp8d78m 174009 174008 2026-06-18T08:30:51Z Nnamadee 11577 174009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.<ref>Corner House - LHWP review</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Water Project: What Went Wrong?". International Rivers. Retrieved 2016-08-15.</ref> Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.<ref>"Earthquakes force families to abandon village". Archived from the original on 2006-05-28. Retrieved 2005-08-05.</ref> Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,[5] e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.[6] [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.[7] == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == r6zlsfyc514k0hdmkamu7e28i02tohj 174010 174009 2026-06-18T08:31:30Z Nnamadee 11577 174010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.<ref>Corner House - LHWP review</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Water Project: What Went Wrong?". International Rivers. Retrieved 2016-08-15.</ref> Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.<ref>"Earthquakes force families to abandon village". Archived from the original on 2006-05-28. Retrieved 2005-08-05.</ref> Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,<ref>Transformation Resource Centre</ref> e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.[6] [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.[7] == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == bmyy8mopxf36t256m6qwqi6oivtwtmm 174011 174010 2026-06-18T08:32:10Z Nnamadee 11577 174011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.<ref>Corner House - LHWP review</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Water Project: What Went Wrong?". International Rivers. Retrieved 2016-08-15.</ref> Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.<ref>"Earthquakes force families to abandon village". Archived from the original on 2006-05-28. Retrieved 2005-08-05.</ref> Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,<ref>Transformation Resource Centre</ref> e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.<ref>Pipe Dreams, 2001, Ryan Hoover, International Rivers Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine</ref> [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.[7] == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == f2wctj7wocfmmnb9t9ce2msa9cflmkx 174012 174011 2026-06-18T08:32:34Z Nnamadee 11577 174012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.<ref>Corner House - LHWP review</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Water Project: What Went Wrong?". International Rivers. Retrieved 2016-08-15.</ref> Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.<ref>"Earthquakes force families to abandon village". Archived from the original on 2006-05-28. Retrieved 2005-08-05.</ref> Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,<ref>Transformation Resource Centre</ref> e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.<ref>Pipe Dreams, 2001, Ryan Hoover, International Rivers Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine</ref> [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.<ref>"Katse Botanic Garden". Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</ref> == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.[8] Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == llvc9w82cj4gat56uhttz3m9ayz6ata 174013 174012 2026-06-18T08:33:32Z Nnamadee 11577 174013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.<ref>Corner House - LHWP review</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Water Project: What Went Wrong?". International Rivers. Retrieved 2016-08-15.</ref> Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.<ref>"Earthquakes force families to abandon village". Archived from the original on 2006-05-28. Retrieved 2005-08-05.</ref> Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,<ref>Transformation Resource Centre</ref> e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.<ref>Pipe Dreams, 2001, Ryan Hoover, International Rivers Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine</ref> [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.<ref>"Katse Botanic Garden". Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</ref> == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.<ref>"Muela Dam". Geoview. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</ref> Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.[6] Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,[9] ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == j3oaivnxecapbjowuyz6ouqdpf6hhte 174014 174013 2026-06-18T08:34:41Z Nnamadee 11577 174014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Katse''', baraas gonɗo e maayo Malibamatšo to Lesoto, ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e Afrik, mo ɓuuɓri ɗiɗi, caggal baraas Tekezé to Ecoppi. E nder les njiimaandi maayo Bokong, ngo woni ko e junngo hirnaange weendu Katse, baraas oo ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ɓurnde mawnude, nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe. Pottital eɓɓaande ndee ko injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand holliti ɗum e hitaande 1953, ko ɗum feere waawnde ɓeydude ndiyam e nder ɓernde gollorɗe Afrik worgo to Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> Banke Adunaajo yuɓɓini nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto, ngam newnude golle ɗee. == Mahugo == Ko fedde Bouygues, Concor, fedde 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, fedde Kier e Sterling International mahi baraas oo.<ref>Corner House - LHWP review</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e hitaande 1996, reservoir oo heewi ndiyam e hitaande 1997. Ko yowitii e njoɓdi eɓɓaande ndee ko miliyaaruuji 8 dolaar Amerik.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Water Project: What Went Wrong?". International Rivers. Retrieved 2016-08-15.</ref> Aeroport Katse mahiraa ko kilooji 3 (2 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo baraas oo ngam waawde heɓde eɓɓaande ndee. == Batte mum e nokkuuji == Mass ndiyam addani ɗum ɓuuɓde.<ref>"Earthquakes force families to abandon village". Archived from the original on 2006-05-28. Retrieved 2005-08-05.</ref> Remooɓe ɓe keɓaani leydi e eɓɓaande ndee, keɓii caɗeele ngam artirde nguurndam kesam. Leydi ndema ina famɗi e nder koye mum en ngam lomtaade ko majji koo fof, tee darnde ngam wallitde ɓe e nguurndam kesam alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa golle inndeeji ɗii. Fedde nokkuure ndee winnditii ko fayti e ndonu aadee e nder renndooji teeru zi eɓɓoore ndee toɗɗii,<ref>Transformation Resource Centre</ref> e NPO toppitiiɗo ko fayti e taariindi e jojjanɗe aadee, International Rivers, yaltinii ciimtol laaɓtungol batte mum.<ref name=":0">Pipe Dreams, 2001, Ryan Hoover, International Rivers Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine</ref> [[Image:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of the reservoir]] Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, golle hisnude leɗɗe mbaɗaa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam foti ɓuuɓde, kadi Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude e sarde leɗɗe hisnuɗe ɗee.<ref>"Katse Botanic Garden". Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</ref> == Yeeyde ndiyam == [[File:Katze Dam Malibamatso River.webm|thumb|left|Aerial video footage of the Katse Dam.]] Ndiyam ummortooɗam e baraas oo adii yahde ko e ŋoral 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi), meeteruuji 4 (13 ft) njaajeendi, yalta e nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo sara Muela.<ref>"Muela Dam". Geoview. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</ref> Toowgol baraas oo ina addana ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yahde Afrik worgo, ko jiidaa e semmbe kuuraa ndiyam wonande Lesoto, kadi ko ɗum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude caggal suɓaade nokku oo. Doggol ndiyam fuɗɗii ko e dow laabi ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1998. Jooni noon, baraas oo ina rokka Afrik worgo fotde 30 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (1 100 cu ft/s) ndiyam, tawi ina yoɓa Lesoto 35 miliyoŋ dolaar hitaande kala, tawa ina ɓeydee heen njoɓdi mbayliigu tuugiindi e nafooje kuutoragol ndiyam hiisaaɗe. E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e eɓɓaande ndee kadi ina werlee e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude ndiyam laamorgo leydi Lesoto, hono Maseru, e sahaa ŋakkeende ndiyam. Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e maayo Senqu (Orange), tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii, ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eskeemaaji ngam hokkugo ndiyam remooɓe Highlands ɓe ɗon mari haaje, ɗon mari nasaraaku masin.<ref name=":0" /> Eɓɓoore baraas ndee kadi waɗii njulaagu mawngu,<ref>"Corruption corner". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-10-27.</ref> ko huunde nde heewaani e eɓɓaaɗe baraasuuji mawɗi. Ñaawirɗe Lesotho ƴettii kuulal ngal meeɗaa waɗde, ko ñaawde sosiyeteeji mawɗi jeyaaɗi e fedde nde, ko jiidaa e birooji Lesotho ƴettuɗi njoɓdi ndii. Haa jooni, ina waɗi ñaawgol keewngol, ko famɗi fof, sosiyatee gooto mo Banke Adunaajo haɗi ɗum sabu darnde mum e nder fenaande ndee. == Intake tower ndiyam jolngo == Tower intake oo ina woni ko ina wona 18 kiloomeeteer (11 mi) to fuznaange baraas Katse, ina fawaa e 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (2 500 cu ft/s) ko ɗum wonnoo jolngo ɓurngo mawnude ngo miijinoo e fuɗɗoode ngam huutoraade LHWP haa timma. Tower naatgol ngol ina waɗi meeteruuji 23 (75 ft) njaajeendi e 98 meeteruuji (322 ft) toowgol ngam waawde jogaade nokku mawɗo e nder tooweeki desorɗe reservoir kam e weeɓtinde ƴettugol e toɓɓe nay ceertuɗe e maayo. Ɗuum maa addan kalite ndiyam ɗam jolnaaɗam ɗam ƴeewteede e kala sahaa. Sabu darnde e peewnugol tooweeki vursugol ngol, ina woodi vursugol ndiyam e nder vursugol ngol, ngol waawataa heveede e nder vursugol ngol. Ndeeɗoo desorɗe maayɗe ina tolnoo e 430 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (350 000 acre⋅ft), tawi noon desorɗe nguurndam baawɗe wonde caggal baraas Katse ina ustoo gila e 1 950 miliyoŋ m3 haa 1 520 miliyoŋ m3. == Sifaa dam == * Yiyngo woɗngo e baraas Katse * Toowgol - 185 m (607 ft) (ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) * Njuuteeki ŋoral - 710 m (2 330 meeteer) * Design - arc ɗiɗo, beton * Beton - 2 320 000 m3 (3 030 000 yd cu) * Toowgol - 1 993 m (6 539 ft) dow koye maayo (baraas ɓurɗo toowde e Afrik) == Tuugnorgal == og4qr2owktyl5393r79wgcr5ds74s7g 0 42174 174015 2026-06-18T08:38:03Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam...." 174015 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.[1] Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.[2] Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.[3] == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.[4] No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.[4] Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.[5] Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.[6] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.[7] Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] n6x8st28548ooa4ih0s9kt5s0257gty 174016 174015 2026-06-18T08:41:54Z Nnamadee 11577 174016 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.[1] Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.[2] Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.[3] == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.[4] No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.[4] Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.[5] Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.[6] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.[7] Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == 483xxhspy2swbd0fiivwqxzc5pm4bx0 174017 174016 2026-06-18T08:43:41Z Nnamadee 11577 174017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water supply and hydropower project between South Africa and Lesotho}} {{Use South African English|date=July 2024}} {{more citations needed|date=September 2016}} [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.[1] Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.[2] Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.[3] == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.[4] No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.[4] Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.[5] Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.[6] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.[7] Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == 2bhpdse8q2cehgxblq5mqpqnp4tsf87 174018 174017 2026-06-18T08:44:56Z Nnamadee 11577 174018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water supply and hydropower project between South Africa and Lesotho}} {{Use South African English|date=July 2024}} {{more citations needed|date=September 2016}} [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.[1] Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.[2] Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.[3] == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.[4] No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.[4] Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.[5] Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.[6] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.[7] Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == 3rphkiati0t5wrnjcb3gyckt6ab6vaa 174019 174018 2026-06-18T08:47:08Z Nnamadee 11577 174019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.[2] Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.[3] == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.[4] No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.[4] Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.[5] Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.[6] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.[7] Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> ogcjsjwz5n1rx5wanmivfzbdaqlkhah 174020 174019 2026-06-18T08:47:36Z Nnamadee 11577 174020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.[3] == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.[4] No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.[4] Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.[5] Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.[6] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.[7] Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> p1b3u5r1ujpk5vfbz8h2zsmuobijd0b 174021 174020 2026-06-18T08:48:02Z Nnamadee 11577 174021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.[4] No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.[4] Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.[5] Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.[6] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.[7] Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> nqfv8t840yneqo1eqcoqrnbp2mlij27 174022 174021 2026-06-18T08:49:06Z Nnamadee 11577 174022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''. '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref> Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.[5] Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.[6] E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.[7] Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> r9tles1wilezixiczadzkccmdcf5bs9 174023 174022 2026-06-18T08:50:22Z Nnamadee 11577 174023 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''. '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref> Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.<ref>Lang, Chris; Hildyard, Nick; Geary, Kate; Grainger, Matthew (28 February 2000). "Lahmeyer International". Dams Incorporated. The Corner House</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.<ref>Hoover, Ryan (2001). Pipe Dreams - The World Bank's Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho (PDF) (Report). International Rivers Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2007.</ref> E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.[7] Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> grpy408jukfcgudzjdny0yiq4velxb6 174024 174023 2026-06-18T08:50:47Z Nnamadee 11577 174024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''. '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref> Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.<ref>Lang, Chris; Hildyard, Nick; Geary, Kate; Grainger, Matthew (28 February 2000). "Lahmeyer International". Dams Incorporated. The Corner House</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.<ref>Hoover, Ryan (2001). Pipe Dreams - The World Bank's Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho (PDF) (Report). International Rivers Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2007.</ref> E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.<ref>Letsie, M.; Allopi, D.; Osorio, A.; Goldschmith, A.; Edelman, D. A. (July 2008). "Maqalika Reservoir: utilisation and sustainability of Maqalika Reservoir as a source of potable water supply for Maseru in Lesotho". IMIESA. 33 (7): 23–33. hdl:10204/4170. ISSN 0257-1978.</ref> Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii.[citation needed] Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.[8] Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> ostp2zvywgfgv90cr6jg69t80iwkudc 174025 174024 2026-06-18T08:51:26Z Nnamadee 11577 174025 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''. '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref> Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.<ref>Lang, Chris; Hildyard, Nick; Geary, Kate; Grainger, Matthew (28 February 2000). "Lahmeyer International". Dams Incorporated. The Corner House</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.<ref>Hoover, Ryan (2001). Pipe Dreams - The World Bank's Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho (PDF) (Report). International Rivers Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2007.</ref> E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.<ref>Letsie, M.; Allopi, D.; Osorio, A.; Goldschmith, A.; Edelman, D. A. (July 2008). "Maqalika Reservoir: utilisation and sustainability of Maqalika Reservoir as a source of potable water supply for Maseru in Lesotho". IMIESA. 33 (7): 23–33. hdl:10204/4170. ISSN 0257-1978.</ref> Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.<ref>Kolver, Leandi (27 March 2014). "Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase 2 launched". Engineering News.</ref> Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi. [9] == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> ddlgqzn0mr72x35strtxebab3aa4ury 174026 174025 2026-06-18T08:52:01Z Nnamadee 11577 174026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''. '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref> Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.<ref>Lang, Chris; Hildyard, Nick; Geary, Kate; Grainger, Matthew (28 February 2000). "Lahmeyer International". Dams Incorporated. The Corner House</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.<ref>Hoover, Ryan (2001). Pipe Dreams - The World Bank's Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho (PDF) (Report). International Rivers Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2007.</ref> E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.<ref>Letsie, M.; Allopi, D.; Osorio, A.; Goldschmith, A.; Edelman, D. A. (July 2008). "Maqalika Reservoir: utilisation and sustainability of Maqalika Reservoir as a source of potable water supply for Maseru in Lesotho". IMIESA. 33 (7): 23–33. hdl:10204/4170. ISSN 0257-1978.</ref> Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.<ref>Kolver, Leandi (27 March 2014). "Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase 2 launched". Engineering News.</ref> Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi.<ref>Earle, Anton; Turton, Anthony (2005). Corruption on the Lesotho Highlands Water Project - a case study (PDF). World Water Week 2005. Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007.</ref> == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.[15] * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> he68uxueuoljv5jx3ckvxuiu9joep9w 174027 174026 2026-06-18T08:53:10Z Nnamadee 11577 174027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''. '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref> Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.<ref>Lang, Chris; Hildyard, Nick; Geary, Kate; Grainger, Matthew (28 February 2000). "Lahmeyer International". Dams Incorporated. The Corner House</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.<ref>Hoover, Ryan (2001). Pipe Dreams - The World Bank's Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho (PDF) (Report). International Rivers Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2007.</ref> E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.<ref>Letsie, M.; Allopi, D.; Osorio, A.; Goldschmith, A.; Edelman, D. A. (July 2008). "Maqalika Reservoir: utilisation and sustainability of Maqalika Reservoir as a source of potable water supply for Maseru in Lesotho". IMIESA. 33 (7): 23–33. hdl:10204/4170. ISSN 0257-1978.</ref> Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.<ref>Kolver, Leandi (27 March 2014). "Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase 2 launched". Engineering News.</ref> Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi.<ref>Earle, Anton; Turton, Anthony (2005). Corruption on the Lesotho Highlands Water Project - a case study (PDF). World Water Week 2005. Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007.</ref> == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.<ref>"LHWP Phase II - Milestones". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015</ref> * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020[13][16] Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.[12] E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> gbksmbhkfw5qd0jq9ago7cvr0k7vin5 174028 174027 2026-06-18T08:54:21Z Nnamadee 11577 174028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''. '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref> Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.<ref>Lang, Chris; Hildyard, Nick; Geary, Kate; Grainger, Matthew (28 February 2000). "Lahmeyer International". Dams Incorporated. The Corner House</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.<ref>Hoover, Ryan (2001). Pipe Dreams - The World Bank's Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho (PDF) (Report). International Rivers Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2007.</ref> E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.<ref>Letsie, M.; Allopi, D.; Osorio, A.; Goldschmith, A.; Edelman, D. A. (July 2008). "Maqalika Reservoir: utilisation and sustainability of Maqalika Reservoir as a source of potable water supply for Maseru in Lesotho". IMIESA. 33 (7): 23–33. hdl:10204/4170. ISSN 0257-1978.</ref> Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.<ref>Kolver, Leandi (27 March 2014). "Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase 2 launched". Engineering News.</ref> Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi.<ref>Earle, Anton; Turton, Anthony (2005). Corruption on the Lesotho Highlands Water Project - a case study (PDF). World Water Week 2005. Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007.</ref> == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane ; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse ; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku ; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008 ; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011 ; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.<ref>"LHWP Phase II - Milestones". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015</ref> * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020<ref>Oirere, Shem (April 2021). "Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects". Underground Construction. Vol. 76, no. 4. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-08-17.</ref> Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi : "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.<ref>Moraes, Chriselle (2023-05-25). "Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project". Construct Africa.</ref> E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.[18] == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> 5rm6sjw55dd7qgcigsvhsc3xd259md3 174030 174028 2026-06-18T08:56:40Z Nnamadee 11577 174030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''. '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref> Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.<ref>Lang, Chris; Hildyard, Nick; Geary, Kate; Grainger, Matthew (28 February 2000). "Lahmeyer International". Dams Incorporated. The Corner House</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.<ref>Hoover, Ryan (2001). Pipe Dreams - The World Bank's Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho (PDF) (Report). International Rivers Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2007.</ref> E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.<ref>Letsie, M.; Allopi, D.; Osorio, A.; Goldschmith, A.; Edelman, D. A. (July 2008). "Maqalika Reservoir: utilisation and sustainability of Maqalika Reservoir as a source of potable water supply for Maseru in Lesotho". IMIESA. 33 (7): 23–33. hdl:10204/4170. ISSN 0257-1978.</ref> Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.<ref>Kolver, Leandi (27 March 2014). "Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase 2 launched". Engineering News.</ref> Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi.<ref>Earle, Anton; Turton, Anthony (2005). Corruption on the Lesotho Highlands Water Project - a case study (PDF). World Water Week 2005. Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007.</ref> == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.<ref>"LHWP Phase II - Milestones". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015</ref> * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020<ref>Oirere, Shem (April 2021). "Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects". Underground Construction. Vol. 76, no. 4. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-08-17.</ref> Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi: "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.<ref>Moraes, Chriselle (2023-05-25). "Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project". Construct Africa.</ref> E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.<ref>Inès Magoum (23 August 2023). "BRICS Summit: $170m announced for the LHWP water project in South Africa". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</ref> == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).[19] == Tuugnorgal == <references /> fl9q8v6gkemgpu8k5kscwui8q87s5tm 174032 174030 2026-06-18T08:58:03Z Nnamadee 11577 174032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:katse dam intake tower.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam reservoir and intake tower]] [[File:WIRTH 529 Telescopic Shielded TBM.JPG|thumb|A 320 metre long WIRTH 529 tunnel boring machine used on the project]] [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|thumb|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] '''Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho''' (LHWP) ko eɓɓaande jokkiinde e ndiyam, jogiinde geɗel gootel e doole ndiyam, ƴellitaaɗo e ballondiral hakkunde laamuuji Lesotho e Afrik worgo. Ina waɗi njuɓɓudi baraasuuji mawɗi e tunneluuji keewɗi e nder leydi Lesoto fof, ina yettina ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal to Afrik worgo. To leydi Lesoto, ina hawra e maayooji Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senkuyan, e Senqu. Ko kañum woni peeje ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik ngam jolnude ndiyam. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko rokkude Lesotho lowre ngalu ngam waylude rokkude ndiyam Afrik worgo, kam e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam ngam Lesotho.<ref>"Home | LHDA". www.lhda.org.ls. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref> Haa hitaande 2015, njoɓdi ndi Afrik worgo yoɓi laamu Lesotho ko ina tolnoo e 780 miliyoŋ ugiyya, ɗum noon ko hedde 5% e ngalu leydi Lesotho tawa ko e njoɓdi.<ref>Rousselot, Yannick (31 December 2015). "Upstream Flows of Water: from the Lesotho Highlands to Metropolitan South Africa: Territorialities and Hydropolitics in Southern Africa". Revue de géographie alpine (103–3). doi:10.4000/rga.3023.</ref> Doole ndiyam-elektrik addani leydi Lesoto waawde huutoraade hoore mum e peewnugol kuuraa, kono tan, ƴaañgol ngol ina jeyaa heen ŋakkeende nguura yimɓe woppitiiɓe e batte mum ekolosii.<ref>Keketso, Lawrence (February 2003). "The Mixed Blessings of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project: An Assessment Based on Local Perspectives". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0007:TMBOTL]2.0.CO;2.</ref> == Tariya == Eɓɓooje ngam sosde baraas e nokku hee, ko komisariyaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer e oon sahaa, Sir Evelyn Baring, ardii ɗum e kitaale 1950, caggal nde injenieer siwil Afrik worgo biyeteeɗo Ninham Shand miijii ɗum e fuɗɗoode, nde o waɗata wiɗtooji ɗi laamu Angalteer yamiri e nder maayooji Lesotho.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 45 (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</ref> No miijo ngo fuɗɗorii nii, eɓɓaande ndee anndiranoo ko Oxbow Scheme.<ref>Unknown (1970). "Obituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''. '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref> Caggal nde wiɗto waɗaango hakkunde lewru ut 1983 e lewru ut 1986, e nder fedde wiyeteende Lahmeyer MacDonald, hakkunde Almaañ e Angalteer, eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede haa laaɓi.<ref>Lang, Chris; Hildyard, Nick; Geary, Kate; Grainger, Matthew (28 February 2000). "Lahmeyer International". Dams Incorporated. The Corner House</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina wiyee waɗii batte bonɗe e renndo e nokkuuji. So tawii njoɓdi ndii ina rokka e mbaadiiji keewɗi, ina yoɓee e teemedde seeɗa galleeji ɗi baraas oo toɗɗii ɗii, ina woodi ñiŋooje wonde ɗum ŋakkaani.<ref>Hoover, Ryan (2001). Pipe Dreams - The World Bank's Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho (PDF) (Report). International Rivers Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2007.</ref> E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, ndiyam ummoriiɗam e peeje ɗee ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Mohokare (Caledon) ngam rokkude Maseru ndiyam e sahaaji ŋakkeende mawnde.<ref>Letsie, M.; Allopi, D.; Osorio, A.; Goldschmith, A.; Edelman, D. A. (July 2008). "Maqalika Reservoir: utilisation and sustainability of Maqalika Reservoir as a source of potable water supply for Maseru in Lesotho". IMIESA. 33 (7): 23–33. hdl:10204/4170. ISSN 0257-1978.</ref> Baraasuuji kesi zi kebbinii no njiyru-zen nih, kadi vursugol ndiyam ummoraade e baraasuuji zi e nder maayooji les zi ina jokki e peeje peewnaaze ngam hisnude ballal ekolosii. Ndee ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ilna e Senqu (Orange) tawa ina reena ngonka ekolosii ina naftoroo tan renndooji gonɗi e saraaji maayooji ɗii. Eɓɓaande ndee waɗii batte keewɗe e njuɓɓudi Lesotho, sibu teemedde kiloomeeteeruuji laabi pawaaɗi e inndeeji ɗii mahaama ngam moƴƴinde jokkondiral e nokkuuji mahdi ceertuɗi ɗii, yantude e laabi 'feeder' ɗi pawaaka ɗii e saraaji baraasuuji ɗii.<ref>Kolver, Leandi (27 March 2014). "Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase 2 launched". Engineering News.</ref> Gila nde eɓɓaande ndee sosaa, ina dogni e fenaande, ɗum addani ɗum waɗde ñaawirɗe keewɗe, tawi ina jeyaa heen yimɓe e sosiyeteeji keewɗi.<ref>Earle, Anton; Turton, Anthony (2005). Corruption on the Lesotho Highlands Water Project - a case study (PDF). World Water Week 2005. Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007.</ref> == Feere eɓɓoore ndee == Les ɗo, ko limto mawngo e geɗe tati gadane eɓɓaande ndee. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Phase IA ! Phase IB ! Phase II ! Phase III |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Name | [[Katse Dam]] | [[Mohale Dam]] | [[Polihali Dam]]<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering">{{cite web| url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| title=LHWP Phase II - Engineering| publisher=Lesotho Highlands Development Authority| date=2015| access-date=1 October 2015| archive-date=3 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003032016/http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/engineeringcomponents.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Tsoelike Dam]] |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Dam height (m) | 185 | 145 | 165 | 155 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Power generation{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (MW) {{nobold|(installed capacity)}} | 110 | does not generate power | 3-8 (potentially)<ref name="LHWP Phase II - Engineering"/> | N/A |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Water transfer capacity{{Efn|The values are estimates based on the feasibility study, and may differ from the current or eventual values, respectively.|group=lower-alpha|name=estimate}} (m³/s) | 16.9 | 10.1 | 28.0{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | 8.6 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Transfer tunnels | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Delivery tunnels | Yes | No | No | No |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Completed | 1998<ref name="EIB">{{cite web |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/lesotho-highlands-water-project |website=European Investment Bank |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2002}}</ref> | 2003<ref name="EIB" /> | Under Construction (Estimated completion end of 2028)<ref name="Construct Africa">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Chriselle |title=Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project |url=https://www.constructafrica.com/news/construction-begins-phase-2-lesotho-highlands-water-project |work=Construct Africa |date=2023-05-25}}</ref> | No (On hold)<ref name="UConhold">{{cite news |last1=Oirere |first1=Shem |title=Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects |url=https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |work=Underground Construction |issue=4 |date=April 2021 |volume=76 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210253/https://ucononline.com/magazine/2021/april-2021-vol-76-no-4/features/pandemic-puts-hold-on-southern-africa-s-water-tunnel-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}} == Faandaare I == Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi denndaangal geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam ustude ndiyam e nder baraas Katse, heɓde kuuraa e yettinde ndiyam to Siistem maayo Vaal. Faandaare adannde ndee yuɓɓinaama no feewi mbele baraas Katse ina heddoo e jokkondiral gootal e faandaare woɗnde teskaande e nder wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede. E tuugnaade e feere fasaade, Faandaare I ndee ina waɗi Faandaare IA nde ina hawra e geɗe baawɗe wonde fof, e Faandaare IB nde ɓeydata ƴellitaare eɓɓaande ndee e ɓeydugol jolngooji ɗiɗi periferik woni Dam Mohale e Weir Matsoku. === Faandaare IA === Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 1998. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo baraas Katse to maayo Malibamatšo to leydi Lesoto. Tunnel jolngo 45 kiloomeeteer (28 mi) mahii gila e baraas Katse haa e weendu Muela. Reservoir Muela ina hiisee wonde ko weendu wutte, ko kañum rokkata Lesoto semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ummoraade e weendu Muela ko ɓuuɓol 37 kiloomeeteer (23 mi) jolngo haa e ɓuuɓol to maayo As ummoraade ɗo ndiyam ummotoo haa e baraas Vaal. Hay so tawii baraas Katse ina jogii mbaawka peewnugol semmbe ngam huutoraade e nder nokkuuji, faandaare mum adannde ko wonde restoraaji desorɗe ngam Fasaade IA, e rokkude vursugol e nder tunnel vursugol ngol. Ngam ustude majjere hoɗorde, Jardiin Botanique Katse sosaa ngam hoɗnude leɗɗe daɗnaaɗe e nokku mo ilam foti ɓuuɓde.[14] === Faandaare IB === * Ndeeɗoo daawal eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2002. Ko ɓuri heewde heen ko mahngo : * Baraas Mohale, baraas mawɗo no feewi, gonɗo e maayo Senqunyane; * Tunnel 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) hakkunde baraas Mohale e baraas Katse; * Pewnugol Weer Diwgol Matsoku; * Tunnel 5,7 kiloomeeteer (3,5 mi) ummoraade e weendu diƴƴe Matsoku haa e baraas Katse. * Siistem oo ina jokkondiri e mbaadi ndi ndiyam waawi nawde e banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ngam mooftude ɗum e nder Mohale walla nawde ɗum haa timma to Afrik worgo rewrude e weendu Katse. == Faandaare II == * E hitaande 2005, nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Afrik worgo e Lesoto siynaama ngam yahrude yeeso e wiɗtooji baawɗi waɗeede; * E hitaande 2006, wizto feewtungo golle ze fuzzii, joofi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2008; * Nanondiral ngam yuɓɓinde daawal ɗiɗmal ngal siifaama to Maseru ñalnde 11 ut 2011; * Udditgol mahngo Fase II waɗi ko to Tlokoeng ñalnde 27 marse 2014.<ref>"LHWP Phase II - Milestones". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015</ref> * Rafi COVID-19 waɗii mahngo ngoo leeltude. Pewnugol tunneluuji diƴƴe ngam damal Polihali fuɗɗaaki no haanirta nii e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2020<ref>Oirere, Shem (April 2021). "Pandemic Puts Hold on Southern Africa's Water Tunnel Projects". Underground Construction. Vol. 76, no. 4. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-08-17.</ref> Hooreejo fedde gollorde LHWP e nder njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA), Refiloe Tlali, wiyi: "baraas Polihali mo 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo maa mahaa les ɗo maayo Senqu e Khubelu kawri. Baras oo maa jogo 163 m.5 wall. Njuuteeki crest maa won 915 m, e tolno dokkal timmungal 2,075 m dow koye maayo A 49.5 m toowɗo saddle dam e spillway kadi maa maha."[17] So tawii fasaade 2 ndee joofiima, maa addan ko ina tolnoo e 400 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde e baraas Vaal, kadi maa ɗum addan keewal ndiyam ummoraade Lesoto feewde Afrik worgo, fotde 1,27 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo hitaande kala. Laamu Tunnel Trans Caledon maa mooftu ko ɓuri heewde e miliyaaruuji 40 ugiyya potɗi huutoreede ngam timminde fasaade 2.<ref>Moraes, Chriselle (2023-05-25). "Construction Begins On Phase 2 Of The Lesotho Highlands Water Project". Construct Africa.</ref> E lewru ut 2023, njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA) heɓi kaalis ummoraade e Banke Development Keso oo fotde 3,2 miliyaar ugiyya Afrik worgo (fotde 172 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik) ngam huutoraade ngam jokkude Faandaare 2. Ngalɗoo ñamaande ko ɓeydaare e kaalis 86,72 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ummoriiɗo e Banke Development goɗɗo oo iwdiiji. Kontraktoor innjiniyaaruuji, soodgol e mahngo (EPC) ko fedde nde ina waɗi Salini Impregilo e Koperatiif Muratori Cementistri (CMC di Ravenna), kam en fof ummorii ko Itali, Sosiyetee CMI Infrastructure mo Afrik worgo e LSP Construction mo Lesoto. Timminoore fasaade 2 ina ɗaminaa e hitaande 2028.<ref>Inès Magoum (23 August 2023). "BRICS Summit: $170m announced for the LHWP water project in South Africa". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</ref> == Faandaare caggal == [[File:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[As River]] Outfall is situated 9 km north of [[Clarens, Free State|Clarens]] and was opened in 1998. The As delivers water to the [[Saulspoort Dam]] and [[Liebenbergsvlei River|Liebenbergsvlei]] and [[Wilge River]]s beyond, where after the water enters the [[Vaal Dam]].]] [[File:Klein-Caledonrivieruitval, Clarens, Vrystaat.jpg|thumb|210px|right|The discharge point in the Little Caledon River east of Clarens, which serves as a conduit to the [[Caledon River|Caledon]] (or Mohokare) River.]] As initially conceived, three further dams were proposed further downstream after the Malibamatso joins the Senqu river, at Mashai, Tsoelike, and Ntoahae. E hitaande 2007, wiɗtooji goɗɗi mbaɗii waylo-waylo, ina ɗaɓɓi e nokku hee baraas e dow Senqu, dow maayo ummoraade e kawral mum e Malibamatso. Ko ɗum woni hannde ko ɓuri yiɗeede e ɓeydugol eɓɓaande ndee, hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo fuɗɗaaki tawo (tuggi noowammbar 2021).<ref>"The Lesotho Highlands Water Project: Environmental Flow Allocations in an International River" (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == <references /> f00jkdchyp4srux96mxxsrddpgmzzw9 0 42175 174034 2026-06-18T09:01:34Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.[1] Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.[2] Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innj..." 174034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.[1] Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.[2] Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." [3] == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.[4] Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.[5] Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto.[7] Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).[4] == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.[8][9] E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.[10] Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).[15] Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] honhgdqxajhtlgygbxzasonqb4byix5 174036 174034 2026-06-18T09:04:16Z Nnamadee 11577 174036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.[1] Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.[2] Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." [3] == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.[4] Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.[5] Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto.[7] Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).[4] == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.[8][9] E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.[10] Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).[15] Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.[17] == Tuugnorgal == 87lyhxorsutk2kbi3hhazknn5qxy5sg 174037 174036 2026-06-18T09:05:20Z Nnamadee 11577 174037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik. Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." [3] == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.[4] Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.[5] Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto.[7] Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).[4] == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.[8][9] E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.[10] Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).[15] Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.[17] == Tuugnorgal == qk1z173fgvk1k0pb8vaf7c8msydsp9b 174038 174037 2026-06-18T09:05:48Z Nnamadee 11577 174038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." [3] == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.[4] Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.[5] Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto.[7] Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).[4] == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.[8][9] E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.[10] Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).[15] Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.[17] == Tuugnorgal == o2o079e8hyia74sbxb8jt9pjtp5kak7 174039 174038 2026-06-18T09:06:20Z Nnamadee 11577 174039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.[4] Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.[5] Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto.[7] Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).[4] == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.[8][9] E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.[10] Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).[15] Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.[17] == Tuugnorgal == 3l7jcaw8r7f24i703pw3k6wkl58tya2 174040 174039 2026-06-18T09:08:22Z Nnamadee 11577 174040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.[5] Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto.[7] Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).[4] == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.[8][9] E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.[10] Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).[15] Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.[17] == Tuugnorgal == atd037t6k2xjto8z33djp2x21vrk65h 174041 174040 2026-06-18T09:08:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174041 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. H.5.1</ref> Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto.[7] Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).<ref name=":0" /> == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.[8][9] E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.[10] Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).[15] Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.[17] == Tuugnorgal == 2h3v251i4ifq65h5gbp8ph2t49t2v8r 174042 174041 2026-06-18T09:09:34Z Nnamadee 11577 174042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. H.5.1</ref> Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto. Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).<ref name=":0" /> == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.<ref>Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review. Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 9780620299190</nowiki>.</ref> E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.[10] Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).[15] Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.[17] == Tuugnorgal == 2i5ajxty62gcu2l19cvse4ggnw2225d 174043 174042 2026-06-18T09:10:11Z Nnamadee 11577 174043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. H.5.1</ref> Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto. Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).<ref name=":0" /> == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.<ref>Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review. Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 9780620299190</nowiki>.</ref> E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.<ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010, p. xiv</ref> Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).[15] Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.[17] == Tuugnorgal == sb9hnno193w64e8ve6s65sj7htlwoqo 174044 174043 2026-06-18T09:10:41Z Nnamadee 11577 174044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. H.5.1</ref> Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto. Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).<ref name=":0" /> == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.<ref>Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review. Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 9780620299190</nowiki>.</ref> E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.<ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010, p. xiv</ref> Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).<ref>Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Thomas Telford. 1997. pp. 13–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7277-2621-6</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.[17] == Tuugnorgal == r9yq97o5g2m7rupdo626lh69zpp5szd 174045 174044 2026-06-18T09:11:32Z Nnamadee 11577 174045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. H.5.1</ref> Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto. Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).<ref name=":0" /> == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.<ref>Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review. Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 9780620299190</nowiki>.</ref> E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.<ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010, p. xiv</ref> Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).<ref>Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Thomas Telford. 1997. pp. 13–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7277-2621-6</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.[16] === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.<ref>Bennett & McDowell 2012, p. 7</ref> == Tuugnorgal == e78d21qctvcav8vflzsl8cit3xc8f0y 174046 174045 2026-06-18T09:12:06Z Nnamadee 11577 174046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. H.5.1</ref> Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto. Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).<ref name=":0" /> == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.<ref>Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review. Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 9780620299190</nowiki>.</ref> E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.<ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010, p. xiv</ref> Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).<ref>Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Thomas Telford. 1997. pp. 13–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7277-2621-6</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.<ref>"Mohale Dam". Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015</ref> === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.[16] == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.<ref>Bennett & McDowell 2012, p. 7</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 2imv5ixc1ao5flkvez6ibn8keffjexx 174047 174046 2026-06-18T09:12:33Z Nnamadee 11577 174047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. H.5.1</ref> Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto. Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).<ref name=":0" /> == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.<ref>Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review. Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 9780620299190</nowiki>.</ref> E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.<ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010, p. xiv</ref> Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee.[11][12] Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).[14] Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.[11][12] == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria.[7] Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).<ref>Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Thomas Telford. 1997. pp. 13–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7277-2621-6</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E".[6] === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.<ref>"Mohale Dam". Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015</ref> === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.<ref>"Mohale Dam". Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015</ref> == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.<ref>Bennett & McDowell 2012, p. 7</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 9ic7fyqc72hmv8q4j3p42np7gysl0z4 174048 174047 2026-06-18T09:14:23Z Nnamadee 11577 174048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. H.5.1</ref> Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto. Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).<ref name=":0" /> == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.<ref>Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review. Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 9780620299190</nowiki>.</ref> E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.<ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010, p. xiv</ref> Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee. Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).<ref>"Welcome to the Lesotho Highlands Water Commission". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.<ref>"About LHWC". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority.</ref> == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria. Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).<ref>Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Thomas Telford. 1997. pp. 13–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7277-2621-6</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E". === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.<ref>"Mohale Dam". Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015</ref> === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.<ref>"Mohale Dam". Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015</ref> == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.<ref>Bennett & McDowell 2012, p. 7</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 2y0ldhw4qplwoytyoug2w671xbffd59 174051 174048 2026-06-18T09:18:08Z Nnamadee 11577 174051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Mohale''' ko baraas keewɗo kaaƴe, mo yeeso mum woni beton, to leydi Lesoto. Ko baraas ɗiɗaɓo, e nder Faandaare 1B e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Welcome to LHWP Phase I". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee mahiraa ko miliyaaruuji 1,5 dolaar Amerik.<ref>McDonald 2004, p. 224</ref> Dam Mohale hokkaama njeenaari Fulton Awards nder hitaande 2005 diga Concrete Society of Africa ngam o mari "Eɓɓoore Innjiniyaaku Mahingo ɓurnde wooɗugo e Karallaaku Mahingo ɓurduɗum." <ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010</ref> == Geography == Baraas oo mahiraa ko e maayo Senqunyane les ɗo o hawrata e maayo hirnaange, maayo Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. 37.</ref> Wiɗtooji nokku baraas oo e nder "Toowɗe Lesotho" kollitii "waalooji cirƴaaɗi, ɓuuɓɗi banngeeji" ɗo ɓuuɓri leydi ndii ɓuuɓri, tawa ko ɓuuɓri basaltik ɓuri heewde.<ref>Consortium & Consortium 1986, p. H.5.1</ref> Nokku baraas oo ina anndaa e sifaaji ɗiɗi geologique ɗi ŋakkeende ina haani peeje safaara.[6] Baraas oo ina woni 100 kiloomeeteer (62 mi) to fuɗnaange Maseru, woni laamorgo leydi Lesoto. Baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku ɓuuɓɗo fotde 938 kiloomeeteer kaaree (362 miil kaaree) e dow njuuteendi maayo 60 kiloomeeteer kaaree (37 miil) e mbayliigu toowngu 1 050 meeteer (3 440 ft).<ref name=":0" /> == Ɓawo == Nafoore mbaawkaaji ndiyam mawɗi leydi ndii, ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu leydi ndi. Caggal mum, gardiiɗo golle laamu, ɗaɓɓiri injenieer gooto nde ƴeewtotoo mbaawka eɓɓaande ndee, tawa ina waawi ɓeydude haajuuji ndiyam e nder laylayti kaŋŋe Afrik worgo.<ref>Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review. Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 9780620299190</nowiki>.</ref> E hitaande 1983, Banke Adunaajo fuɗɗii gollinde eɓɓaande ndee. Faandaare adannde ndee ina soomi yoga e geze peeje teeŋtuze e evvoore ndee, tawi noon kaalis Faandaare IB ndee ina soomi tan ko peewnugol inndeeji e toppitagol golle mawze ze, kono ko njuvvudi njuvvudi e nder njuvvudi annduve e fannu inndeeji e fannuuji taariindi e renndo evvoore ndee. Banke ƴellitaare Afrik worgo (DBSA), Banke Oropnaajo (IIB), e njuɓɓudi njulaagu (Export Credit) kadi njokkondirii ngam wallitde eɓɓaande ndee.<ref>Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010, p. xiv</ref> Eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP) sosaa, tawi faandaare mum ko rokkude ndiyam e diiwaan Gauteng to Afrik worgo e ngam heɓde doole ndiyam ngam heɓde haajuuji Lesotho. Nanondiral siynaangal hakkunde laamu Lesotho e Afrik worgo rokki lampa kaa, kippu oo sosaa ngam yuɓɓinde eɓɓaande ndee. Nanondiral ngal ina fawii e Fasaade IA e IB tan.[13] Hukuuma Tunnel Trans-Caledon (TCTA), halfinaande geɗe gollal e toppitagol eɓɓaande ndee, ina ardii sosde ɓurnde mawnude e Hukuuma ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA).<ref>"Welcome to the Lesotho Highlands Water Commission". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminii waylude ndiyam e nder nokkuuji toowɗi leydi ndii rewrude e baraasuuji tati ; ɗiɗi e les Faandaare I (Faandaare I A -Baraas Katse e Faandaare II - Baraas Mohale) e Baraas Polihali e les Faandaare II. Pewnugol baraasuuji Fase I ɗii timminaama e hitaande 2003, ɗi puɗɗii golle e hitaande 2004.<ref>"About LHWC". Lesotho Highlands Development Authority.</ref> == Tagle == Dam Mohale gonɗo e les Fase I B LHWP, ina foti waylude fotde 70 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (2 500 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala e nder desorɗe dam Katse. Ndiyam ɗam ina yahdi e haajuuji diiwaan Gauteng mo hawri e gure njulaagu e njulaagu Johannesburg e Pretoria. Doggol ngol rewrude e weendu nduu ko 9,5 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (340 cu ft) e leƴƴannde kala ngol ngol rewata ko e ɓuuɓol teddeendi rewrude e tunnel jokkondirngel ngel limre beton njuuteendi mum ko 32 kiloomeeteer (20 mi) e njaajeendi nder mum ko 3,4 meeteer (11 ft).<ref>Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Thomas Telford. 1997. pp. 13–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7277-2621-6</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas Mohale ina limtee e baraas toowɗo, e 145 meeteer (476 ft) toowɗo, ina wiyee ko baraas ɓurɗo toowde e nder Afrik, keewɗo kaaƴe (CFRD). Nde mahiraa ko no baraas embankment mo kaaƴe-fill beton-face to bannge dow. Ko woni e nder mbaydi baraas oo ko 7,5 miliyoŋ m3. Baraas oo ina waɗi njuuteendi 700 meeter (2 300 ft) e 12 meeter (39 ft) njaajeendi ŋorol ngol. Laana ndiwoowa, ka woni e bannge nano baraas oo, alaa dame, ilam ina rewa e dow ŋoral laylaytol ngol e mbaadi ogee, rewrude e ŋoral liggorgal beton, ina waɗi ɓuuɓri flip e basin stilling to terminal mum. Ko ɓuuɓol beton ngol waɗiraa ko ngam ɓuuɓnude ilam fotde 6 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo) e leƴƴannde kala. === Peeje kisal === [[File:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|right|thumb|The Mohale Dam]] Feere geologique to nokku baraas oo ƴeewtaama ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi diwde. Peeje safaara kuutoraaɗe ngam haɓaade ndeeɗoo ngonka ina mbaɗi ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri 15 meeter (49 ft) njaajeendi e 2 meeter (6 ft 7 in) luggiɗde les ɓuuɓri toɓɓere nde fotnoo wonde "socle" beton. Rido grout kadi sosaa ko e "lineament" (laana fault) e galle grouting ngam faandaare nde ina sudda feccere lesre e embankment haa e nokku toe-slab sara lineament. "Socle" e toe-slab fof ina mbaɗi jokkondire dille baɗɗe 20 milimeeteer (0,79 in) kaɓirɗe ɓuuɓɗe e jokkondire ndiyam PVC. Laral fillo leydi kadi ina lelnaa e dow feccere dowri toɓɓere toɓɓere dow njaajeendi 70 meeteer (230 ft), e dow bannge les ina waɗi geo-tekstil e "filteruuji rewrude e huunde 2D e 2E". === Kofferdams wakkatiiji e mbayliigu maayo === Kofferdam 300 000m3 mo sahaa mum, ina waɗi ko adii koferdam, mahaa ko e cagataagal hitaande 1999. Diwgol maayo ngol waɗiraa ko e tunneluuji ɗiɗi diwgol beton, peewnaaɗi e bannge nano. Tunneluuji diwtuɗi ɗii ko 650 meeter (2 130 ft) e 560 meeter (1 840 ft) njuuteendi, ina njogii njuuteendi 6,70 e 5,50 meeter (22,0 ft × 18,0 ft).[7][16] Naatgol ndiyam ngol ina woni e kilooji 5 (3.1 mi) dow yeeso baraas oo to bannge nano.<ref>"Mohale Dam". Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015</ref> === Hawre === Ko ina tolnoo e 13 000m3 kaaƴe ina waɗee ñalnde kala. Kaaƴe ɗiɗi kuutoraa ; gooto ngam rokkude ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe ɗee ngam heblude kaaƴe ɗee, goɗɗo o ngam basalt doleritik ɓurɗo toowde kuutorteeɗo e nder laylayti aggregat beton e filtirde e nder baraas oo. === Goonga === Hakke beton gonɗo e nder baraas oo ko 30 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1 100 000 cu ft). Beton gonɗo dow yeeso baraas oo mahaa ko e sahaa gooto e tolnooji ɗiɗi. Feccere lesre ndee e lefol beton ngol lelnaama haa tataɓe ɗiɗi tooweeki baraas oo gila les, dow tataɓal gootal yeeso kadi lelnaama e sahaa gooto. Ngolɗoo laawol mahngo keeriiɗo wallitii timminde baraas oo ko yaawi. Ina wiyee wonde baraas oo ina jeyaa e baraasuuji sappo ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, ɗi mbaydi beton.<ref>"Mohale Dam". Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015</ref> == Summbirde == Suɓngo eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi heen geɗe ndema ɓurɗe moƴƴude e nokku hee. Eɓɓaande ndee ina toɗɗii 390 galle e fotde 1700 neɗɗo.<ref>Bennett & McDowell 2012, p. 7</ref> == Tuugnorgal == gpzbrk8qlwy7j9xu9u87gh64leupzt3 0 42176 174049 2026-06-18T09:15:47Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174049 wikitext text/x-wiki Norm Schachter (30 abriil 1914 – 2 oktoobar 2004), jibinaa ko Brooklyn, New York, ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) fotde duuɓi 22 tuggi 1954 haa 1975 arbiter pottital gadanal fuku koyɗe jamma altine, e hitaande 1970. Schachter golliima kadi pottital kawgel NFL 1967, jooni ko heewi wiyeede ko Ice Bowl. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 56. Nguurndam Schachter heɓi doktoraa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Alfred to New York, o woniino coftuɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e jannginoowo Engele nde o fuɗɗii ardaade pijirlooji nokkuuji ɗii e hitaande 1941 to Redlands, Kaliforni. Caggal nde o heɓi dipolom makko e Alfred e hitaande 1937, Schachter golliima e konu Marine e wolde adunaare ɗimmere. Caggal nde o waɗi golle e nder konu ndiyam, o arti e jannginde e jannginde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leuzinger to Lawndale e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Washington to Los Angeles. E nder golle makko goɗɗe, Schachter winndi defte janngirɗe sappo e ɗiɗi e ɗemngal Engele e kelme, o wonno cukko hooreejo sukaaɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Robert Fulton to wuro Los Angeles e nder falnde San Fernando, o woniino hooreejo gadano to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Richard E. Byrd to Sun Valley, Kaliforni, o woniino gardiiɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Los Angeles, caggal ɗuum o wonnoo ko gardiiɗo nokku to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Los Angeles. Golle makko e NFL puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1954 nde komisariyaajo Bert Bell e oon sahaa ƴetti mo e 100 dolaar e kala pottital e gartirgol pottital jeeɗiɗi. Schachter woppii golle gardiiɗo caggal Super Bowl X e hitaande 1976, kono o jokki e gollodaade e NFL. O winndi deftere kuule ligue, o walli winndude deftere ardiiɓe, o winndi ekkolaaji yontere kala ngam ardiiɓe ekipaaji. O golliima kadi e ƴeewoowo e jannginoowo ardiiɓe kesi. O wonii gardiiɗo replay instant fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi. ko suudu mawndu fuku koyɗe Pro to Canton, Ohio. Schachter sankii ko ina yahra e duuɓi 90 to San Pedro, to Kaliforni. Defte Noddaali ɓadtiiɗi: Jaabawuuli ñaawoowo NFL, 1981 (ISBN 0-688-00794-5). Ngewte "Taa bonnu wakkati ngam miijaago hoore ma - woodi miliyonji yimɓe waɗooɓe ɗum ngam ma." Pijirlooji ciftorteeɗi Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e hitaande 1967 hakkunde Dallas Cowboys e Green Bay Packers to Lambeau Field to Green Bay, Wisconsin, ko caggal ɗuum anndiraa e daartol NFL ko "The Ice Bowl". Nguleeki henndu e sahaa pijirlooji ko -13 °F (-25 °C), henndu nduu ina tolnoo e -48 °F (-44 °C). Schachter wiyi e nder bayyinaango NFL Films e ndeeɗoo hiirde wonde kanko e terɗe fedde makko toppitiinde golle ɗee, ɓe poti ko soodde comci coofɗi e nder defterdu kaɓirɗe dingiral to Green Bay hade fijo ngoo waɗde ngam yiɗde heddaade e nguleeki. Hooreeɓe ɓee kadi mbaawaano huutoraade fijooji mum en caggal nde udditgol ngol fuɗɗii. No Schachter fuɗiri fijirde mum njamndi ngam hollitde fuɗɗoode fijo ngoo nii, nde ɓuuɓtii haa e daande makko. Nde o etotoo ittude 6uu6ol ngol e 6uu6ol makko, 6uu6ol ngol 6uu6i, 6uu6ol makko fucfcfii 6uu6de. Sarɗiiji ɗii ina mbonni haa ƴiiƴam ɗam, e oon sahaa, ƴiiƴam ɗam ina ɓuuɓtoo tan haa e hunuko makko. Ko heddii e fijo ngoo, ardiiɓe ɓee kuutoriima yamiroore daande "Stop!" e noddaali goɗɗi ceertuɗi ngam joofnude pijirlooji tawa ina njuɓɓina pottital ngal. Tuugnorgal afav7vjwhf1gbiac5e4yjhucaj3mm0i 174050 174049 2026-06-18T09:17:32Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Norm Schachter (30 abriil 1914 – 2 oktoobar 2004), jibinaa ko Brooklyn, New York, ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) fotde duuɓi 22 tuggi 1954 haa 1975 arbiter pottital gadanal fuku koyɗe jamma altine, e hitaande 1970. Schachter golliima kadi pottital kawgel NFL 1967, jooni ko heewi wiyeede ko Ice Bowl. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 56. Nguurndam Schachter heɓi doktoraa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Alfred to New York, o woniino coftuɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e jannginoowo Engele nde o fuɗɗii ardaade pijirlooji nokkuuji ɗii e hitaande 1941 to Redlands, Kaliforni. Caggal nde o heɓi dipolom makko e Alfred e hitaande 1937, Schachter golliima e konu Marine e wolde adunaare ɗimmere. Caggal nde o waɗi golle e nder konu ndiyam, o arti e jannginde e jannginde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leuzinger to Lawndale e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Washington to Los Angeles. E nder golle makko goɗɗe, Schachter winndi defte janngirɗe sappo e ɗiɗi e ɗemngal Engele e kelme, o wonno cukko hooreejo sukaaɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Robert Fulton to wuro Los Angeles e nder falnde San Fernando, o woniino hooreejo gadano to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Richard E. Byrd to Sun Valley, Kaliforni, o woniino gardiiɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Los Angeles, caggal ɗuum o wonnoo ko gardiiɗo nokku to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Los Angeles. Golle makko e NFL puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1954 nde komisariyaajo Bert Bell e oon sahaa ƴetti mo e 100 dolaar e kala pottital e gartirgol pottital jeeɗiɗi. Schachter woppii golle gardiiɗo caggal Super Bowl X e hitaande 1976, kono o jokki e gollodaade e NFL. O winndi deftere kuule ligue, o walli winndude deftere ardiiɓe, o winndi ekkolaaji yontere kala ngam ardiiɓe ekipaaji. O golliima kadi e ƴeewoowo e jannginoowo ardiiɓe kesi. O wonii gardiiɗo replay instant fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi. ko suudu mawndu fuku koyɗe Pro to Canton, Ohio. Schachter sankii ko ina yahra e duuɓi 90 to San Pedro, to Kaliforni. Defte Noddaali ɓadtiiɗi: Jaabawuuli ñaawoowo NFL, 1981 (ISBN 0-688-00794-5). Ngewte "Taa bonnu wakkati ngam miijaago hoore ma - woodi miliyonji yimɓe waɗooɓe ɗum ngam ma." Pijirlooji ciftorteeɗi Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e hitaande 1967 hakkunde Dallas Cowboys e Green Bay Packers to Lambeau Field to Green Bay, Wisconsin, ko caggal ɗuum anndiraa e daartol NFL ko "The Ice Bowl". Nguleeki henndu e sahaa pijirlooji ko -13 °F (-25 °C), henndu nduu ina tolnoo e -48 °F (-44 °C). Schachter wiyi e nder bayyinaango NFL Films e ndeeɗoo hiirde wonde kanko e terɗe fedde makko toppitiinde golle ɗee, ɓe poti ko soodde comci coofɗi e nder defterdu kaɓirɗe dingiral to Green Bay hade fijo ngoo waɗde ngam yiɗde heddaade e nguleeki. Hooreeɓe ɓee kadi mbaawaano huutoraade fijooji mum en caggal nde udditgol ngol fuɗɗii. No Schachter fuɗiri fijirde mum njamndi ngam hollitde fuɗɗoode fijo ngoo nii, nde ɓuuɓtii haa e daande makko. Nde o etotoo ittude 6uu6ol ngol e 6uu6ol makko, 6uu6ol ngol 6uu6i, 6uu6ol makko fucfcfii 6uu6de. Sarɗiiji ɗii ina mbonni haa ƴiiƴam ɗam, e oon sahaa, ƴiiƴam ɗam ina ɓuuɓtoo tan haa e hunuko makko. Ko heddii e fijo ngoo, ardiiɓe ɓee kuutoriima yamiroore daande "Stop!" e noddaali goɗɗi ceertuɗi ngam joofnude pijirlooji tawa ina njuɓɓina pottital ngal. Tuugnorgal mttrcwxs7bp1suyt6w93wmnisw1mm1m 174052 174050 2026-06-18T09:19:22Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Norm Schachter''' (30 abriil 1914 – 2 oktoobar 2004), jibinaa ko Brooklyn, New York, ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) fotde duuɓi 22 tuggi 1954 haa 1975 arbiter pottital gadanal fuku koyɗe jamma altine, e hitaande 1970. Schachter golliima kadi pottital kawgel NFL 1967, jooni ko heewi wiyeede ko Ice Bowl. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 56. == Nguurndam == Schachter heɓi doktoraa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Alfred to New York, o woniino coftuɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e jannginoowo Engele nde o fuɗɗii ardaade pijirlooji nokkuuji ɗii e hitaande 1941 to Redlands, Kaliforni. Caggal nde o heɓi dipolom makko e Alfred e hitaande 1937, Schachter golliima e konu Marine e wolde adunaare ɗimmere. Caggal nde o waɗi golle e nder konu ndiyam, o arti e jannginde e jannginde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leuzinger to Lawndale e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Washington to Los Angeles. E nder golle makko goɗɗe, Schachter winndi defte janngirɗe sappo e ɗiɗi e ɗemngal Engele e kelme, o wonno cukko hooreejo sukaaɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Robert Fulton to wuro Los Angeles e nder falnde San Fernando, o woniino hooreejo gadano to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Richard E. Byrd to Sun Valley, Kaliforni, o woniino gardiiɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Los Angeles, caggal ɗuum o wonnoo ko gardiiɗo nokku to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Los Angeles. Golle makko e NFL puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1954 nde komisariyaajo Bert Bell e oon sahaa ƴetti mo e 100 dolaar e kala pottital e gartirgol pottital jeeɗiɗi. Schachter woppii golle gardiiɗo caggal Super Bowl X e hitaande 1976, kono o jokki e gollodaade e NFL. O winndi deftere kuule ligue, o walli winndude deftere ardiiɓe, o winndi ekkolaaji yontere kala ngam ardiiɓe ekipaaji. O golliima kadi e ƴeewoowo e jannginoowo ardiiɓe kesi. O wonii gardiiɗo replay instant fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi. ko suudu mawndu fuku koyɗe Pro to Canton, Ohio. Schachter sankii ko ina yahra e duuɓi 90 to San Pedro, to Kaliforni. == Defte == Noddaali ɓadtiiɗi: Jaabawuuli ñaawoowo NFL, 1981 (ISBN 0-688-00794-5). == Ngewte == "Taa bonnu wakkati ngam miijaago hoore ma - woodi miliyonji yimɓe waɗooɓe ɗum ngam ma." Pijirlooji ciftorteeɗi Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e hitaande 1967 hakkunde Dallas Cowboys e Green Bay Packers to Lambeau Field to Green Bay, Wisconsin, ko caggal ɗuum anndiraa e daartol NFL ko "The Ice Bowl". Nguleeki henndu e sahaa pijirlooji ko -13 °F (-25 °C), henndu nduu ina tolnoo e -48 °F (-44 °C). Schachter wiyi e nder bayyinaango NFL Films e ndeeɗoo hiirde wonde kanko e terɗe fedde makko toppitiinde golle ɗee, ɓe poti ko soodde comci coofɗi e nder defterdu kaɓirɗe dingiral to Green Bay hade fijo ngoo waɗde ngam yiɗde heddaade e nguleeki. Hooreeɓe ɓee kadi mbaawaano huutoraade fijooji mum en caggal nde udditgol ngol fuɗɗii. No Schachter fuɗiri fijirde mum njamndi ngam hollitde fuɗɗoode fijo ngoo nii, nde ɓuuɓtii haa e daande makko. Nde o etotoo ittude 6uu6ol ngol e 6uu6ol makko, 6uu6ol ngol 6uu6i, 6uu6ol makko fucfcfii 6uu6de. Sarɗiiji ɗii ina mbonni haa ƴiiƴam ɗam, e oon sahaa, ƴiiƴam ɗam ina ɓuuɓtoo tan haa e hunuko makko. Ko heddii e fijo ngoo, ardiiɓe ɓee kuutoriima yamiroore daande "Stop!" e noddaali goɗɗi ceertuɗi ngam joofnude pijirlooji tawa ina njuɓɓina pottital ngal. == Tuugnorgal == 68wsfq9mgvoyn4qu1tpjo7dsgsxxs32 174053 174052 2026-06-18T09:20:53Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Norm Schachter''' (30 abriil 1914 – 2 oktoobar 2004), jibinaa ko Brooklyn, New York, ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) fotde duuɓi 22 tuggi 1954 haa 1975 arbiter pottital gadanal fuku koyɗe jamma altine, e hitaande 1970. Schachter golliima kadi pottital kawgel NFL 1967, jooni ko heewi wiyeede ko Ice Bowl. O ɓoornii ko uniforme limoore 56.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McLellan|first=Dennis|date=2004-10-05|title=Norm Schachter, 90; Longtime NFL Referee Officiated at Super Bowl I|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-oct-05-me-schachter5-story.html|access-date=2024-02-17|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nguurndam == Schachter heɓi doktoraa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Alfred to New York, o woniino coftuɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e jannginoowo Engele nde o fuɗɗii ardaade pijirlooji nokkuuji ɗii e hitaande 1941 to Redlands, Kaliforni. Caggal nde o heɓi dipolom makko e Alfred e hitaande 1937, Schachter golliima e konu Marine e wolde adunaare ɗimmere. Caggal nde o waɗi golle e nder konu ndiyam, o arti e jannginde e jannginde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leuzinger to Lawndale e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Washington to Los Angeles. E nder golle makko goɗɗe, Schachter winndi defte janngirɗe sappo e ɗiɗi e ɗemngal Engele e kelme, o wonno cukko hooreejo sukaaɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Robert Fulton to wuro Los Angeles e nder falnde San Fernando, o woniino hooreejo gadano to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Richard E. Byrd to Sun Valley, Kaliforni, o woniino gardiiɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Los Angeles, caggal ɗuum o wonnoo ko gardiiɗo nokku to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Los Angeles. Golle makko e NFL puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1954 nde komisariyaajo Bert Bell e oon sahaa ƴetti mo e 100 dolaar e kala pottital e gartirgol pottital jeeɗiɗi. Schachter woppii golle gardiiɗo caggal Super Bowl X e hitaande 1976, kono o jokki e gollodaade e NFL. O winndi deftere kuule ligue, o walli winndude deftere ardiiɓe, o winndi ekkolaaji yontere kala ngam ardiiɓe ekipaaji. O golliima kadi e ƴeewoowo e jannginoowo ardiiɓe kesi. O wonii gardiiɗo replay instant fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi. ko suudu mawndu fuku koyɗe Pro to Canton, Ohio. Schachter sankii ko ina yahra e duuɓi 90 to San Pedro, to Kaliforni. == Defte == Noddaali ɓadtiiɗi: Jaabawuuli ñaawoowo NFL, 1981 (ISBN 0-688-00794-5). == Ngewte == "Taa bonnu wakkati ngam miijaago hoore ma - woodi miliyonji yimɓe waɗooɓe ɗum ngam ma." Pijirlooji ciftorteeɗi Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e hitaande 1967 hakkunde Dallas Cowboys e Green Bay Packers to Lambeau Field to Green Bay, Wisconsin, ko caggal ɗuum anndiraa e daartol NFL ko "The Ice Bowl". Nguleeki henndu e sahaa pijirlooji ko -13 °F (-25 °C), henndu nduu ina tolnoo e -48 °F (-44 °C). Schachter wiyi e nder bayyinaango NFL Films e ndeeɗoo hiirde wonde kanko e terɗe fedde makko toppitiinde golle ɗee, ɓe poti ko soodde comci coofɗi e nder defterdu kaɓirɗe dingiral to Green Bay hade fijo ngoo waɗde ngam yiɗde heddaade e nguleeki. Hooreeɓe ɓee kadi mbaawaano huutoraade fijooji mum en caggal nde udditgol ngol fuɗɗii. No Schachter fuɗiri fijirde mum njamndi ngam hollitde fuɗɗoode fijo ngoo nii, nde ɓuuɓtii haa e daande makko. Nde o etotoo ittude 6uu6ol ngol e 6uu6ol makko, 6uu6ol ngol 6uu6i, 6uu6ol makko fucfcfii 6uu6de. Sarɗiiji ɗii ina mbonni haa ƴiiƴam ɗam, e oon sahaa, ƴiiƴam ɗam ina ɓuuɓtoo tan haa e hunuko makko. Ko heddii e fijo ngoo, ardiiɓe ɓee kuutoriima yamiroore daande "Stop!" e noddaali goɗɗi ceertuɗi ngam joofnude pijirlooji tawa ina njuɓɓina pottital ngal. == Tuugnorgal == 5v3w58wv764tog0vhlrujdx6i6g0w5z 0 42177 174054 2026-06-18T09:21:52Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Polihali''' ko baraas mo kaaƴe keewɗe ina mahi e nder leydi Lesotho.[1] Ko baraas tataɓo, e les njiimaandi Faandaare II e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.[1] Tunnel Transfer Polihali, jokkondiroowo e ooɗoo baraas e baraas Katse (toɓɓere fotnde LHWP), ina waɗi njuuteendi 38 kiloomeeteer, tawi njuuteendi mum ko meeteruuji..." 174054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Polihali''' ko baraas mo kaaƴe keewɗe ina mahi e nder leydi Lesotho.[1] Ko baraas tataɓo, e les njiimaandi Faandaare II e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.[1] Tunnel Transfer Polihali, jokkondiroowo e ooɗoo baraas e baraas Katse (toɓɓere fotnde LHWP), ina waɗi njuuteendi 38 kiloomeeteer, tawi njuuteendi mum ko meeteruuji joy.[2] Ndeeɗoo tunnel maa naw ndiyam e dow ŋorol (gravité) ummoraade e weeyo Polihali haa e weeyo Katse. Gila Katse, ndiyam ɗam nawtetee ko e nokku biyeteeɗo Muela mo Faas I, caggal ɗuum ɗam nawtee ko e maayo As e laawol feewde Gauteng, Afrik worgo.[3] == Yahde yeeso == Daawe ɗiɗaɓere eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho ina hawra e mahngo baraas Polihali, e tunnel Transfer Polihali, eɓɓaande ndiyam Oxbow, e ponte tati mawɗe.[4] Ɓeydude 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e mbaawka mooftude, maa ɗum ɓeydu tolno nguleeki hitaande kala gila e 780 haa 1270 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo, ɗum noon ina hebbina ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam Afrik worgo, tawa ina ɓeyda mbaawka Lesoto e peewnugol semmbe.[3] Dokkal golle mahngo baraas Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 7,68 ugiyya), tunnel Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 9,2 ugiyya), e ponto Senqu (ɓurɗo mawnude e pontooji tati mawɗi peewnaaɗi ɗii) waɗi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2022.[3] Ko ɓuri heewde e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam ndeeɗoo daawal ɗiɗaɓal maa ummo e luumooji kaalis Afrik worgo, tawi ko njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans Caledon.[5] Sosde ngam yuurnitaade diisnondiral e mahngo Oxbow Hydropower Scheme fuɗɗiima e lewru marse 2023, woni lajal ngam rokkude bidsee konsulteeruuji inndeeji, nokkuuji e renndo. [3] Pewnugol baraas Polihali e hebbingol weendu nduu caggal mum maa hawru e ko ina tolnoo e 5 000 ektaar leydi keeriindi maayo Senqu e Khubela. Hedde 270 galle maa mbaɗtu hoɗde. Cuuɗi koɗki puɗɗiiɗi e nder diiwaan Mokhotlong ndokkaama e fuɗɗoode lewru abriil 2023, koɗki goɗɗi ina njokki nde hoɗɓe kesi timmaani.[4] Fedde Amnesty International jeertinii wonde eɓɓaande baraas Polihali ina waawi ustude fotde 8 000 neɗɗo e nder gure 35, tawi ina waawi bonnude galleeji mum en e nguura mum en. Fedde nde ina noddi laamuuji leydi Lesotho nde mbaɗtata hakkillaaji mum en e kala ko ina addana ɗum en waɗde feere mbele eɓɓaande dammbugal Polihali ina yahdi e sarɗiiji winndereeji jowitiiɗi e jojjanɗe aadee.[6] Yanti heen, binndanɗe keewɗe e nder nokkuuji ɗii kollitii wullitaango hoɗɓe ɓee. Ɗee kulhuli ina kawri e njoɓdi ndokketeendi leydi maɓɓe, e jokkondiral e daabaaji maɓɓe gonɗi e nder nokkuuji mahdi ɗii, e njoɓdi tokosiri rokketeendi gollotooɓe nokkuuji ɗii. [7] E lewru mee 2023, laamɗo Lesoto biyeteeɗo Letsie III e hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo Cyril Ramaphosa puɗɗii eɓɓaande ndee e dow laabi.[4] Lebbi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA) hollitii wonde ñalnde alet 4 ut 2023, kippu nguu heɓiino ƴellitde maayo Senqu rewrude e pre-cofferdam.[1] Faandaare pre-cofferdam ko ustude maayo ngoo e nder tunneluuji diwtuɗi, ngam tabitinde mahngo kisal kofferdam oo kam e fonndasiyoŋ baraas mawɗo oo. Faandaare ndee ko timminde cofferdam oo haa darorɗe lewru oktoobar 2023, caggal ɗuum puɗɗaa golle e baraas mawɗo oo. == Tuugnorgal == 2x6e82pktdsuixirp6dx5xqrsctt15k 174055 174054 2026-06-18T09:23:20Z Nnamadee 11577 174055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Polihali''' ko baraas mo kaaƴe keewɗe ina mahi e nder leydi Lesotho.<ref>"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Ko baraas tataɓo, e les njiimaandi Faandaare II e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Tunnel Transfer Polihali, jokkondiroowo e ooɗoo baraas e baraas Katse (toɓɓere fotnde LHWP), ina waɗi njuuteendi 38 kiloomeeteer, tawi njuuteendi mum ko meeteruuji joy.<ref>"Polihali Transfer Tunnel Update" (PDF). Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP).</ref> Ndeeɗoo tunnel maa naw ndiyam e dow ŋorol (gravité) ummoraade e weeyo Polihali haa e weeyo Katse. Gila Katse, ndiyam ɗam nawtetee ko e nokku biyeteeɗo Muela mo Faas I, caggal ɗuum ɗam nawtee ko e maayo As e laawol feewde Gauteng, Afrik worgo.[3] == Yahde yeeso == Daawe ɗiɗaɓere eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho ina hawra e mahngo baraas Polihali, e tunnel Transfer Polihali, eɓɓaande ndiyam Oxbow, e ponte tati mawɗe.[4] Ɓeydude 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e mbaawka mooftude, maa ɗum ɓeydu tolno nguleeki hitaande kala gila e 780 haa 1270 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo, ɗum noon ina hebbina ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam Afrik worgo, tawa ina ɓeyda mbaawka Lesoto e peewnugol semmbe.[3] Dokkal golle mahngo baraas Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 7,68 ugiyya), tunnel Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 9,2 ugiyya), e ponto Senqu (ɓurɗo mawnude e pontooji tati mawɗi peewnaaɗi ɗii) waɗi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2022.[3] Ko ɓuri heewde e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam ndeeɗoo daawal ɗiɗaɓal maa ummo e luumooji kaalis Afrik worgo, tawi ko njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans Caledon.[5] Sosde ngam yuurnitaade diisnondiral e mahngo Oxbow Hydropower Scheme fuɗɗiima e lewru marse 2023, woni lajal ngam rokkude bidsee konsulteeruuji inndeeji, nokkuuji e renndo. [3] Pewnugol baraas Polihali e hebbingol weendu nduu caggal mum maa hawru e ko ina tolnoo e 5 000 ektaar leydi keeriindi maayo Senqu e Khubela. Hedde 270 galle maa mbaɗtu hoɗde. Cuuɗi koɗki puɗɗiiɗi e nder diiwaan Mokhotlong ndokkaama e fuɗɗoode lewru abriil 2023, koɗki goɗɗi ina njokki nde hoɗɓe kesi timmaani.[4] Fedde Amnesty International jeertinii wonde eɓɓaande baraas Polihali ina waawi ustude fotde 8 000 neɗɗo e nder gure 35, tawi ina waawi bonnude galleeji mum en e nguura mum en. Fedde nde ina noddi laamuuji leydi Lesotho nde mbaɗtata hakkillaaji mum en e kala ko ina addana ɗum en waɗde feere mbele eɓɓaande dammbugal Polihali ina yahdi e sarɗiiji winndereeji jowitiiɗi e jojjanɗe aadee.[6] Yanti heen, binndanɗe keewɗe e nder nokkuuji ɗii kollitii wullitaango hoɗɓe ɓee. Ɗee kulhuli ina kawri e njoɓdi ndokketeendi leydi maɓɓe, e jokkondiral e daabaaji maɓɓe gonɗi e nder nokkuuji mahdi ɗii, e njoɓdi tokosiri rokketeendi gollotooɓe nokkuuji ɗii. [7] E lewru mee 2023, laamɗo Lesoto biyeteeɗo Letsie III e hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo Cyril Ramaphosa puɗɗii eɓɓaande ndee e dow laabi.[4] Lebbi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA) hollitii wonde ñalnde alet 4 ut 2023, kippu nguu heɓiino ƴellitde maayo Senqu rewrude e pre-cofferdam.[1] Faandaare pre-cofferdam ko ustude maayo ngoo e nder tunneluuji diwtuɗi, ngam tabitinde mahngo kisal kofferdam oo kam e fonndasiyoŋ baraas mawɗo oo. Faandaare ndee ko timminde cofferdam oo haa darorɗe lewru oktoobar 2023, caggal ɗuum puɗɗaa golle e baraas mawɗo oo. == Tuugnorgal == 0bt85wcn2xsp2hc22ou6o003ekcmknt 174057 174055 2026-06-18T09:23:47Z Nnamadee 11577 174057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Polihali''' ko baraas mo kaaƴe keewɗe ina mahi e nder leydi Lesotho.<ref>"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Ko baraas tataɓo, e les njiimaandi Faandaare II e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Tunnel Transfer Polihali, jokkondiroowo e ooɗoo baraas e baraas Katse (toɓɓere fotnde LHWP), ina waɗi njuuteendi 38 kiloomeeteer, tawi njuuteendi mum ko meeteruuji joy.<ref>"Polihali Transfer Tunnel Update" (PDF). Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP).</ref> Ndeeɗoo tunnel maa naw ndiyam e dow ŋorol (gravité) ummoraade e weeyo Polihali haa e weeyo Katse. Gila Katse, ndiyam ɗam nawtetee ko e nokku biyeteeɗo Muela mo Faas I, caggal ɗuum ɗam nawtee ko e maayo As e laawol feewde Gauteng, Afrik worgo.<ref>"Construction of Polihali Dam and Polihali Transfer Tunnel will start as contracts awarded". geoengineer.org. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</ref> == Yahde yeeso == Daawe ɗiɗaɓere eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho ina hawra e mahngo baraas Polihali, e tunnel Transfer Polihali, eɓɓaande ndiyam Oxbow, e ponte tati mawɗe.[4] Ɓeydude 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e mbaawka mooftude, maa ɗum ɓeydu tolno nguleeki hitaande kala gila e 780 haa 1270 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo, ɗum noon ina hebbina ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam Afrik worgo, tawa ina ɓeyda mbaawka Lesoto e peewnugol semmbe.[3] Dokkal golle mahngo baraas Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 7,68 ugiyya), tunnel Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 9,2 ugiyya), e ponto Senqu (ɓurɗo mawnude e pontooji tati mawɗi peewnaaɗi ɗii) waɗi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2022.[3] Ko ɓuri heewde e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam ndeeɗoo daawal ɗiɗaɓal maa ummo e luumooji kaalis Afrik worgo, tawi ko njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans Caledon.[5] Sosde ngam yuurnitaade diisnondiral e mahngo Oxbow Hydropower Scheme fuɗɗiima e lewru marse 2023, woni lajal ngam rokkude bidsee konsulteeruuji inndeeji, nokkuuji e renndo. [3] Pewnugol baraas Polihali e hebbingol weendu nduu caggal mum maa hawru e ko ina tolnoo e 5 000 ektaar leydi keeriindi maayo Senqu e Khubela. Hedde 270 galle maa mbaɗtu hoɗde. Cuuɗi koɗki puɗɗiiɗi e nder diiwaan Mokhotlong ndokkaama e fuɗɗoode lewru abriil 2023, koɗki goɗɗi ina njokki nde hoɗɓe kesi timmaani.[4] Fedde Amnesty International jeertinii wonde eɓɓaande baraas Polihali ina waawi ustude fotde 8 000 neɗɗo e nder gure 35, tawi ina waawi bonnude galleeji mum en e nguura mum en. Fedde nde ina noddi laamuuji leydi Lesotho nde mbaɗtata hakkillaaji mum en e kala ko ina addana ɗum en waɗde feere mbele eɓɓaande dammbugal Polihali ina yahdi e sarɗiiji winndereeji jowitiiɗi e jojjanɗe aadee.[6] Yanti heen, binndanɗe keewɗe e nder nokkuuji ɗii kollitii wullitaango hoɗɓe ɓee. Ɗee kulhuli ina kawri e njoɓdi ndokketeendi leydi maɓɓe, e jokkondiral e daabaaji maɓɓe gonɗi e nder nokkuuji mahdi ɗii, e njoɓdi tokosiri rokketeendi gollotooɓe nokkuuji ɗii. [7] E lewru mee 2023, laamɗo Lesoto biyeteeɗo Letsie III e hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo Cyril Ramaphosa puɗɗii eɓɓaande ndee e dow laabi.[4] Lebbi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA) hollitii wonde ñalnde alet 4 ut 2023, kippu nguu heɓiino ƴellitde maayo Senqu rewrude e pre-cofferdam.[1] Faandaare pre-cofferdam ko ustude maayo ngoo e nder tunneluuji diwtuɗi, ngam tabitinde mahngo kisal kofferdam oo kam e fonndasiyoŋ baraas mawɗo oo. Faandaare ndee ko timminde cofferdam oo haa darorɗe lewru oktoobar 2023, caggal ɗuum puɗɗaa golle e baraas mawɗo oo. == Tuugnorgal == l7c1e97edjkwnejjpump4brumytfnpy 174058 174057 2026-06-18T09:24:40Z Nnamadee 11577 174058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Polihali''' ko baraas mo kaaƴe keewɗe ina mahi e nder leydi Lesotho.<ref>"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Ko baraas tataɓo, e les njiimaandi Faandaare II e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Tunnel Transfer Polihali, jokkondiroowo e ooɗoo baraas e baraas Katse (toɓɓere fotnde LHWP), ina waɗi njuuteendi 38 kiloomeeteer, tawi njuuteendi mum ko meeteruuji joy.<ref>"Polihali Transfer Tunnel Update" (PDF). Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP).</ref> Ndeeɗoo tunnel maa naw ndiyam e dow ŋorol (gravité) ummoraade e weeyo Polihali haa e weeyo Katse. Gila Katse, ndiyam ɗam nawtetee ko e nokku biyeteeɗo Muela mo Faas I, caggal ɗuum ɗam nawtee ko e maayo As e laawol feewde Gauteng, Afrik worgo.<ref>"Construction of Polihali Dam and Polihali Transfer Tunnel will start as contracts awarded". geoengineer.org. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</ref> == Yahde yeeso == Daawe ɗiɗaɓere eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho ina hawra e mahngo baraas Polihali, e tunnel Transfer Polihali, eɓɓaande ndiyam Oxbow, e ponte tati mawɗe.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Development Authority : The Epitome of Dam Expertise". Africa Outlook Magazine. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</ref> Ɓeydude 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e mbaawka mooftude, maa ɗum ɓeydu tolno nguleeki hitaande kala gila e 780 haa 1270 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo, ɗum noon ina hebbina ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam Afrik worgo, tawa ina ɓeyda mbaawka Lesoto e peewnugol semmbe.[3] Dokkal golle mahngo baraas Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 7,68 ugiyya), tunnel Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 9,2 ugiyya), e ponto Senqu (ɓurɗo mawnude e pontooji tati mawɗi peewnaaɗi ɗii) waɗi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2022.[3] Ko ɓuri heewde e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam ndeeɗoo daawal ɗiɗaɓal maa ummo e luumooji kaalis Afrik worgo, tawi ko njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans Caledon.[5] Sosde ngam yuurnitaade diisnondiral e mahngo Oxbow Hydropower Scheme fuɗɗiima e lewru marse 2023, woni lajal ngam rokkude bidsee konsulteeruuji inndeeji, nokkuuji e renndo. [3] Pewnugol baraas Polihali e hebbingol weendu nduu caggal mum maa hawru e ko ina tolnoo e 5 000 ektaar leydi keeriindi maayo Senqu e Khubela. Hedde 270 galle maa mbaɗtu hoɗde. Cuuɗi koɗki puɗɗiiɗi e nder diiwaan Mokhotlong ndokkaama e fuɗɗoode lewru abriil 2023, koɗki goɗɗi ina njokki nde hoɗɓe kesi timmaani.[4] Fedde Amnesty International jeertinii wonde eɓɓaande baraas Polihali ina waawi ustude fotde 8 000 neɗɗo e nder gure 35, tawi ina waawi bonnude galleeji mum en e nguura mum en. Fedde nde ina noddi laamuuji leydi Lesotho nde mbaɗtata hakkillaaji mum en e kala ko ina addana ɗum en waɗde feere mbele eɓɓaande dammbugal Polihali ina yahdi e sarɗiiji winndereeji jowitiiɗi e jojjanɗe aadee.[6] Yanti heen, binndanɗe keewɗe e nder nokkuuji ɗii kollitii wullitaango hoɗɓe ɓee. Ɗee kulhuli ina kawri e njoɓdi ndokketeendi leydi maɓɓe, e jokkondiral e daabaaji maɓɓe gonɗi e nder nokkuuji mahdi ɗii, e njoɓdi tokosiri rokketeendi gollotooɓe nokkuuji ɗii. [7] E lewru mee 2023, laamɗo Lesoto biyeteeɗo Letsie III e hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo Cyril Ramaphosa puɗɗii eɓɓaande ndee e dow laabi.[4] Lebbi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA) hollitii wonde ñalnde alet 4 ut 2023, kippu nguu heɓiino ƴellitde maayo Senqu rewrude e pre-cofferdam.[1] Faandaare pre-cofferdam ko ustude maayo ngoo e nder tunneluuji diwtuɗi, ngam tabitinde mahngo kisal kofferdam oo kam e fonndasiyoŋ baraas mawɗo oo. Faandaare ndee ko timminde cofferdam oo haa darorɗe lewru oktoobar 2023, caggal ɗuum puɗɗaa golle e baraas mawɗo oo. == Tuugnorgal == 88isflltwr01g6qysk3zs60035vumc0 174059 174058 2026-06-18T09:25:55Z Nnamadee 11577 174059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Polihali''' ko baraas mo kaaƴe keewɗe ina mahi e nder leydi Lesotho.<ref name=":0">"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Ko baraas tataɓo, e les njiimaandi Faandaare II e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Tunnel Transfer Polihali, jokkondiroowo e ooɗoo baraas e baraas Katse (toɓɓere fotnde LHWP), ina waɗi njuuteendi 38 kiloomeeteer, tawi njuuteendi mum ko meeteruuji joy.<ref>"Polihali Transfer Tunnel Update" (PDF). Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP).</ref> Ndeeɗoo tunnel maa naw ndiyam e dow ŋorol (gravité) ummoraade e weeyo Polihali haa e weeyo Katse. Gila Katse, ndiyam ɗam nawtetee ko e nokku biyeteeɗo Muela mo Faas I, caggal ɗuum ɗam nawtee ko e maayo As e laawol feewde Gauteng, Afrik worgo.<ref name=":1">"Construction of Polihali Dam and Polihali Transfer Tunnel will start as contracts awarded". geoengineer.org. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</ref> == Yahde yeeso == Daawe ɗiɗaɓere eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho ina hawra e mahngo baraas Polihali, e tunnel Transfer Polihali, eɓɓaande ndiyam Oxbow, e ponte tati mawɗe.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Development Authority : The Epitome of Dam Expertise". Africa Outlook Magazine. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</ref> Ɓeydude 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e mbaawka mooftude, maa ɗum ɓeydu tolno nguleeki hitaande kala gila e 780 haa 1270 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo, ɗum noon ina hebbina ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam Afrik worgo, tawa ina ɓeyda mbaawka Lesoto e peewnugol semmbe.<ref>"Construction of Polihali Dam and Polihali Transfer Tunnel will start as contracts awarded". geoengineer.org. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</ref> Dokkal golle mahngo baraas Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 7,68 ugiyya), tunnel Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 9,2 ugiyya), e ponto Senqu (ɓurɗo mawnude e pontooji tati mawɗi peewnaaɗi ɗii) waɗi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2022.[3] Ko ɓuri heewde e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam ndeeɗoo daawal ɗiɗaɓal maa ummo e luumooji kaalis Afrik worgo, tawi ko njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans Caledon.[5] Sosde ngam yuurnitaade diisnondiral e mahngo Oxbow Hydropower Scheme fuɗɗiima e lewru marse 2023, woni lajal ngam rokkude bidsee konsulteeruuji inndeeji, nokkuuji e renndo. <ref>"Construction of Polihali Dam and Polihali Transfer Tunnel will start as contracts awarded". ''geoengineer.org''. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</ref> Pewnugol baraas Polihali e hebbingol weendu nduu caggal mum maa hawru e ko ina tolnoo e 5 000 ektaar leydi keeriindi maayo Senqu e Khubela. Hedde 270 galle maa mbaɗtu hoɗde. Cuuɗi koɗki puɗɗiiɗi e nder diiwaan Mokhotlong ndokkaama e fuɗɗoode lewru abriil 2023, koɗki goɗɗi ina njokki nde hoɗɓe kesi timmaani.<ref name=":1" /> Fedde Amnesty International jeertinii wonde eɓɓaande baraas Polihali ina waawi ustude fotde 8 000 neɗɗo e nder gure 35, tawi ina waawi bonnude galleeji mum en e nguura mum en. Fedde nde ina noddi laamuuji leydi Lesotho nde mbaɗtata hakkillaaji mum en e kala ko ina addana ɗum en waɗde feere mbele eɓɓaande dammbugal Polihali ina yahdi e sarɗiiji winndereeji jowitiiɗi e jojjanɗe aadee.[6] Yanti heen, binndanɗe keewɗe e nder nokkuuji ɗii kollitii wullitaango hoɗɓe ɓee. Ɗee kulhuli ina kawri e njoɓdi ndokketeendi leydi maɓɓe, e jokkondiral e daabaaji maɓɓe gonɗi e nder nokkuuji mahdi ɗii, e njoɓdi tokosiri rokketeendi gollotooɓe nokkuuji ɗii. [7] E lewru mee 2023, laamɗo Lesoto biyeteeɗo Letsie III e hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo Cyril Ramaphosa puɗɗii eɓɓaande ndee e dow laabi.[4] Lebbi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA) hollitii wonde ñalnde alet 4 ut 2023, kippu nguu heɓiino ƴellitde maayo Senqu rewrude e pre-cofferdam.<ref name=":0" /> Faandaare pre-cofferdam ko ustude maayo ngoo e nder tunneluuji diwtuɗi, ngam tabitinde mahngo kisal kofferdam oo kam e fonndasiyoŋ baraas mawɗo oo. Faandaare ndee ko timminde cofferdam oo haa darorɗe lewru oktoobar 2023, caggal ɗuum puɗɗaa golle e baraas mawɗo oo. == Tuugnorgal == 06ma2c79hpqv0rsncokb7o6re5fyojn 174061 174059 2026-06-18T09:26:31Z Nnamadee 11577 174061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Polihali''' ko baraas mo kaaƴe keewɗe ina mahi e nder leydi Lesotho.<ref name=":0">"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Ko baraas tataɓo, e les njiimaandi Faandaare II e nder doggol baraasuuji eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho (LHWP), nde maa waɗtu heen baraasuuji joy mawɗi e nder gure teeru toowɗe Lesotho e Afrik worgo.<ref>"Polihali Dam marks significant milestone with Senqu River diversion". International Water Power. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref> Tunnel Transfer Polihali, jokkondiroowo e ooɗoo baraas e baraas Katse (toɓɓere fotnde LHWP), ina waɗi njuuteendi 38 kiloomeeteer, tawi njuuteendi mum ko meeteruuji joy.<ref>"Polihali Transfer Tunnel Update" (PDF). Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP).</ref> Ndeeɗoo tunnel maa naw ndiyam e dow ŋorol (gravité) ummoraade e weeyo Polihali haa e weeyo Katse. Gila Katse, ndiyam ɗam nawtetee ko e nokku biyeteeɗo Muela mo Faas I, caggal ɗuum ɗam nawtee ko e maayo As e laawol feewde Gauteng, Afrik worgo.<ref name=":1">"Construction of Polihali Dam and Polihali Transfer Tunnel will start as contracts awarded". geoengineer.org. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</ref> == Yahde yeeso == Daawe ɗiɗaɓere eɓɓaande ndiyam toownde Lesotho ina hawra e mahngo baraas Polihali, e tunnel Transfer Polihali, eɓɓaande ndiyam Oxbow, e ponte tati mawɗe.<ref>"Lesotho Highlands Development Authority : The Epitome of Dam Expertise". Africa Outlook Magazine. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</ref> Ɓeydude 2,3 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e mbaawka mooftude, maa ɗum ɓeydu tolno nguleeki hitaande kala gila e 780 haa 1270 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo, ɗum noon ina hebbina ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam Afrik worgo, tawa ina ɓeyda mbaawka Lesoto e peewnugol semmbe.<ref>"Construction of Polihali Dam and Polihali Transfer Tunnel will start as contracts awarded". geoengineer.org. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</ref> Dokkal golle mahngo baraas Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 7,68 ugiyya), tunnel Polihali (fotde miliyaaruuji 9,2 ugiyya), e ponto Senqu (ɓurɗo mawnude e pontooji tati mawɗi peewnaaɗi ɗii) waɗi ko e darorɗe hitaande 2022.[3] Ko ɓuri heewde e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam ndeeɗoo daawal ɗiɗaɓal maa ummo e luumooji kaalis Afrik worgo, tawi ko njuɓɓudi tunnel Trans Caledon.[5] Sosde ngam yuurnitaade diisnondiral e mahngo Oxbow Hydropower Scheme fuɗɗiima e lewru marse 2023, woni lajal ngam rokkude bidsee konsulteeruuji inndeeji, nokkuuji e renndo. <ref>"Construction of Polihali Dam and Polihali Transfer Tunnel will start as contracts awarded". ''geoengineer.org''. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</ref> Pewnugol baraas Polihali e hebbingol weendu nduu caggal mum maa hawru e ko ina tolnoo e 5 000 ektaar leydi keeriindi maayo Senqu e Khubela. Hedde 270 galle maa mbaɗtu hoɗde. Cuuɗi koɗki puɗɗiiɗi e nder diiwaan Mokhotlong ndokkaama e fuɗɗoode lewru abriil 2023, koɗki goɗɗi ina njokki nde hoɗɓe kesi timmaani.<ref name=":1" /> Fedde Amnesty International jeertinii wonde eɓɓaande baraas Polihali ina waawi ustude fotde 8 000 neɗɗo e nder gure 35, tawi ina waawi bonnude galleeji mum en e nguura mum en. Fedde nde ina noddi laamuuji leydi Lesotho nde mbaɗtata hakkillaaji mum en e kala ko ina addana ɗum en waɗde feere mbele eɓɓaande dammbugal Polihali ina yahdi e sarɗiiji winndereeji jowitiiɗi e jojjanɗe aadee.[6] Yanti heen, binndanɗe keewɗe e nder nokkuuji ɗii kollitii wullitaango hoɗɓe ɓee. Ɗee kulhuli ina kawri e njoɓdi ndokketeendi leydi maɓɓe, e jokkondiral e daabaaji maɓɓe gonɗi e nder nokkuuji mahdi ɗii, e njoɓdi tokosiri rokketeendi gollotooɓe nokkuuji ɗii.<ref>Molupe, Majara (June 22, 2023). "Basotho lose out over new dam that will supply SA with more water". mg.co.za. Mail & Guardian. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</ref> E lewru mee 2023, laamɗo Lesoto biyeteeɗo Letsie III e hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo Cyril Ramaphosa puɗɗii eɓɓaande ndee e dow laabi.[4] Lebbi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e ƴellitaare toownde Lesotho (LHDA) hollitii wonde ñalnde alet 4 ut 2023, kippu nguu heɓiino ƴellitde maayo Senqu rewrude e pre-cofferdam.<ref name=":0" /> Faandaare pre-cofferdam ko ustude maayo ngoo e nder tunneluuji diwtuɗi, ngam tabitinde mahngo kisal kofferdam oo kam e fonndasiyoŋ baraas mawɗo oo. Faandaare ndee ko timminde cofferdam oo haa darorɗe lewru oktoobar 2023, caggal ɗuum puɗɗaa golle e baraas mawɗo oo. == Tuugnorgal == pzbv9aj8vnifcl1gbcp4srzy5qyf441 0 42178 174056 2026-06-18T09:23:39Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174056 wikitext text/x-wiki Robert H. Scott (1901 – 4 ut 1956) ko gardiiɗo kuule Ostarali e nder dingiral fuku koyɗe e nder Ligue de Football Victoria (caggal ɗuum inniraa ɗum Ligue de Football Ostarali) e kitaale 1920 e 1930. Scott waɗii umpire ko aldaa e sago haa e hitaande 1929 nde o wonti suɓngo otomatik yontere kala, o woni noon haa o woppi golle. O jogii ko limre jeeɗiɗi jokkondirɗe e Finaluuji mawɗi VFL (1929-1935) e wonde ñaawoowo ladde. O ardiima fotde 157 pottital VFL e nder nguurndam makko tuggi 1921–1935, tawi heen 19 ko pottital Finals. Scott naatnaa e suudu mawndu fuku koyɗe to Ostarali e hitaande 1996. Tuugnorgal oyfmiw4kb1bxucdbzwq4rj9s93mjiq8 174060 174056 2026-06-18T09:26:03Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Robert H. Scott (1901 – 4 ut 1956) ko gardiiɗo kuule Ostarali e nder dingiral fuku koyɗe e nder Ligue de Football Victoria (caggal ɗuum inniraa ɗum Ligue de Football Ostarali) e kitaale 1920 e 1930. Scott waɗii umpire ko aldaa e sago haa e hitaande 1929 nde o wonti suɓngo otomatik yontere kala, o woni noon haa o woppi golle. O jogii ko limre jeeɗiɗi jokkondirɗe e Finaluuji mawɗi VFL (1929-1935) e wonde ñaawoowo ladde. O ardiima fotde 157 pottital VFL e nder nguurndam makko tuggi 1921–1935, tawi heen 19 ko pottital Finals. Scott naatnaa e suudu mawndu fuku koyɗe to Ostarali e hitaande 1996. Tuugnorgal bp9ixmh53nkccrqnsou4p2zg7yfds8w 174062 174060 2026-06-18T09:26:52Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert H. Scott''' (1901 – 4 ut 1956) ko gardiiɗo kuule Ostarali e nder dingiral fuku koyɗe e nder Ligue de Football Victoria (caggal ɗuum inniraa ɗum Ligue de Football Ostarali) e kitaale 1920 e 1930. Scott waɗii umpire ko aldaa e sago haa e hitaande 1929 nde o wonti suɓngo otomatik yontere kala, o woni noon haa o woppi golle. O jogii ko limre jeeɗiɗi jokkondirɗe e Finaluuji mawɗi VFL (1929-1935) e wonde ñaawoowo ladde. O ardiima fotde 157 pottital VFL e nder nguurndam makko tuggi 1921–1935, tawi heen 19 ko pottital Finals. Scott naatnaa e suudu mawndu fuku koyɗe to Ostarali e hitaande 1996. == Tuugnorgal == l3agdiffto0l8wxxclxs83y6er9d58f 174063 174062 2026-06-18T09:28:10Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert H. Scott''' (1901 – 4 ut 1956) ko gardiiɗo kuule Ostarali e nder dingiral fuku koyɗe e nder Ligue de Football Victoria (caggal ɗuum inniraa ɗum Ligue de Football Ostarali) e kitaale 1920 e 1930.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71650526|title=Former leading umpire dies|newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]]|location=Victoria, Australia|date=7 August 1956|access-date=29 May 2017|page=15|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Scott waɗii umpire ko aldaa e sago haa e hitaande 1929 nde o wonti suɓngo otomatik yontere kala, o woni noon haa o woppi golle. O jogii ko limre jeeɗiɗi jokkondirɗe e Finaluuji mawɗi VFL (1929-1935) e wonde ñaawoowo ladde. O ardiima fotde 157 pottital VFL e nder nguurndam makko tuggi 1921–1935, tawi heen 19 ko pottital Finals. Scott naatnaa e suudu mawndu fuku koyɗe to Ostarali e hitaande 1996. == Tuugnorgal == mj7nheo1cwqws7ucq6jhuhuey0xtdcz 0 42179 174064 2026-06-18T09:30:01Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas mawɗo Poubara''' ko baraas doolnuɗo e maayo Ogooué, fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 15 (9,3 mi) to fuɗnaange Franceville to Gabon. Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ƴellitde kuuraa ndiyam, tee ina wallita e 160 megawatt (210 000 hp) kuuraa. == Tariya == Laamu Gabon siifondirii e Siin ñamaande 84 miliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2008 ngam wallitde mahngo baraas oo. Faandaare ndee wonnoo ko ƴellitde feere woɗnde ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji goɗɗi e baraas K..." 174064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas mawɗo Poubara''' ko baraas doolnuɗo e maayo Ogooué, fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 15 (9,3 mi) to fuɗnaange Franceville to Gabon. Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ƴellitde kuuraa ndiyam, tee ina wallita e 160 megawatt (210 000 hp) kuuraa. == Tariya == Laamu Gabon siifondirii e Siin ñamaande 84 miliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2008 ngam wallitde mahngo baraas oo. Faandaare ndee wonnoo ko ƴellitde feere woɗnde ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji goɗɗi e baraas Kongou Falls ngam nokkuuji ƴettugol njamndi mboɗeeri ɗi Siinnaaɓe kadi kuutortoo to Belinga.[1] Pewnugol eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii ko e lewru noowammbar 2008, maayo ngoo wayliima e lewru noowammbar 2010, e wertallo ngoo fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 5 ut 2013. Baraas oo wayliima maayo ngoo e saraaji Poubara Falls ɗo 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) Francis turbine-generators ngoni. Ko ɓuri heewde e baraas oo e laylaytol ngol ko laamu Siin rokki ɗum kaalis, eɓɓaande ndee ko Sinohydro mahi ɗum.[2][3][4] Puɗɗagol hitaande 2015, baraas mawɗo Poubara ina semmbina nokku njamndi Moanda, woni nokku gadano e nder leydi ndi ngam ƴellitde mangaan.[5] == Tuugnorgal == tkrtn839bu2vevk3b1t6vkyurp89yoy 174066 174064 2026-06-18T09:31:09Z Nnamadee 11577 174066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas mawɗo Poubara''' ko baraas doolnuɗo e maayo Ogooué, fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 15 (9,3 mi) to fuɗnaange Franceville to Gabon. Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ƴellitde kuuraa ndiyam, tee ina wallita e 160 megawatt (210 000 hp) kuuraa. == Tariya == Laamu Gabon siifondirii e Siin ñamaande 84 miliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2008 ngam wallitde mahngo baraas oo. Faandaare ndee wonnoo ko ƴellitde feere woɗnde ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji goɗɗi e baraas Kongou Falls ngam nokkuuji ƴettugol njamndi mboɗeeri ɗi Siinnaaɓe kadi kuutortoo to Belinga.<ref>African Dams Briefing 2015, Internationalrivers.org, 2015</ref> Pewnugol eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii ko e lewru noowammbar 2008, maayo ngoo wayliima e lewru noowammbar 2010, e wertallo ngoo fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 5 ut 2013. Baraas oo wayliima maayo ngoo e saraaji Poubara Falls ɗo 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) Francis turbine-generators ngoni. Ko ɓuri heewde e baraas oo e laylaytol ngol ko laamu Siin rokki ɗum kaalis, eɓɓaande ndee ko Sinohydro mahi ɗum.[2][3][4] Puɗɗagol hitaande 2015, baraas mawɗo Poubara ina semmbina nokku njamndi Moanda, woni nokku gadano e nder leydi ndi ngam ƴellitde mangaan.[5] == Tuugnorgal == 8796vwqh15ttcmscrep24bj81iqh7lw 174068 174066 2026-06-18T09:31:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas mawɗo Poubara''' ko baraas doolnuɗo e maayo Ogooué, fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 15 (9,3 mi) to fuɗnaange Franceville to Gabon. Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ƴellitde kuuraa ndiyam, tee ina wallita e 160 megawatt (210 000 hp) kuuraa. == Tariya == Laamu Gabon siifondirii e Siin ñamaande 84 miliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2008 ngam wallitde mahngo baraas oo. Faandaare ndee wonnoo ko ƴellitde feere woɗnde ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji goɗɗi e baraas Kongou Falls ngam nokkuuji ƴettugol njamndi mboɗeeri ɗi Siinnaaɓe kadi kuutortoo to Belinga.<ref>African Dams Briefing 2015, Internationalrivers.org, 2015</ref> Pewnugol eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii ko e lewru noowammbar 2008, maayo ngoo wayliima e lewru noowammbar 2010, e wertallo ngoo fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 5 ut 2013. Baraas oo wayliima maayo ngoo e saraaji Poubara Falls ɗo 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) Francis turbine-generators ngoni. Ko ɓuri heewde e baraas oo e laylaytol ngol ko laamu Siin rokki ɗum kaalis, eɓɓaande ndee ko Sinohydro mahi ɗum.<ref>"Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa". IndustCards. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref> Puɗɗagol hitaande 2015, baraas mawɗo Poubara ina semmbina nokku njamndi Moanda, woni nokku gadano e nder leydi ndi ngam ƴellitde mangaan.[5] == Tuugnorgal == ra9zknq565oxwz2by62av639kfpzajn 174069 174068 2026-06-18T09:31:54Z Nnamadee 11577 174069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas mawɗo Poubara''' ko baraas doolnuɗo e maayo Ogooué, fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 15 (9,3 mi) to fuɗnaange Franceville to Gabon. Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ƴellitde kuuraa ndiyam, tee ina wallita e 160 megawatt (210 000 hp) kuuraa. == Tariya == Laamu Gabon siifondirii e Siin ñamaande 84 miliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2008 ngam wallitde mahngo baraas oo. Faandaare ndee wonnoo ko ƴellitde feere woɗnde ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji goɗɗi e baraas Kongou Falls ngam nokkuuji ƴettugol njamndi mboɗeeri ɗi Siinnaaɓe kadi kuutortoo to Belinga.<ref>African Dams Briefing 2015, Internationalrivers.org, 2015</ref> Pewnugol eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii ko e lewru noowammbar 2008, maayo ngoo wayliima e lewru noowammbar 2010, e wertallo ngoo fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 5 ut 2013. Baraas oo wayliima maayo ngoo e saraaji Poubara Falls ɗo 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) Francis turbine-generators ngoni. Ko ɓuri heewde e baraas oo e laylaytol ngol ko laamu Siin rokki ɗum kaalis, eɓɓaande ndee ko Sinohydro mahi ɗum.<ref>"Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa". IndustCards. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Gabon, Grand Poubara Hydropower Station". Sinohydro. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref> Puɗɗagol hitaande 2015, baraas mawɗo Poubara ina semmbina nokku njamndi Moanda, woni nokku gadano e nder leydi ndi ngam ƴellitde mangaan.[5] == Tuugnorgal == 1pptfgutobtwp03m6duw3x5wzljkafh 174070 174069 2026-06-18T09:32:17Z Nnamadee 11577 174070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas mawɗo Poubara''' ko baraas doolnuɗo e maayo Ogooué, fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 15 (9,3 mi) to fuɗnaange Franceville to Gabon. Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ƴellitde kuuraa ndiyam, tee ina wallita e 160 megawatt (210 000 hp) kuuraa. == Tariya == Laamu Gabon siifondirii e Siin ñamaande 84 miliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2008 ngam wallitde mahngo baraas oo. Faandaare ndee wonnoo ko ƴellitde feere woɗnde ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji goɗɗi e baraas Kongou Falls ngam nokkuuji ƴettugol njamndi mboɗeeri ɗi Siinnaaɓe kadi kuutortoo to Belinga.<ref>African Dams Briefing 2015, Internationalrivers.org, 2015</ref> Pewnugol eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii ko e lewru noowammbar 2008, maayo ngoo wayliima e lewru noowammbar 2010, e wertallo ngoo fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 5 ut 2013. Baraas oo wayliima maayo ngoo e saraaji Poubara Falls ɗo 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) Francis turbine-generators ngoni. Ko ɓuri heewde e baraas oo e laylaytol ngol ko laamu Siin rokki ɗum kaalis, eɓɓaande ndee ko Sinohydro mahi ɗum.<ref>"Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa". IndustCards. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Gabon, Grand Poubara Hydropower Station". Sinohydro. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Gabon's 160-MW Grand Poubara hydroelectric plant enters full operation". Hydro World. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref> Puɗɗagol hitaande 2015, baraas mawɗo Poubara ina semmbina nokku njamndi Moanda, woni nokku gadano e nder leydi ndi ngam ƴellitde mangaan.[5] == Tuugnorgal == kx62p1atc79wl3v1ptoqkiwe7lctkvd 174072 174070 2026-06-18T09:32:43Z Nnamadee 11577 174072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas mawɗo Poubara''' ko baraas doolnuɗo e maayo Ogooué, fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 15 (9,3 mi) to fuɗnaange Franceville to Gabon. Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ƴellitde kuuraa ndiyam, tee ina wallita e 160 megawatt (210 000 hp) kuuraa. == Tariya == Laamu Gabon siifondirii e Siin ñamaande 84 miliyoŋ dolaar e hitaande 2008 ngam wallitde mahngo baraas oo. Faandaare ndee wonnoo ko ƴellitde feere woɗnde ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji goɗɗi e baraas Kongou Falls ngam nokkuuji ƴettugol njamndi mboɗeeri ɗi Siinnaaɓe kadi kuutortoo to Belinga.<ref>African Dams Briefing 2015, Internationalrivers.org, 2015</ref> Pewnugol eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii ko e lewru noowammbar 2008, maayo ngoo wayliima e lewru noowammbar 2010, e wertallo ngoo fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 5 ut 2013. Baraas oo wayliima maayo ngoo e saraaji Poubara Falls ɗo 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) Francis turbine-generators ngoni. Ko ɓuri heewde e baraas oo e laylaytol ngol ko laamu Siin rokki ɗum kaalis, eɓɓaande ndee ko Sinohydro mahi ɗum.<ref>"Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa". IndustCards. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Gabon, Grand Poubara Hydropower Station". Sinohydro. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Gabon's 160-MW Grand Poubara hydroelectric plant enters full operation". Hydro World. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</ref> Puɗɗagol hitaande 2015, baraas mawɗo Poubara ina semmbina nokku njamndi Moanda, woni nokku gadano e nder leydi ndi ngam ƴellitde mangaan.<ref>Gabon engages in the local processing of manganese, Miningreview.com, 12 June 2015</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 0mlmd4btoxp676hdwf2r3q6c1d5ddkt 0 42180 174065 2026-06-18T09:30:30Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174065 wikitext text/x-wiki Dallas Shirley (7 suwee 1913 to Wasinton – 1 marse 1994) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O ardii ko ina ɓura 2000 pottital basket e nder duuɓi makko 33, ɗi o joofni e hitaande 1966. Ko kanko woni hooreejo Fedde Adunaare toppitiinde ko fayti e Basket Jaɓaaɓe tuggi 1952 haa 1953. O tawtoraama Olimpiyaaji 1960 to Rome, o ardii basket. O jeyaa ko e fedde ardiiɓe NBA adannde. O winnditaa e suudu mawndu basket e hitaande 1980. E hitaande 1994, Shirley rokki duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde George Washington defte binndaaɗe e ciimtol. Koolol ngol ina waɗi penndirɗe, paɗe, trofeeji, binndanɗe jaayndeeji, defte binndaaɗe, e fotooje. Jooni noon, ko e les njiimaandi duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal woni e toppitaade nokku wiɗtooji keertiiɗi mooftirɗi, tawaaɗi e nder defterdu Estelle e Melvin Gelman. Tuugnorgal 9y8w3j44gulfttnz78u1tseotjhjsf4 174067 174065 2026-06-18T09:31:19Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dallas Shirley (7 suwee 1913 to Wasinton – 1 marse 1994) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O ardii ko ina ɓura 2000 pottital basket e nder duuɓi makko 33, ɗi o joofni e hitaande 1966. Ko kanko woni hooreejo Fedde Adunaare toppitiinde ko fayti e Basket Jaɓaaɓe tuggi 1952 haa 1953. O tawtoraama Olimpiyaaji 1960 to Rome, o ardii basket. O jeyaa ko e fedde ardiiɓe NBA adannde. O winnditaa e suudu mawndu basket e hitaande 1980. E hitaande 1994, Shirley rokki duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde George Washington defte binndaaɗe e ciimtol. Koolol ngol ina waɗi penndirɗe, paɗe, trofeeji, binndanɗe jaayndeeji, defte binndaaɗe, e fotooje. Jooni noon, ko e les njiimaandi duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal woni e toppitaade nokku wiɗtooji keertiiɗi mooftirɗi, tawaaɗi e nder defterdu Estelle e Melvin Gelman. Tuugnorgal lwamkair4glxl6ane7ldttzopjbmpg6 174071 174067 2026-06-18T09:32:38Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Dallas Shirley''' (7 suwee 1913 to Wasinton – 1 marse 1994) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O ardii ko ina ɓura 2000 pottital basket e nder duuɓi makko 33, ɗi o joofni e hitaande 1966. Ko kanko woni hooreejo Fedde Adunaare toppitiinde ko fayti e Basket Jaɓaaɓe tuggi 1952 haa 1953. O tawtoraama Olimpiyaaji 1960 to Rome, o ardii basket. O jeyaa ko e fedde ardiiɓe NBA adannde. O winnditaa e suudu mawndu basket e hitaande 1980. E hitaande 1994, Shirley rokki duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde George Washington defte binndaaɗe e ciimtol. Koolol ngol ina waɗi penndirɗe, paɗe, trofeeji, binndanɗe jaayndeeji, defte binndaaɗe, e fotooje. Jooni noon, ko e les njiimaandi duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal woni e toppitaade nokku wiɗtooji keertiiɗi mooftirɗi, tawaaɗi e nder defterdu Estelle e Melvin Gelman. == Tuugnorgal == qed8nvw83yh3aauvq4oymzt4pd95zh0 174073 174071 2026-06-18T09:33:38Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Dallas Shirley''' (7 suwee 1913 to Wasinton – 1 marse 1994) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O ardii ko ina ɓura 2000 pottital basket e nder duuɓi makko 33, ɗi o joofni e hitaande 1966. Ko kanko woni hooreejo Fedde Adunaare toppitiinde ko fayti e Basket Jaɓaaɓe tuggi 1952 haa 1953. O tawtoraama Olimpiyaaji 1960 to Rome, o ardii basket. O jeyaa ko e fedde ardiiɓe NBA adannde. O winnditaa e suudu mawndu basket e hitaande 1980.<ref>[http://library.gwu.edu/ead/ms0217.xml Guide to the Dallas Shirley Papers, 1950-1982], Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University</ref> E hitaande 1994, Shirley rokki duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde George Washington defte binndaaɗe e ciimtol. Koolol ngol ina waɗi penndirɗe, paɗe, trofeeji, binndanɗe jaayndeeji, defte binndaaɗe, e fotooje. Jooni noon, ko e les njiimaandi duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal woni e toppitaade nokku wiɗtooji keertiiɗi mooftirɗi, tawaaɗi e nder defterdu Estelle e Melvin Gelman. == Tuugnorgal == 6sowsr4pkmksjkndtdxqcswj8d1csi8 0 42181 174074 2026-06-18T09:37:30Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174074 wikitext text/x-wiki Tom Sifferman (jibinaa ko ñalnde 27 suwee 1943) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e hitaande 1986 NFL haa e hitaande 2008. Sifferman ina teskaa sabu ko kanko tan woni jaagorde e nder daartol NFL toɗɗaande e Super Bowls tati jokkondirɗe, tawi heen Super Bowl XXXVII e hitaande 2003, Super Bowl XXXVIII e hitaande 2004, e Super Bowl XXXIX e hitaande 2005. Kugal Sifferman ko jeyaaɗo to Seattle, to Washington, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1961 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Seattle. Ko o wakiliijo peewnoowo pentiiɗo e sosiyetee peewnoowo geɗe njamndi e aluminium. Siferman ina hoɗi to wuro wiyeteengo Bend, to Oregon. Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder pottital NFL 1988 ñalnde 31 desaambar hakkunde Philadelphia Eagles e Chicago Bears to ladde Soldier fijirnde e les ɓuuɓol mawngol. Ooɗoo fijo maa anndu e nder NFL lore ko "Fog Bowl". E nder daawal NFL 2006, Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder ekipaaji ardiiɗi ɗii, tawi ko ñaawoowo biyeteeɗo Ed Hochuli ardii ɗum. Sifferman ina yahra e innde "Jungle Boy" hono gardiiɗo replay, innde yiytaa nde Hochuli huɓɓi mikroo mum e jamaanu nguu e nder fijo. O heɓi innde ndee ko nde o yilliima ladde e nder dingiral makko to Hawaii. Tuugnorgal 6jog88vuw1daoxh74nd23mttf1jlpta 174075 174074 2026-06-18T09:39:02Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tom Sifferman (jibinaa ko ñalnde 27 suwee 1943) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e hitaande 1986 NFL haa e hitaande 2008. Sifferman ina teskaa sabu ko kanko tan woni jaagorde e nder daartol NFL toɗɗaande e Super Bowls tati jokkondirɗe, tawi heen Super Bowl XXXVII e hitaande 2003, Super Bowl XXXVIII e hitaande 2004, e Super Bowl XXXIX e hitaande 2005. Kugal Sifferman ko jeyaaɗo to Seattle, to Washington, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1961 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Seattle. Ko o wakiliijo peewnoowo pentiiɗo e sosiyetee peewnoowo geɗe njamndi e aluminium. Siferman ina hoɗi to wuro wiyeteengo Bend, to Oregon. Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder pottital NFL 1988 ñalnde 31 desaambar hakkunde Philadelphia Eagles e Chicago Bears to ladde Soldier fijirnde e les ɓuuɓol mawngol. Ooɗoo fijo maa anndu e nder NFL lore ko "Fog Bowl". E nder daawal NFL 2006, Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder ekipaaji ardiiɗi ɗii, tawi ko ñaawoowo biyeteeɗo Ed Hochuli ardii ɗum. Sifferman ina yahra e innde "Jungle Boy" hono gardiiɗo replay, innde yiytaa nde Hochuli huɓɓi mikroo mum e jamaanu nguu e nder fijo. O heɓi innde ndee ko nde o yilliima ladde e nder dingiral makko to Hawaii. Tuugnorgal 07zxxbwk7e22ruhzscyzuwtrjkkip6r 174076 174075 2026-06-18T09:39:54Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Sifferman''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 27 suwee 1943) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e hitaande 1986 NFL haa e hitaande 2008. Sifferman ina teskaa sabu ko kanko tan woni jaagorde e nder daartol NFL toɗɗaande e Super Bowls tati jokkondirɗe, tawi heen Super Bowl XXXVII e hitaande 2003, Super Bowl XXXVIII e hitaande 2004, e Super Bowl XXXIX e hitaande 2005. == Kugal == Sifferman ko jeyaaɗo to Seattle, to Washington, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1961 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Seattle. Ko o wakiliijo peewnoowo pentiiɗo e sosiyetee peewnoowo geɗe njamndi e aluminium. Siferman ina hoɗi to wuro wiyeteengo Bend, to Oregon. Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder pottital NFL 1988 ñalnde 31 desaambar hakkunde Philadelphia Eagles e Chicago Bears to ladde Soldier fijirnde e les ɓuuɓol mawngol. Ooɗoo fijo maa anndu e nder NFL lore ko "Fog Bowl". E nder daawal NFL 2006, Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder ekipaaji ardiiɗi ɗii, tawi ko ñaawoowo biyeteeɗo Ed Hochuli ardii ɗum. Sifferman ina yahra e innde "Jungle Boy" hono gardiiɗo replay, innde yiytaa nde Hochuli huɓɓi mikroo mum e jamaanu nguu e nder fijo. O heɓi innde ndee ko nde o yilliima ladde e nder dingiral makko to Hawaii. == Tuugnorgal == h4arzidkmmup0ibhrk1k9mjsb8kglse 174077 174076 2026-06-18T09:41:00Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Sifferman''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 27 suwee 1943) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e hitaande 1986 NFL haa e hitaande 2008. Sifferman ina teskaa sabu ko kanko tan woni jaagorde e nder daartol NFL toɗɗaande e Super Bowls tati jokkondirɗe, tawi heen Super Bowl XXXVII e hitaande 2003, Super Bowl XXXVIII e hitaande 2004, e Super Bowl XXXIX e hitaande 2005.<ref>[http://www.referee.com/more/Samples/non_subscribers1006/you_are_there.html fog bowl ref] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061021/http://www.referee.com/more/Samples/non_subscribers1006/you_are_there.html|date=September 28, 2007}}</ref> == Kugal == Sifferman ko jeyaaɗo to Seattle, to Washington, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1961 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Seattle. Ko o wakiliijo peewnoowo pentiiɗo e sosiyetee peewnoowo geɗe njamndi e aluminium. Siferman ina hoɗi to wuro wiyeteengo Bend, to Oregon. Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder pottital NFL 1988 ñalnde 31 desaambar hakkunde Philadelphia Eagles e Chicago Bears to ladde Soldier fijirnde e les ɓuuɓol mawngol. Ooɗoo fijo maa anndu e nder NFL lore ko "Fog Bowl". E nder daawal NFL 2006, Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder ekipaaji ardiiɗi ɗii, tawi ko ñaawoowo biyeteeɗo Ed Hochuli ardii ɗum. Sifferman ina yahra e innde "Jungle Boy" hono gardiiɗo replay, innde yiytaa nde Hochuli huɓɓi mikroo mum e jamaanu nguu e nder fijo. O heɓi innde ndee ko nde o yilliima ladde e nder dingiral makko to Hawaii. == Tuugnorgal == 32e7pu1t7sc5qg1vukzfeysfgzclrij 174079 174077 2026-06-18T09:42:28Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Sifferman''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 27 suwee 1943) ko gardiiɗo fuku koyɗe Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e hitaande 1986 NFL haa e hitaande 2008. Sifferman ina teskaa sabu ko kanko tan woni jaagorde e nder daartol NFL toɗɗaande e Super Bowls tati jokkondirɗe, tawi heen Super Bowl XXXVII e hitaande 2003, Super Bowl XXXVIII e hitaande 2004, e Super Bowl XXXIX e hitaande 2005.<ref>[http://www.referee.com/more/Samples/non_subscribers1006/you_are_there.html fog bowl ref] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061021/http://www.referee.com/more/Samples/non_subscribers1006/you_are_there.html|date=September 28, 2007}}</ref> == Kugal == Sifferman ko jeyaaɗo to Seattle, to Washington, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1961 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Seattle. Ko o wakiliijo peewnoowo pentiiɗo e sosiyetee peewnoowo geɗe njamndi e aluminium. Siferman ina hoɗi to wuro wiyeteengo Bend, to Oregon.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gantt|first=Darin|date=2015-01-03|title=Ed Hochuli refers to fellow official as "Jungle Boy" on live mic|url=https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/ed-hochuli-refers-to-fellow-official-as-jungle-boy-on-live-mic|access-date=2024-06-16|website=NBC Sports|language=en-US}}</ref> Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder pottital NFL 1988 ñalnde 31 desaambar hakkunde Philadelphia Eagles e Chicago Bears to ladde Soldier fijirnde e les ɓuuɓol mawngol. Ooɗoo fijo maa anndu e nder NFL lore ko "Fog Bowl". E nder daawal NFL 2006, Sifferman wonnoo ko ñaawoowo ladde e nder ekipaaji ardiiɗi ɗii, tawi ko ñaawoowo biyeteeɗo Ed Hochuli ardii ɗum. Sifferman ina yahra e innde "Jungle Boy" hono gardiiɗo replay, innde yiytaa nde Hochuli huɓɓi mikroo mum e jamaanu nguu e nder fijo. O heɓi innde ndee ko nde o yilliima ladde e nder dingiral makko to Hawaii. == Tuugnorgal == 45ztnukim8q7u1xll0mv0nkziuo2erv 0 42182 174078 2026-06-18T09:42:18Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hi..." 174078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde[1] e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.[2] == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile[] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[4] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.[5] Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.[8] Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo ; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.[9] Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.[10] == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi : meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.[11] E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),[11] baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. 7xn8w6e7fjs2wdgpsoealnpgxujztlr 174080 174078 2026-06-18T09:45:59Z Nnamadee 11577 174080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde[1] e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.[2] == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile[] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[4] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.[5] Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.[8] Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo ; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.[9] Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.[10] == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi : meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.[11] E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),[11] baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.[12 == tuugnorgal == oyi4c6ycilr0nnap3qzamcnurdd8qmt 174081 174080 2026-06-18T09:47:14Z Nnamadee 11577 174081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.[2] == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile[] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[4] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.[5] Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.[8] Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo ; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.[9] Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.[10] == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi : meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.[11] E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),[11] baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.[12 == tuugnorgal == e5uiwvo8iimiiswkl42e2f9besr9kld 174082 174081 2026-06-18T09:48:11Z Nnamadee 11577 174082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.<ref>"The First Aswan Dam". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 1997. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[4] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.[5] Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.[8] Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo ; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.[9] Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.[10] == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi : meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.[11] E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),[11] baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.[12 == tuugnorgal == d769p9bavvmrf1ws62w4r3qms7f4kdg 174084 174082 2026-06-18T09:48:59Z Nnamadee 11577 174084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.<ref>"The First Aswan Dam". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 1997. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham<ref>Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582), Science magazine: 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, <nowiki>PMID 12161634</nowiki></ref> (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[4] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.[5] Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.[8] Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo ; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.[9] Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.[10] == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi : meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.[11] E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),[11] baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.[12 == tuugnorgal == mbppfe0wu9hhdhhsjnxf5ykjh13jy01 174085 174084 2026-06-18T09:50:11Z Nnamadee 11577 174085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.<ref>"The First Aswan Dam". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 1997. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham<ref>Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582), Science magazine: 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, <nowiki>PMID 12161634</nowiki></ref> (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993), History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 978-0710304162</ref> e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.[5] Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.[8] Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo ; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.[9] Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.[10] == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi : meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.[11] E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),[11] baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.[12 == tuugnorgal == qrap2jdhdmwczse6hyydpvxbiq7pt8i 174087 174085 2026-06-18T09:51:08Z Nnamadee 11577 174087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.<ref>"The First Aswan Dam". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 1997. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham<ref>Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582), Science magazine: 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, <nowiki>PMID 12161634</nowiki></ref> (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993), History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 978-0710304162</ref> e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.<ref>Andersen, Casper (2011-04-19). "The Philae Controversy—Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London". History and Anthropology. 22 (2): 203–220. doi:10.1080/02757206.2011.558580. ISSN 0275-7206.</ref> Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.[8] Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo ; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.[9] Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.[10] == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi : meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.[11] E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),[11] baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.[12 == tuugnorgal == p6gci96amqx67v7s32vnenn7egqmy1q 174089 174087 2026-06-18T09:52:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.<ref>"The First Aswan Dam". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 1997. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham<ref>Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582), Science magazine: 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, <nowiki>PMID 12161634</nowiki></ref> (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993), History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 978-0710304162</ref> e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.<ref>Andersen, Casper (2011-04-19). "The Philae Controversy—Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London". History and Anthropology. 22 (2): 203–220. doi:10.1080/02757206.2011.558580. ISSN 0275-7206.</ref> Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.<ref>Finance, Jewish Encyclopedia c. 1906</ref> Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.<ref>V. Novokshshenov, Laboratory studies of the stone masonry in the Old Aswan Dam Archived August 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Materials and Structures 1993, Vol. 26, pp. 103–110</ref> Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.[10] == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi : meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.[11] E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),[11] baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.[12 == tuugnorgal == 06j4ii36fqcrd3b2qr2nupxkcbfd9dl 174090 174089 2026-06-18T09:53:26Z Nnamadee 11577 174090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.<ref>"The First Aswan Dam". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 1997. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham<ref>Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582), Science magazine: 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, <nowiki>PMID 12161634</nowiki></ref> (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993), History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 978-0710304162</ref> e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.<ref>Andersen, Casper (2011-04-19). "The Philae Controversy—Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London". History and Anthropology. 22 (2): 203–220. doi:10.1080/02757206.2011.558580. ISSN 0275-7206.</ref> Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.<ref>Finance, Jewish Encyclopedia c. 1906</ref> Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.<ref>V. Novokshshenov, Laboratory studies of the stone masonry in the Old Aswan Dam Archived August 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Materials and Structures 1993, Vol. 26, pp. 103–110</ref> Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.<ref>Frederic Courtland Penfield, Harnessing the Nile, Century Magazine, Vol. 57, No. 4 (February 1899)</ref> == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi : meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.[11] E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),[11] baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.[12 == tuugnorgal == npgh69v6df697m6kdf9k393fqpnp6nv 174092 174090 2026-06-18T09:54:35Z Nnamadee 11577 174092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.<ref>"The First Aswan Dam". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 1997. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham<ref>Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582), Science magazine: 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, <nowiki>PMID 12161634</nowiki></ref> (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993), History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 978-0710304162</ref> e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.<ref>Andersen, Casper (2011-04-19). "The Philae Controversy—Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London". History and Anthropology. 22 (2): 203–220. doi:10.1080/02757206.2011.558580. ISSN 0275-7206.</ref> Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.<ref>Finance, Jewish Encyclopedia c. 1906</ref> Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.<ref>V. Novokshshenov, Laboratory studies of the stone masonry in the Old Aswan Dam Archived August 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Materials and Structures 1993, Vol. 26, pp. 103–110</ref> Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.<ref>Frederic Courtland Penfield, Harnessing the Nile, Century Magazine, Vol. 57, No. 4 (February 1899)</ref> == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi: meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.<ref name=":0">Grace's Guide (1952) Murdoch MacDonald obituary. Accessed: 4 January 2014.</ref> E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),<ref name=":0" /> baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.[12 == tuugnorgal == 6nvfh08gwtp3m4ddg4al17sh9ymo52o 174093 174092 2026-06-18T09:55:12Z Nnamadee 11577 174093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.<ref>"The First Aswan Dam". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 1997. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham<ref>Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582), Science magazine: 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, <nowiki>PMID 12161634</nowiki></ref> (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993), History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 978-0710304162</ref> e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.<ref>Andersen, Casper (2011-04-19). "The Philae Controversy—Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London". History and Anthropology. 22 (2): 203–220. doi:10.1080/02757206.2011.558580. ISSN 0275-7206.</ref> Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.<ref>Finance, Jewish Encyclopedia c. 1906</ref> Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.<ref>V. Novokshshenov, Laboratory studies of the stone masonry in the Old Aswan Dam Archived August 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Materials and Structures 1993, Vol. 26, pp. 103–110</ref> Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.<ref>Frederic Courtland Penfield, Harnessing the Nile, Century Magazine, Vol. 57, No. 4 (February 1899)</ref> == Toowgol == Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi: meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.<ref name=":0">Grace's Guide (1952) Murdoch MacDonald obituary. Accessed: 4 January 2014.</ref> E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),<ref name=":0" /> baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.<ref>"Aswan Dam (1,2) Electric Hydro Power Plant". Egypt Ministry of Energy and Electricity. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == tuugnorgal == 7gun3rjqc88h91qiwteie5kzj0tx8tn 174099 174093 2026-06-18T10:06:34Z Nnamadee 11577 174099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan Low''' ko baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo ko baraas gonɗo e dow maayo Nile to Aswan, Ejipt. Baraas oo ko Angalteer mahi ɗum to nokku gonɗo e cataract gadano Niil, ina woni fotde 1000 km dow maayo e 690 km (distance directe) fuɗnaange-rewo-fuɗnaange-rewo Kayhayɗi. Nde nde fuɗɗii mahde hakkunde 1899 e 1902, hay huunde e tolno mayre meeɗaa ƴeewteede ; nde timmi, ko nde baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee. Baraas oo waɗiraa ko ngam mooftude ndiyam ilam hitaande kala e ɓeydude nguleeki weeyo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare ndiyam mawnde<ref>Power from the Assuan Dam to Be Used to Increase Still Further the Cotton Crop in Egypt, The New York Times, July 27, 1913, (pdf file)</ref> e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder maayo Niil les. Baraaji ɗii, e fuɗɗoode mum en ina pamɗi toowgol sabu kulhuli reende, ina ngolloo no haanirta nii, kono ina rokki mbaawka mooftude ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu ngam vamtaare ndema, nde ummiima laabi didi : hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e kadi hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Ɗee tooweeki haa jooni njahdaani e ɗaɓɓaande ndiyam nearly in-4d tiiɗnaare ngam ɓeydude toowgol poolgu. Ɗum addani wiɗto e mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan, kilooji 6 (3,7 mi) dow maayo.<ref>"The First Aswan Dam". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 1997. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == Ɓawo == Eɓɓoore arandeere winndaande ngam mahde baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer aarabeejo biyeteeɗo Ibn al-Haytham<ref>Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582), Science magazine: 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, <nowiki>PMID 12161634</nowiki></ref> (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa to Ejipt e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ngam yuɓɓinde ilam Nile Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993), History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 978-0710304162</ref> e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila 1011 haa al-Hakim sankii e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde, wiyeteende Optique. == Mahugo == Mahngo baraas oo to Aswan ina anndaa ko ɗum addani Philae ilam. Injiniyankooɓe Departemaa Golle Jaayndeeji njamiraama yo njahru yeeso e eɓɓoore ndee hay so tawii nokku goɗɗo tawaaka.<ref>Andersen, Casper (2011-04-19). "The Philae Controversy—Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London". History and Anthropology. 22 (2): 203–220. doi:10.1080/02757206.2011.558580. ISSN 0275-7206.</ref> Caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e hitaande 1882 e wolde hakkunde Angalteer e Misra, nde addani ɓe heɓtude leydi Misra, Angalteer fuɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e dow maayo Niil e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngo juuti haa hitaande 1902, ngo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902, e juuɗe laamɗo Conthe Arthurn, Duke. Eɓɓoore ndee ko Sir William Willcocks feewni ɗum, nde wonnoo ko innjiniyankooɓe heewɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde mum John Aird & Co. Kapitaal e kaalis ko Ernest Cassel rokki ɗum.<ref>Finance, Jewish Encyclopedia c. 1906</ref> Baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo, ko baraas mo doole mum njiylotoo; taƴe buttress ina njogii dame keewɗe, ɗe udditanoo hitaande kala ngam rewde e ilam e ɓuuɓri mum keewndi ñamri, kono tawa alaa ko jogori reende hitaande kala. Baraas oo mahiraa ko e kaaƴe dime, ina fawii e dow mum kaaƴe dime boɗeeje. Nde o mahaa, baraas Aswan ɓooyɗo oo ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee.<ref>V. Novokshshenov, Laboratory studies of the stone masonry in the Old Aswan Dam Archived August 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Materials and Structures 1993, Vol. 26, pp. 103–110</ref> Design oo ina waɗi kadi coktirgal navigation lock nannduɗo e mahngo to bannge hirnaange, ko ɗuum addanta laana ndiwoowa yahde dow haa yettoo cataract ɗiɗaɓo, tawi noon portage dow leydi ina ɗaɓɓiree ko adii ɗuum. E sahaa mahngo maggo, alaa ko woni e ngalɗoo tolno meeɗaa ƴeewteede.<ref>Frederic Courtland Penfield, Harnessing the Nile, Century Magazine, Vol. 57, No. 4 (February 1899)</ref> === Toowgol === Keeri aranndeeji mbaɗaama dow tooweeki baraas oo, ngam kulhuli e suudu dewal Philae. Pewnugol adanngol ngol tawaama ina ŋakki e haajuuji ƴellitaare, tee tooweeki baraas oo ƴettaa ko e daawal ɗiɗi: meeteruuji 5 (16 ft) hakkunde 1907 e 1912 e meeteruuji 9 (30 ft) hakkunde 1929 e 1933. Pewnugol kuuraa ɓeydaama heen. Daawe gadane ɗee ko Sir Benjamin Baker ardii ɗum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e golle laaɓtuɗe ɗee ko Murdoch MacDonald waɗi ɗum.<ref name=":0">Grace's Guide (1952) Murdoch MacDonald obituary. Accessed: 4 January 2014.</ref> E ƴellitaare mum sakkitiinde (nde fedde MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald & Partners, feewni e toppitiinde ɗum),<ref name=":0" /> baraas oo ina waɗi 1 950 meeter (6 400 ft) njuuteendi, e tolno 36 meeter (118 ft) dow ŋorol maayo ngol e dow ŋoral mawngal hakkunde ŋoral maayo ngal;[9] E mahngo baraas toowɗo oo to dow maayo, mbaawka baraas ɓooyɗo oo e rewde e ɓuuɓri ilam ndii majjii, ko noon kadi mbaawka golloraade ko coktirgal ngal rokki ɗum. Tolno reservoir Old Dam ɓennuɗo oo kadi ustaama, jooni ina rokka ɗowgol ndiyam wutte ngam Dam Toowɗo oo. == Laabi doole == Dam Aswan Low ina wallita cuuɗi laana ndiwoowa ɗiɗi, Aswan I (1960) e Aswan ɗiɗaɓo (1985-1986). Aswan I ina waɗi 7 X 40 megawatt (54 000 hp) e turbineeji Kaplan ngam hawrude e 280 megawatt (380 000 hp) ina woni bannge worgo baraas oo. Aswan II ina waɗi 4 x 67,5 megawatt (90 500 hp) ngam semmbe 270 megawatt (360 000 hp) ina woni e ŋoral baraas oo.<ref>"Aswan Dam (1,2) Electric Hydro Power Plant". Egypt Ministry of Energy and Electricity. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011.</ref> == tuugnorgal == hsnq5pc54wvnilr4hddrma91en1opa6 0 42183 174083 2026-06-18T09:48:30Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174083 wikitext text/x-wiki Richard Silverwood (jibinaa ko hitaande 1976, to Dewsbury, Angalteer) ko ñaawoowo rugby hakkunde leyɗeele mo o dañii golle O ardii e kawgel Super League hono gooto e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku koyɗe haa o woppi golle nde o dartinaa e lewru sulyee 2016. Pijirlooji gadani Pijirlooji gadani ɗi Silverwood waɗi ko York - Batley Bulldogs ñalnde 28 mars 1999. Ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy hitaande 2001, fijo makko gadano e nder Ligue des Champions ko Halifax - Salford City Reds. O ardiima 304 pottital Super League haa e darorɗe hitaande 2012. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo Ligue de Football Rugby e hitaande 2006. Kop Caɗeele Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2006, 2010 e 2012. Final mawɗo Ligue Super Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, 2012 e 2013. Caɗeele Klub Aduna Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel fuku winndere nder hitaande 2010, 2015, be 2016. Je lesdi feere Silverwood waɗii jarribooji nay hakkunde Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012. O wonii kadi ñaawoowo Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e nder leyɗeele 4 e hitaande 2010. Ko kanko ardii kawgel finaal kawgel fuku winndere 2013. Sosde Silverwood dartinaama laabi tati e nder Ligue de Football Rugby, e hitaande 2009, 2011 e sahaa nde o woppi golle e hitaande 2016.[ Tuugnorgal quyl5v05zbdxfqfczok54xopq8cek0h 174086 174083 2026-06-18T09:50:17Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Richard Silverwood (jibinaa ko hitaande 1976, to Dewsbury, Angalteer) ko ñaawoowo rugby hakkunde leyɗeele mo o dañii golle O ardii e kawgel Super League hono gooto e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku koyɗe haa o woppi golle nde o dartinaa e lewru sulyee 2016. Pijirlooji gadani Pijirlooji gadani ɗi Silverwood waɗi ko York - Batley Bulldogs ñalnde 28 mars 1999. Ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy hitaande 2001, fijo makko gadano e nder Ligue des Champions ko Halifax - Salford City Reds. O ardiima 304 pottital Super League haa e darorɗe hitaande 2012. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo Ligue de Football Rugby e hitaande 2006. Kop Caɗeele Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2006, 2010 e 2012. Final mawɗo Ligue Super Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, 2012 e 2013. Caɗeele Klub Aduna Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel fuku winndere nder hitaande 2010, 2015, be 2016. Je lesdi feere Silverwood waɗii jarribooji nay hakkunde Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012. O wonii kadi ñaawoowo Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e nder leyɗeele 4 e hitaande 2010. Ko kanko ardii kawgel finaal kawgel fuku winndere 2013. Sosde Silverwood dartinaama laabi tati e nder Ligue de Football Rugby, e hitaande 2009, 2011 e sahaa nde o woppi golle e hitaande 2016.[ Tuugnorgal clt4kscia52mdot9064bx1jduswsczo 174088 174086 2026-06-18T09:51:30Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Silverwood''' (jibinaa ko hitaande 1976, to Dewsbury, Angalteer) ko ñaawoowo rugby hakkunde leyɗeele mo o dañii golle O ardii e kawgel Super League hono gooto e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku koyɗe haa o woppi golle nde o dartinaa e lewru sulyee 2016. == Pijirlooji gadani == Pijirlooji gadani ɗi Silverwood waɗi ko York - Batley Bulldogs ñalnde 28 mars 1999. Ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy hitaande 2001, fijo makko gadano e nder Ligue des Champions ko Halifax - Salford City Reds. O ardiima 304 pottital Super League haa e darorɗe hitaande 2012. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo Ligue de Football Rugby e hitaande 2006. == Kop Caɗeele == Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2006, 2010 e 2012. Final mawɗo Ligue Super Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, 2012 e 2013. Caɗeele Klub Aduna Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel fuku winndere nder hitaande 2010, 2015, be 2016. == Je lesdi feere == Silverwood waɗii jarribooji nay hakkunde Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012. O wonii kadi ñaawoowo Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e nder leyɗeele 4 e hitaande 2010. Ko kanko ardii kawgel finaal kawgel fuku winndere 2013. == Sosde == Silverwood dartinaama laabi tati e nder Ligue de Football Rugby, e hitaande 2009, 2011 e sahaa nde o woppi golle e hitaande 2016. == Tuugnorgal == 0pmcxt9916axdsgk0xacvkxph5jeknu 174091 174088 2026-06-18T09:54:09Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Silverwood''' (jibinaa ko hitaande 1976, to Dewsbury, Angalteer) ko ñaawoowo rugby hakkunde leyɗeele mo o dañii golle O ardii e kawgel Super League hono gooto e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku koyɗe haa o woppi golle nde o dartinaa e lewru sulyee 2016.<ref name="Rugby" /><ref name="Rugby2" /><ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/mirfield-referee-richard-silverwood-retired-11674240 Mirfield referee Richard Silverwood has retired from rugby league]</ref> == Pijirlooji gadani == Pijirlooji gadani ɗi Silverwood waɗi ko York - Batley Bulldogs ñalnde 28 mars 1999. Ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy hitaande 2001, fijo makko gadano e nder Ligue des Champions ko Halifax - Salford City Reds. O ardiima 304 pottital Super League haa e darorɗe hitaande 2012. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo Ligue de Football Rugby e hitaande 2006. == Kop Caɗeele == Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2006, 2010 e 2012. Final mawɗo Ligue Super Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, 2012 e 2013. Caɗeele Klub Aduna Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel fuku winndere nder hitaande 2010, 2015, be 2016. == Je lesdi feere == Silverwood waɗii jarribooji nay hakkunde Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012. O wonii kadi ñaawoowo Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e nder leyɗeele 4 e hitaande 2010. Ko kanko ardii kawgel finaal kawgel fuku winndere 2013. == Sosde == Silverwood dartinaama laabi tati e nder Ligue de Football Rugby, e hitaande 2009, 2011 e sahaa nde o woppi golle e hitaande 2016. == Tuugnorgal == rgr1kk2hbrli15m3zawutmlrnyrmrq5 174094 174091 2026-06-18T09:55:51Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Silverwood''' (jibinaa ko hitaande 1976, to Dewsbury, Angalteer) ko ñaawoowo rugby hakkunde leyɗeele mo o dañii golle O ardii e kawgel Super League hono gooto e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku koyɗe haa o woppi golle nde o dartinaa e lewru sulyee 2016.<ref name="Rugby" /><ref name="Rugby2" /><ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/mirfield-referee-richard-silverwood-retired-11674240 Mirfield referee Richard Silverwood has retired from rugby league]</ref> == Pijirlooji gadani == Pijirlooji gadani ɗi Silverwood waɗi ko York - Batley Bulldogs ñalnde 28 mars 1999. Ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy hitaande 2001, fijo makko gadano e nder Ligue des Champions ko Halifax - Salford City Reds.<ref name="Rugby1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/referees/Richard_Silverwood.html|title=Richard Silverwood (referee)|publisher=rugby-league project|accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref> O ardiima 304 pottital Super League haa e darorɗe hitaande 2012. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo Ligue de Football Rugby e hitaande 2006. == Kop Caɗeele == Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2006, 2010 e 2012. Final mawɗo Ligue Super Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, 2012 e 2013. Caɗeele Klub Aduna Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel fuku winndere nder hitaande 2010, 2015, be 2016. == Je lesdi feere == Silverwood waɗii jarribooji nay hakkunde Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012. O wonii kadi ñaawoowo Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e nder leyɗeele 4 e hitaande 2010. Ko kanko ardii kawgel finaal kawgel fuku winndere 2013. == Sosde == Silverwood dartinaama laabi tati e nder Ligue de Football Rugby, e hitaande 2009, 2011 e sahaa nde o woppi golle e hitaande 2016. == Tuugnorgal == 08rv6sc4a9x0yyj96a9oovts7dkp3x2 174095 174094 2026-06-18T09:57:52Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Silverwood''' (jibinaa ko hitaande 1976, to Dewsbury, Angalteer) ko ñaawoowo rugby hakkunde leyɗeele mo o dañii golle O ardii e kawgel Super League hono gooto e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku koyɗe haa o woppi golle nde o dartinaa e lewru sulyee 2016.<ref name="Rugby" /><ref name="Rugby2" /><ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/mirfield-referee-richard-silverwood-retired-11674240 Mirfield referee Richard Silverwood has retired from rugby league]</ref> == Pijirlooji gadani == Pijirlooji gadani ɗi Silverwood waɗi ko York - Batley Bulldogs ñalnde 28 mars 1999. Ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy hitaande 2001, fijo makko gadano e nder Ligue des Champions ko Halifax - Salford City Reds.<ref name="Rugby1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/referees/Richard_Silverwood.html|title=Richard Silverwood (referee)|publisher=rugby-league project|accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref> O ardiima 304 pottital Super League haa e darorɗe hitaande 2012.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/storm/story-e6frf9if-1225835416745 Sport Melbourne Storm take world championship]</ref> Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo Ligue de Football Rugby e hitaande 2006. == Kop Caɗeele == Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2006, 2010 e 2012. Final mawɗo Ligue Super Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, 2012 e 2013. Caɗeele Klub Aduna Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel fuku winndere nder hitaande 2010, 2015, be 2016. == Je lesdi feere == Silverwood waɗii jarribooji nay hakkunde Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012. O wonii kadi ñaawoowo Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e nder leyɗeele 4 e hitaande 2010. Ko kanko ardii kawgel finaal kawgel fuku winndere 2013. == Sosde == Silverwood dartinaama laabi tati e nder Ligue de Football Rugby, e hitaande 2009, 2011 e sahaa nde o woppi golle e hitaande 2016. == Tuugnorgal == ay21ololkab1k6g7kbkjbexvmabxgaf 174096 174095 2026-06-18T10:00:11Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Silverwood''' (jibinaa ko hitaande 1976, to Dewsbury, Angalteer) ko ñaawoowo rugby hakkunde leyɗeele mo o dañii golle O ardii e kawgel Super League hono gooto e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku koyɗe haa o woppi golle nde o dartinaa e lewru sulyee 2016.<ref name="Rugby" /><ref name="Rugby2" /><ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/mirfield-referee-richard-silverwood-retired-11674240 Mirfield referee Richard Silverwood has retired from rugby league]</ref> == Pijirlooji gadani == Pijirlooji gadani ɗi Silverwood waɗi ko York - Batley Bulldogs ñalnde 28 mars 1999. Ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy hitaande 2001, fijo makko gadano e nder Ligue des Champions ko Halifax - Salford City Reds.<ref name="Rugby1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/referees/Richard_Silverwood.html|title=Richard Silverwood (referee)|publisher=rugby-league project|accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref> O ardiima 304 pottital Super League haa e darorɗe hitaande 2012.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/storm/story-e6frf9if-1225835416745 Sport Melbourne Storm take world championship]</ref> Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo Ligue de Football Rugby e hitaande 2006.<ref>[http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/anzac-test-match-2009/australia-vs-new-zealand.html Anzac Test Match 2009]{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/anzac-test-match-2010/australia-vs-new-zealand.html Anzac Test Match 2010]</ref><ref>[http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/anzac-test-match-2011/australia-vs-new-zealand.html Anzac Test Match 2011]</ref><ref>[http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/anzac-test-match-2012/new-zealand-vs-australia.html Anzac Test Match 2012]</ref> == Kop Caɗeele == Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2006, 2010 e 2012. Final mawɗo Ligue Super Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, 2012 e 2013. Caɗeele Klub Aduna Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel fuku winndere nder hitaande 2010, 2015, be 2016. == Je lesdi feere == Silverwood waɗii jarribooji nay hakkunde Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012. O wonii kadi ñaawoowo Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e nder leyɗeele 4 e hitaande 2010. Ko kanko ardii kawgel finaal kawgel fuku winndere 2013. == Sosde == Silverwood dartinaama laabi tati e nder Ligue de Football Rugby, e hitaande 2009, 2011 e sahaa nde o woppi golle e hitaande 2016. == Tuugnorgal == fvpf07vvije623hw5a43vg1bjp71bcb 174097 174096 2026-06-18T10:01:43Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Silverwood''' (jibinaa ko hitaande 1976, to Dewsbury, Angalteer) ko ñaawoowo rugby hakkunde leyɗeele mo o dañii golle O ardii e kawgel Super League hono gooto e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku koyɗe haa o woppi golle nde o dartinaa e lewru sulyee 2016.<ref name="Rugby" /><ref name="Rugby2" /><ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/mirfield-referee-richard-silverwood-retired-11674240 Mirfield referee Richard Silverwood has retired from rugby league]</ref> == Pijirlooji gadani == Pijirlooji gadani ɗi Silverwood waɗi ko York - Batley Bulldogs ñalnde 28 mars 1999. Ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy hitaande 2001, fijo makko gadano e nder Ligue des Champions ko Halifax - Salford City Reds.<ref name="Rugby1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/referees/Richard_Silverwood.html|title=Richard Silverwood (referee)|publisher=rugby-league project|accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref> O ardiima 304 pottital Super League haa e darorɗe hitaande 2012.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/storm/story-e6frf9if-1225835416745 Sport Melbourne Storm take world championship]</ref> Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo Ligue de Football Rugby e hitaande 2006.<ref>[http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/anzac-test-match-2009/australia-vs-new-zealand.html Anzac Test Match 2009]{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/anzac-test-match-2010/australia-vs-new-zealand.html Anzac Test Match 2010]</ref><ref>[http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/anzac-test-match-2011/australia-vs-new-zealand.html Anzac Test Match 2011]</ref><ref>[http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/anzac-test-match-2012/new-zealand-vs-australia.html Anzac Test Match 2012]</ref> == Kop Caɗeele == Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2006, 2010 e 2012.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20131202183257/http://www.rlwc2013.com/matchreport/9658 Sat 30th Nov 2013, 14:30 - Final]}}</ref> Final mawɗo Ligue Super Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, 2012 e 2013. Caɗeele Klub Aduna Silverwood woni hooreejo kawgel fuku winndere nder hitaande 2010, 2015, be 2016. == Je lesdi feere == Silverwood waɗii jarribooji nay hakkunde Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012. O wonii kadi ñaawoowo Ostarali e Nuwel Selannde e nder leyɗeele 4 e hitaande 2010. Ko kanko ardii kawgel finaal kawgel fuku winndere 2013. == Sosde == Silverwood dartinaama laabi tati e nder Ligue de Football Rugby, e hitaande 2009, 2011 e sahaa nde o woppi golle e hitaande 2016. == Tuugnorgal == mevlawp7kxzuxeelsrn2mebe19xpnee 0 42184 174098 2026-06-18T10:05:05Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174098 wikitext text/x-wiki Ulla Sipilä ko ñaawoowo Finlande. O ardiima e kawgel fuku winndere rewɓe (2008 e 2009) kam e kawgel Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010. Tuugnorgal plj5tabaj3sm40opophsz9hjwi349zf 174100 174098 2026-06-18T10:07:03Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ulla Sipilä ko ñaawoowo Finlande. O ardiima e kawgel fuku winndere rewɓe (2008 e 2009) kam e kawgel Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010. Tuugnorgal 5ohiwj2gwap9e5e32f3e5kwkd6eoepo 174101 174100 2026-06-18T10:07:59Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ulla Sipilä''' ko ñaawoowo Finlande. O ardiima e kawgel fuku winndere rewɓe (2008 e 2009) kam e kawgel Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010. == Tuugnorgal == t0doeaa8i7d2i5hx4m11zb8yd1ah6jp 0 42185 174102 2026-06-18T10:10:37Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte ke..." 174102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.[2] Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. f88n35ey6d0782i5mkgs3nku20pqma1 174107 174102 2026-06-18T10:16:36Z Nnamadee 11577 174107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.[2] Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. lk932yq9vx7jfcqm51wtavof30j5yr0 174109 174107 2026-06-18T10:17:36Z Nnamadee 11577 174109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.[2] Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. obfmjyazrcrhpdmrqzdc3psos3c9q9a 174110 174109 2026-06-18T10:19:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. fn2d1jfjp0snqvpfuy9qwvybc3djyqb 174118 174110 2026-06-18T10:33:54Z Nnamadee 11577 174118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. == Sifaa ndiyam == Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] == Tuugnorgal == jeffku1onuaw8i9adj7dbarp9vxnyw1 174119 174118 2026-06-18T10:36:47Z Nnamadee 11577 174119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. == Sifaa ndiyam == Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] Pewnugol kuuraa Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] Hakkillaaji == Tuugnorgal == 98bmsa29qcvnhjgd7ux0mas1lfh2zzp 174120 174119 2026-06-18T10:41:12Z Nnamadee 11577 174120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. == Sifaa ndiyam == Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === == Tuugnorgal == tenzt5u9zy1r8vweaph5k8ofjnqcjh9 174121 174120 2026-06-18T10:44:13Z Nnamadee 11577 174121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. == Sifaa ndiyam == Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == mwmeiyjp78dvknkeu47mfnraj0r9ts5 174122 174121 2026-06-18T10:52:44Z Nnamadee 11577 174122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == 0h481q1w9zy8576ajhb0pyg7b9fl5o4 174124 174122 2026-06-18T10:58:32Z Nnamadee 11577 174124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == n6issanjjl7senbhy747x7yqqju38d7 174125 174124 2026-06-18T11:06:05Z Nnamadee 11577 174125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.[5] == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == lqeyg0ru31b93i75x4kv675mpg9t9m1 174126 174125 2026-06-18T11:43:23Z Nnamadee 11577 174126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.[3][4] Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == h5pvh9clr1dw3cds8j6291wagusc1mj 174127 174126 2026-06-18T11:43:58Z Nnamadee 11577 174127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.<ref>MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.</ref> Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == nvynoyd43zoye2zdk7ewyqwm05wrqqx 174128 174127 2026-06-18T11:44:33Z Nnamadee 11577 174128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.<ref>MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.</ref><ref>Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0679644293</nowiki>.</ref> Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam.[6] Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede,[7] e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.[8] === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == 10m1hkkqharmyej5ngy81zd0d4mjxcb 174129 174128 2026-06-18T11:45:25Z Nnamadee 11577 174129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.<ref>MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.</ref><ref>Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0679644293</nowiki>.</ref> Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam. Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede, e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993) [French 1964], History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 0-7103-0416-1</ref> === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.[9][10] === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == 65rs8brma3h486xbqsixvs4a5zzmsyn 174130 174129 2026-06-18T11:46:05Z Nnamadee 11577 174130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.<ref>MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.</ref><ref>Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0679644293</nowiki>.</ref> Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam. Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede, e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993) [French 1964], History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 0-7103-0416-1</ref> === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.<ref>Egypt bond Archived May 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine</ref> === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == g5jq81ezflt2hm5j9ylqx3e69e7thas 174131 174130 2026-06-18T11:46:34Z Nnamadee 11577 174131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.<ref>MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.</ref><ref>Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0679644293</nowiki>.</ref> Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam. Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede, e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993) [French 1964], History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 0-7103-0416-1</ref> === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.<ref>Egypt bond Archived May 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902), "Subduing the Nile", The World's Work: A History of Our Time, V: 2861–2870, archived from the original on 2013-10-11, retrieved 2009-07-10</ref> === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.[11] E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == nkxsyn7hmz453whlcxltl4husmwxv8e 174132 174131 2026-06-18T11:47:45Z Nnamadee 11577 174132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.<ref>MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.</ref><ref>Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0679644293</nowiki>.</ref> Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam. Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede, e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993) [French 1964], History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 0-7103-0416-1</ref> === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.<ref>Egypt bond Archived May 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902), "Subduing the Nile", The World's Work: A History of Our Time, V: 2861–2870, archived from the original on 2013-10-11, retrieved 2009-07-10</ref> === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.<ref>Collins, Robert O. (2000). "In Search of the Nile Waters, 1900–2000". The Nile: Histories, Cultures, Myths. Edited by Haggai Erlich and Israel Gershoni. Lynne Rienner. pp. 255–256.</ref> E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.[12] Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == eg5ih0qpx2ar4cln4mlsaehef4wumhp 174133 174132 2026-06-18T11:48:35Z Nnamadee 11577 174133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.<ref>MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.</ref><ref>Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0679644293</nowiki>.</ref> Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam. Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede, e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993) [French 1964], History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 0-7103-0416-1</ref> === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.<ref>Egypt bond Archived May 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902), "Subduing the Nile", The World's Work: A History of Our Time, V: 2861–2870, archived from the original on 2013-10-11, retrieved 2009-07-10</ref> === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.<ref>Collins, Robert O. (2000). "In Search of the Nile Waters, 1900–2000". The Nile: Histories, Cultures, Myths. Edited by Haggai Erlich and Israel Gershoni. Lynne Rienner. pp. 255–256.</ref> E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.<ref>Dougherty, James E. (March 1959), "The Aswan Decision in Perspective", Political Science Quarterly, 74 (1), The Academy of Political Science: 21–45, doi:10.2307/2145939, JSTOR 2145939</ref> Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."[14] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.[17] === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == 2aqt6pjtuhyp81y1z468onxysdgntyr 174134 174133 2026-06-18T11:50:18Z Nnamadee 11577 174134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.<ref>MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.</ref><ref>Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0679644293</nowiki>.</ref> Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam. Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede, e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993) [French 1964], History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 0-7103-0416-1</ref> === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.<ref>Egypt bond Archived May 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902), "Subduing the Nile", The World's Work: A History of Our Time, V: 2861–2870, archived from the original on 2013-10-11, retrieved 2009-07-10</ref> === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.<ref>Collins, Robert O. (2000). "In Search of the Nile Waters, 1900–2000". The Nile: Histories, Cultures, Myths. Edited by Haggai Erlich and Israel Gershoni. Lynne Rienner. pp. 255–256.</ref> E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.<ref>Dougherty, James E. (March 1959), "The Aswan Decision in Perspective", Political Science Quarterly, 74 (1), The Academy of Political Science: 21–45, doi:10.2307/2145939, JSTOR 2145939</ref> Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."<ref>Dougherty, p. 22</ref> Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). Cia Readingroom.</ref> === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.[47] Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.[32] Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri.[52] E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.[48] Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo.[33] == Tuugnorgal == fy57homzm6qz8pa06txkwh5c9whwx6l 174135 174134 2026-06-18T11:51:33Z Nnamadee 11577 174135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Aswan toowɗo''', ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt. Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik.<ref>Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. <nowiki>ISBN 9781881851240</nowiki>.</ref> Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi. Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof. Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan.<ref>MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.</ref><ref>Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0679644293</nowiki>.</ref> Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.</ref> == Daartol mahdi == Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam. Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede, e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.<ref>Corbin, Henry (1993) [French 1964], History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 0-7103-0416-1</ref> === Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902 === Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.<ref>Egypt bond Archived May 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902), "Subduing the Nile", The World's Work: A History of Our Time, V: 2861–2870, archived from the original on 2013-10-11, retrieved 2009-07-10</ref> === Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960 === Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957) E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa.<ref>Collins, Robert O. (2000). "In Search of the Nile Waters, 1900–2000". The Nile: Histories, Cultures, Myths. Edited by Haggai Erlich and Israel Gershoni. Lynne Rienner. pp. 255–256.</ref> E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe. [[File:Gamal-002.jpg|thumb|upright|Egyptian President [[Nasser]] and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] called it "[[Eighth Wonder of the World|the eighth wonder of the world]]"]] E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab.<ref>Dougherty, James E. (March 1959), "The Aswan Decision in Perspective", Political Science Quarterly, 74 (1), The Academy of Political Science: 21–45, doi:10.2307/2145939, JSTOR 2145939</ref> Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal. [[File:Nasser observing Aswan Dam construction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] observing the construction of the dam, 1963]] E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."<ref>Dougherty, p. 22</ref> Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude. E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde. [[Image:High Dam Burg, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov]] E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects). Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.<ref>"INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). Cia Readingroom.</ref> === Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197 === Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii. Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5] To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18] * 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19] * 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde * 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20] * 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum. [[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Illustration of Dam]] == Sifaaaji == Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam. {{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south}} == Sifaa ndiyam == [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert]] [[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Water balances]] [[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Main irrigation systems (schematically)]] Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere. Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam. E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 [[feddan]] is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre. :<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources</ref> Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23] {|class="wikitable" ! Branch canal ! Water delivery in m³/feddan * |- | Kafret Nasser | 4,700 |- | Beni Magdul | 3,500 |- | El Mansuria | 3,300 |- | El Hammami upstream | 2,800 |- | El Hammami downstream | 1,800 |- | El Shimi | 1,200 |}Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27] == Batte mum == Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal. Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31] Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32] E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5] === Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle === [[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor]] Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34] === Pewnugol kuuraa === [[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background]] Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam. Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37] === Hakkillaaji === Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt. Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39] === Koɗdigal e njoɓdi === Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40] To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol. Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43] E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44] Nokkuuji arkewolosi Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32] Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee : * Suudu Debod haa Madrid * Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York * Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden * Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46] * Suudu Ramses II to Aksha * Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen * Suudu Khnum to Kumma * Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira * Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna * Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras * Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw. Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en. === Majjugol ƴiye === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48] Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi. === Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi === Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49] == Jam baandu == [[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.]] E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta. === Batte goɗɗe === Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.<ref>Abu Zeid, M.A. (September 1989). "Environmental impacts of the High Dam". Water Resources Development. 5 (3): 156.</ref> Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji. Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri. E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka. Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo == Tuugnorgal == 9k1qv7dryfb8254djm6ieu0g9ro5ia8 0 42186 174103 2026-06-18T10:11:40Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174103 wikitext text/x-wiki Gazi Sohel (e ɗemngal Bengali: গাজী সোহেল, jibinaa ko ñalnde 13 ut 1979), ganndiraaɗo kadi Gazi Ashraful Afsar Sohel, ko ñaawoowo kirikit to Banngalteer. Kuugal Umpiring Sohel dariima no arbiter e nder pottitte e nder Ligue 1 Bangladesh hakkunde 2012 e 2017. O tawtoraama e kuule seeɗa e nder ladde luulndiinde e nder pottitte Ligue 1 Dakaar, ina jeyaa heen pottital hakkunde Abahani Limited e Prime Doleshwar Abahani Sporting Club e Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club mo timminaaka caggal nde arbitooɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartini golle mum en kuulal ɓuuɓngal. E noowammbar 2018, o suɓaama e nder fedde winndereere toppitiinde ko fayti e ñaawooɓe CPI. E lewru desaambar 2018, o waɗii golle makko gadane e nder njillu makko e nder leydi Indiya to leydi Bangladesh. E lewru Yarkomaa 2021 o ardii e pottital makko gadanal hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere (ODI), hakkunde leydi Bangladesh e kippu kirikit leydi Indiya. O jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku Aasi 2022. E lewru sulyee-ut, 2023, o ardii pottitte e nder ladde e nder Ligue 1 Lanka 2023, o wonti arbiter ɗiɗaɓo Bangladesh ngam yuɓɓinde pottitte laawɗuɗe e nder ligue franchise Twenty20 caggal leydi. E lewru Yarkomaa 2024, O innitiraa ko gooto e ardiiɓe pottital sappo e jeegom ngam kawgel fuku winndere 2024 les 19 hitaande. Ƴeew kadi Doggol ñaawooɓe kirikit hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere Doggol Twenty20 umpires hakkunde leyɗeele kirikit Tuugnorgal 04nkgf8f2lsxte8w3gkh53p4mrb7pc4 174104 174103 2026-06-18T10:13:17Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gazi Sohel''' (e ɗemngal Bengali: গাজী সোহেল, jibinaa ko ñalnde 13 ut 1979), ganndiraaɗo kadi Gazi Ashraful Afsar Sohel, ko ñaawoowo kirikit to Banngalteer. Kuugal Umpiring Sohel dariima no arbiter e nder pottitte e nder Ligue 1 Bangladesh hakkunde 2012 e 2017. O tawtoraama e kuule seeɗa e nder ladde luulndiinde e nder pottitte Ligue 1 Dakaar, ina jeyaa heen pottital hakkunde Abahani Limited e Prime Doleshwar Abahani Sporting Club e Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club mo timminaaka caggal nde arbitooɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartini golle mum en kuulal ɓuuɓngal. E noowammbar 2018, o suɓaama e nder fedde winndereere toppitiinde ko fayti e ñaawooɓe CPI. E lewru desaambar 2018, o waɗii golle makko gadane e nder njillu makko e nder leydi Indiya to leydi Bangladesh. E lewru Yarkomaa 2021 o ardii e pottital makko gadanal hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere (ODI), hakkunde leydi Bangladesh e kippu kirikit leydi Indiya. O jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku Aasi 2022. E lewru sulyee-ut, 2023, o ardii pottitte e nder ladde e nder Ligue 1 Lanka 2023, o wonti arbiter ɗiɗaɓo Bangladesh ngam yuɓɓinde pottitte laawɗuɗe e nder ligue franchise Twenty20 caggal leydi. E lewru Yarkomaa 2024, O innitiraa ko gooto e ardiiɓe pottital sappo e jeegom ngam kawgel fuku winndere 2024 les 19 hitaande. Ƴeew kadi Doggol ñaawooɓe kirikit hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere Doggol Twenty20 umpires hakkunde leyɗeele kirikit Tuugnorgal isdvb5hr21lqa0762kn2bxoxmqgqegf 174105 174104 2026-06-18T10:14:18Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gazi Sohel''' (e ɗemngal Bengali: গাজী সোহেল, jibinaa ko ñalnde 13 ut 1979), ganndiraaɗo kadi Gazi Ashraful Afsar Sohel, ko ñaawoowo kirikit to Banngalteer. == Kuugal Umpiring == Sohel dariima no arbiter e nder pottitte e nder Ligue 1 Bangladesh hakkunde 2012 e 2017. O tawtoraama e kuule seeɗa e nder ladde luulndiinde e nder pottitte Ligue 1 Dakaar, ina jeyaa heen pottital hakkunde Abahani Limited e Prime Doleshwar Abahani Sporting Club e Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club mo timminaaka caggal nde arbitooɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartini golle mum en kuulal ɓuuɓngal. E noowammbar 2018, o suɓaama e nder fedde winndereere toppitiinde ko fayti e ñaawooɓe CPI. E lewru desaambar 2018, o waɗii golle makko gadane e nder njillu makko e nder leydi Indiya to leydi Bangladesh. E lewru Yarkomaa 2021 o ardii e pottital makko gadanal hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere (ODI), hakkunde leydi Bangladesh e kippu kirikit leydi Indiya. O jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku Aasi 2022. E lewru sulyee-ut, 2023, o ardii pottitte e nder ladde e nder Ligue 1 Lanka 2023, o wonti arbiter ɗiɗaɓo Bangladesh ngam yuɓɓinde pottitte laawɗuɗe e nder ligue franchise Twenty20 caggal leydi. E lewru Yarkomaa 2024, O innitiraa ko gooto e ardiiɓe pottital sappo e jeegom ngam kawgel fuku winndere 2024 les 19 hitaande. == Ƴeew kadi == Doggol ñaawooɓe kirikit hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere Doggol Twenty20 umpires hakkunde leyɗeele kirikit == Tuugnorgal == a7m0qyzyjn246kb5zmjbf0manswtpzq 174106 174105 2026-06-18T10:15:22Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gazi Sohel''' (e ɗemngal Bengali: গাজী সোহেল, jibinaa ko ñalnde 13 ut 1979), ganndiraaɗo kadi Gazi Ashraful Afsar Sohel, ko ñaawoowo kirikit to Banngalteer.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326122.html|title=Gazi Sohel|access-date=8 November 2015|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> == Kuugal Umpiring == Sohel dariima no arbiter e nder pottitte e nder Ligue 1 Bangladesh hakkunde 2012 e 2017. O tawtoraama e kuule seeɗa e nder ladde luulndiinde e nder pottitte Ligue 1 Dakaar, ina jeyaa heen pottital hakkunde Abahani Limited e Prime Doleshwar Abahani Sporting Club e Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club mo timminaaka caggal nde arbitooɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartini golle mum en kuulal ɓuuɓngal. E noowammbar 2018, o suɓaama e nder fedde winndereere toppitiinde ko fayti e ñaawooɓe CPI. E lewru desaambar 2018, o waɗii golle makko gadane e nder njillu makko e nder leydi Indiya to leydi Bangladesh. E lewru Yarkomaa 2021 o ardii e pottital makko gadanal hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere (ODI), hakkunde leydi Bangladesh e kippu kirikit leydi Indiya. O jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku Aasi 2022. E lewru sulyee-ut, 2023, o ardii pottitte e nder ladde e nder Ligue 1 Lanka 2023, o wonti arbiter ɗiɗaɓo Bangladesh ngam yuɓɓinde pottitte laawɗuɗe e nder ligue franchise Twenty20 caggal leydi. E lewru Yarkomaa 2024, O innitiraa ko gooto e ardiiɓe pottital sappo e jeegom ngam kawgel fuku winndere 2024 les 19 hitaande. == Ƴeew kadi == Doggol ñaawooɓe kirikit hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere Doggol Twenty20 umpires hakkunde leyɗeele kirikit == Tuugnorgal == rylnj529y0374aybfqvt6qsmwt2s9qo 174108 174106 2026-06-18T10:17:29Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gazi Sohel''' (e ɗemngal Bengali: গাজী সোহেল, jibinaa ko ñalnde 13 ut 1979), ganndiraaɗo kadi Gazi Ashraful Afsar Sohel, ko ñaawoowo kirikit to Banngalteer.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326122.html|title=Gazi Sohel|access-date=8 November 2015|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> == Kuugal Umpiring == Sohel dariima no arbiter e nder pottitte e nder Ligue 1 Bangladesh hakkunde 2012 e 2017. O tawtoraama e kuule seeɗa e nder ladde luulndiinde e nder pottitte Ligue 1 Dakaar, ina jeyaa heen pottital hakkunde Abahani Limited e Prime Doleshwar Abahani Sporting Club e Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club mo timminaaka caggal nde arbitooɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartini golle mum en kuulal ɓuuɓngal.<ref name="BPL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1063054.html|title=Bangladesh Premier League, 1st Match: Comilla Victorians v Chittagong Vikings at Dhaka, Nov 8, 2016|access-date=8 November 2016|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/16171847/doleshwar-abahani-match-postponed-incident-umpires|title=Doleshwar-Abahani match postponed after incident with umpires|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21595258/sylhet-lodge-complaint-seven-ball-tight-loss|title=Sylhet lodge complaint after seven-ball over in tight loss|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> E noowammbar 2018, o suɓaama e nder fedde winndereere toppitiinde ko fayti e ñaawooɓe CPI. E lewru desaambar 2018, o waɗii golle makko gadane e nder njillu makko e nder leydi Indiya to leydi Bangladesh. E lewru Yarkomaa 2021 o ardii e pottital makko gadanal hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere (ODI), hakkunde leydi Bangladesh e kippu kirikit leydi Indiya. O jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku Aasi 2022. E lewru sulyee-ut, 2023, o ardii pottitte e nder ladde e nder Ligue 1 Lanka 2023, o wonti arbiter ɗiɗaɓo Bangladesh ngam yuɓɓinde pottitte laawɗuɗe e nder ligue franchise Twenty20 caggal leydi. E lewru Yarkomaa 2024, O innitiraa ko gooto e ardiiɓe pottital sappo e jeegom ngam kawgel fuku winndere 2024 les 19 hitaande. == Ƴeew kadi == Doggol ñaawooɓe kirikit hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere Doggol Twenty20 umpires hakkunde leyɗeele kirikit == Tuugnorgal == ph5pjdsedty7heav29iquh9mhaks4cy 174111 174108 2026-06-18T10:19:54Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gazi Sohel''' (e ɗemngal Bengali: গাজী সোহেল, jibinaa ko ñalnde 13 ut 1979), ganndiraaɗo kadi Gazi Ashraful Afsar Sohel, ko ñaawoowo kirikit to Banngalteer.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326122.html|title=Gazi Sohel|access-date=8 November 2015|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> == Kuugal Umpiring == Sohel dariima no arbiter e nder pottitte e nder Ligue 1 Bangladesh hakkunde 2012 e 2017. O tawtoraama e kuule seeɗa e nder ladde luulndiinde e nder pottitte Ligue 1 Dakaar, ina jeyaa heen pottital hakkunde Abahani Limited e Prime Doleshwar Abahani Sporting Club e Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club mo timminaaka caggal nde arbitooɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartini golle mum en kuulal ɓuuɓngal.<ref name="BPL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1063054.html|title=Bangladesh Premier League, 1st Match: Comilla Victorians v Chittagong Vikings at Dhaka, Nov 8, 2016|access-date=8 November 2016|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/16171847/doleshwar-abahani-match-postponed-incident-umpires|title=Doleshwar-Abahani match postponed after incident with umpires|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21595258/sylhet-lodge-complaint-seven-ball-tight-loss|title=Sylhet lodge complaint after seven-ball over in tight loss|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> E noowammbar 2018, o suɓaama e nder fedde winndereere toppitiinde ko fayti e ñaawooɓe CPI. E lewru desaambar 2018, o waɗii golle makko gadane e nder njillu makko e nder leydi Indiya to leydi Bangladesh. E lewru Yarkomaa 2021 o ardii e pottital makko gadanal hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere (ODI), hakkunde leydi Bangladesh e kippu kirikit leydi Indiya. O jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku Aasi 2022. E lewru sulyee-ut, 2023, o ardii pottitte e nder ladde e nder Ligue 1 Lanka 2023, o wonti arbiter ɗiɗaɓo Bangladesh ngam yuɓɓinde pottitte laawɗuɗe e nder ligue franchise Twenty20 caggal leydi. E lewru Yarkomaa 2024, O innitiraa ko gooto e ardiiɓe pottital sappo e jeegom ngam kawgel fuku winndere 2024 les 19 hitaande..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/2018/11/18/two-more-bangladeshi-umpires-added-to-icc-s-umpire-panel|title=Two more Bangladeshi umpires added to ICC’s Umpire Panel|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/article/1565600/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের দুই আম্পায়ারকে আইসিসির সুখবর|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1244023.html|title=2nd ODI, Dhaka, Jan 22 2021, ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Super League|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> == Ƴeew kadi == Doggol ñaawooɓe kirikit hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere Doggol Twenty20 umpires hakkunde leyɗeele kirikit == Tuugnorgal == lyxbss3cbbxedrwsyanlvxyazs6hs0o 0 42187 174112 2026-06-18T10:22:01Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174112 wikitext text/x-wiki Kelly Sutherland (jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 abriil 1971, to Richmond, Kolommbi Biritanik) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limoore 11. Kugal Sutherland ina jeyaa e ñaawooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, wondude e Bill McCreary, Dan O'Halloran e Stephen Walkom. O suɓaama kadi ngam ardaade Final Kop Stanley 2011, Final Kop Stanley 2015, Final Kop Stanley 2016, Final Kop Stanley 2018, Final Kop Stanley 2020 e Final Kop Stanley 2022. Sutherland [Kelly anndiraama ñalnde 6 feebariyee 2024 e NHL sabu mum yettaade 1500 pottital e nder nguurndam mum. Tuugnorgal cob25jfjjlef0ct6tnqmwii7yno4v3z 174113 174112 2026-06-18T10:23:26Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kelly Sutherland (jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 abriil 1971, to Richmond, Kolommbi Biritanik) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limoore 11. Kugal Sutherland ina jeyaa e ñaawooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, wondude e Bill McCreary, Dan O'Halloran e Stephen Walkom. O suɓaama kadi ngam ardaade Final Kop Stanley 2011, Final Kop Stanley 2015, Final Kop Stanley 2016, Final Kop Stanley 2018, Final Kop Stanley 2020 e Final Kop Stanley 2022. Sutherland [Kelly anndiraama ñalnde 6 feebariyee 2024 e NHL sabu mum yettaade 1500 pottital e nder nguurndam mum. Tuugnorgal d3g4rfpucs70enu1ccjyqcbmyezcj3b 174114 174113 2026-06-18T10:24:25Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kelly Sutherland''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 abriil 1971, to Richmond, Kolommbi Biritanik) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limoore 11. == Kugal == Sutherland ina jeyaa e ñaawooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, wondude e Bill McCreary, Dan O'Halloran e Stephen Walkom. O suɓaama kadi ngam ardaade Final Kop Stanley 2011, Final Kop Stanley 2015, Final Kop Stanley 2016, Final Kop Stanley 2018, Final Kop Stanley 2020 e Final Kop Stanley 2022. Sutherland [Kelly anndiraama ñalnde 6 feebariyee 2024 e NHL sabu mum yettaade 1500 pottital e nder nguurndam mum. == Tuugnorgal == 4r2nu28u8xhocs6eo3n82yzwbprw08q 174115 174114 2026-06-18T10:25:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kelly Sutherland''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 abriil 1971, to Richmond, Kolommbi Biritanik) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limoore 11. == Kugal == Sutherland ina jeyaa e ñaawooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, wondude e Bill McCreary, Dan O'Halloran e Stephen Walkom. O suɓaama kadi ngam ardaade Final Kop Stanley 2011, Final Kop Stanley 2015, Final Kop Stanley 2016, Final Kop Stanley 2018, Final Kop Stanley 2020 e Final Kop Stanley 2022. Sutherland [Kelly anndiraama ñalnde 6 feebariyee 2024 e NHL sabu mum yettaade 1500 pottital e nder nguurndam mum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kelly Sutherland {{!}} NHL Referee {{!}} NHL Officials Association|url=https://nhlofficials.com/nhl-officials/current/kelly-sutherland/|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=NHLOA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sutherland shares the official story|url=https://richmondsentinel.ca/article-detail/452/sutherland-shares-the-official-story|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=Richmond Sentinel|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=January 14, 2015|title=Q&A with NHL Referee Kelly Sutherland|url=https://scoutingtherefs.com/2015/01/6873/qa-nhl-referee-kelly-sutherland/|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=Scouting The Refs|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 4f9c8hag2vqwtd1zqhail5crqmggrw4 174116 174115 2026-06-18T10:27:16Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kelly Sutherland''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 abriil 1971, to Richmond, Kolommbi Biritanik) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limoore 11.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Kelly Sutherland, the referee at the center of the Game 5 controversy?|url=https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-bruins/2019/06/07/kelly-sutherland-nhl-referee-stanley-cup-final/|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=www.boston.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Canada wins gold, beating Sweden 3-0 in men’s Olympic hockey {{!}} Globalnews.ca|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1165314/canada-vs-sweden-gold-medal-game-of-the-mens-olympic-hockey-tournament/|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kugal == Sutherland ina jeyaa e ñaawooɓe kawgel ngel e hitaande 2010, wondude e Bill McCreary, Dan O'Halloran e Stephen Walkom. O suɓaama kadi ngam ardaade Final Kop Stanley 2011, Final Kop Stanley 2015, Final Kop Stanley 2016, Final Kop Stanley 2018, Final Kop Stanley 2020 e Final Kop Stanley 2022. Sutherland [Kelly anndiraama ñalnde 6 feebariyee 2024 e NHL sabu mum yettaade 1500 pottital e nder nguurndam mum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kelly Sutherland {{!}} NHL Referee {{!}} NHL Officials Association|url=https://nhlofficials.com/nhl-officials/current/kelly-sutherland/|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=NHLOA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sutherland shares the official story|url=https://richmondsentinel.ca/article-detail/452/sutherland-shares-the-official-story|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=Richmond Sentinel|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=January 14, 2015|title=Q&A with NHL Referee Kelly Sutherland|url=https://scoutingtherefs.com/2015/01/6873/qa-nhl-referee-kelly-sutherland/|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=Scouting The Refs|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 6b0qx646jbgf0mrep5xkn4tqyelgw4z 0 42188 174136 2026-06-18T11:57:47Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraaje Delta''' ko baraas nannduɗo e baraas peewnaaɗo e sahaaji hakkundeeji tuggi 1833 haa 1862. Faandaare mayre wonnoo ko moƴƴinde ndiyam e yah-ngartaa e dow ŋore mawɗe Rosetta e Damietta e nder maayo Niil dow nokku ɗo ɗe peccii to fuɗnaange Kayhayɗi, Ejipt. Kono e golle maggal gadane, vursugol ngol tawaama ina famzi no feewi, haa faandaare maggol mawnde nde ina foti woppeede no feewi ngam kisal. Barrages ɗii ina mbonni no feewi, sibu ko taƴ..." 174136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraaje Delta''' ko baraas nannduɗo e baraas peewnaaɗo e sahaaji hakkundeeji tuggi 1833 haa 1862. Faandaare mayre wonnoo ko moƴƴinde ndiyam e yah-ngartaa e dow ŋore mawɗe Rosetta e Damietta e nder maayo Niil dow nokku ɗo ɗe peccii to fuɗnaange Kayhayɗi, Ejipt. Kono e golle maggal gadane, vursugol ngol tawaama ina famzi no feewi, haa faandaare maggol mawnde nde ina foti woppeede no feewi ngam kisal. Barrages ɗii ina mbonni no feewi, sibu ko taƴgol maayo romantik tan.<ref name=":0">Samir Raafat, The Delta Barrage, Cairo Times, August 21, 1997</ref> Fuɗɗoode maggal fof e teddungal, jarribooji gadani e peewnugol caggal ɗuum mbaɗaama e kitaale 1880 caggal nde Angalteer heɓti Misra. Ɗeeɗoo peewnugol e jokkude toppitaade ɗum en ina ɓurnoo rokkude barmeeji ɗii anniyaaji gadani ɗii. Batte mum fof ko ɓuri heewde ko ɗe cikkaaka, ɗe kulɓinii. Gaagaa ustaare mawnde e njovdi vursugol ndiyam ngam vursugol gese, e vursugol golle potze huutoreede ngam ittude vursugol ngol e vursugol ngol, ndema tovo ngo ina sowoo laabi zii, kadi njovdi potndi e vursugol gese e nder kuuɓal ina taƴaa e feccere. Ɗee geɗe kawraaɗe ina mbaawi addande ɗaɓɓaande leydi ndema nde yiyri coggu mum ko laabi ɗiɗi e ɗaɓɓaande jooni jooni nde waawaano heɓtineede.<ref name=":0" /> E kitaale 1930, nde miijo mahngo barrage ɓurɗo mawnude, toowɗo e semmbe oo feeñi, barrage ɓooyɗo oo ina ɓuuɓtoo kadi, tee njoɓdi toppitagol ndii ina heewi no feewi, haa mahngo barrage keso oo fellitii wonde ko ɓuri waawde. Kontraa rokkaama e tender laamu to fedde Angalteer wiyeteende Messrs McDonald Gibbs & Co. Pewnugol Barrage Mohammed Ali keso oo juuti ko tuggi 1936 haa 1939. Baraas oo timmaani udditaa e lewru desaambar 1939. Sabu ƴellitaare karallaagal, sosngo maggo mahiraa ko e piilngal njamndi e semmbe beton ɓuuɓɗo meeteeruuji keewɗi les ɓuuɓri ceene. Granite ummoriiɗo Aswan kadi huutortenoo ko e feccere ɓanndu nduu. Golle eɓɓaande ndee mbaɗii nafoore mawnde, sibu ina waɗi golle fotde ujunnaaje sappo e ɗiɗi, tawi ko 2,75 miliyoŋ pawɗi. Ndeen Barrage Delta ɓooyɗo oo woppitaa, hay so tawii noon ko kañum woni monumndaaji daartol, haa jooni ina huutoree no ponto laawol nii.<ref>Samir Raafat, The Delta Barrage, Cairo Times, August 21, 1997</ref><ref>Raye R. Platt, Mohammed Bahy Hefny, Egypt: A Compendium Archived 2017-09-11 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 198–204, American Geographical Society, 1958. Retrieved 2014-12-03</ref> Dipolomaat Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Edwin de Leon hollitii wonde taaniiko Muhammad Ali biyeteeɗo Abbas ina yiɗi sakkude gooto e piramiduuji ɗii ngam timminde baraas mo kaalis mum ŋakki, kono ɗum rewnaama e njoɓdi limtilimtinndi, ndi injenieer oo rokki.[3] == Tuugnorgal == 3zbi5nukh4flmp8bbto6ms7v85e4l88